| comparative genomics and metabolic profiling of the genus lysobacter. | lysobacter species are gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in soil, plant and freshwater habitats. lysobacter owes its name to the lytic effects on other microorganisms. to better understand their ecology and interactions with other (micro)organisms, five lysobacter strains representing the four species l. enzymogenes, l. capsici, l. gummosus and l. antibioticus were subjected to genomics and metabolomics analyses. | 2015 | 26597042 |
| diversity and activity of lysobacter species from disease suppressive soils. | the genus lysobacter includes several species that produce a range of extracellular enzymes and other metabolites with activity against bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and nematodes. lysobacter species were found to be more abundant in soil suppressive against the fungal root pathogen rhizoctonia solani, but their actual role in disease suppression is still unclear. here, the antifungal and plant growth-promoting activities of 18 lysobacter strains, including 11 strains from rhizoctonia-suppressive ... | 2015 | 26635735 |
| the multiple dsf-family qs signals are synthesized from carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acids via the fas elongation cycle. | members of the diffusible signal factor (dsf) family are a novel class of quorum sensing (qs) signals in diverse gram-negative bacteria. although previous studies have identified rpff as a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of dsf family signals, many questions in their biosynthesis remain to be addressed. in this study with the phytopathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), we show that xcc produces four dsf-family signals (dsf, bdsf, cdsf and idsf) during cell culture, and that idsf i ... | 2015 | 26289160 |
| hfq regulates antibacterial antibiotic biosynthesis and extracellular lytic-enzyme production in lysobacter enzymogenes oh11. | lysobacter enzymogenes is an important biocontrol agent with the ability to produce a variety of lytic enzymes and novel antibiotics. little is known about their regulatory mechanisms. understanding these will be helpful for improving biocontrol of crop diseases and potential medical application. in the present study, we generated an hfq (encoding a putative ribonucleic acid chaperone) deletion mutant, and then utilized a new genomic marker-free method to construct an hfq-complemented strain. we ... | 2015 | 25683974 |
| exploring the microbiota dynamics related to vegetable biomasses degradation and study of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria for industrial biotechnological application. | the aims of this study were to evaluate the microbial diversity of different lignocellulosic biomasses during degradation under natural conditions and to isolate, select, characterise new well-adapted bacterial strains to detect potentially improved enzyme-producing bacteria. the microbiota of biomass piles of arundo donax, eucalyptus camaldulensis and populus nigra were evaluated by high-throughput sequencing. a highly complex bacterial community was found, composed of ubiquitous bacteria, with ... | 2015 | 25641069 |
| correlations between bacterial ecology and mobile dna. | several factors can affect the density of mobile dna in bacterial genomes including rates of exposure to novel gene pools, recombination, and reductive evolution. these traits are difficult to measure across a broad range of bacterial species, but the ecological niches occupied by an organism provide some indication of the relative magnitude of these forces. here, by analyzing 384 bacterial genomes assigned to three ecological categories (obligate intracellular, facultative intracellular, and ex ... | 2010 | 20577742 |
| correlations between bacterial ecology and mobile dna. | several factors can affect the density of mobile dna in bacterial genomes including rates of exposure to novel gene pools, recombination, and reductive evolution. these traits are difficult to measure across a broad range of bacterial species, but the ecological niches occupied by an organism provide some indication of the relative magnitude of these forces. here, by analyzing 384 bacterial genomes assigned to three ecological categories (obligate intracellular, facultative intracellular, and ex ... | 2010 | 20577742 |
| analysis and comparison of the pan-genomic properties of sixteen well-characterized bacterial genera. | the increasing availability of whole genome sequences allows the gene or protein content of different organisms to be compared, leading to burgeoning interest in the relatively new subfield of pan-genomics. however, while several studies have analyzed protein content relationships in specific groups of bacteria, there has yet to be a study that provides a general characterization of protein content relationships in a broad range of bacteria. | 2010 | 20942950 |
| a lov protein modulates the physiological attributes of xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri relevant for host plant colonization. | recent studies have demonstrated that an appropriate light environment is required for the establishment of efficient vegetal resistance responses in several plant-pathogen interactions. the photoreceptors implicated in such responses are mainly those belonging to the phytochrome family. data obtained from bacterial genome sequences revealed the presence of photosensory proteins of the bluf (blue light sensing using fad), lov (light, oxygen, voltage) and phytochrome families with no known functi ... | 2012 | 22675525 |
| the lov protein of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri plays a significant role in the counteraction of plant immune responses during citrus canker. | pathogens interaction with a host plant starts a set of immune responses that result in complex changes in gene expression and plant physiology. light is an important modulator of plant defense response and recent studies have evidenced the novel influence of this environmental stimulus in the virulence of several bacterial pathogens. xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is the bacterium responsible for citrus canker disease, which affects most citrus cultivars. the ability of this bacterium to coloni ... | 2013 | 24260514 |
| pathogen security-help or hindrance? | events over the past 15 years have resulted in the promulgation of regulations in the united states to enhance biosecurity by restricting the access to pathogens and toxins (i.e., biological select agents and toxins [bsats]), which pose a severe threat to human being, animal, or plant health or to animal or plant products, to qualified institutions, laboratories, and scientists. these regulations also reduce biosafety concerns by imposing specific requirements on laboratories working with bsats. ... | 2014 | 25610829 |
| pathogen security-help or hindrance? | events over the past 15 years have resulted in the promulgation of regulations in the united states to enhance biosecurity by restricting the access to pathogens and toxins (i.e., biological select agents and toxins [bsats]), which pose a severe threat to human being, animal, or plant health or to animal or plant products, to qualified institutions, laboratories, and scientists. these regulations also reduce biosafety concerns by imposing specific requirements on laboratories working with bsats. ... | 2014 | 25610829 |
