| exploration of the bf2*15 major histocompatibility complex class i binding motif and identification of cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitopes from the h5n1 influenza virus nucleoprotein in chickens. | the binding motif of bf2*15 major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i was explored by analyzing the interaction between an infectious bronchitis virus octapeptide and bf2*15, and the cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope from the nucleoprotein (np) of h5n1 virus was identified using experimental methods. computational methods, including homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulation, and molecular docking analysis, were used. the recombinant plasmid pcaggs-np was constructed, and np expres ... | 2016 | 27518404 |
| an avian influenza h5n1 virus vaccine candidate based on the extracellular domain produced in yeast system as subviral particles protects chickens from lethal challenge. | highly pathogenic avian influenza is an on-going problem in poultry and a potential human pandemic threat. pandemics occur suddenly and vaccine production must be fast and effective to be of value in controlling the spread of the virus. in this study we evaluated the potential of a recombinant protein from the extracellular domain of an h5 hemagglutinin protein produced in a yeast expression system to act as an effective vaccine. protein production was efficient, with up to 200 mg purified from ... | 2016 | 27498036 |
| clade-level spatial modelling of hpai h5n1 dynamics in the mekong region reveals new patterns and associations with agro-ecological factors. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus has been circulating in asia since 2003 and diversified into several genetic lineages, or clades. although the spatial distribution of its outbreaks was extensively studied, differences in clades were never previously taken into account. we developed models to quantify associations over time and space between different hpai h5n1 viruses from clade 1, 2.3.4 and 2.3.2 and agro-ecological factors. we found that the distribution of clades in th ... | 2016 | 27453195 |
| initiation and regulation of immune responses to immunization with whole inactivated vaccines prepared from two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of egyptian influenza a virus subtype h5n1. | following the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus subtype h5n1, the egyptian government implemented a massive poultry vaccination campaign as the cornerstone of its policies to control the virus. the efficacy of vaccination has been evaluated primarily by measuring titers of antibodies inhibiting the hemagglutinating activity of the viral hemagglutinin (ha). however, other aspects of the host response remain poorly understood. in the present study, in addition to hemag ... | 2016 | 27449156 |
| intense circulation of a/h5n1 and other avian influenza viruses in cambodian live-bird markets with serological evidence of sub-clinical human infections. | surveillance for avian influenza viruses (aivs) in poultry and environmental samples was conducted in four live-bird markets in cambodia from january through november 2013. through real-time rt-pcr testing, aivs were detected in 45% of 1048 samples collected throughout the year. detection rates ranged from 32% and 18% in duck and chicken swabs, respectively, to 75% in carcass wash water samples. influenza a/h5n1 virus was detected in 79% of samples positive for influenza a virus and 35% of all s ... | 2016 | 27436362 |
| interactomic landscape of pa-x-chicken protein complexes of h5n1 influenza a virus. | as a newly identified isoform generated from the pa segment and an essential factor for viral virulence, little is known about pa-x-host interactions. here we present the interactomic landscape of pa-x protein of h5n1 influenza a virus (iav), described using data generated from affinity purification and mass spectrometry (ap-ms). pa-x was exogenously expressed in chicken fibroblast cells and pa-x associated protein complexes were identified by ap-ms. using a high confidence threshold for interac ... | 2016 | 27422376 |
| benefits and limits of egg yolk vs. serum samples for avian influenza virus serosurveillance. | serologic tests are a valuable tool for retrospective surveillance of avian influenza viruses (aiv) and monitoring of postvaccination host immune response. yet collection of serum samples, particularly in adult breeder chickens, is laborious, intrusive to birds, and may pose a serious risk to the biosecurity of a flock. in this study we compared the level of aiv-specific antibody titers in eggs and serum samples obtained from broiler breeder chickens vaccinated at 6, 12, and 18 wk of age with h5 ... | 2016 | 27309294 |
| protective efficacy of the inactivated h5n1 influenza vaccine re-6 against different clades of h5n1 viruses isolated in china and the democratic people's republic of korea. | an inactivated h5n1 avian influenza (ai) vaccine (re-6) that bears the ha and na genes from a clade 2.3.2.1 h5n1 virus, a/duck/guangdong/s1322/10 (dk/gd/s1322/10), has been used in domestic poultry in china and other southeast asian countries to control clade 2.3.2.1 h5n1viruses since 2012. the efficacy of this vaccine against h5n1 viruses isolated in recent years has not been reported. in this study, we evaluated the protection efficacy of the re-6 vaccine in chickens against challenge with fou ... | 2016 | 27309061 |
| recombinant turkey herpesvirus-ai vaccine virus replication in different species of waterfowl. | waterfowl play a key role in the epidemiology of the h5n1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus; therefore, efficient immunization of domesticated ducks and geese to maximize the impact of other control measures is of great importance. a recombinant (r)hvt-ai, expressing the ha gene of a clade 2.2 h5n1 hpai strain had been developed and proved to be efficient against different clades of h5n1 hpai virus in chickens after a single vaccination at 1 day old and could provide long ... | 2016 | 27309057 |
| protection afforded by a recombinant turkey herpesvirus-h5 vaccine against the 2014 european highly pathogenic h5n8 avian influenza strain. | a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 (clade 2.3.4.4) virus, circulating in asia (south korea, japan, and southern china) since the beginning of 2014, reached the european continent in november 2014. germany, the netherlands, the united kingdom, italy, and hungary confirmed h5n8 infection of poultry farms of different species and of several wild bird species. unlike the asian highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1, this hp h5n8 also went transatlantic and reached the american west coast by the en ... | 2016 | 27309056 |
| stronger interference of avian influenza virus-specific than newcastle disease virus-specific maternally derived antibodies with a recombinant ndv-h5 vaccine. | maternally derived antibodies (mda) are known to provide early protection from disease but also to interfere with vaccination efficacy of young chicks. this interference phenomenon is well described in the literature for viral diseases such as infectious bursal disease, newcastle disease (nd), and avian influenza (ai). the goal of this work was to investigate the impact of h5 mda and/or nd virus (ndv) mda on the vaccine efficacy of a recombinant ndv-h5-vectored vaccine (rndv-h5) against two anti ... | 2016 | 27309055 |
| the continuing evolution of h5n1 and h9n2 influenza viruses in bangladesh between 2013 and 2014. | in 2011, avian influenza surveillance at the bangladesh live bird markets (lbms) showed complete replacement of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus of clade 2.2.2 (qinghai-like h5n1 lineage) by the hpai h5n1 clade 2.3.2.1. this clade, which continues to circulate in bangladesh and neighboring countries, is an intra-and interclade reassortant; its ha, polymerase basic 1 (pb1), polymerase (pa), and nonstructural (ns) genes come from subclade 2.3.2.1a; the polymerase basic 2 (pb ... | 2016 | 27309046 |
