| microbiological investigation on black crusts from open-air stone monuments of bologna (italy). | samples of black crusts taken from open-air stone monuments in bologna dating back to between the twelfth and the nineteenth century were considered. the microbiological test procedures isolated from a high number of chemoorganotrophic bacteria, each of the samples although it was expected to find chemo-lithotrophic (specially sulfur-oxidizing and nitrifying) bacteria on account of the great amounts of sulphur, carbon, nitrogen dioxides and ammonia in the air. sporogenous and asporogenous specie ... | 2000 | 10872690 |
| determination of aldehydes in food by high-performance liquid chromatography with biosensor coupling and micromembrane suppressors. | a high-performance liquid chromatography system for the determination of aldehydes in food was developed incorporating an cation micromembrane suppressor (cmms) and enzyme reactors packed with va-epoxy on which aldehyde dehydrogenase from bakers yeast and nadh oxidase from bacillus licheniformis were immobilized. the method was based on the principle that the separation efficiency of hplc is combined with the sensitivity of electrochemical detection and the specificity of enzymes. main attention ... | 2000 | 10890522 |
| an orf from bacillus licheniformis encodes a putative dna repressor. | the complete sequence of a reading frame adjacent to the endo-beta-1,3-1,4-d-glucanase gene from bacillus licheniformis is reported. it encodes a putative 171 amino acid residues protein with either, low significant sequence similarity in data banks or the corresponding orthologue in the recently sequenced bacillus subtilis genome. computer analyses predict a canonical helix-turn-helix motif characteristic of bacterial repressors/dna binding proteins. a maxicells assay shows that the encoded pol ... | 2000 | 10902904 |
| structural analysis of a chimeric bacterial alpha-amylase. high-resolution analysis of native and ligand complexes. | several chimeric alpha-amylases genes were constructed by an in vivo recombination technique from the bacillus amyloliquefaciens and bacillus licheniformis genes. one of the fusion amylases (hereafter ba2), consisting of residues 1-300 from b. amyloliquefaciens and 301-483 from b. licheniformis, has been extensively studied by x-ray crystallography at resolutions between 2.2 and 1.7 a. the 3-dimensional structure of the native enzyme was solved by multiple isomorphous replacement, and refined at ... | 2000 | 10924103 |
| the influence of secretory-protein charge on late stages of secretion from the gram-positive bacterium bacillus subtilis. | following their secretion across the cytoplasmic membrane, processed secretory proteins of bacillus subtilis must fold into their native conformation prior to translocation through the cell wall and release into the culture medium. the rate and efficiency of folding are critical in determining the yields of intact secretory proteins. the b. subtilis membrane is surrounded by a thick cell wall comprising a heteropolymeric matrix of peptidoglycan and anionic polymers. the latter confer a high dens ... | 2000 | 10926823 |
| probing structural determinants specifying high thermostability in bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase. | bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase (bla) is a starch-degrading enzyme that is highly thermostable although it is produced by a rather mesophilic organism. over the last decade, the origin of bla thermal properties has been extensively investigated in both academic and industrial laboratories, yet it is poorly understood. here, we have used structure-based mutagenesis in order to probe the role of amino acid residues previously proposed as being important for bla thermostability. residues invol ... | 2000 | 10966804 |
| enzymatic formation of glu-xaa and asp-xaa bonds using glu/asp-specific endopeptidase from bacillus licheniformis in frozen aqueous systems. | the capability of glu/asp-specific endopeptidase from bacillus licheniformis to form glu/asp-xaa bonds in frozen aqueous systems was investigated. under frozen state conditions, the enzyme was able to catalyse peptide bond formation more effectively than in liquid reaction mixtures. the acceptance of amino components which were completely inefficient nucleophiles at room temperature indicates a changed specificity of glu/asp-specific endopeptidase under frozen state conditions. protease-catalyse ... | 2000 | 10969865 |
| enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of sugar-containing monomers and linear polymers. | commercially available proteases and lipases were screened for their ability to acylate regioselectively sucrose and trehalose with divinyladipic acid ester. opticlean m375 (subtilisin from bacillus licheniformis) was observed to form sucrose 1'-o-adipate and trehalose 6-o-adipate in anhydrous pyridine. novozym-435 (lipase b from candida antarctica) catalyzed the synthesis of sucrose 6, 6'-o-divinyladipate and trehalose 6, 6'-o-divinyladipate in acetone. these diesters were then employed as mono ... | 2000 | 10972932 |
| analysis of the essential cell division gene ftsl of bacillus subtilis by mutagenesis and heterologous complementation. | the ftsl gene is required for the initiation of cell division in a broad range of bacteria. bacillus subtilis ftsl encodes a 13-kda protein with a membrane-spanning domain near its n terminus. the external c-terminal domain has features of an alpha-helical leucine zipper, which is likely to be involved in the heterodimerization with another division protein, divic. to determine what residues are important for ftsl function, we used both random and site-directed mutagenesis. unexpectedly, all che ... | 2000 | 10986263 |
| studies on the extracellular tannase from newly isolated bacillus licheniformis kbr 6. | a tannase producing bacterial strain kbr 6 has been isolated from lateritic soil and identified as bacillus licheniformis. it is capable of producing tannase in the medium containing only tannic acid. the rapid degradation of tannic acid and production of extracellular tannase was observed in three different media containing tannic acid (m1), tannic acid + basal salt (m2) and tannic acid + basal salt + glucose (m3). maximum enzyme production and growth of the organism was obtained at 18-21 h and ... | 2000 | 10986668 |
| engineering of substrate mimetics as novel-type substrates for glutamic acid-specific endopeptidases: design, synthesis, and application. | this account reports on the development and function of novel substrate mimetics as artificial substrates for glu-specific endopeptidases. firstly, in an empirical way, various aliphatic and aromatic analogs of the already established carboxymethyl thioester-substrate mimetics were designed from simple structure-function relationship studies. the specificity of the newly developed substrates for staphylococcus aureus v8 protease-catalyzed reactions have been examined by steady-state hydrolysis k ... | 2000 | 11004534 |
| cell-associated degradation affects the yield of secreted engineered and heterologous proteins in the bacillus subtilis expression system. | a series of chimeric alpha-amylase genes derived from amyl, which encodes the liquefying alpha-amylase from bacillus licheniformis, were constructed in vitro using gene splicing techniques. the gene constructs were cloned in bacillus subtilis, where their ability to direct the synthesis and secretion of active alpha-amylase was determined. detectable alpha-amylase activity was observed for some, but not all, of the chimeric proteins. studies on the secretion of wild-type amyl and its chimeric de ... | 2000 | 11021933 |