| evaluating the impacts of stressors of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato on the effectiveness of multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis and multi-locus sequence typing in microbial forensic investigations. | crops in the usa are vulnerable to natural and criminal threats because of their widespread cultivation and lack of surveillance, and because of implementation of growing practices such as monoculture. to prepare for investigation and attribution of such events, forensic assays, including determination of molecular profiles, are being adapted for use with plant pathogens. the use of multi-locus variable number tandem repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) and multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) in investi ... | 2014 | 25132953 |
| recent trends in control methods for bacterial wilt diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum. | previous studies have described the development of control methods against bacterial wilt diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum. this review focused on recent advances in control measures, such as biological, physical, chemical, cultural, and integral measures, as well as biocontrol efficacy and suppression mechanisms. biological control agents (bcas) have been dominated by bacteria (90%) and fungi (10%). avirulent strains of r. solanacearum, pseudomonas spp., bacillus spp., and streptomyces ... | 2015 | 25762345 |
| is4 family goes genomic. | insertion sequences (iss) are small, mobile dna entities able to expand in prokaryotic genomes and trigger important rearrangements. to understand their role in evolution, accurate is taxonomy is essential. the is4 family is composed of approximately 70 elements and, like some other families, displays extremely elevated levels of internal divergence impeding its classification. the increasing availability of complete genome sequences provides a valuable source for the discovery of additional is4 ... | 2008 | 18215304 |
| destruction of microbial collections in response to select agent and toxin list regulations. | in this study we have followed up on anecdotal and hearsay evidence that microbial collections were destroyed in the united states following the imposition of the regulations associated with the select agents and toxins list, to validate or refute that information. using a questionnaire, we documented 13 episodes of microbial collection destruction involving viral, bacterial, and fungal strains, which we believe is almost certainly an underestimate of the number of collections destroyed. in ever ... | 2010 | 20569056 |
| the influence of the accessory genome on bacterial pathogen evolution. | bacterial pathogens exhibit significant variation in their genomic content of virulence factors. this reflects the abundance of strategies pathogens evolved to infect host organisms by suppressing host immunity. molecular arms-races have been a strong driving force for the evolution of pathogenicity, with pathogens often encoding overlapping or redundant functions, such as type iii protein secretion effectors and hosts encoding ever more sophisticated immune systems. the pathogens' frequent expo ... | 2011 | 22016845 |
| the endoplasmic reticulum in plant immunity and cell death. | the endoplasmic reticulum (er) is a highly dynamic organelle in eukaryotic cells and a major production site of proteins destined for vacuoles, the plasma membrane, or apoplast in plants. at the er, these secreted proteins undergo multiple processing steps, which are supervised and conducted by the er quality control system. notably, processing of secreted proteins can considerably elevate under stress conditions and exceed er folding capacities. the resulting accumulation of unfolded proteins i ... | 2012 | 22936941 |
| dotu and vgrg, core components of type vi secretion systems, are essential for francisella lvs pathogenicity. | the gram-negative bacterium francisella tularensis causes tularemia, a disease which requires bacterial escape from phagosomes of infected macrophages. once in the cytosol, the bacterium rapidly multiplies, inhibits activation of the inflammasome and ultimately causes death of the host cell. of importance for these processes is a 33-kb gene cluster, the francisella pathogenicity island (fpi), which is believed to encode a type vi secretion system (t6ss). in this study, we analyzed the role of th ... | 2012 | 22514651 |
| computational small rna prediction in bacteria. | bacterial, small rnas were once regarded as potent regulators of gene expression and are now being considered as essential for their diversified roles. many small rnas are now reported to have a wide array of regulatory functions, ranging from environmental sensing to pathogenesis. traditionally, noncoding transcripts were rarely detected by means of genetic screens. however, the availability of approximately 2200 prokaryotic genome sequences in public databases facilitates the efficient computa ... | 2013 | 23516022 |
| genomic perspectives on the evolution and spread of bacterial pathogens. | since the first complete sequencing of a free-living organism, haemophilus influenzae, genomics has been used to probe both the biology of bacterial pathogens and their evolution. single-genome approaches provided information on the repertoire of virulence determinants and host-interaction factors, and, along with comparative analyses, allowed the proposal of hypotheses to explain the evolution of many of these traits. these analyses suggested many bacterial pathogens to be of relatively recent ... | 2015 | 26702036 |
| computational approaches for prediction of pathogen-host protein-protein interactions. | infectious diseases are still among the major and prevalent health problems, mostly because of the drug resistance of novel variants of pathogens. molecular interactions between pathogens and their hosts are the key parts of the infection mechanisms. novel antimicrobial therapeutics to fight drug resistance is only possible in case of a thorough understanding of pathogen-host interaction (phi) systems. existing databases, which contain experimentally verified phi data, suffer from scarcity of re ... | 2015 | 25759684 |
| diverse functions of small rnas in different plant-pathogen communications. | rna silencing is a conserved mechanism that utilizes small rnas (srnas) to direct the regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. plants utilizing rna silencing machinery to defend pathogen infection was first identified in plant-virus interaction and later was observed in distinct plant-pathogen interactions. rna silencing is not only responsible for suppressing rna accumulation and movement of virus and viroid, but also facilitates plant immune responses ... | 2016 | 27757103 |
| a novel phage-encoded transcription antiterminator acts by suppressing bacterial rna polymerase pausing. | gp39, a small protein encoded by thermus thermophilus phage p23-45, specifically binds the host rna polymerase (rnap) and inhibits transcription initiation. here, we demonstrate that gp39 also acts as an antiterminator during transcription through intrinsic terminators. the antitermination activity of gp39 relies on its ability to suppress transcription pausing at poly(u) tracks. gp39 also accelerates transcription elongation by decreasing rnap pausing and backtracking but does not significantly ... | 2012 | 22238378 |
| the sabotage of the bacterial transcription machinery by a small bacteriophage protein. | many bacteriophages produce small proteins that specifically interfere with the bacterial host transcription machinery and thus contribute to the acquisition of the bacterial cell by the bacteriophage. we recently described how a small protein, called p7, produced by the xp10 bacteriophage inhibits bacterial transcription initiation by causing the dissociation of the promoter specificity sigma factor subunit from the host rna polymerase holoenzyme. in this addendum to the original publication, w ... | 2014 | 24701369 |