| protective efficacy of recombinant turkey herpes virus (rhvt-h5) and inactivated h5n1 vaccines in commercial mulard ducks against the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 clade 2.2.1 virus. | in egypt, ducks kept for commercial purposes constitute the second highest poultry population, at 150 million ducks/year. hence, ducks play an important role in the introduction and transmission of avian influenza (ai) in the egyptian poultry population. attempts to control outbreaks include the use of vaccines, which have varying levels of efficacy and failure. to date, the effects of vaccine efficacy has rarely been determined in ducks. in this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a ... | 2016 | 27304069 |
| pa-x-associated early alleviation of the acute lung injury contributes to the attenuation of a highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in mice. | pa-x is a novel discovered accessory protein encoded by the pa mrna. our previous study demonstrated that pa-x decreases the virulence of a highly pathogenic h5n1 strain a/chicken/jiangsu/k0402/2010 in mice. however, the underlying mechanism of virulence attenuation associated with pa-x is still unknown. in this study, we compared two pa-x-deficient mutant viruses and the parental virus in terms of induction of pathology and manipulation of host response in the mouse lung, stimulation of cell de ... | 2016 | 27289459 |
| new reassortant h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in southern china, 2014. | new reassortant h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (aivs) were isolated from apparently healthy domestic ducks in southern china in 2014. our results show that the viruses grew efficiently in eggs and replicated systemically in chickens. they were completely lethal in chicken (100% mortality), and the mean death time was 6 to 7 days post-inoculation. the viruses could transmit in chickens by naïve contact. blast analysis revealed that their ha gene was most closely related to a/wild ... | 2016 | 27242767 |
| is the optimal ph for membrane fusion in host cells by avian influenza viruses related to host range and pathogenicity? | influenza viruses isolated from wild ducks do not replicate in chickens. this fact is not explained solely by the receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin (ha) from such viruses for target host cells. to investigate this restriction in host range, the fusion activities of ha molecules from duck and chicken influenza viruses were examined. influenza viruses a/duck/mongolia/54/2001 (h5n2) (dk/mng) and a/chicken/ibaraki/1/2005 (h5n2) (ck/ibr), which replicate only in their primary hosts, were used ... | 2016 | 27231009 |
| pathogenicity, transmission and antigenic variation of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) was one of the most important avian diseases in poultry production of china, especially in guangdong province. in recent years, new h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) still emerged constantly, although all poultry in china were immunized with h5n1 vaccinations compulsorily. to better understand the pathogenicity and transmission of dominant clades of the h5n1 hpaivs in chicken from guangdong in 2012, we chose a clade 7.2 avian inf ... | 2016 | 27199961 |
| multiple introductions of a reassortant h5n1 avian influenza virus of clade 2.3.2.1c with pb2 gene of h9n2 subtype into indian poultry. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses are a threat to poultry in asia, europe, africa and north america. here, we report isolation and characterization of h5n1 viruses isolated from ducks and turkeys in kerala, chandigarh and uttar pradesh, india between november 2014 and march 2015. genetic and phylogenetic analyses of haemagglutinin gene identified that the virus belonged to a new clade 2.3.2.1c which has not been detected earlier in indian poultry. the virus possessed molecula ... | 2016 | 27174088 |
| widespread of h5n1 infections in apparently healthy backyard poultry. | highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype h5n1 represents a threat to the poultry industry and human health worldwide. inapparently infected birds are suspected to play an essential role in the spread of avian influenza virus. in the current study, a total of 25,646 samples (16,185 chicken, 4696 ducks, 1633 geese and 3132 turkeys) from apparently healthy birds were screened for the presence of positive samples for h5n1 during 2009-2014. the samples were examined by reverse transcriptase real-tim ... | 2016 | 27170296 |
| lack of chicken adaptation of newly emergent eurasian h5n8 and reassortant h5n2 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in the u.s. is consistent with restricted poultry outbreaks in the pacific flyway during 2014-2015. | in 2014-2015, the u.s. experienced an unprecedented outbreak of eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, initially affecting mainly wild birds and few backyard and commercial poultry premises. to better model the outbreak, the pathogenesis and transmission dynamics of representative eurasian h5n8 and reassortant h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 hpai viruses detected early in the north american outbreak were investigated in chickens. high mean chicken infectious doses and lack ... | 2016 | 27110710 |
| the dynamics of avian influenza: individual-based model with intervention strategies in traditional trade networks in phitsanulok province, thailand. | avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 is endemic to southeast asia. in thailand, avian influenza viruses continue to cause large poultry stock losses. the spread of the disease has a serious impact on poultry production especially among rural households with backyard chickens. the movements and activities of chicken traders result in the spread of the disease through traditional trade networks. in this study, we investigate the dynamics of avian influenza in the traditional trade network in phitsan ... | 2016 | 27110273 |
| pathogenicity of genetically similar, h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains in chicken and the differences in sensitivity among different chicken breeds. | differences in the pathogenicity of genetically closely related h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) were evaluated in white leghorn chickens. these viruses varied in the clinical symptoms they induced, including lethality, virus shedding, and replication in host tissues. a comparison of the host responses in the lung, brain, and spleen suggested that the differences in viral replication efficiency were related to the host cytokine response at the early phase of infection, esp ... | 2016 | 27078641 |
| genome wide host gene expression analysis in chicken lungs infected with avian influenza viruses. | the molecular pathogenesis of avian influenza infection varies greatly with individual bird species and virus strain. the molecular pathogenesis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) or the low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) infection in avian species remains poorly understood. thus, global immune response of chickens infected with hpai h5n1 (a/duck/india/02ca10/2011) and lpai h9n2 (a/duck/india/249800/2010) viruses was studied using microarray to identify crucial host ... | 2016 | 27071061 |
| living with avian flu--persistence of the h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in egypt. | h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) continues to cause mortality in poultry and threaten human health at a panzootic scale in egypt since it was reported in 2006. while the early focus has been in asia, recent evidence suggests that egypt is an emerging epicenter for the disease. despite control measures, epizootic transmission of the disease continues. here, we investigate the persistence of hpaiv across wild passerine birds and domestic poultry between 2009 and 2012 and the po ... | 2016 | 27066713 |