| regulation of anaerobic arginine catabolism in bacillus licheniformis by a protein of the crp/fnr family. | arginine anaerobic catabolism occurs in bacillus licheniformis through the arginine deiminase pathway, encoded by the gene cluster arcabdc. we report here the involvement of a new protein, arcr, in the regulation of the pathway. arcr is a protein of the crp/fnr family encoded by a gene located 109 bp downstream from arcc. it binds to a palindromic sequence, very similar to an escherichia coli crp binding site, located upstream from arca. residues in the c-terminal domain of crp that form the dna ... | 2000 | 11024268 |
| standardized reaction times used to describe the mechanism of enzyme-induced gelation in whey protein systems. | whey protein isolate (wpi), either untreated or pretreated at 80 degrees c for 30 min, was incubated with a proteinase from bacillus licheniformis until a gel was formed. standardized reaction times, directly linked to the degree of hydrolysis, were obtained from plots of the relative amount of peptides released v. reaction time obtained under different conditions (enzyme concentration, temperature, ph, nacl addition). this provided a connection between the gelation profile and the degree of hyd ... | 2000 | 11037236 |
| the dppa gene of bacillus subtilis encodes a new d-aminopeptidase. | different strains of bacillus were screened for their ability to hydrolyse d-alanyl-p-nitroanilide. activity was detected in bacillus pumilus, bacillus brevis, bacillus licheniformis 749i and bacillus subtilis 168. the last strain was the best producer and was selected for the production and purification of the enzyme. the determination of the n-terminal sequence identified the enzyme as the product of the dppa gene (previously named dciaa) belonging to the dipeptide abc transport (dpp) operon e ... | 2000 | 11069674 |
| occupational asthma caused by bacillary amylase used in the detergent industry. | four cases are reported of occupational asthma due to amylase derived from bacillus licheniformis, used in detergent washing powders. it is thought that these are the first reported cases of asthma due to this enzyme in the detergent industry. all four employees (men) were from the same factory and none had a history of asthma or atopy. all developed symptoms of wheeze at work after an initial symptom free period. symptoms improved during periods away from work. all undertook serial peak flow re ... | 2000 | 11077014 |
| subtilisins of bacillus spp. hydrolyze keratin and allow growth on feathers. | keratinase is a serine protease produced by bacillus licheniformis pwd-1 that effectively degrades keratin and confers the ability to grow on feathers to a protease-deficient b. subtilis strain. studies presented herein demonstrate that b. licheniformis carlsberg strain ncimb 6816, which produces the well-characterized serine protease subtilisin carlsberg, also degrades and grows on feathers. the pwd-1 and carlsberg strains showed a similar time-course of enzyme production, and the purified seri ... | 2000 | 11109488 |
| metabolic flux analyses for serine alkaline protease production. | the intracellular metabolic fluxes through the central carbon pathways in bacillus licheniformis in serine alkaline protease (sap) production were calculated to predict the potential strategies for increasing the performance of the bacilli, by using two optimization approaches, i.e. the theoretical data-based (tda) and the theoretical data-based capacity (tdc) analyses based on respectively minimum in-vivo sap accumulation rate and maximum sap synthesis rate assumptions, at low-, medium-, and hi ... | 2000 | 11118589 |
| effect of partial hydrolysis with an immobilized proteinase on thermal gelation properties of beta-lactoglobulin b. | we have investigated the influence of partial hydrolysis with an immobilized proteinase from bacillus licheniformis on the thermal gelation of isolated beta-lactoglobulin b. gelation behaviour was determined by dynamic rheological measurements (small deformation) and the gels were characterized with respect to microstructure and water-holding properties. a fine-stranded gel with a complex modulus of approximately 2000 pa was formed from beta-lactoglobulin (50 g/l in 75 mm-tris-hcl, ph 7.5). limi ... | 2000 | 11131072 |
| management of suspected nosocomial infection: an audit of 19 hospitalized patients with septicemia caused by bacillus species. | from april to august of 2000, bacillus spp. were detected in the blood culture of 29 patients in a hospital in japan. of these patients, 19 had clinical signs of septicemia; positive culture in the remaining 10 patients was attributed to contamination with skin flora at the site of puncture. of the 18 strains evaluated, 15 were bacillus cereus, 2 were bacillus subtilis, and one was bacillus licheniformis. the only hospital death observed was that of a patient who had no clinical signs of septice ... | 2000 | 11135704 |
| cultivation of bacteria producing polyamino acids with liquid manure as carbon and nitrogen source. | poly(gamma-d-glutamic acid) (pga)-producing strains of bacillus species were investigated to determine their ability to contribute to reducing the amount of ammonium nitrogen in liquid manures and their ability to convert some of the ammonium into this polyamino acid as a transient depot for nitrogen. organisms that do these things should help solve the serious environmental problems which are caused by the use of large amounts of liquid manure resulting from intensified agriculture; these probl ... | 2001 | 11157224 |
| regulation of polyglutamic acid synthesis by glutamate in bacillus licheniformis and bacillus subtilis. | the synthesis of polyglutamic acid (pga) was repressed by exogenous glutamate in strains of bacillus licheniformis but not in strains of bacillus subtilis, indicating a clear difference in the regulation of synthesis of capsular slime in these two species. although extracellular gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (ggt) activity was always present in pga-producing cultures of b. licheniformis under various growth conditions, there was no correlation between the quantity of pga and enzyme activity. more ... | 2001 | 11157279 |
| purification and structure elucidation of the n-acetylbacillosamine-containing polysaccharide from bacillus licheniformis atcc 9945. | the exopolysaccharide of bacillus licheniformis atcc 9945 (formerly b. subtilis atcc 9945) contains among other glycoses 4-acetamido-2-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-glucose, termed n-acetylbacillosamine (bac2n4nac). a similar diamino glycose, 2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-glucose, was found in a surface layer (s-layer) glycoprotein preparation of clostridium symbiosum hb25. electron microscopic studies, however, showed that b. licheniformis atcc 9945 is not covered with an s-layer lattice, indic ... | 2001 | 11168428 |
| crystal structure of bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase: possible factors determining the thermostability. | the crystal structure of a thermostable alpha-amylase from bacillus stearothermophilus (bsta) has been determined at 2.0 a resolution. the main-chain fold is almost identical to that of the known crystal structure of bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase (bla). bla is known to be more stable than bsta. a structural comparison between the crystal structures of bsta and bla showed significant differences that may account for the difference in their thermostabilities, as follows. (i) the two-residue ... | 2001 | 11226887 |
| long-lived glycosyl-enzyme intermediate mimic produced by formate re-activation of a mutant endoglucanase lacking its catalytic nucleophile. | the mutant e134a 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanase from bacillus licheniformis, in which the catalytic nucleophilic residue has been removed by mutation to alanine, has its hydrolytic activity rescued by exogenous formate in a concentration-dependent manner. a long-lived alpha-glycosyl formate is detected and identified by (1)h-nmr and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight-ms. the intermediate is kinetically competent, since it is, at least partially, enzymically hydrolysed, and able t ... | 2001 | 11256951 |
