| several enteropathogens are circulating in suckling and newly weaned piglets suffering from diarrhea in the province of villa clara, cuba. | intestinal contents of suckling (n = 45) and newly weaned (n = 45) piglets, suffering from diarrhea in the province of villa clara in cuba, were tested for viral, bacterial, and parasitic enteropathogens from may to june 2008. at least one enteropathogen was identified in 53.3 % of piglets and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec; 25.6 %) was the major pathogen; mostly sta(+)/stb(+) or f4(+)/sta(+)/stb(+) etec were isolated. the overall occurrence of the rest of pathogens was 10 % for transmis ... | 2013 | 22843242 |
| the effect of artemisia annua on broiler performance, on intestinal microbiota and on the course of a clostridium perfringens infection applying a necrotic enteritis disease model. | the aerial parts of the plant artemisia annua contain essential oils having antimicrobial properties against clostridium perfringens type a, the causal agent for necrotic enteritis in broilers. in two experiments, the influence of increasing dietary concentrations of dried a. annua leaves (0, 5, 10 and 20 g/kg) and n-hexane extract from fresh a. annua leaves (0, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) on broiler performance was investigated. dried plant material decreased feed intake and body weight in a dose-d ... | 2012 | 22834551 |
| intracellular trafficking of clostridium perfringens iota-toxin b. | clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is composed of an enzymatic component (ia) and a binding component (ib). ib binds to a cell surface receptor, undergoes oligomerization in lipid rafts, and binds ia. the resulting complex is then endocytosed. here, we show the intracellular trafficking of iota-toxin. after the binding of the ib monomer with cells at 4°c, oligomers of ib formed at 37°c and later disappeared. immunofluorescence staining of ib revealed that the internalized ib was transported to e ... | 2012 | 22825447 |
| temporal flux and spatial dynamics of nutrients, fecal indicators, and zoonotic pathogens in anaerobic swine manure lagoon water. | confined animal feeding operations (cafos) often use anaerobic lagoons for manure treatment. in the usa, swine cafo lagoon water is used for crop irrigation that is regulated by farm-specific nutrient management plans (nmps). implementation of stricter us environmental regulations in 2013 will set soil p limits; impacting land applications of manure and requiring revision of nmps. precise knowledge of lagoon water quality is needed for formulating nmps, for understanding losses of n and c in amm ... | 2012 | 22819873 |
| enteropathogens identified in cats entering a florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea. | to determine the frequency of enteropathogens in cats entering an animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea. | 2012 | 22812469 |
| aquaporin 4-specific t cells in neuromyelitis optica exhibit a th17 bias and recognize clostridium abc transporter. | aquaporin 4 (aqp4)-specific autoantibodies in neuromyelitis optica (nmo) are immunoglobulin (ig)g1, a t cell-dependent ig subclass, indicating that aqp4-specific t cells participate in nmo pathogenesis. our goal was to identify and characterize aqp4-specific t cells in nmo patients and healthy controls (hc). | 2012 | 22807325 |
| targeting claudin-4 in human pancreatic cancer. | pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant human diseases and there is an urgent need to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. claudin-4, overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions, is a receptor for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). the cytotoxic effects of cpe and monoclonal antibodies against claudin-4 are useful as novel therapeutic tools for pancreatic cancer. | 2012 | 22800288 |
| clostridium perfringens gangrenous cystitis with septic shock and bone marrow necrosis. | | 2012 | 22797355 |
| hemorrhagic enterocolitis and death in two felines (panthera tigris altaica and panthera leo) associated with clostridium perfringens type a. | severe hemorrhagic enterocolitis was observed in a siberian tiger (panthera tigris altaica) and a lion (panthera leo). both animals developed acute depression, anorexia, and bloody diarrhea several days before death. small and large intestines were diffusely congested, edematous, necrotic, and filled with hemorrhagic fluid, and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged and congested. pure and abundant growth of gram-positive bacilli was obtained in culture under anaerobic conditions from the livers o ... | 2012 | 22779248 |
| effects of wet heat treatment on the germination of individual spores of clostridium perfringens. | to analyse the effect of wet heat treatment on nutrient and non-nutrient germination of individual spores of clostridium perfringens. | 2012 | 22776375 |