| emergency surveillance for novel influenza a(h7n9) virus in domestic poultry, feral pigeons and other wild birds in bhutan. | following the march 2013 outbreak of novel avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in humans and the subsequent isolation of the virus from chickens, ducks and pigeons in the people's republic of china, concerns were raised that the h7n9 virus would spread beyond china through the poultry value chain linking to a number of bordering countries. for this reason, a rapid emergency surveillance exercise took place in bhutan between may and july 2013 with the objective of determining whether influenza a(h7n9) ... | 2015 | 27044154 |
| molecular analysis of hemagglutinin-1 fragment of avian influenza h5n1 viruses isolated from chicken farms in indonesia from 2008 to 2010. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of subtype h5n1 (aiv-h5n1) has been circulating in indonesia since 2003. to understand the genetic diversity of these viruses, and to predict vaccine efficacy, the hemaglutinin-1 (ha-1) fragment of viruses isolated from chicken farms in indonesia from 2008 to 2010 was sequenced and analyzed. the effects of these molecular changes were investigated in challenge experiments and hi assays of homologous and heterologous strains. molecular analysis showed that ... | 2016 | 27016757 |
| evaluation of a conserved ha274-288 epitope to detect antibodies to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 in indonesian commercial poultry. | a peptide enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on an epitope in the haemagglutinin (ha) of avian influenza virus h5n1, amino acid positions 274-288 (ha274-288) was evaluated for detection of h5n1-specific antibodies. an optimized elisa based on the tetrameric form of the ha274-288 epitope designated mp15 gave low background with non-immune chicken sera and detected vaccinated and infected birds. the ha274-288 epitope was highly conserved in indonesian h5n1 strains and antibody respons ... | 2016 | 27009612 |
| pathobiological characterization of a novel reassortant highly pathogenic h5n1 virus isolated in british columbia, canada, 2015. | in the current study, we describe the pathobiologic characteristics of a novel reassortant virus - a/chicken/bc/fav-002/2015 (h5n1) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4 that was isolated from backyard chickens in british columbia, canada. sequence analyses demonstrate pb1, pa, na and ns gene segments were of north american lineage while pb2, ha, np and m were derived from a eurasian lineage h5n8 virus. this novel virus had a 19 amino acid deletion in the neuraminidase stalk. we evaluated the pathogenic po ... | 2016 | 26988892 |
| prevalence of avian respiratory viruses in broiler flocks in egypt. | in this study, respiratory viral pathogens were screened using real-time rt-pcr in 86 broiler chicken flocks suffering from respiratory diseases problems in 4 egyptian governorates between january 2012 and february 2014. the mortality rates in the investigated flocks ranged from 1 to 47%. results showed that mixed infection represented 66.3% of the examined flocks. mixed infectious bronchitis (ibv) and avian influenza (ai)-h9n2 viruses were the most common infection (41.7%). lack of ai-h9n2 vacc ... | 2016 | 26976895 |
| intersubtype reassortments of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from quail. | h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses are considered a threat to national animal industries, causing production losses and high mortality in domestic poultry. in recent years, quail has become a popular terrestrial poultry species raised for production of meat and eggs in asia. in this study, to better understand the roles of quail in h5n1 viral evolution, two h5n1-positive samples, designated a/quail/vietnam/cvvi-49/2010 (cvvi-49/2010) and a/quail/vietnam/cvvi-50/2014 (cvvi-50/2 ... | 2016 | 26900963 |
| vaccination with virus-like particles containing h5 antigens from three h5n1 clades protects chickens from h5n1 and h5n8 influenza viruses. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses, especially h5n1 strains, represent a public health threat and cause widespread morbidity and mortality in domestic poultry. recombinant virus-like particles (vlps) represent a promising novel vaccine approach to control avian influenza including hpai strains. influenza vlps contain viral hemagglutinin (ha), which can be expressed in cell culture within highly immunogenic vlps that morphologically and antigenically resemble influenza virions, exce ... | 2016 | 26868083 |
| host cell interactome of pa protein of h5n1 influenza a virus in chicken cells. | influenza a virus (iav) heavily depends on viral-host protein interactions in order to replicate and spread. identification of host factors that interact with viral proteins plays crucial roles in understanding the mechanism of iav infection. here we report the interaction landscape of h5n1 iav pa protein in chicken cells through the use of affinity purification and mass spectrometry. pa protein was expressed in chicken cells and pa interacting complexes were captured by co-immunoprecipitation a ... | 2016 | 26828018 |
| pathogenicity of the korean h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in commercial domestic poultry species. | in 2014, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus h5n8 triggered outbreaks in wild birds and poultry farms in south korea. in the present study, we investigated the pathogenicity of the h5n8 hpai virus, belonging to the clade 2.3.4.4, in different species of poultry. for this, we examined clinical signs and viral shedding levels following intranasal inoculation of the virus in 3-week-old commercial layer chickens and quails, 10-week-old korean native chickens, and 8-week-old muscovy du ... | 2016 | 26814367 |
| etiology and pathology of epidemic outbreaks of avian influenza h5n1 infection in egyptian chicken farms. | epidemic outbreaks of avian influenza (ai) virus h5n1 have been frequently reported in egypt during the last nine years. here we investigate the involvement of ai h5n1 in outbreaks of acute respiratory disease that occurred in several commercial chicken farms in egypt in 2011, and we describe to the pathology caused by the virus in the course of the outbreak. twenty-one chicken farms with history of acute respiratory symptoms and high mortalities were screened for ai h5n1. virus identification w ... | 2015 | 26812820 |
| re-emergence of a novel h5n1 avian influenza virus variant subclade 2.2.1.1 in egypt during 2014. | large-scale surveillance is crucial for understanding the evolution and the emergence of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in endemic areas. circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) subtype h5n1 is continuously causing significant economic losses to the egyptian poultry industry and is a threat to public health. in this report, a hpai h5n1 strain (a/chicken/egypt/fadllah-7/2014) was detected from a vaccinated flock showing clinical signs of infection. genetic characterization of the ... | 2016 | 26801667 |
| characterization of clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza viruses in ducks and chickens. | worldwide dissemination of reassortant variants of h5 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses has posed a great threat to the poultry industry. here, we systematically characterized the h5n2, h5n6 and h5n8 influenza viruses in poultry and compared them with those of previous clade 2.3.4 h5n1 virus. all the three h5 subtype reassortants caused systematic infection in ducks, and exhibited efficient direct transmission in ducks. all of them were highly pathogenic in chickens; ... | 2016 | 26711037 |
| glycine at position 622 in pb1 contributes to the virulence of h5n1 avian influenza virus in mice. | we isolated two h5n1 viruses, a/duck/hunan/s4020/2008 (dk/08) and a/chicken/guangxi/s2039/2009 (ck/09), from live-bird markets during routine surveillance and found that these two viruses are genetically similar but differ in their replication and virulence in mice. the ck/09 virus is lethal for mice with a 50% mouse lethal dose (mld50) of 1.6 log10 50% egg infectious doses (eid50), whereas the dk/08 virus is nonpathogenic for mice with an mld50 value of 6.2 log10 eid50. we explored the genetic ... | 2015 | 26656683 |