| chemical modification of lysine residues in bacillus alpha-amylases: effect on activity and stability. | chemical modification of lysine residues in two bacterial alpha-amylases, a mesophilic enzyme from bacillus amyloliquefaciens (baa) and a thermophilic enzyme from bacillus licheniformis (bla) was carried out using citraconic anhydride. 13 +/- 1 residues in baa and 10 +/- 1 residues in bla were found modified under defined experimental conditions. modification brought about dramatic enhancement of thermal stability of baa and catalytic activity of bla. such alterations were found dependent on the ... | 2001 | 11267650 |
| hydrogen peroxide-forming nadh oxidase belonging to the peroxiredoxin oxidoreductase family: existence and physiological role in bacteria. | amphibacillus xylanus and sporolactobacillus inulinus nadh oxidases belonging to the peroxiredoxin oxidoreductase family show extremely high peroxide reductase activity for hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides in the presence of the small disulfide redox protein, ahpc (peroxiredoxin). in order to investigate the distribution of this enzyme system in bacteria, 15 bacterial strains were selected from typical aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, and anaerobic bacteria. ahpc-linked alkyl hydroper ... | 2001 | 11274101 |
| bacillus licheniformis peritonitis in a capd patient. | | 2001 | 11280510 |
| formulations and processing of yogurt affect the microbial quality of carbonated yogurt. | carbonation, flavor, culture type, ph, and storage time were varied to investigate the effects of these variables and their interactions on the growth of both typical and nontypical yogurt cultures and some contaminating bacteria. two types of yogurt cultures (yc-470 and yc-180) were used as the source of typical yogurt bacteria, streptococcus thermophilus and lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. in addition, lactobacillus acidophilus (la-k) and bifidobacterium longum atcc 15707 were add ... | 2001 | 11286405 |
| synergism between phyllobacterium sp. (n(2)-fixer) and bacillus licheniformis (p-solubilizer), both from a semiarid mangrove rhizosphere. | mangrove seedlings were treated with a mixture of two bacterial species, the slow-growing, n(2)-fixing bacterium phyllobacterium sp. and the fast-growing, phosphate-solubilizing bacterium bacillus licheniformis, both isolated from the rhizosphere from black, white, and red mangroves of a semiarid zone. nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization increased when the mixture was used compared to the effects observed when adding individual cultures, notwithstanding that there was no increase in b ... | 2001 | 11295457 |
| lichenysin: a more efficient cation chelator than surfactin. | the lipopeptide lichenysin (cyclo-[l-gln1-->d-leu2-->l-leu3-->l-val4--> l-asp5-->d-leu6-->l-ile7-beta-oh fatty acid]) produced by bacillus licheniformis structurally resembles surfactin from bacillus subtilis. the main difference is the presence of a glutaminyl residue in position 1 of the peptide sequence in place of glutamic acid in surfactin. this local variation causes significant changes in the properties of the molecule compared to surfactin. lichenysin has a higher surfactant power, the c ... | 2001 | 11318033 |
| development of an owoh-type product from african yam beans (sphenostylis stenocarpa) (hoechst (ex. a. rich.) harms.) seeds by solid substrate fermentation. | african yam beans were fermented to obtain an owoh-type product. microorganisms associated with the fermentation were bacillus licheniformis, b. pumilus, b. subtilis and staphylococcus sp. total microbial counts increased from 1.53 x 10(5) cfu/g to 1.51 x 10(9) cfu/g under aerobic conditions, and from 8.0 x 10(3) cfu/g to 1.35 x 10(7) cfu/g under conditions of reduced oxygen tension. the ph of the substrate increased throughout the fermentation, from 6.8 to 7.5. a comparison of unfermented seeds ... | 2001 | 11318507 |
| over-expression and properties of a purified recombinant bacillus licheniformis lipase: a comparative report on bacillus lipases. | the gene coding for an extracellular lipase of bacillus licheniformis was cloned using pcr techniques. the sequence corresponding to the mature lipase was subcloned into the pet 20b(+) expression vector to construct a recombinant lipase protein containing 6 histidine residues at the c-terminal. high-level expression of the lipase by escherichia coli cells harbouring the lipase gene-containing expression vector was observed upon induction with iptg at 30 degrees c. a one step purification of the ... | 2001 | 11339956 |
| production of a biopolymer flocculant from bacillus licheniformis and its flocculation properties. | bacillus licheniformis ccrc 12826 produced extracellularly an excellent biopolymer flocculant in a large amount when it was grown aerobically in a culture medium containing citric acid, glutamic acid and glycerol as carbon sources. the biopolymer flocculant was an extremely viscous material with a molecular weight over 2 x 10(6) by gel permeation chromatography. it could be easily purified from the culture medium by ethanol precipitation. it was shown to be a homopolymer of glutamic acid by amin ... | 2001 | 11341686 |
| use of an alfexpress dna sequencer to analyze protein-nucleic acid interactions by band shift assay. | gel retardation analysis, or band shift assay, is technically the simplest method to investigate protein-nucleic acid interactions. in this report, we describe a nonradioactive band shift assay using a fluorescent dna target and an alfexpress automatic dna sequencer in place of the current method that utilizes radioactively end-labeled dna target and a standard electrophoresis unit. in our study, the dsdna targets were obtained by annealing two synthetic oligonucleotides or by pcr. in both cases ... | 2001 | 11355340 |
| carbon sources affect metabolic capacities of bacillus species for the production of industrial enzymes: theoretical analyses for serine and neutral proteases and alpha-amylase. | the metabolic fluxes through the central carbon pathways were calculated for the genus bacillus separately for the enzymes serine alkaline protease (sap), neutral protease (np) and alpha-amylase (amy) on five carbon sources that have different reduction degrees (gamma), to determine the theoretical ultimate limits of the production capacities of bacillus species and to predict the selective substrate for the media design. glucose (gamma=4.0), acetate (gamma=4.0), and the tca cycle organic-acids ... | 2001 | 11356372 |
| simultaneous biosynthesis and purification of two extracellular bacillus hydrolases in aqueous two-phase systems. | thermostable alpha-amylase with temperature optimum at 80 degrees c, molecular mass 58 kda and pi point 6.9 was purified from a catabolite resistant bacillus licheniformis strain. the enzyme was sensitive to inhibition by metal ions and n-bromosuccinimide. the partition behaviour of this enzyme in aqueous two-phase systems (atps) of the polymer-polymer-water type was investigated and some effects of type, molecular weight and concentration of phase components were studied. up to 100% retention i ... | 2001 | 11372649 |
| effect of limited hydrolysis on the interfacial rheology and foaming properties of beta-lactoglobulin a. | hydrolysis of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg), genetic variant a, using a serine protease specific for glutamic and aspartic acid residues from bacillus licheniformis (blp), resulted in improved foam overrun and foam stability. limited hydrolysis (19-26% hydrolysed beta-lg) led to a more rapid increase in the viscoelastic properties of air/water interfacial films and a concomitant increase in foam overrun compared with intact beta-lg, presumably due to increased exposure of hydrophobic areas. the i ... | 2001 | 11377946 |