| the rare sugar d-allose acts as a triggering molecule of rice defence via ros generation. | only d-allose, among various rare monosaccharides tested, induced resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in susceptible rice leaves with defence responses: reactive oxygen species, lesion mimic formation, and pr-protein gene expression. these responses were suppressed by ascorbic acid or diphenylene iodonium. transgenic rice plants overexpressing osrbohc, encoding nadph oxidase, were enhanced in sensitivity to d-allose. d-allose-mediated defence responses were suppressed by the presence of ... | 2013 | 24014866 |
| a putative rna-interference-based immune system in prokaryotes: computational analysis of the predicted enzymatic machinery, functional analogies with eukaryotic rnai, and hypothetical mechanisms of action. | all archaeal and many bacterial genomes contain clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (crispr) and variable arrays of the crispr-associated (cas) genes that have been previously implicated in a novel form of dna repair on the basis of comparative analysis of their protein product sequences. however, the proximity of crispr and cas genes strongly suggests that they have related functions which is hard to reconcile with the repair hypothesis. | 2006 | 16545108 |
| insertion sequence diversity in archaea. | insertion sequences (iss) can constitute an important component of prokaryotic (bacterial and archaeal) genomes. over 1,500 individual iss are included at present in the isfinder database (www-is.biotoul.fr), and these represent only a small portion of those in the available prokaryotic genome sequences and those that are being discovered in ongoing sequencing projects. in spite of this diversity, the transposition mechanisms of only a few of these ubiquitous mobile genetic elements are known, a ... | 2007 | 17347521 |
| termination and antitermination: rna polymerase runs a stop sign. | termination signals induce rapid and irreversible dissociation of the nascent transcript from rna polymerase. terminators at the end of genes prevent unintended transcription into the downstream genes, whereas terminators in the upstream regulatory leader regions adjust expression of the structural genes in response to metabolic and environmental signals. premature termination within an operon leads to potentially deleterious defects in the expression of the downstream genes, but also provides a ... | 2011 | 21478900 |
| active site plasticity enables metal-dependent tuning of cas5d nuclease activity in crispr-cas type i-c system. | clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr) in association with crispr-associated (cas) proteins constitutes a formidable defense system against mobile genetic elements in prokaryotes. in type i-c, the ribonucleoprotein surveillance complex comprises only three cas proteins, namely, cas5d, csd1 and csd2. unlike type i-e that uses cse3/case for metal-independent crispr rna maturation, type i-c that lacks this deputes cas5d to process the pre-crrna. here, we report the promis ... | 2013 | 24371266 |
| active site plasticity enables metal-dependent tuning of cas5d nuclease activity in crispr-cas type i-c system. | clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr) in association with crispr-associated (cas) proteins constitutes a formidable defense system against mobile genetic elements in prokaryotes. in type i-c, the ribonucleoprotein surveillance complex comprises only three cas proteins, namely, cas5d, csd1 and csd2. unlike type i-e that uses cse3/case for metal-independent crispr rna maturation, type i-c that lacks this deputes cas5d to process the pre-crrna. here, we report the promis ... | 2013 | 24371266 |
| crispr interference: a structural perspective. | crispr (cluster of regularly interspaced palindromic repeats) is a prokaryotic adaptive defence system, providing immunity against mobile genetic elements such as viruses. genomically encoded crrna (crispr rna) is used by cas (crispr-associated) proteins to target and subsequently degrade nucleic acids of invading entities in a sequence-dependent manner. the process is known as 'interference'. in the present review we cover recent progress on the structural biology of the crispr/cas system, focu ... | 2013 | 23805973 |
| structural principles of crispr rna processing. | the cas6 superfamily, the cas5d subclass, and the host rnase iii endoribonucleases are responsible for producing small rnas (crrna) that function in the crispr-cas immunity. the three enzymes may also interact with the crrna-associated nucleic acid interference complexes. recent development in structural biology of cas6 and cas5d and their complexes with rna substrates has lent new insights on principles of crrna processing and the structural basis for linking crrna processing to interference. b ... | 2014 | 25435327 |
| structural principles of crispr rna processing. | the cas6 superfamily, the cas5d subclass, and the host rnase iii endoribonucleases are responsible for producing small rnas (crrna) that function in the crispr-cas immunity. the three enzymes may also interact with the crrna-associated nucleic acid interference complexes. recent development in structural biology of cas6 and cas5d and their complexes with rna substrates has lent new insights on principles of crrna processing and the structural basis for linking crrna processing to interference. b ... | 2014 | 25435327 |
| transcription regulation mechanisms of bacteriophages: recent advances and future prospects. | phage diversity significantly contributes to ecology and evolution of new bacterial species through horizontal gene transfer. therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying phage-host interactions. after initial infection, the phage utilizes the transcriptional machinery of the host to direct the expression of its own genes. this review presents a view on the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of bacteriophages, and its contribution to phage diversity and classification. t ... | 2014 | 25482231 |
| paclitaxel induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells through different calcium--regulating mechanisms depending on external calcium conditions. | previously, we reported that endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores were a direct target for paclitaxel initiation of apoptosis. furthermore, the actions of paclitaxel attenuated bcl-2 resistance to apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum-mediated calcium release. to better understand the calcium-regulated mechanisms of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells, we investigated the role of extracellular calcium, specifically; whether influx of extracellular calcium contributed to and/or ... | 2014 | 24549172 |
| a bacteriophage transcription regulator inhibits bacterial transcription initiation by σ-factor displacement. | bacteriophages (phages) appropriate essential processes of bacterial hosts to benefit their own development. the multisubunit bacterial rna polymerase (rnap) enzyme, which catalyses dna transcription, is targeted by phage-encoded transcription regulators that selectively modulate its activity. here, we describe the structural and mechanistic basis for the inhibition of bacterial rnap by the transcription regulator p7 encoded by xanthomonas oryzae phage xp10. we reveal that p7 uses a two-step mec ... | 2014 | 24482445 |