| how does sampling methodology influence molecular detection and isolation success in influenza a virus field studies? | wild waterfowl are important reservoir hosts for influenza a virus (iav) and a potential source of spillover infections in other hosts, including poultry and swine. the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses, such as h5n1 and h5n8, and subsequent spread along migratory flyways prompted the initiation of several programs in europe, north america, and africa to monitor circulation of hpai and low-pathogenicity precursor viruses (low-pathogenicity avian influenza [lpai] virus ... | 2015 | 26655759 |
| cross-clade protective immune responses of ns1-truncated live attenuated h5n1 avian influenza vaccines. | h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) has raised global concern for causing huge economic losses in poultry industry, and an effective vaccine against hpai is highly desirable. live attenuated influenza vaccine with trunctated ns1 protein as a potential strategy will be extremely useful for improving immune efficacy. | 2016 | 26638027 |
| live bird exposure among the general public, guangzhou, china, may 2013. | a novel avian-origin influenza a(h7n9) caused a major outbreak in mainland china in early 2013. exposure to live poultry was believed to be the major route of infection. there are limited data on how the general public changes their practices regarding live poultry exposure in response to the early outbreak of this novel influenza and the frequency of population exposure to live poultry in different areas of china. | 2015 | 26623646 |
| characterization of h5n1 influenza a virus that caused the first highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in saudi arabia. | saudi arabia (sa) experienced a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 outbreak in domesticated birds in 2007. | 2015 | 26623630 |
| phylogenetic and biological characterization of three k1203 (h5n8)-like avian influenza a virus reassortants in china in 2014. | three h5n8 avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic geese in china in 2014 were characterized phylogenetically and biologically. phylogenetic analysis of the complete genomic sequences of the three isolates from this study and those of 61 other h5n8 viruses retrieved from the gisaid platform indicated that, chronologically and geographically, all h5n8 viruses of the asian h5n1 ha lineage of clade 2.3.4.4 are the direct descendents of the k1203 (h5n8)-like viruses first isolated in china in ... | 2016 | 26526148 |
| characterization of avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses from poultry in libya. | on march 2013, the libyan poultry industry faced severe outbreaks due to mixed infections of apmv-1 (newcastle disease) and low pathogenic avian influenza (ai) of the h9n2 subtype which were causing high mortality and great economic losses. apmv-1 and h9n2 were isolated and characterized. genetic sequencing of the apmv-1/chicken/libya/13vir/ 7225-1/2013 isolate revealed the presence of a velogenic apmv-1 belonging to lineage 5 (grrrqkr*f lin.5) or genotype vii in class ii, according to the nomen ... | 2015 | 26478162 |
| molecular pathogenesis of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza: the role of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif. | the emergence of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza has caused a heavy socio-economic burden through culling of poultry to minimise human and livestock infection. although human infections with h5n1 have to date been limited, concerns for the pandemic potential of this zoonotic virus have been greatly intensified following experimental evidence of aerosol transmission of h5n1 viruses in a mammalian infection model. in this review, we discuss the dominance of the haemagglutinin cleavage site ... | 2015 | 26467906 |
| a comparative evaluation of feathers, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs for the detection of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in experimentally infected chickens and ducks. | oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs have been widely used for the detection of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus (hpai virus) in birds. previous studies have shown that the feather calamus is a site of h5n1 virus replication and therefore has potential for diagnosis of avian influenza. however, studies characterizing the value of feathers for this purpose are not available, to our knowledge; herein we present a study investigating feathers for detection of h5n1 virus. ducks and chickens ... | 2015 | 26462759 |
| design, synthesis, and molecular docking of novel pyrrolooxazepinediol derivatives with anti-influenza neuraminidase activity. | a series of novel pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazepine-8,9-diol derivatives 12-15 were synthesized starting from l-tartaric acid, which was transformed into anhydride which then reacted with allylamine in xylene to afford the imide 2. the target molecules 12-15 were achieved via ring-closing metathesis with the grubbs catalyst, followed by reduction of the carbonyl group and deprotection of hydroxyl groups. finally, catalytic hydrogenation of the double bond afforded the title compounds 12-15. molecular ... | 2015 | 26377573 |
| a single amino acid in the m1 protein responsible for the different pathogenic potentials of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains. | two highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains, a/duck/hokkaido/wz83/2010 (h5n1) (wz83) and a/duck/hokkaido/wz101/2010 (h5n1) (wz101), which were isolated from wild ducks in japan, were found to be genetically similar, with only two amino acid differences in their m1 and pb1 proteins at positions 43 and 317, respectively. we found that both wz83 and wz101 caused lethal infection in chickens but wz101 killed them more rapidly than wz83. interestingly, ducks experimentally infected with wz83 ... | 2015 | 26368015 |
| identification and characterization of a highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza a virus during an outbreak in vaccinated chickens in egypt. | highly pathogenic avian influenza a (hpai) h5n1 viruses continue to be a major veterinary and public health problem in egypt. continued surveillance of these viruses is necessary to devise strategies to control the spread of the virus and to monitor its evolutionary patterns. this is a report of the identification of a variant strain of hpai h5n1 virus during an outbreak in 2010 in vaccinated chicken flocks in a poultry farm in assiut, egypt. vaccination of chickens with an oil-emulsified inacti ... | 2015 | 26363196 |
| positive regulation of humoral and innate immune responses induced by inactivated avian influenza virus vaccine in broiler chickens. | avian influenza (ai) vaccines are widely used for mammals and birds in a trial to eliminate the avian influenza virus (aiv) infection from the world. however and up till now the virus is still existed via modulation of its antigenic structure to evade the pressure of host immune responses. for a complete understanding of the immune responses following ai vaccination in chickens, the modulations of the chickens humoral immune responses and interferon-alpha signaling pathway, as a fundamental part ... | 2015 | 26329833 |
| adaptive mutations in pb2 gene contribute to the high virulence of a natural reassortant h5n2 avian influenza virus in mice. | the highly pathogenic a/chicken/hebei/1102/2010 (hb10) h5n2 virus is a natural reassortant derived from circulating h5n1 and endemic h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv). to evaluate the potential of its interspecies transmission, we previously serially passaged the non-virulent hb10 virus in the mouse lung and obtained a high virulence variant (hb10-ma). genomic sequencing revealed five mutations (ha-s227n, pb2-q591k, pb2-d701n, pa-i554v and np-r351k) that distinguished hb10-ma virus from its par ... | 2015 | 26315686 |