| [isolation of glutamylendopeptidase precursor from b. licheniformis and its processing in vitro]. | a secretory system based on l-form cells of proteus mirabilis was developed for production of native bacillus licheniformis glutamylendopeptidase precursor never formerly available. the produced precursor was stable per se under physiological conditions and in presence of trypsin and glutamylendopeptidase from b. intermedius. complete conversion of the precursor to the mature glutamylendopeptidase was performed by bacillar metalloproteases and subtilisin. the artificially processed glutamylendop ... | 2001 | 11385993 |
| the two-component regulatory system bacrs is associated with bacitracin 'self-resistance' of bacillus licheniformis atcc 10716. | bacitracin is a peptide antibiotic produced by several bacillus licheniformis strains that is most active against other gram-positive microorganisms, but not against the producer strain itself. recently, heterologous expression of the bacitracin resistance mediating bcrabc transporter in bacillus subtilis and escherichia coli was described. in this study we could determine that the transporter encoding bcrabc genes are localized about 3 kb downstream of the 44-kb bacitracin biosynthetic operon b ... | 2001 | 11389719 |
| engineered biosynthesis of the peptide antibiotic bacitracin in the surrogate host bacillus subtilis. | nonribosomal peptides are processed on multifunctional enzymes called nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss), whose modular multidomain arrangement allowed the rational design of new peptide products. however, the lack of natural competence and efficient transformation methods for most of nonribosomal peptide producer strains prevented the in vivo manipulation of these biosynthetic gene clusters. in this study, we present methods for the construction of a genetically engineered bacillus subtil ... | 2001 | 11448966 |
| deduced amino-acid sequence of a calcium-free alpha-amylase from a strain of bacillus: implications from molecular modeling of high oxidation stability and chelator resistance of the enzyme. | alkaline alpha-amylase (amyk38) from the alkaliphilic bacillus sp. strain ksm-k38 is a unique enzyme in that it is highly chelator-resistant and oxidatively stable [hagihara, h., igarashi, k., hayashi, y., endo, k., ikawa-kitayama, k., ozaki, k., kawai, s. & ito, s. (2001) appl. environ. microbiol. 67, 1744-1750]. this enzyme was found to contain no ca and require na (or monovalent cations) for manifestation of activity. the nucleotide sequence of the gene for the novel enzyme was determined, an ... | 2001 | 11453991 |
| enzymatic synthesis of chromogenic substrates for glu,asp-specific proteinases. | glu,asp-specific endopeptidases represent a new subfamily of chymotrypsin-like proteolytic enzymes. these enzymes prefer glu or asp residues in the p1 position of the substrates. p-nitroanilides of n-acylated di-, tri- and tetrapeptides with c-terminal glutamic or aspartic acid residues have been obtained. acyl peptide p-nitroanilides were synthesized via acylation of glutamic or aspartic acid p-nitroanilides using methyl esters of the respective n-acylated peptides, generally with good yields. ... | 2001 | 11454165 |
| proteolysis of mesophilic and thermophilic alpha-amylases: a comparative study. | a comparative study was performed on limited and extensive proteolysis of mesophilic (from bacillus amyloliquefaciens [baa]) and thermophilic (from bacillus licheniformis [bla]) alpha-amylases using trypsin. as expected, the thermophilic enzyme showed greater resistance to digestion by the protease. while the catalytic potential of bla was enhanced on proteolysis, that of baa was diminished owing to this process. combined with greater catalytic activity, a lower thermal stability was observed fo ... | 2001 | 11456297 |
| chemoenzymatic synthesis of sucrose-containing aromatic polymers. | a chemoenzymatic approach was developed to prepare sucrose-containing aromatic polymers. the protease from bacillus licheniformis catalyzed the transesterification of sucrose with a diester of terephthalic acid in pyridine to give the mono- and diester products. at 45 degrees c, >70% of sucrose was consumed after 1 day and sucrose diester began to form after 6 days when >95% of sucrose had been converted to sucrose monoester. the final yield of sucrose diester after 20 days was 13.8%. the sucros ... | 2001 | 11460244 |
| correlation of base consumption with the degree of hydrolysis in enzymic protein hydrolysis. | it is fairly easy to control the enzymic hydrolysis of proteins in alkaline conditions by measuring the base consumption required to keep the ph constant in the reactor. unfortunately, however, base consumption is not related in any simple way to the degree of hydrolysis reached at any given moment and to establish this relationship it is essential to find out the mean pk of the alpha-amino groups released during the hydrolytic process. we have shown here that the correct mean pk value varies ac ... | 2001 | 11504389 |
| molecular self-assembly of partially hydrolysed alpha-lactalbumin resulting in strong gels with a novel microstructure. | gelation of alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-la) incubated with a protease from bacillus licheniformis (blp) at 50 degrees c for 4 h was monitored using small oscillatory shear and the large deformation properties of final gels were characterized by uniaxial compression. transmission electron microscopy was used to visualize the microstructure. gels made from alpha-la (10 g/l) using blp were almost transparent, although somewhat whitish, and they were more than 20 times stiffer (measured as complex modu ... | 2001 | 11504391 |
| molecular microbial diversity of a spacecraft assembly facility. | in ongoing investigations to map and archive the microbial footprints in various components of the spacecraft and its accessories, we have examined the microbial populations of the jet propulsion laboratory's spacecraft assembly facility (jpl-saf). witness plates made up of spacecraft materials, some painted with spacecraft qualified paints, were exposed for approximately 7 to 9 months at jpl-saf and examined the particulate materials collected for the incidence of total cultivable aerobic heter ... | 2001 | 11518337 |
| activity and stability of a thermostable alpha-amylase compared to its mesophilic homologue: mechanisms of thermal adaptation. | to elucidate how enzymes adapt to extreme environmental conditions, a comparative study with a thermostable alpha-amylase from bacillus licheniformis (bla) and its mesophilic homologue from bacillus amyloliquefaciens (baa) was performed. we measured conformational stability, catalytic activity, and conformational fluctuations on the picosecond time scale for both enzymes as a function of temperature. the objective of this study is to analyze how these properties are related to each other. bla sh ... | 2001 | 11524019 |
| detection of antigenic surface proteins of actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans using the immunoblotting method. | antigenic surface proteins of actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (three strains), which can be recognized by antibodies in human serum, were examined using the western blot method. by comparing the immunoblotting profiles between protease-treated cells and untreated cells, igg-antigenic and igm-antigenic surface proteins were found. the igg-antigenic proteins revealed the following molecular weights: strain atcc 29522, 52 and 49 kd; strain atcc 29523, 45, 49, 52 and 70 kd; strain y4, 36, 38, 4 ... | 2001 | 11548202 |
| purification and characterization of a bacteriocin-like compound (lichenin) produced anaerobically by bacillus licheniformis isolated from water buffalo. | to characterize a bacteriocin-like factor from bacillus licheniformis 26 l-10/3ra isolated from buffalo rumen. | 2001 | 11576300 |