| distinct pathways of rna polymerase regulation by a phage-encoded factor. | transcription antitermination is a common strategy of gene expression regulation, but only a few transcription antitermination factors have been studied in detail. here, we dissect the transcription antitermination mechanism of xanthomonas oryzae virus xp10 protein p7, which binds host rna polymerase (rnap) and regulates both transcription initiation and termination. we show that p7 suppresses intrinsic termination by decreasing rnap pausing and increasing the transcription complex stability, in ... | 2015 | 25646468 |
| complete genome sequence analysis of two pseudomonas plecoglossicida phages, potential therapeutic agents. | pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a lethal pathogen of ayu (plecoglossus altivelis) in japan and is responsible for substantial economic costs to ayu culture. previously, we demonstrated the efficacy of phage therapy against p. plecoglossicida infection using two lytic phages (pppw-3 and pppw-4) (s. c. park, i. shimamura, m. fukunaga, k. mori, and t. nakai, appl environ microbiol 66:1416-1422, 2000, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.4.1416-1422.2000; s. c. park and t. nakai, dis aquat org 53:33-39, ... | 2015 | 25416766 |
| genes that influence swarming motility and biofilm formation in variovorax paradoxus eps. | variovorax paradoxus is an aerobic soil bacterium associated with important biodegradative processes in nature. we use v. paradoxus eps to study multicellular behaviors on surfaces. | 2012 | 22363744 |
| genomics of plant-associated microbes. | | 2009 | 21255272 |
| future research trends in the major chemical language of bacteria. | microbiology was revolutionized in the 1990's by the discovery that many different bacterial species coordinate their behavior when they form a group. in fact, bacteria are now considered multicellular organisms capable of communicating and changing behavior in relation to their cell-density; since 1994 this has been called quorum sensing. this group behavior ensures survival and propagation of the community in many natural environments. bacterial intercellular communication is mediated by diffe ... | 2009 | 19794815 |
| unraveling plant responses to bacterial pathogens through proteomics. | plant pathogenic bacteria cause diseases in important crops and seriously and negatively impact agricultural production. therefore, an understanding of the mechanisms by which plants resist bacterial infection at the stage of the basal immune response or mount a successful specific r-dependent defense response is crucial since a better understanding of the biochemical and cellular mechanisms underlying these interactions will enable molecular and transgenic approaches to crops with increased bio ... | 2011 | 22131803 |
| dna polymorphisms and biocontrol of bacillus antagonistic to citrus bacterial canker with indication of the interference of phyllosphere biofilms. | citrus bacterial canker caused by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri is a devastating disease resulting in significant crop losses in various citrus cultivars worldwide. a biocontrol agent has not been recommended for this disease. to explore the potential of bacilli native to taiwan to control this disease, bacillus species with a broad spectrum of antagonistic activity against various phytopathogens were isolated from plant potting mixes, organic compost and the rhizosphere soil. seven strains t ... | 2012 | 22848728 |
| distribution and properties of the genes encoding the biosynthesis of the bacterial cofactor, pyrroloquinoline quinone. | pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq) is a small, redox active molecule that serves as a cofactor for several bacterial dehydrogenases, introducing pathways for carbon utilization that confer a growth advantage. early studies had implicated a ribosomally translated peptide as the substrate for pqq production. this study presents a sequence- and structure-based analysis of the components of the pqq operon. we find the necessary components for pqq production are present in 126 prokaryotes, most of which ... | 2012 | 22324760 |
| mamp (microbe-associated molecular pattern) triggered immunity in plants. | plants are sessile organisms that are under constant attack from microbes. they rely on both preformed defenses, and their innate immune system to ward of the microbial pathogens. preformed defences include for example the cell wall and cuticle, which act as physical barriers to microbial colonization. the plant immune system is composed of surveillance systems that perceive several general microbe elicitors, which allow plants to switch from growth and development into a defense mode, rejecting ... | 2013 | 23720666 |
| control of biofilms with the fatty acid signaling molecule cis-2-decenoic acid. | biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms in organized structures attached to surfaces. importantly, biofilms are a major cause of bacterial infections in humans, and remain one of the most significant challenges to modern medical practice. unfortunately, conventional therapies have shown to be inadequate in the treatment of most chronic biofilm infections based on the extraordinary innate tolerance of biofilms to antibiotics. antagonists of quorum sensing signaling molecules have been ... | 2015 | 26610524 |
| the dsf family of cell-cell signals: an expanding class of bacterial virulence regulators. | many pathogenic bacteria use cell-cell signaling systems involving the synthesis and perception of diffusible signal molecules to control virulence as a response to cell density or confinement to niches. bacteria produce signals of diverse structural classes. signal molecules of the diffusible signal factor (dsf) family are cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids. the paradigm is cis-11-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), which controls virulence in this plant pathog ... | 2015 | 26181439 |
| stenotrophomonas maltophilia responds to exogenous ahl signals through the luxr solo smor (smlt1839). | quorum sensing (qs) mediated by acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) molecules are probably the most widespread and studied among gram-negative bacteria. canonical ahl systems are composed by a synthase (luxi family) and a regulator element (luxr family), whose genes are usually adjacent in the genome. however, incomplete ahl-qs machinery lacking the synthase luxi is frequently observed in proteobacteria, and the regulator element is then referred as luxr solo. it has been shown that certain luxr solos ... | 2015 | 26029670 |
| comparative genome analysis of rice-pathogenic burkholderia provides insight into capacity to adapt to different environments and hosts. | in addition to human and animal diseases, bacteria of the genus burkholderia can cause plant diseases. the representative species of rice-pathogenic burkholderia are burkholderia glumae, b. gladioli, and b. plantarii, which primarily cause grain rot, sheath rot, and seedling blight, respectively, resulting in severe reductions in rice production. though burkholderia rice pathogens cause problems in rice-growing countries, comprehensive studies of these rice-pathogenic species aiming to control b ... | 2015 | 25943361 |
| control of wilt and rot pathogens of tomato by antagonistic pink pigmented facultative methylotrophic delftia lacustris and bacillus spp. | the studies on the biocontrol potential of pink pigmented facultative methylotrophic (ppfm) bacteria other than the genus methylobacterium are scarce. in the present study, we report three facultative methylotrophic isolates; ppo-1, ppt-1, and ppb-1, respectively, identified as delftia lacustris, bacillus subtilis, and bacillus cereus by 16s rrna gene sequence analysis. hemolytic activity was tested to investigate the potential pathogenicity of isolates to plants and humans, the results indicate ... | 2016 | 27872630 |