| genetic and biological characterization of two novel reassortant h5n6 swine influenza viruses in mice and chickens. | novel h5n6 influenza a viruses have infected birds and human beings and caused four human clinical cases in china since 2014. the pig, as a mixing vessel, plays an important role for influenza virus reassortment and transmission. towards this, routine surveillance for swine influenza in guangdong province was conducted in 2014. in this study, we reported the biological characterization of two h5n6 influenza viruses isolated from healthy pigs in guangdong province. genetic analysis indicates that ... | 2015 | 26296602 |
| protective efficacy of stockpiled vaccine against h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated from a chicken in kumamoto prefecture, japan, in 2014. | h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses have spread worldwide, and antigenic variants of different clades have been selected. in this study, the national stockpiled vaccine prepared from a/duck/hokkaido/vac-1/2004 (h5n1) strain was evaluated for the protective efficacy against h5n8 hpai virus isolated in kumamoto prefecture, japan, in april 2014. in the challenge test, all of the vaccinated chickens survived without showing any clinical signs and reduced virus shedding. it was conclu ... | 2016 | 26290130 |
| tropism and induction of cytokines in human embryonic-stem cells-derived neural progenitors upon inoculation with highly- pathogenic avian h5n1 influenza virus. | central nervous system (cns) dysfunction caused by neurovirulent influenza viruses is a dreaded complication of infection, and may play a role in some neurodegenerative conditions, such as parkinson-like diseases and encephalitis lethargica. although cns infection by highly pathogenic h5n1 virus has been demonstrated, it is unknown whether h5n1 infects neural progenitor cells, nor whether such infection plays a role in the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. to pursue this question, we infe ... | 2015 | 26274828 |
| construction of a recombinant duck enteritis virus (dev) expressing hemagglutinin of h5n1 avian influenza virus based on an infectious clone of dev vaccine strain and evaluation of its efficacy in ducks and chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h5n1 remains a threat to poultry. duck enteritis virus (dev)-vectored vaccines expressing aiv h5n1 hemagglutinin (ha) may be viable aiv and dev vaccine candidates. | 2015 | 26263920 |
| hemagglutinin-neuraminidase balance influences the virulence phenotype of a recombinant h5n3 influenza a virus possessing a polybasic ha0 cleavage site. | although a polybasic ha0 cleavage site is considered the dominant virulence determinant for highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5 and h7 viruses, naturally occurring virus isolates possessing a polybasic ha0 cleavage site have been identified that are low pathogenic in chickens. in this study, we generated a reassortant h5n3 virus that possessed the hemagglutinin (ha) gene from h5n1 hpai a/swan/germany/r65/2006 and the remaining gene segments from low pathogenic a/chicken/british columbia/ ... | 2015 | 26246579 |
| a comparative analysis of host responses to avian influenza infection in ducks and chickens highlights a role for the interferon-induced transmembrane proteins in viral resistance. | chickens are susceptible to infection with a limited number of influenza a viruses and are a potential source of a human influenza pandemic. in particular, h5 and h7 haemagglutinin subtypes can evolve from low to highly pathogenic strains in gallinaceous poultry. ducks on the other hand are a natural reservoir for these viruses and are able to withstand most avian influenza strains. | 2015 | 26238195 |
| serial passage in ducks of a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated from a chicken reveals a high mutation rate in the hemagglutinin that is likely due to selection in the host. | a comparative study of the ability of three low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) isolates to be transmitted from duck to duck was performed. pekin ducks were inoculated with two lpaiv isolates from chickens (a/ck/pa/13609/93 [h5n2], h5n2-ck; a/ck/tx/167280-4/02 [h5n3], h5n3-ck) and one isolate from a wild bird (a/mute swan/ mi/451072/06 [h5n1], h5n1-wb). during the establishment of the passage model, only two viruses (h5n1, h5n2) were able to be transmitted from duck to duck. transmissio ... | 2015 | 26179620 |
| control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in quang tri province, vietnam: voices from the human-animal interface. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is caused by the haemagglutinin 5, neuraminidase 1 (h5n1) influenza a virus. around 80% of households in rural vietnam raise poultry, which provides food security and nutrition to their households and beyond. of these, around 15-20% are semi-commercial producers, producing at least 28% of the country's chicken. through learning the experiences of these semi-commercial farmers, this study aimed to explore the local understandings and sociocultural aspects ... | 2016 | 26163749 |
| human infection with a novel, highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n6) virus: virological and clinical findings. | severe infection with avian influenza a (h5n6) virus in humans was identified first in 2014 in china. before that, it was unknown or unclear if the disease or the pathogen affected people. this study illustrates the virological and clinical findings of a fatal h5n6 virus infection in a human patient. | 2016 | 26143617 |
| dryocrassin abba, a novel active substance for use against amantadine-resistant h5n1 avian influenza virus. | the occurrence of multi-drug resistant highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) strains highlights the urgent need for strategies for the prevention and control of avian influenza virus. the aim of our current study is to evaluate the antiviral activity of dryocrassin abba isolated from rhizoma dryopteridis crassirhizomatis (rdc) against an amantadine-resistant h5n1 (a/chicken/hebei/706/2005) strain in a mouse model. post inoculation with hpaiv h5n1 virus in mice, the survival rate was 87 ... | 2015 | 26136733 |
| expression of h5 hemagglutinin vaccine antigen in common duckweed (lemna minor) protects against h5n1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus challenge in immunized chickens. | a synthetic hemagglutinin (ha) gene from the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus a/chicken/indonesia/7/2003 (h5n1) (indo/03) was expressed in aquatic plant lemna minor (rlemna-ha). in experiment 1, efficacy of rlemna-ha was tested on birds immunized with 0.2μg or 2.3 μg ha and challenged with 10(6) mean chicken embryo infectious doses (eid50) of homologous virus strain. both dosages of rlemna-ha conferred clinical protection and dramatically reduced viral shedding. almost all the bird ... | 2015 | 26067184 |
| hyperpigmentation results in aberrant immune development in silky fowl (gallus gallus domesticus brisson). | the silky fowl (sf) is known for its special phenotypes and atypical distribution of melanocytes among internal organs. although the genes associated with melanocyte migration have been investigated substantially, there is little information on the postnatal distribution of melanocytes in inner organs and the effect of hyperpigmentation on the development of sf. here, we analyzed melanocyte distribution in 26 tissues or organs on postnatal day 1 and weeks 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, and 23. except for the l ... | 2015 | 26047316 |