| bacterial inoculum enhances keratin degradation and biofilm formation in poultry compost. | native microbial populations can degrade poultry waste, but the process can be hastened by using feather-degrading bacteria. strains of bacillus licheniformis and a streptomyces sp. isolated from the plumage of wild birds were grown in a liquid basal medium and used to inoculate feathers in compost bioreaction vessels. control vessels had only basal medium added to the feathers, litter and straw. temperature, ammonia, carbon and nitrogen were monitored for 4 weeks. scanning electron microscopy o ... | 2001 | 11576684 |
| bacillus sonorensis sp. nov., a close relative of bacillus licheniformis, isolated from soil in the sonoran desert, arizona. | eight bacillus strains isolated from sonoran desert soil were shown to belong to a previously unidentified species, for which the name bacillus sonorensis sp. nov. is proposed. the type strain is strain l87-10t (= nrrl b-23154t). on the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, b. sonorensis is most closely related to bacillus licheniformis. b. sonorensis can be distinguished from b. licheniformis by salt tolerance, pigmentation, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, reassociation of genomic dna and se ... | 2001 | 11594594 |
| enzyme-assisted preparation of d-tert.-leucine. | optically pure d-tert.-leucine was obtained by the enzymatic hydrolysis of (+/-)-n-acetyl-tert. leucine chloroethyl ester after about 50% conversion, this being catalyzed by a protease from bacillus licheniformis (alcalase), and subsequent acidic saponification of the recovered ester. among the methyl, ethyl, octyl, chloroethyl and trichloroethyl esters, the chloroethyl ester exhibited the highest rate of hydrolysis. | 2001 | 11676008 |
| strains degrading polysaccharides produced by bacteria from paper machines. | biofilm-degrading enzymes are potential agents for slime control in paper machines. in this work, extracellular polysaccharides were produced by bacteria isolated from paper machines and the isolated polysaccharides were used as substrates for the screening of polysaccharide-degrading microbes. polysaccharide yields of 1.5-3.5 g/l were obtained by ethanol precipitation from cultures of strains of klebsiella pneumoniae, bacillus licheniformis and pseudomonas fluorescens on sucrose medium. two k. ... | 2001 | 11693917 |
| preparation and chemical modification of poly-gamma-l-glutamic acid. | poly-gamma-l-glutamic acid was synthesized in optimized fermentor cultivation of bacillus licheniformis. the polypeptide obtained was esterified using benzyl- and butylbromides. benzyl esters with 30, 60 and 100% degree of esterification were prepared. solubility of the products in dimethyl sulfoxide, chloroform, methanol and in water was significantly different from these ones of original polymer. | 2001 | 11702400 |
| microbial, chemical and physical aspects of citrus waste composting. | citrus waste supplemented with calcium hydroxide and with a c/n ratio of 24:1, ph of 6.3 and moisture content of 60% was composted by piling under shelter. with regular turning over of the pile and replenishment of moisture, the thermic phase lasted for 65-70 days and composting was completed after 3 months. compost thus prepared had an air-filled porosity of 14%, water-holding capacity of 590 ml l(-1), bulk density of 1.05 g cm(-3) and conductivity of 480 ms m(-1). phosphorus content (in mg l(- ... | 2002 | 11708757 |
| enzymatic breakdown of poly-gamma-d-glutamic acid in bacillus licheniformis: identification of a polyglutamyl gamma-hydrolase enzyme. | a polyglutamyl gamma-hydrolase enzyme has been identified which catalyses the hydrolytic breakdown of poly-gamma-d-glutamic acid (pga) from bacillus licheniformis 9945a. the enzyme was found to be physically associated with the polymer and was activated by zn2+ or ca2+ salts. the enzyme can be solubilized from the polymer by treatment with 0.5% sds and 1 mm zncl2 and can then be renatured onto exogenous pga upon dilution below the detergent critical micellar concentration. the enzyme was partial ... | 2000 | 11709846 |
| bivalent cations and amino-acid composition contribute to the thermostability of bacillus licheniformis xylose isomerase. | comparative analysis of genome sequence data from mesophilic and hyperthermophilic micro-organisms has revealed a strong bias against specific thermolabile amino-acid residues (i.e. n and q) in hyperthermophilic proteins. the n + q content of class ii xylose isomerases (xis) from mesophiles, moderate thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles was examined. it was found to correlate inversely with the growth temperature of the source organism in all cases examined, except for the previously uncharacteri ... | 2001 | 11733026 |
| secretion of a trypsin-like thiol protease by a new keratinolytic strain of bacillus licheniformis. | when cultured in feather-containing broth with a growth optimum of ph 7.0 and 47 degrees c, a bacillus licheniformis strain exhibited a high chicken feather-degrading activity. a trypsin-like protease was isolated from its ferment broth and was partially characterized. the enzyme was constitutively secreted and was highly active towards n-benzoyl-phe-val-arg-p-nitroanilide as chromogenic substrate. its ph optimum was 8.5 and it exhibited the highest activity at 52 degrees c. fractionation on sep ... | 2001 | 11750806 |
| oligosaccharide synthesis by coupled endo-glycosynthases of different specificity: a straightforward preparation of two mixed-linkage hexasaccharide substrates of 1,3/1,4-beta-glucanases. | glycosynthases are engineered glycosidases which are hydrolytically inactive yet efficiently catalyse transglycosylation reactions of glycosyl fluoride donors, and are thus promising tools for the enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides. two endo-glycosynthases, the e134a mutant of 1,3/1,4-beta-glucanase from bacillus licheniformis and the e197a mutant of cellulase cel7b from humicola insolens, were used in coupled reactions for the stepwise synthesis of hexasaccharide substrates of 1,3/1,4-beta ... | 2001 | 11757657 |
| coexpression of chitinase and the cry11aa1 toxin genes in bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis. | at the spore stage, a cloned chitinase gene was coexpressed with the regulatory gene p19 and the toxin gene cry11aa1 in the hosts bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis strains 4q2-72 and c4q2-72. the chitinase gene was derived from a high-chitinase producer, bacillus licheniformis tp-1. two transcriptional fusion plasmids between the p19 or p19-cry11aa1 genes and the promoterless chitinase gene were constructed. in transcription order, the p16-19chi construct contained the p19 gene together ... | 2001 | 11812119 |
| broad specificity alkaline proteases efficiently reduce the visual scaling associated with soap-induced xerosis. | in xerotic skin, the proteolysis of desmosomes is reduced leading to the accumulation of corneocytes on the surface of the skin. the effect of proteases applied topically to soap-induced xerotic skin was evaluated using a five-point visual scale. the visual scaling associated with soap-induced xerosis could be ameliorated by the topical application of exogenous protease. bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin, papain, and a bacterial protease from bacillus licheniformis were all capable of facilitating ... | 2001 | 11820726 |