| an ancient p-loop gtpase in rice is regulated by a higher plant-specific regulatory protein. | ychf is a subfamily of the obg family in the trafac class of p-loop gtpases. the wide distribution of ychf homologues in both eukarya and bacteria suggests that they are descendents of an ancient protein, yet their physiological roles remain unclear. using the osychf1-osgap1 pair from rice as the prototype, we provide evidence for the regulation of gtpase/atpase activities and rna binding capacity of a plant ychf (osychf1) by its regulatory protein (osgap1). the effects of osgap1 on the subcellu ... | 2010 | 20876569 |
| insights into auxin signaling in plant-pathogen interactions. | the phytohormone auxin has been known to be a regulator of plant growth and development ever since its discovery. recent studies on plant-pathogen interactions identify auxin as a key character in pathogenesis and plant defense. like plants, diverse pathogens possess the capacity to synthesize indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), the major form of auxin in plants. the emerging knowledge on auxin-signaling components, auxin metabolic processes, and indole-derived phytoalexins in plant responses to pathoge ... | 2011 | 22639609 |
| functional characterization of the rna chaperone hfq in the opportunistic human pathogen stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | hfq is an rna-binding protein known to regulate a variety of cellular processes by interacting with small rnas (srnas) and mrnas in prokaryotes. stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an important opportunistic pathogen affecting primarily hospitalized and immunocompromised hosts. we constructed an hfq deletion mutant (δhfq) of s. maltophilia and compared the behaviors of wild-type and δhfq s. maltophilia cells in a variety of assays. this revealed that s. maltophilia hfq plays a role in biofilm format ... | 2012 | 22923593 |
| characterization of bacteria associated with pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | pine wilt disease (pwd) is a complex disease integrating three major agents: the pathogenic agent, the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus; the insect-vector monochamus spp.; and the host pine tree, pinus sp. since the early 80's, the notion that another pathogenic agent, namely bacteria, may play a role in pwd has been gaining traction, however the role of bacteria in pwd is still unknown. the present work supports the possibility that some b. xylophilus-associated bacteria may play a ... | 2012 | 23091599 |
| advances in bacteriophage-mediated control of plant pathogens. | there is continuing pressure to maximise food production given a growing global human population. bacterial pathogens that infect important agricultural plants (phytopathogens) can reduce plant growth and the subsequent crop yield. currently, phytopathogens are controlled through management programmes, which can include the application of antibiotics and copper sprays. however, the emergence of resistant bacteria and the desire to reduce usage of toxic products that accumulate in the environment ... | 2012 | 22934116 |
| requirement of siderophore biosynthesis for plant colonization by salmonella enterica. | contaminated fresh produce has become the number one vector of nontyphoidal salmonellosis to humans. however, salmonella enterica genes essential for the life cycle of the organism outside the mammalian host are for the most part unknown. screening deletion mutants led to the discovery that an aroa mutant had a significant root colonization defect due to a failure to replicate. aroa is part of the chorismic acid biosynthesis pathway, a central metabolic node involved in aromatic amino acid and s ... | 2012 | 22522683 |
| evolutionary and experimental assessment of novel markers for detection of xanthomonas euvesicatoria in plant samples. | bacterial spot-causing xanthomonads (bsx) are quarantine phytopathogenic bacteria responsible for heavy losses in tomato and pepper production. despite the research on improved plant spraying methods and resistant cultivars, the use of healthy plant material is still considered as the most effective bacterial spot control measure. therefore, rapid and efficient detection methods are crucial for an early detection of these phytopathogens. | 2012 | 22655073 |
| structural insights into a novel interkingdom signaling circuit by cartography of the ligand-binding sites of the homologous quorum sensing luxr-family. | recent studies have identified a novel interkingdom signaling circuit, via plant signaling molecules, and a bacterial sub-family of luxr proteins, bridging eukaryotes and prokaryotes. indeed pivotal plant-bacteria interactions are regulated by the so called plant associated bacteria (pab) luxr solo regulators that, although closely related to the quorum sensing (qs) luxr family, do not bind or respond to canonical quorum sensing n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls), but only to specific host plant ... | 2013 | 24132148 |
| disease resistance or growth: the role of plant hormones in balancing immune responses and fitness costs. | plant growth and response to environmental cues are largely governed by phytohormones. the plant hormones ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid (sa) play a central role in the regulation of plant immune responses. in addition, other plant hormones, such as auxins, abscisic acid (aba), cytokinins, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids, that have been thoroughly described to regulate plant development and growth, have recently emerged as key regulators of plant immunity. plant hormones interact ... | 2013 | 23745126 |
| the metabolic interplay between plants and phytopathogens. | plant diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria or fungi cause major economic damage every year and destroy crop yields that could feed millions of people. only by a thorough understanding of the interaction between plants and phytopathogens can we hope to develop strategies to avoid or treat the outbreak of large-scale crop pests. here, we studied the interaction of plant-pathogen pairs at the metabolic level. we selected five plant-pathogen pairs, for which both genomes were fully sequenced, and ... | 2013 | 24957887 |
| synthetic plant defense elicitors. | to defend themselves against invading pathogens plants utilize a complex regulatory network that coordinates extensive transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. although many of the key players of this immunity-associated network are known, the details of its topology and dynamics are still poorly understood. as an alternative to forward and reverse genetic studies, chemical genetics-related approaches based on bioactive small molecules have gained substantial popularity in the analysis of bi ... | 2014 | 25674095 |
| synthetic plant defense elicitors. | to defend themselves against invading pathogens plants utilize a complex regulatory network that coordinates extensive transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. although many of the key players of this immunity-associated network are known, the details of its topology and dynamics are still poorly understood. as an alternative to forward and reverse genetic studies, chemical genetics-related approaches based on bioactive small molecules have gained substantial popularity in the analysis of bi ... | 2014 | 25674095 |