| expression and characterization of ha1 protein of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus for use in a serodiagnostic assay. | the hemagglutinin ectodomain (ha1 subunit) from highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) isolate (a/chicken/vietnam/14/2005) was cloned and expressed using a baculovirus expression vector. biosynthesis, glycosylation and secretion of the ha1 proteins, with natural or a melittin signal peptide at the n-terminus and a six-histidine (6xhis) tag at the c-terminus, were examined in insect cells. a 40-kda unglycosylated precursor and a fully processed, mature form of the ha1 protein migrated around 52 ... | 2017 | 26040437 |
| pathobiological features of a novel, highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus. | the endemicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5n1) viruses in asia has led to the generation of reassortant h5 strains with novel gene constellations. a newly emerged hpai a(h5n8) virus caused poultry outbreaks in the republic of korea in 2014. because newly emerging high-pathogenicity h5 viruses continue to pose public health risks, it is imperative that their pathobiological properties be examined. here, we characterized a/mallard duck/korea/w452/2014 (mdk/w452(h5n8)), a repres ... | 2014 | 26038499 |
| host tissue and glycan binding specificities of avian viral attachment proteins using novel avian tissue microarrays. | the initial interaction between viral attachment proteins and the host cell is a critical determinant for the susceptibility of a host for a particular virus. to increase our understanding of avian pathogens and the susceptibility of poultry species, we developed novel avian tissue microarrays (tmas). tissue binding profiles of avian viral attachment proteins were studied by performing histochemistry on multi-species tma, comprising of selected tissues from ten avian species, and single-species ... | 2015 | 26035584 |
| comparison of the effectiveness of rhvt-h5, inactivated h5 and rhvt-h5 with inactivated h5 prime/boost vaccination regimes in commercial broiler chickens carrying mdas against hpai h5n1 clade 2.2.1 virus. | vaccination is the main tool implemented in egypt since 2007 to control h5n1 avian influenza. the present study aimed at comparing the effectiveness of three avian influenza vaccination regimes in commercial broiler chickens carrying high levels of maternally derived antibodies (mdas). day-old chicks were divided into four experimental groups. group i received only the rhvt-h5 vaccine (recombinant turkey herpesvirus (hvt) which carries a h5 clade 2.2 insert) administered at d1. group ii received ... | 2015 | 26023824 |
| pathology of a h5n1, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, in two indian native chicken breeds and a synthetic broiler line. | in this study, susceptibility to h5n1 virus infection was studied in two indian native chicken breeds viz. kadaknath and aseel (peela) and an indian synthetic broiler strain (synthetic dam line (sdl-ic). fifty birds from each genetic group were infected intra-nasally with 1000 eid50 of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) strain a/chicken/navapur/india/7972/ 06 (h5n1) and observed for a period of 10 days. significant differences in severity of clinical signs, gross lesions and time ... | 2015 | 26011980 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 in mainland china. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 has posed a significant threat to both humans and birds, and it has spanned large geographic areas and various ecological systems throughout asia, europe and africa, but especially in mainland china. great efforts in control and prevention of the disease, including universal vaccination campaigns in poultry and active serological and virological surveillance, have been undertaken in mainland china since the beginning of 2006. in this study, we aim to ... | 2015 | 26006118 |
| in-silico search of virus-specific host micrornas regulating avian influenza virus ns1 expression. | avian influenza is a highly contagious viral infection caused by avian influenza virus type a of the family orthomyxoviridae primarily affecting the avian species. the non-structural protein 1 (ns1) encoded by the ns1 gene of the virus is critical in establishing the infection. ns1 protein acts to suppress the virus-induced host interferon response and also inhibit protein kinase r activation thereby helping the virus to establish the infection. micrornas (mirna) are small regulatory endogenous ... | 2015 | 25963812 |
| sirnas targeting pb2 and np genes potentially inhibit replication of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus is a threat to animal and public health worldwide. till date, the h5n1 virus has claimed 402 human lives, with a mortality rate of 58 percent and has caused the death or culling of millions of poultry since 2003. in this study, we have designed three sirnas (pb2-2235, pb2-479 and np-865) targeting pb2 and np genes of avian influenza virus and evaluated their potential, measured by hemagglutination (ha), plaque reduction and real time rt-pcr ass ... | 2015 | 25963253 |
| pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 in naturally infected poultry in egypt. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 has been endemic in egypt since 2006, and there is increasing concern for its potential to become highly transmissible among humans. infection by hpaiv h5n1 has been described in experimentally challenged birds. however, the pathogenicity of the h5n1 isolated in egypt has never been reported in naturally infected chickens and ducks. here we report a 2013 outbreak of hpaiv h5n1 in commercial poultry farms and backyards in sharkia province, egyp ... | 2015 | 25962145 |
| development of a dual-protective live attenuated vaccine against h5n1 and h9n2 avian influenza viruses by modifying the ns1 gene. | an increasing number of outbreaks of avian influenza h5n1 and h9n2 viruses in poultry have caused serious economic losses and raised concerns for human health due to the risk of zoonotic transmission. however, licensed h5n1 and h9n2 vaccines for animals and humans have not been developed. thus, to develop a dual h5n1 and h9n2 live-attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv), the ha and na genes from a virulent mouse-adapted avian h5n2 (a/wb/korea/ma81/06) virus and a recently isolated chicken h9n2 (a/ck ... | 2015 | 25959557 |
| newcastle disease virus-vectored h7 and h5 live vaccines protect chickens from challenge with h7n9 or h5n1 avian influenza viruses. | sporadic human infections by a novel h7n9 virus occurred over a large geographic region in china. in this study, we show that newcastle disease virus (ndv)-vectored h7 (ndv-h7) and ndv-h5 vaccines are able to induce antibodies with high hemagglutination inhibition (hi) titers and completely protect chickens from challenge with the novel h7n9 or highly pathogenic h5n1 viruses, respectively. notably, a baculovirus-expressed h7 protein failed to protect chickens from h7n9 virus infection. | 2015 | 25926639 |
| emergence of novel clade 2.3.4 influenza a (h5n1) virus subgroups in yunnan province, china. | from december 2013 to march 2014, a major wave of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak occurred in poultry in yunnan province, china. we isolated and characterized eight highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1) viruses from poultry. full genome influenza sequences and analyses have been performed. sequence analyses revealed that they belonged to clade 2.3.4 but did not fit within the three defined subclades. the isolated viruses were provisional subclade 2.3.4.4e. the provisional subclad ... | 2015 | 25917492 |
| characterization of the m2e antibody response following highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus infection and reliability of m2e elisa for identifying infected among vaccinated chickens. | a surveillance method able to differentiate between vaccinated and infected poultry is required for those countries that practice vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1. the external domain of the m2 protein (m2e) of influenza virus is a potentially useful differentiating-infected from vaccinated animals (diva) antigen but little is known about the m2e antibody response and factors influencing its detection. in this study, the m2e antibody response was characterized in layer ... | 2015 | 25915110 |