| typing and subtyping of 83 clinical isolates purified from surgically implanted silicone feeding tubes by random amplified polymorphic dna amplification. | in this study, 83 clinical isolates purified from biofilms colonizing 18 silicone gastrostomy devices (12 "buttons" and six tubes converted to skin level devices) were selected for subtype characterization utilizing genetic analysis. the tubes, previously used for feeding, remained in place for 3 to 47 months (mean, 20.0 months) in children ranging in age from 6 months to 17 years. classification of specific microbes using random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis revealed genetic similar ... | 2002 | 11825951 |
| crystal structures of the bacillus licheniformis bs3 class a beta-lactamase and of the acyl-enzyme adduct formed with cefoxitin. | the bacillus licheniformis bs3 beta-lactamase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring of penicillins, cephalosporins, and related compounds. the production of beta-lactamases is the most common and thoroughly studied cause of antibiotic resistance. although they escape the hydrolytic activity of the prototypical staphylococcus aureus beta-lactamase, many cephems are good substrates for a large number of beta-lactamases. however, the introduction of a 7alpha-methoxy substituent, as in ce ... | 2002 | 11827533 |
| bacillus endophyticus sp. nov., isolated from the inner tissues of cotton plants (gossypium sp.). | four strains of aerobic, endospore-forming bacteria were isolated from the inner tissues of healthy cotton plants (gossypium sp., dushanbe, tajikistan). the organisms had identical randomly amplified polymorphic dna patterns that distinguished them from other bacilli that are commonly isolated from plant tissues, e.g. bacillus amyloliquefaciens, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus pumilus and bacillus subtilis. pcr amplification of 16s-23s rrna spacer regions suggested that the four strains could b ... | 2002 | 11837291 |
| comparison of ribitol and glycerol teichoic acid genes in bacillus subtilis w23 and 168: identical function, similar divergent organization, but different regulation. | the tar genes directing the synthesis of poly(ribitol phosphate), the main teichoic acid in bacillus subtilis strain w23, were sequenced. they are organized in two divergently transcribed operons, tarabijkl and tardf, as are the tag genes specifying poly(glycerol phosphate) synthesis in b. subtilis 168. the features of the tar genes as well as the putative participation of their products in the proposed biosynthesis pathway of poly(ribitol phosphate) are presented. the tara and tard genes, which ... | 2002 | 11882717 |
| quantitative production of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose from crystalline chitin by bacterial chitinase. | finely powdered alpha- and beta-chitin can be completely hydrolyzed with chitinase (ec 3.2.1.14) and beta-n-acetylhexosaminidase (ec 3.2.1.52) for the production of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose (glcnac). crude chitinase from burkholderia cepacia tu09 and bacillus licheniformis sk-1 were used to digest alpha- and beta-chitin powder. chitinase from b. cepacia tu09 produced glcnac in greater than 85% yield from beta- and alpha-chitin within 1 and 7 days, respectively. b. licheniformis sk-1 chitina ... | 2002 | 11890893 |
| [effects of metal ions on gamma-poly (glutamic acid) synthesis by bacillus licheniformis]. | in the course of gamma-poly (glutamic acid) gamma-pga fermentation, metal ions k+, mg2+, fe3+, ca2+, mo6+, mn2+, co2+ and zn2+ in the medium have certain effects on the synthesis of gamma-poly(glutamic acid). excess or lack of k+, mg2+ and fe3+ results in reduced yield of gamma-pga. it was found that the gamma-pga synthesis by bacillus licheniformis was promoted obviously by ca2+ and mo6+. synthesis and stereochemical composition of gamma-pga was greatly regulated by mn2+. gamma-pga was not prod ... | 2001 | 11910770 |
| bacillus stearothermophilus neopullulanase selective hydrolysis of amylose to maltose in the presence of amylopectin. | the specificity of bacillus stearothermophilus trs40 neopullulanase toward amylose and amylopectin was analyzed. although this neopullulanase completely hydrolyzed amylose to produce maltose as the main product, it scarcely hydrolyzed amylopectin. the molecular mass of amylopectin was decreased by only one order of magnitude, from approximately 10(8) to 10(7) da. furthermore, this neopullulanase selectively hydrolyzed amylose when starch was used as a substrate. this phenomenon, efficient hydrol ... | 2002 | 11916682 |
| 5-[4-(1-hydroxyethyl)phenyl]-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin as a probe of the transition-state conformation in hydrolase-catalyzed enantioselective transesterifications. | 5-[4-(1-hydroxyethyl)phenyl]-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (1a) and zinc porphyrin 1b were designed and synthesized to experimentally examine the validity of the transition-state model previously proposed for the lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols. the lipases from pseudomonas cepacia (lipase ps), candida antarctica (chirazyme l-2), rhizomucor miehei (chirazyme l-9), and pseudomonas aeruginosa (lipase lip) exhibited excellent enantioselectivity (e >100 at 30 degrees c). subt ... | 2002 | 11925221 |
| pitting corrosion inhibition of aluminum 2024 by bacillus biofilms secreting polyaspartate or gamma-polyglutamate. | pitting corrosion of aluminum 2024 in luria bertani medium was reduced by the secretion of anionic peptides by engineered and natural bacillus biofilms and was studied in continuous reactors using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. compared to sterile controls, pitting was reduced dramatically by the presence of the biofilms. the secretion of a 20 amino acid polyaspartate peptide by an engineered bacillus subtilis wb600/pbe92-asp biofilm slightly reduced the corrosion rate of the passive al ... | 2002 | 11956749 |
| pyrococcus furiosus alpha-amylase is stabilized by calcium and zinc. | the hyperthermophilic archeon pyrococcus furiosus produces an extracellular alpha-amylase that belongs to glycosyl hydrolases' family 13. this enzyme is more thermostable than its bacterial and archaeal homologues (e.g., bacillus licheniformis taka-term and pyrococcus kodakaraensis kod1 alpha-amylases, respectively) even without adding ca(2+) ions. unlike the taka-therm amylase that contains no cysteine, the p. furiosus enzyme contains five cysteines (c152, c153, c165, c387, and c430), only four ... | 2002 | 11994016 |
| action pattern and subsite mapping of bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase (bla) with modified maltooligosaccharide substrates. | this study represents the first characterisation of the substrate-binding site of bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase (bla). it describes the first subsite map, namely, number of subsites, apparent subsite energies and the dual product specificity of bla. the product pattern and cleavage frequencies were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, utilising a homologous series of chromophore-substituted maltooligosaccharides of degree of polymerisation 4-10 as model substrates. the bi ... | 2002 | 11997021 |
| co-linear scaffold of the bacillus licheniformis and bacillus subtilis genomes and its use to compare their competence genes. | we have established the co-linear regions of bacillus licheniformis, an industrially important bacterium, and bacillus subtilis, a model bacterium. in the co-linear regions, revealed by pcr, gene content and order are presumed to be conserved. these regions constitute approximately 60% of the compared chromosomes. sequencing of the competence genes of b. licheniformis allowed us to validate the approach, and to demonstrate how it can be used for the comparative analysis of complex genetic system ... | 2002 | 12007649 |