| endophytic fungi: a reservoir of antibacterials. | multidrug drug resistant bacteria are becoming increasingly problematic particularly in the under developed countries of the world. the most important microorganisms that have seen a geometric rise in numbers are methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin resistant enterococcus faecium, penicillin resistant streptococcus pneumonia and multiple drug resistant tubercule bacteria to name a just few. new drug scaffolds are essential to tackle this every increasing problem. these scaffol ... | 2014 | 25620957 |
| endophytic fungi: a reservoir of antibacterials. | multidrug drug resistant bacteria are becoming increasingly problematic particularly in the under developed countries of the world. the most important microorganisms that have seen a geometric rise in numbers are methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin resistant enterococcus faecium, penicillin resistant streptococcus pneumonia and multiple drug resistant tubercule bacteria to name a just few. new drug scaffolds are essential to tackle this every increasing problem. these scaffol ... | 2014 | 25620957 |
| structure-to-function relationships of bacterial translocator protein (tspo): a focus on pseudomonas. | the translocator protein (tspo), which was previously designated as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, is a 3.5 billion year-old evolutionarily conserved protein expressed by most eukarya, archae and bacteria, but its organization and functions differ remarkably. by taking advantage of the genomic data available on tspo, we focused on bacterial tspo and attempted to define functions of tspo in pseudomonas via in silico approaches. a tspo ortholog has been identified in several fluoresc ... | 2014 | 25477872 |
| expression of colsr genes increased in the rpf mutants of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae kacc10859. | the rpf genes and cols xoo1207/colr xoo1208 were known to require for virulence of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). in xoo kacc10331 genome, two more cols/colr genes, cols xoo3534 (raxh)/colr xoo3535 (raxr) and cols xoo3762/colr xoo3763 were annotated. the cols xoo3534/colr xoo3535 were known to control avrxa21 activity and functions of cols xoo3762/colr xoo3763 were unknown in xoo. to characterize the relationship between rpf and cols/colr genes, expression of cols/colr genes in rpf mutants ... | 2014 | 25289017 |
| surface polysaccharide mutants reveal that absence of o antigen reduces biofilm formation of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. | actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a gram-negative bacterium belonging to the pasteurellaceae family and the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious lung disease causing important economic losses. surface polysaccharides, including lipopolysaccharides (lps) and capsular polysaccharides (cps), are implicated in the adhesion and virulence of a. pleuropneumoniae, but their role in biofilm formation is still unclear. in this study, we investigated the requirement for these su ... | 2015 | 26483403 |
| surface polysaccharide mutants reveal that absence of o antigen reduces biofilm formation of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. | actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a gram-negative bacterium belonging to the pasteurellaceae family and the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious lung disease causing important economic losses. surface polysaccharides, including lipopolysaccharides (lps) and capsular polysaccharides (cps), are implicated in the adhesion and virulence of a. pleuropneumoniae, but their role in biofilm formation is still unclear. in this study, we investigated the requirement for these su ... | 2015 | 26483403 |
| novel routes for improving biocontrol activity of bacillus based bioinoculants. | biocontrol (bc) formulations prepared from plant-growth-promoting bacteria are increasingly applied in sustainable agriculture. especially inoculants prepared from endospore-forming bacillus strains have been proven as efficient and environmental-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides due to their long shelf life, which is comparable with that of agrochemicals. however, these formulations of the first generation are sometimes hampered in their action and do not fulfill in each case the expe ... | 2015 | 26696998 |
| complete sequence and detailed analysis of the first indigenous plasmid from xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. | bacterial plasmids have a major impact on metabolic function and adaptation of their hosts. an indigenous plasmid was identified in a chinese isolate (gx01) of the invasive phytopathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc), the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak (bls). to elucidate the biological functions of the plasmid, we have sequenced and comprehensively annotated the plasmid. | 2015 | 26498126 |
| pathogen-regulated genes in wheat isogenic lines differing in resistance to brown rust puccinia triticina. | inoculation of wheat plants with puccinia triticina (pt) spores activates a wide range of host responses. compatible pt interaction with susceptible thatcher plants supports all stages of the pathogen life cycle. incompatible interaction with tclr9 activates defense responses including oxidative burst and micronecrotic reactions associated with the pathogen's infection structures and leads to complete termination of pathogen development. these two contrasting host-pathogen interactions were a fo ... | 2015 | 26438375 |
| bacillus oryzicola sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from the roots of rice with antimicrobial, plant growth promoting, and systemic resistance inducing activities in rice. | biological control of major rice diseases has been attempted in several rice-growing countries in asia during the last few decades and its application using antagonistic bacteria has proved to be somewhat successful for controlling various fungal diseases in field trials. two novel endophytic bacillus species, designated strains yc7007 and yc7010(t), with anti-microbial, plant growth-promoting, and systemic resistance-inducing activities were isolated from the roots of rice in paddy fields at ji ... | 2015 | 26060434 |
| the xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pilz domain proteins function differentially in cyclic di-gmp binding and regulation of virulence and motility. | the pilz domain proteins have been demonstrated to be one of the major types of receptors mediating cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) signaling pathways in several pathogenic bacteria. however, little is known about the function of pilz domain proteins in c-di-gmp regulation of virulence in the bacterial blight pathogen of rice xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. here, the roles of pilz domain proteins pxo_00049 and pxo_02374 in c-di-gmp binding, regulation of virulence and motility, and subcellular localizat ... | 2015 | 25911481 |
| proteomic analysis of copper-binding proteins in excess copper-stressed roots of two rice (oryza sativa l.) varieties with different cu tolerances. | to better understand the mechanisms involved in the heavy metal stress response and tolerance in plants, a proteomic approach was used to investigate the differences in cu-binding protein expression in cu-tolerant and cu-sensitive rice varieties. cu-binding proteins from cu-treated rice roots were separated using a new imac method in which an ida-sepharose column was applied prior to the cu-imac column to remove metal ions from protein samples. more than 300 protein spots were reproducibly detec ... | 2015 | 25919452 |