| development of broadly reactive h5n1 vaccine against different egyptian h5n1 viruses. | the h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus was isolated for the first time in egypt in 2006, since then, the virus has become endemic causing a significant threat to the poultry industry and humans. h5n1 hpai outbreaks continue to occur despite extensive vaccination programs that have been implemented nationwide in different poultry species. several studies showed that the co-circulating h5n1 viruses in egypt are genetically and antigenically distant raising a question on the cross ... | 2015 | 25910922 |
| unusually high mortality in waterfowl caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n1) in bangladesh. | mortality in ducks and geese caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n1) infection had not been previously identified in bangladesh. in june-july 2011, we investigated mortality in ducks, geese and chickens with suspected h5n1 infection in a north-eastern district of the country to identify the aetiologic agent and extent of the outbreak and identify possible associated human infections. we surveyed households and farms with affected poultry flocks in six villages in netrokona district a ... | 2017 | 25892457 |
| protective immunity against influenza h5n1 virus challenge in chickens by oral administration of recombinant lactococcus lactis expressing neuraminidase. | highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses pose a debilitating pandemic threat in poultry. current influenza vaccines predominantly focus on hemagglutinin (ha) which anti-ha antibodies are often neutralizing, and are used routinely to assess vaccine immunogenicity. however, neuraminidase (na), the other major glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus, has historically served as the target for antiviral drug therapy and is much less studied in the context of humoral immunity. the aim ... | 2015 | 25880824 |
| isolation and full genome characterization of avian influenza subtype h9n2 from poultry respiratory disease outbreak in egypt. | low pathogenic avian influenza virus of subtype h9n2 is panzootic in multiple avian species causing respiratory manifestations and severe economic losses. h9n2 co-circulate simultaneously with high pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 in egyptian chicken farms suggesting the possibility of reassortment. the aim of the present study was to isolate and characterize h9n2 from the recent outbreaks in chicken farms. also the diversity of amantadine-resistant mutants among these isolates was ... | 2015 | 25782728 |
| dissemination, divergence and establishment of h7n9 influenza viruses in china. | since 2013 the occurrence of human infections by a novel avian h7n9 influenza virus in china has demonstrated the continuing threat posed by zoonotic pathogens. although the first outbreak wave that was centred on eastern china was seemingly averted, human infections recurred in october 2013 (refs 3-7). it is unclear how the h7n9 virus re-emerged and how it will develop further; potentially it may become a long-term threat to public health. here we show that h7n9 viruses have spread from eastern ... | 2015 | 25762140 |
| high-yield expression of m2e peptide of avian influenza virus h5n1 in transgenic duckweed plants. | avian influenza is a major viral disease in poultry. antigenic variation of this virus hinders vaccine development. however, the extracellular domain of the virus-encoded m2 protein (peptide m2e) is nearly invariant in all influenza a strains, enabling the development of a broad-range vaccine against them. antigen expression in transgenic plants is becoming a popular alternative to classical expression methods. here we expressed m2e from avian influenza virus a/chicken/kurgan/5/2005(h5n1) in nuc ... | 2015 | 25740321 |
| genomic and phylogenetic characterization of novel, recombinant h5n2 avian influenza virus strains isolated from vaccinated chickens with clinical symptoms in china. | infection of poultry with diverse lineages of h5n2 avian influenza viruses has been documented for over three decades in different parts of the world, with limited outbreaks caused by this highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. in the present study, three avian h5n2 influenza viruses, a/chicken/shijiazhuang/1209/2013, a/chicken/chiping/0321/2014, and a/chicken/laiwu/0313/2014, were isolated from chickens with clinical symptoms of avian influenza. complete genomic and phylogenetic analyses demo ... | 2015 | 25723387 |
| impact of vaccination on infection with vietnam h5n1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in hens and the eggs they lay. | high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infections in chickens negatively impact egg production and cause egg contamination. previously, vaccination maintained egg production and reduced egg contamination when challenged with a north american h5n2 hpaiv. however, asian h5n1 hpaiv infection has some characteristics of increased pathogenicity compared to other h5 hpaiv such as more rapid drop and complete cessation in egg production. sham (vaccinated at 25 and 28 weeks of age), inactivate ... | 2015 | 25657093 |
| detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus by protein microarray using nucleoprotein expressed in insect cells. | avian influenza (ai) is an infectious disease caused by avian influenza viruses (aivs) which belong to the influenza virus a group. ai causes tremendous economic losses in poultry industry and pose great threatens to human health. active serologic surveillance is necessary to prevent and control the spread of ai. in this study, a protein microarray using nucleoprotein (np) of h5n1 aiv expressed in insect cells was developed to detect antibodies against aiv np protein. the protein microarray was ... | 2015 | 25650059 |
| prevalence and distribution of avian influenza a(h5n1) virus clade variants in live bird markets of vietnam, 2011-2013. | active surveillance for avian influenza (al) viruses in poultry sold at live bird markets (lbms) was conducted in 44 of 63 provinces throughout vietnam over two periods from september 2011 to february 2012 and october 2012 to june 2013. the study objectives were to assess the prevalence of avian influenza type a, h5, and h5n1 subtype viruses and characterize the geographical and temporal distribution of h5n1 virus genetic variants across the country. monthly sampling was conducted in 394 lbms lo ... | 2014 | 25619005 |
| vaccine protection of chickens against antigenically diverse h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza isolates with a live hvt vector vaccine expressing the influenza hemagglutinin gene derived from a clade 2.2 avian influenza virus. | vaccination is an important tool in the protection of poultry against avian influenza (ai). for field use, the overwhelming majority of ai vaccines produced are inactivated whole virus formulated into an oil emulsion. however, recombinant vectored vaccines are gaining use for their ability to induce protection against heterologous isolates and ability to overcome maternal antibody interference. in these studies, we compared protection of chickens provided by a turkey herpesvirus (hvt) vector vac ... | 2015 | 25613723 |
| antibody titer has positive predictive value for vaccine protection against challenge with natural antigenic-drift variants of h5n1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses from indonesia. | vaccines are used in integrated control strategies to protect poultry against h5n1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai). h5n1 hpai was first reported in indonesia in 2003, and vaccination was initiated in 2004, but reports of vaccine failures began to emerge in mid-2005. this study investigated the role of indonesian licensed vaccines, specific vaccine seed strains, and emerging variant field viruses as causes of vaccine failures. eleven of 14 licensed vaccines contained the manufacturer's ... | 2015 | 25609805 |