| the fate of the blai repressor during the induction of the bacillus licheniformis blap beta-lactamase. | the induction of the staphylococcus aureus blaz and bacillus licheniformis 749/i blap beta-lactamases by beta-lactam antibiotics occurs according to similar processes. in both bacteria, the products of the blai and blarl genes share a high degree of sequence homology and act as repressors and penicillin-sensory transducers respectively. it has been shown in s. aureus that the blai repressor, which controls the expression of blaz negatively, is degraded after the addition of the inducer. in the p ... | 2002 | 12022149 |
| distribution and variation of bacitracin synthetase gene sequences in laboratory stock strains of bacillus licheniformis. | distribution and variation of bacitracin synthetase gene (bac) sequences in 22 laboratory stock strains of bacillus licheniformis were studied by southern hybridization of bac gene probes from b. licheniformis atcc 10716 to genomic psti or hindiii restriction fragments. eleven strains gave hybridization signals. these hybridization patterns were classed into two types. eight strains showed similar patterns to that of atcc 10716 and all, except one, produced bacitracin. the three strains showed f ... | 2002 | 12029522 |
| effects of inoculation with pgpr bacillus and pisolithus tinctorius on pinus pinea l. growth, bacterial rhizosphere colonization, and mycorrhizal infection. | the effect of co-inoculation with pisolithus tinctorius and a pgpr belonging to the genus bacillus (bacillus licheniformis cect 5106 and bacillus pumilus cect 5105) in enhancing growth of pinus pinea plants and the changes that occurred in rhizosphere microbial communities and the degree of mycorrhization were evaluated. both bacterial strains of bacillus promote the growth of pinus pinea seedlings, but this biological effect does not imply a synergic effect with mycorrhizal infection. however, ... | 2001 | 12032619 |
| [secondary antimicrobial metabolites produced by thermophilic bacillus spp. strains vk2 and vk21]. | a collection of thermophilic strains of the genus bacillus was made. the strains were screened for antimicrobial activity. strains vk2 and vk21 isolated from thermal springs of the kamchatka peninsula, and antagonistic to several gram-positive bacterial species were chosen for further investigation of antibiotics produced by them. restriction analysis of dna coding for 16s rrna showed that both strains can be assigned to bacillus licheniformis. it was shown that the lytic activity of strains vk2 ... | 2002 | 12068577 |
| the use of co-immobilization of trichosporon cutaneum and bacillus licheniformis for a bod sensor. | the microorganisms trichosporon cutaneum and bacillus licheniformis were used to develop a microbial biochemical oxygen demand (bod) sensor. it was found that t. cutaneum gave a greater response to glucose, whereas b. licheniformis gave a better response to glutamic acid. hence, co-immobilized t. cutaneum and b. licheniformis were used to construct a glucose and glutamic acid sensor with improved sensitivity and dynamic range. a membrane loading of t. cutaneum at 1.1x10(8 )cells ml(-1) cm(-2) an ... | 2002 | 12073129 |
| biosynthesis of exopolysaccharide by a bacillus licheniformis strain isolated from ropy cider. | a strain of bacillus licheniformis displaying a ropy phenotype was isolated from a french ropy cider. the influence of culture conditions on the production of exopolysaccharide (eps) was investigated. when b. licheniformis was grown in man, rogosa and sharpe (mrs) medium, the highest amount of eps was observed at mid exponential growth phase whatever the carbon source, glucose, fructose or sucrose. interestingly at mid exponential growth phase, eps amounts did not increase with increasing sugar ... | 2002 | 12076026 |
| purification and partial characterization of bacillocin 490, a novel bacteriocin produced by a thermophilic strain of bacillus licheniformis. | background: applications of bacteriocins as food preservatives have been so far limited, principally because of their low antimicrobial activity in foods. nisin is the only bacteriocin of significant use, but applications are restricted principally because of its very low activity at neutral or alkaline ph. thus the isolation of new bacteriocins active in foods is desirable. results: we isolated a bacillus licheniformis thermophilic strain producing a bacteriocin with some novel features, named ... | 2002 | 12076356 |
| molecular cloning and the biochemical characterization of two novel phytases from b. subtilis 168 and b. licheniformis. | a novel phytase gene ( phyl) was cloned from bacillus licheniformis by multiple steps of degenerate and inverse pcr. the coding region of the phyl gene was 1,146 bp in size and a promoter region of approximately 300 bp was identified at the upstream sequence. this gene, together with a phytase gene ( 168phya) identified in the b. subtilis strain 168 genome by a homology search, was cloned and over-expressed in b. subtilis using a phi105mu331 prophage vector system. up to 35 units of phytase/ml w ... | 2002 | 12111145 |
| metal binding and structure-activity relationship of the metalloantibiotic peptide bacitracin. | bacitracin is a widely used metallopeptide antibiotic produced by bacillus subtilis and bacillus licheniformis with a potent bactericidal activity directed primarily against gram-positive organisms. this antibiotic requires a divalent metal ion such as zn(2+) for its biological activity, and has been reported to bind several other transition metal ions, including mn(2+), co(2+), ni(2+), and cu(2+). despite the widespread use of bacitracin since its discovery in the early 1940s, the structure-act ... | 2002 | 12121761 |
| examination of a vehicle for use with water soluble materials in the murine local lymph node assay. | the murine local lymph node assay (llna) is a validated method for identifying skin sensitization hazard. vehicle choice can influence the sensitization potential of haptens in both the llna and in humans, therefore selection of an appropriate vehicle is important. suggested vehicles for the llna include organic solvents and organic-aqueous mixtures. however, due to its high surface tension and poor wetting qualities, water is not recommended and therefore testing aqueous soluble materials can b ... | 2002 | 12176099 |
| specificity studies of bacillus 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanases and application to glycosynthase-catalyzed transglycosylation. | bacillus 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanases hydrolyze 1,3-1,4-beta-gluco-oligosaccharides with a retaining mechanism. the binding-site cleft of these endoglycosidases is composed of six subsites (-4 to +2) of which subsite -3 makes the largest contribution to transition state stabilization. the specificity of this subsite is here analyzed for both glycosidase and glycosynthase activities in the wild-type and the nucleophile-less e134a mutant bacillus licheniformis enzymes. a d-galactosyl residue on the non ... | 2002 | 12210988 |
| is bioconvection enhancing bacterial growth in quiescent environments? | bioconvection is an intriguing pattern-forming phenomenon driven by the swimming activity of various aquatic microorganisms. it is generally assumed that bioconvection has a positive effect on the entire microbial population by carrying oxygen into deep layers of non-aerated suspensions. in order to examine the presence of such a biological benefit, we analysed the correlation between bioconvective pattern formation and population growth of several bacillus subtilis and bacillus licheniformis st ... | 2002 | 12220409 |
| comparative growth analysis of the facultative anaerobes bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, and escherichia coli. | bacillus subtilis anaerobic respiration and fermentative growth capabilities were compared to two other facultative anaerobes, bacillus licheniformis and escherichia coli. in glycerol defined medium, b. subtilis grew with nitrate, but not nitrite or fumarate, while b. licheniformis grew with nitrate or fumarate, but not nitrite. growth of e. coli occurred in glycerol defined medium with either nitrate, nitrite, or fumarate. in order to grow by fermentation, b. subtilis required both glucose and ... | 2002 | 12353884 |