| xocr, a luxr solo required for virulence in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. | xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc) causes bacterial leaf streak (bls) in rice, a serious bacterial disease of rice in asia and parts of africa. the virulence mechanisms of xoc are not entirely clear and control measures for bls are poorly developed. the solo luxr proteins are widespread and shown to be involved in virulence in some plant associated bacteria (pab). here, we have cloned and characterized a pab luxr solo from xoc, named as xocr. mutation of xocr almost completely impaired the v ... | 2015 | 25932456 |
| characterization of the xylella fastidiosa pd1671 gene encoding degenerate c-di-gmp ggdef/eal domains, and its role in the development of pierce's disease. | xylella fastidiosa is an important phytopathogenic bacterium that causes many serious plant diseases including pierce's disease of grapevines. x. fastidiosa is thought to induce disease by colonizing and clogging xylem vessels through the formation of cell aggregates and bacterial biofilms. here we examine the role in x. fastidiosa virulence of an uncharacterized gene, pd1671, annotated as a two-component response regulator with potential ggdef and eal domains. ggdef domains are found in c-di-gm ... | 2015 | 25811864 |
| simultaneous detection of three bacterial seed-borne diseases in rice using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. | burkholderia glumae (bacterial grain rot), xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (bacterial leaf blight), and acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (bacterial brown stripe) are major seedborne pathogens of rice. based on the 16s and 23s rdna sequences for a. avenae subsp. avenae and b. glumae, and transposase a gene sequence for x. oryzae pv. oryzae, three sets of primers had been designed to produce 402 bp for b. glumae, 490 bp for x. oryzae, and 290 bp for a. avenae subsp. avenae with the 63°c as an optimum ... | 2016 | 27904465 |
| involvement of type vi secretion system in secretion of iron chelator pyoverdine in pseudomonas taiwanensis. | rice bacterial blight caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) is one of the most destructive rice diseases worldwide. therefore, in addition to breeding disease-resistant rice cultivars, it is desirable to develop effective biocontrol agents against xoo. here, we report that a soil bacterium pseudomonas taiwanensis displayed strong antagonistic activity against xoo. using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry, we identified an iron chelator, pyoverdine, secr ... | 2016 | 27605490 |
| posttranslational modifications of npr1: a single protein playing multiple roles in plant immunity and physiology. | | 2016 | 27513560 |
| a luxr homolog in a cottonwood tree endophyte that activates gene expression in response to a plant signal or specific peptides. | homologs of the luxr acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl) quorum-sensing signal receptor are prevalent in proteobacteria isolated from roots of the eastern cottonwood tree, populus deltoides many of these isolates possess an orphan luxr homolog, closely related to oryr from the rice pathogen xanthomonas oryzae oryr does not respond to ahl signals but, instead, responds to an unknown plant compound. we discovered an oryr homolog, pipr, in the cottonwood endophyte pseudomonas sp. strain gm79. the genes a ... | 2016 | 27486195 |
| pseudomonas syringae type iii effector hopaf1 suppresses plant immunity by targeting methionine recycling to block ethylene induction. | hopaf1 is a type iii effector protein of unknown function encoded in the genomes of several strains of pseudomonas syringae and other plant pathogens. structural modeling predicted that hopaf1 is closely related to deamidase proteins. deamidation is the irreversible substitution of an amide group with a carboxylate group. several bacterial virulence factors are deamidases that manipulate the activity of specific host protein substrates. we identified arabidopsis methylthioadenosine nucleosidase ... | 2016 | 27274076 |
| a systematic analysis of the role of ggdef-eal domain proteins in virulence and motility in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. | the second messenger c-di-gmp is implicated in regulation of various aspects of the lifestyles and virulence of gram-negative bacteria. cyclic di-gmp is formed by diguanylate cyclases with a ggdef domain and degraded by phosphodiesterases with either an eal or hd-gyp domain. proteins with tandem ggdef-eal domains occur in many bacteria, where they may be involved in c-di-gmp turnover or act as enzymatically-inactive c-di-gmp effectors. here, we report a systematic study of the regulatory action ... | 2016 | 27053282 |
| sensitive detection of xanthomonas oryzae pathovars oryzae and oryzicola by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | molecular diagnostics for crop diseases can enhance food security by enabling the rapid identification of threatening pathogens and providing critical information for the deployment of disease management strategies. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is a pcr-based tool that allows the rapid, highly specific amplification of target dna sequences at a single temperature and is thus ideal for field-level diagnosis of plant diseases. we developed primers highly specific for two globally ... | 2014 | 24837384 |
| transposable elements are enriched within or in close proximity to xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome p450 genes. | transposons, i.e. transposable elements (tes), are the major internal spontaneous mutation agents for the variability of eukaryotic genomes. to address the general issue of whether transposons mediate genomic changes in environment-adaptation genes, we scanned two alleles per each of the six xenobiotic-metabolizing helicoverpa zea cytochrome p450 loci, including cyp6b8, cyp6b27, cyp321a1, cyp321a2, cyp9a12v3 and cyp9a14, for the presence of transposon insertions by genome walking and sequence an ... | 2007 | 17381843 |
| evolution, substrate specificity and subfamily classification of glycoside hydrolase family 5 (gh5). | the large glycoside hydrolase family 5 (gh5) groups together a wide range of enzymes acting on β-linked oligo- and polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates from a large spectrum of organisms. the long and complex evolution of this family of enzymes and its broad sequence diversity limits functional prediction. with the objective of improving the differentiation of enzyme specificities in a knowledge-based context, and to obtain new evolutionary insights, we present here a new, robust subfamily class ... | 2012 | 22992189 |
| serratia odorifera a midgut inhabitant of aedes aegypti mosquito enhances its susceptibility to dengue-2 virus. | mosquito midgut plays a crucial role in its vector susceptibility and pathogen interaction. identification of the sustainable microflora of the midgut environment can therefore help in evaluating its contribution in mosquito-pathogen interaction and in turn vector competence. to understand the bacterial diversity in the midgut of aedes aegypti mosquitoes, we conducted a screening study of the gut microbes of these mosquitoes which were either collected from fields or reared in the laboratory "cu ... | 2012 | 22848375 |