| h5n1 influenza virus-like particle vaccine protects mice from heterologous virus challenge better than whole inactivated virus. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus has become highly enzootic since 2003 and has dynamically evolved to undergo substantial evolution. clades 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4 have become the most dominant lineage in recent years, and h5n8 avian influenza outbreaks have been reported asia. the current approach to generate influenza virus vaccines uses embryonated chicken eggs for large-scale production, although such vaccines have been poorly immunogenic to heterologous virus challenge. in ... | 2015 | 25599603 |
| analysis of the crow lung transcriptome in response to infection with highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus, currently circulating in asia, causes severe disease in domestic poultry as well as wild birds like crow. however, the molecular pathogenesis of hpaiv infection in crows and other wild birds is not well known. thus, as a step to explore it, a comprehensive global gene expression analysis was performed on crow lungs, infected with hpai h5n1 crow isolate (a/crow/india/11ti11/2011) using high throughput next generation sequencing (ngs) (gs fl ... | 2015 | 25592823 |
| pathogenicity of h5n8 virus in chickens from korea in 2014. | in 2014, two genetically distinct h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses were isolated from poultry and wild birds in korea. the intravenous pathogenicity indices for the two representative viruses were both 3.0. mortality of chickens intranasally inoculated with the two h5n8 viruses was 100% with a mean death times of 2.5 and 4.5 days. mortality rates of the contact groups for the two h5n8 viruses were 33.3% and 66.6%. our study showed that transmissibility of the novel h5n8 viru ... | 2015 | 25549219 |
| one-way trip: influenza virus' adaptation to gallinaceous poultry may limit its pandemic potential. | we hypothesise that some influenza virus adaptations to poultry may explain why the barrier for human-to-human transmission is not easily overcome once the virus has crossed from wild birds to chickens. since the cluster of human infections with h5n1 influenza in hong kong in 1997, chickens have been recognized as the major source of avian influenza virus infection in humans. although often severe, these infections have been limited in their subsequent human-to-human transmission, and the feared ... | 2015 | 25546511 |
| hemagglutinin glycosylation modulates the pathogenicity and antigenicity of the h5n1 avian influenza virus. | the location and number of glycosylation in ha proteins exhibit large variations among h5 subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs). to investigate the effect of glycosylation in the globular head of ha on the pathogenicity and antigenicity of h5n1 aivs, seven rescued aivs differing in their glycosylation patterns (144n, 158n and 169n) within the ha globular head of a/mallard/huadong/s/2005 were generated using site directed mutagenesis. results showed that loss of glycosylation 158n was the prereq ... | 2015 | 25544041 |
| micrornas in the immune organs of chickens and ducks indicate divergence of immunity against h5n1 avian influenza. | chickens are susceptible to the highly pathogenic h5n1 strain of avian influenza virus (hpaiv), whereas ducks are not. here, we used high-throughput sequencing to analyse the microrna expression in the spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius of h5n1-hpaiv-infected and non-infected chickens and ducks. we annotated the genomic positions of duck micrornas and we compared the microrna repertoires of chickens and ducks. our results showed that the microrna expression patterns in the homologous immune o ... | 2015 | 25541489 |
| serological evidence for non-lethal exposures of mongolian wild birds to highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus. | surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) in wild birds is logistically demanding due to the very low rates of virus detection. serological approaches may be more cost effective as they require smaller sample sizes to identify exposed populations. we hypothesized that antigenic differences between classical eurasian h5 subtype viruses (which have low pathogenicity in chickens) and h5n1 viruses of the goose/guangdong/96 h5 lineage (which are hpaiv) may be used to differen ... | 2014 | 25502318 |
| combination of specific single chain antibody variable fragment and sirna has a synergistic inhibitory effect on the propagation of avian influenza virus h5n1 in chicken cells. | the avian influenza virus (aiv) causes frequent disease with high morbidity and mortality. rna interference (rnai) has been shown to provide an effective antiviral defense in animals, and several studies have focused on harnessing small interfering rnas (sirnas) to inhibit viral infections. in addition, single chain variable fragments (scfvs) contain the complete antigen binding site, and specific scfvs can bind to and neutralize viruses. | 2014 | 25471220 |
| the pathogenicity of swan derived h5n1 virus in birds and mammals and its gene analysis. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses continue to circulate in poultry and can infect and cause mortality in birds and mammals; the genetic determinants of their increased virulence are largely unknown. the main purpose of this work was to determine the correlation between known molecular determinants of virulence in different avian influenza virus (aiv) genes and the results of experimental infection of birds and mammals with aiv strain a/swan/mangistau/3/06 (h5n1; sw/3/06). | 2014 | 25471127 |
| phylogenetic and pathogenic analyses of three h5n1 avian influenza viruses (clade 2.3.2.1) isolated from wild birds in northeast china. | from april to september 2012, periodic surveillance of avian influenza h5n1 viruses from different wild bird species was conducted in northeast china. three highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses were isolated from a yellow-browed warbler, common shoveler, and mallard. to trace the genetic lineage of the isolates, nucleotide sequences of all eight gene segments were determined and phylogenetically analyzed. the data indicated that three viruses belonged to the same antigenic virus ... | 2015 | 25461692 |
| the large-scale production of an artificial influenza virus-like particle vaccine in silkworm pupae. | we successfully established a mass production system for an influenza virus-like particle (vlp) vaccine using a synthetic h5 hemagglutinin (ha) gene codon-optimized for the silkworm. a recombinant baculovirus containing the synthetic gene was inoculated into silkworm pupae. four days after inoculation, the hemagglutination titer in homogenates from infected pupae reached a mean value of 0.8 million hemagglutination units (hau), approximately 2,000 μg ha protein per pupa, more than 50-fold higher ... | 2015 | 25448101 |
| biological and protective properties of immune sera directed to the influenza virus neuraminidase. | the envelope of influenza a viruses contains two large antigens, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). conventional influenza virus vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies that are predominantly directed to the ha globular head, a domain that is subject to extensive antigenic drift. antibodies directed to na are induced at much lower levels, probably as a consequence of the immunodominance of the ha antigen. although antibodies to na may affect virus release by inhibiting the sialidase func ... | 2015 | 25392225 |
| h5n1 avian influenza pre-pandemic vaccine strains in china. | to prepare the 4 candidate vaccine strains of h5n1 avian influenza virus isolated in china. | 2014 | 25341811 |