| validation and use of an enzymic time-temperature integrator to monitor thermal impacts inside a solid/liquid model food. | heat denaturation kinetics of bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase, equilibrated at 81% equilibrium relative humidity at 4 degrees c (bla81), was studied with help of isothermal and nonisothermal conditions by monitoring the decrease in enthalpy associated with the heat denaturation of the enzyme. due to its low water content, bla81 denaturation could be studied in the range of 118-124 degrees c. two batches of bla81 were successfully validated under nonisothermal conditions allowing the determi ... | 2002 | 12363362 |
| microbial community changes during organic solid waste treatment analyzed by double gradient-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and fluorescence in situ hybridization. | the bacterial community present during semicontinuous treatment of organic solid waste under alkaline and high-temperature conditions was studied. pcr-amplified 16s rdna fragments were analyzed by double gradient-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge). the band pattern was stable during the steady state of the treatment phase, and the major bands resulting from individual treatments had the same dna sequence with good reproducibility. no sequence in the dna database of isolated bacteria ... | 2002 | 12382068 |
| [preparation of an active strain of bacillus licheniformis--producer of thermostable alpha-amylase]. | a highly potent strain of bacillus licheniformis 103 that synthesized thermostable alpha-amylase with temperature and ph optima of 90-95 degrees c and 6.0-8.5, respectively, was obtained by mutagenesis and selection. the composition of fermentation media and conditions for submerged cultivation of the producer were optimized. alpha-amylase whose activity reached 260 u/ml was obtained in laboratory fermenters. | 2002 | 12391749 |
| use of fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy and flow cytometry for estimation of cell vitality for bacillus licheniformis. | for bacillus licheniformis sj4628, an organism widely used in the enzyme industry, methods for determination of cell vitality at a single cell level using 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester in combination with fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy and flow cytometry were developed. immediately after inoculation and during growth, changes in intracellular ph values determined by fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy and in green fluorescence intensities determined by flow cytome ... | 2002 | 12399044 |
| cytotoxic potential of industrial strains of bacillus sp. | the cytotoxic potential of selected strains of bacillus licheniformis, bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and bacillus subtilis, used in the production of industrial enzyme products, has been assessed. cytotoxicity was determined in chinese hamster ovary (cho-k1) cells by measuring total cellular metabolic activity using the tetrazolium salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (mtt). initially the mtt assay was validated against toxigenic strains of bacillus cereus, to define t ... | 2002 | 12460750 |
| a bacitracin-resistant bacillus subtilis gene encodes a homologue of the membrane-spanning subunit of the bacillus licheniformis abc transporter. | bacitracin is a peptide antibiotic nonribosomally produced by bacillus licheniformis. the bcrabc genes which confer bacitracin resistance to the bacitracin producer encode atp binding cassette (abc) transporter proteins, which are hypothesized to pump out bacitracin from the cells. bacillus subtilis 168, which has no bacitracin synthesizing operon, has several genes homologous to bcrabc. it was found that the disruption of ywoa, a gene homologous to bcrc, resulted in hypersensitivity to bacitrac ... | 2003 | 12486040 |
| cloning of a chitinase gene into bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai for enhanced insecticidal activity. | chitinase from a high producing strain (tp-1) of bacillus licheniformis was used with b. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (b.t.a.) in a combined larvicidal assay against the pest, spodoptera exigua. with 10 mu of this chitinase, the ld(50) of b.t.a. was reduced by 7.6, 13.8 and 15 times on days 3, 5 and 7, respectively when compared to use of b.t.a. alone. in addition, a combination of chitinase (10 mu) and b.t.a. at a sub-lethal dose retarded growth and development of s. exigua. in preparation for ... | 1997 | 12501305 |
| modification of biologically active peptides: production of a novel lipohexapeptide after engineering of bacillus subtilis surfactin synthetase. | the bacillus subtilis strain atcc 21332 produces the lipoheptapeptide surfactin, a highly potent biosurfactant synthesized by a large multimodular peptide synthetase. we report the genetic engineering of the surfactin biosynthesis resulting in the production of a novel lipohexapeptide with altered antimicrobial activities. a combination of in vitro and in vivo recombination approaches was used to construct a modified peptide synthetase by eliminating a large internal region of the enzyme contain ... | 2002 | 12538911 |
| kinetic stabilization of bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase through introduction of hydrophobic residues at the surface. | it is generally assumed that in proteins hydrophobic residues are not favorable at solvent-exposed sites, and that amino acid substitutions on the surface have little effect on protein thermostability. contrary to these assumptions, we have identified hyperthermostable variants of bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase (bla) that result from the incorporation of hydrophobic residues at the surface. under highly destabilizing conditions, a variant combining five stabilizing mutations unfolds 32 tim ... | 2003 | 12540849 |
| [studies on biosorption of pd2+ by bacteria]. | the strain r08, showed relatively strong ability of adsorbing pd2+, was screened from different source of bacterial strains. the strain r08 was identified as bacillus licheniformis. the optimum ph value of pd2+ biosorption by r08 dead biomass is 3.5. the biosorption is a rapid and non-temperature dependent process. the biomass and pd2+ initial concentration in solution affected the biosorption process. the bosorptive capacity could reach 224.8 mg/g under the conditions of pd2+ 200 mg/l, 0.4 g bi ... | 2000 | 12548767 |
| [isolation and identification of n2-fixing strains of bacillus in rice rhizosphere of the yangtze river valley]. | rice rhizosphere soil samples were colected from 10 sites of 7 provinces in the yangzi river valley, and from the soil samples 16 endospore-forming strains with ara (acetylene reduction activity) were isolated, the nitrogen fixing ability was tested by the method of 15n tracer and the atom 15n% excess are ranged from 0.0297% to 0.4714%. the strains were identified as bacillus licheniformis, b. subtilis, b. azotoformans, b. cereus, b. pumilus, b. brevis, b. megaterium, b. firmu. | 1998 | 12548929 |
| enzymic degradation of a beta-lactam antibiotic, ampicillin, in the gut: a novel treatment modality. | antibiotics can cause severe alterations in the gut microflora and promote diarrhoea and overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria. the present study investigated the potency of targeted recombinant beta-lactamase (trbl) to degrade a beta-lactam antibiotic in the jejunum of fistula-operated beagles. we used different peroral doses of purified beta-lactamase (penp) of bacillus licheniformis in enteric-coated pellets together with intravenous ampicillin. serum and jejunal samples were collected for ampici ... | 2003 | 12562703 |