| plasmid pp62bp1 isolated from an arctic psychrobacter sp. strain carries two highly homologous type ii restriction-modification systems and a putative organic sulfate metabolism operon. | the complete nucleotide sequence of plasmid pp62bp1 (34,467 bp), isolated from arctic psychrobacter sp. dab_al62b, was determined and annotated. the conserved plasmid backbone is composed of several genetic modules, including a replication system (rep) with similarities to the rep region of the iteron-containing plasmid pps10 of pseudomonas syringae. the additional genetic load of pp62bp1 includes two highly related type ii restriction-modification systems and a set of genes (slfrchsl) encoding ... | 2012 | 22392282 |
| meloidogyne incognita - rice (oryza sativa) interaction: a new model system to study plant-root-knot nematode interactions in monocotyledons. | plant-parasitic nematodes developed strategies to invade and colonize their host plants, including expression of immune suppressors to overcome host defenses. meloidogyne graminicola and m. incognita are root-knot nematode (rkn) species reported to damage rice (oryza sativa l.) cultivated in upland and irrigated systems. despite m. incognita wide host range, study of the molecular plant - rkn interaction has been so far limited to a few dicotyledonous model plants. the aim of this study was to i ... | 2014 | 26224554 |
| the wrky45-dependent signaling pathway is required for resistance against striga hermonthica parasitism. | the root hemiparasite witchweed (striga spp.) is a devastating agricultural pest that causes losses of up to $1 billion us annually in sub-saharan africa. development of resistant crops is one of the cost-effective ways to address this problem. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance are not well understood. to understand molecular events upon striga spp. infection, we conducted genome-scale rna sequencing expression analysis using striga hermonthica-infected rice (oryza sativa) ... | 2015 | 26025049 |
| plant-microbe cross-talk in the rhizosphere: insight and biotechnological potential. | rhizosphere, the interface between soil and plant roots, is a chemically complex environment which supports the development and growth of diverse microbial communities. the composition of the rhizosphere microbiome is dynamic and controlled by multiple biotic and abiotic factors that include environmental parameters, physiochemical properties of the soil, biological activities of the plants and chemical signals from the plants and bacteria which inhabit the soil adherent to root-system. recent a ... | 2015 | 25926899 |
| unravelling potential virulence factor candidates in xanthomonas citri. subsp. citri by secretome analysis. | citrus canker is a major disease affecting citrus production in brazil. it's mainly caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strain 306 pathotype a (xac). we analysed the differential expression of proteins secreted by wild type xac and an asymptomatic mutant for hrpb4 (δhrpb4) grown in nutrient broth (nb) and a medium mimicking growth conditions in the plant (xam1). this allowed the identification of 55 secreted proteins, of which 37 were secreted by both strains when cultured in xam1. in this ... | 2016 | 26925342 |
| highly active and stable large catalase isolated from a hydrocarbon degrading aspergillus terreus mtcc 6324. | a hydrocarbon degrading aspergillus terreus mtcc 6324 produces a high level of extremely active and stable cellular large catalase (cat) during growth on n-hexadecane to combat the oxidative stress caused by the hydrocarbon degrading metabolic machinery inside the cell. a 160-fold purification with specific activity of around 66 × 10(5) u mg(-1) protein was achieved. the native protein molecular mass was 368 ± 5 kda with subunit molecular mass of nearly 90 kda, which indicates that the native ca ... | 2016 | 27057351 |
| bacterial elicitation and evasion of plant innate immunity. | recent research on plant responses to bacterial attack has identified extracellular and intracellular host receptors that recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns and more specialized virulence proteins, respectively. these findings have shed light on our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria elicit host defences and how pathogens have evolved to evade or suppress these defences. | 2006 | 16936700 |
| the role and regulation of receptor-like kinases in plant defense. | receptor-like kinases (rlks) in plants are a large superfamily of proteins that are structurally similar. rlks are involved in a diverse array of plant responses including development, growth, hormone perception and the response to pathogens. current studies have focused attention on plant receptor-like kinases as an important class of sentinels acting in plant defense responses. rlks have been identified that act in both broad-spectrum, elicitor-initiated defense responses and as dominant resis ... | 2007 | 19936086 |
| rumble in the nuclear jungle: compartmentalization, trafficking, and nuclear action of plant immune receptors. | plants and animals have evolved structurally related innate immune sensors inside cells to detect the presence of microbial molecules. an evolutionary ancient folding machinery becomes engaged for the synthesis of autorepressed receptor forms in both kingdoms. the receptors act as regulatory signal transduction switches and are activated upon direct or indirect perception of non-self structures. recent findings indicate that nucleo-cytoplasmic partitioning and nuclear activity is critical for th ... | 2007 | 17853890 |
| prgdb: a bioinformatics platform for plant resistance gene analysis. | prgdb is a web accessible open-source (http://www.prgdb.org) database that represents the first bioinformatic resource providing a comprehensive overview of resistance genes (r-genes) in plants. prgdb holds more than 16,000 known and putative r-genes belonging to 192 plant species challenged by 115 different pathogens and linked with useful biological information. the complete database includes a set of 73 manually curated reference r-genes, 6308 putative r-genes collected from ncbi and 10463 co ... | 2009 | 19906694 |
| prgdb: a bioinformatics platform for plant resistance gene analysis. | prgdb is a web accessible open-source (http://www.prgdb.org) database that represents the first bioinformatic resource providing a comprehensive overview of resistance genes (r-genes) in plants. prgdb holds more than 16,000 known and putative r-genes belonging to 192 plant species challenged by 115 different pathogens and linked with useful biological information. the complete database includes a set of 73 manually curated reference r-genes, 6308 putative r-genes collected from ncbi and 10463 co ... | 2009 | 19906694 |
| roadmap for future research on plant pathogen effectors. | bacterial and eukaryotic plant pathogens deliver effector proteins into plant cells to promote pathogenesis. bacterial pathogens containing type iii protein secretion systems are known to inject many of these effectors into plant cells. more recently, oomycete pathogens have been shown to possess a large family of effectors containing the rxlr motif, and many effectors are also being discovered in fungal pathogens. although effector activities are largely unknown, at least a subset suppress plan ... | 2009 | 19849786 |
| characterization of wrky co-regulatory networks in rice and arabidopsis. | the wrky transcription factor gene family has a very ancient origin and has undergone extensive duplications in the plant kingdom. several studies have pointed out their involvement in a range of biological processes, revealing that a large number of wrky genes are transcriptionally regulated under conditions of biotic and/or abiotic stress. to investigate the existence of wrky co-regulatory networks in plants, a whole gene family wrkys expression study was carried out in rice (oryza sativa). th ... | 2009 | 19772648 |