| spontaneous bacterial empyema in a cirrhotic patient due to clostridium perfringens: case report and review of the literature. | we report a case of a cirrhotic patient who developed a spontaneous bacterial empyema due to clostridium perfringens. to our knowledge, only two cases of spontaneous bacterial empyema due to c. perfringens in cirrhotic patients were previously reported in literature. it should be suspected in a child c cirrhotic patient, with a previous history of pleural effusion, fever and dyspnea. it has a fatal outcome as far as it has been described. | 2013 | 22749506 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens isolated from piglets with or without diarrhea in brazil. | the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) was determined for 13 antibiotics against clostridium perfringens isolated from brazilian piglets. the collection of isolates was performed in june to october 2010. all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin and ceftiofur, whereas most were resistant to tetracycline and lincomycin. avilamycin and narasin were more effective against isolates from non-diarrheic than from diarrheic piglets. the other antimicrobials were less active in need of high concen ... | 2012 | 24031924 |
| reversible monensin adaptation in enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis and clostridium perfringens of cattle origin: potential impact on human food safety. | to determine the stability/reversibility and mechanism of monensin adaptation in monensin-treated cattle isolates compared with reference bacterial isolates, exposed in vitro to high monensin concentrations. | 2012 | 22740589 |
| proof of concept for claudin-targeted drug development. | claudins (cls) are a family of tetra-integral membrane proteins that are a key structural and functional component of tight junctions. cls are overexpressed in some malignant tumors. claudin-4 is highly expressed in the epithelial cells covering mucosal immune tissues. cls may therefore be a potential target for improving drug absorption, treating cancer, and developing mucosal vaccine. research using clostridium perfringens enterotoxin has resulted in proofs of concept for cl-targeted drug deve ... | 2012 | 22731717 |
| green tea increases the survival yield of bifidobacteria in simulated gastrointestinal environment and during refrigerated conditions. | the well-known prebiotics are carbohydrates but their effects may not always be beneficial, as they can also encourage the growth of non-probiotic bacteria such as eubacterium biforme and clostridium perfringens. therefore, new alternatives such as non-carbohydrate sources to stimulate the growth of probiotics are needed. the aim of this work was to evaluate (i) the green tea polyphenols by hplc-lc/ms and (ii) the protective effect of green tea extract on viability and stability of b. infantis a ... | 2012 | 22727242 |
| clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin induces the release of il-8 through a dual pathway via trka in a549 cells. | a characteristic feature of gas gangrene with clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is the absence of neutrophils within the infected area and the massive accumulation of neutrophils at the vascular endothelium around the margins of the necrotic region. intravenous injection of c. perfringens alpha-toxin into mice resulted in the accumulation of neutrophils at the vascular endothelium in lung and liver, and release of gro/kc, a member of the cxc chemokine family with homology to human interle ... | 2012 | 22721959 |
| sanitary inspection of wells using risk-of-contamination scoring indicates a high predictive ability for bacterial faecal pollution in the peri-urban tropical lowlands of dar es salaam, tanzania. | sanitary inspection of wells was performed according to world health organization (who) procedures using risk-of-contamination (roc) scoring in the peri-urban tropical lowlands of dar es salaam, tanzania. the roc was assessed for its capacity to predict bacterial faecal pollution in the investigated well water. the analysis was based on a selection of wells representing environments with low to high presumptive faecal pollution risk and a multi-parametric data set of bacterial indicators, genera ... | 2012 | 22717748 |
| vaccination prepartum enhances the beneficial effects of melatonin on the immune response and reduces platelet responsiveness in sheep. | melatonin regulates several physiological processes and its powerful action as antioxidant has been widely reported. melatonin acts modulating the immune system, showing a protective effect on the cardiovascular system and improving vaccine administration as an adjuvant-like agent. here, we have investigated the role of melatonin as an adjuvant of the clostridium perfringens vaccine in prepartum sheep and whether melatonin modulates platelet physiology during peripartum. | 2012 | 22716226 |
| animal models to study the pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens infections. | rabbits, mice, rats, non-human primates, sheep and cattle have been used to study the effect of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). cpe produces mostly necrosis of the small intestinal epithelium along with fluid accumulation in rabbits and mice. in the latter, cpe can bind to internal organs such as the liver, which induces lethal potassium levels in blood. | 2012 | 22713745 |
| vaccination with clostridium perfringens recombinant proteins in combination with montanide™ isa 71 vg adjuvant increases protection against experimental necrotic enteritis in commercial broiler chickens. | this study was performed to compare four clostridium perfringens recombinant proteins as vaccine candidates using the montanide™ isa 71 vg adjuvant in an experimental model of necrotic enteritis. broiler chickens were immunized subcutaneously with purified clostridial recombinant netb toxin, pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfo), α-toxin, or elongation factor-tu (ef-tu), or with vehicle control, in conjunction with isa 71 vg, and intestinal lesion scores, body weight gains, netb toxin and pf ... | 2012 | 22713719 |
| xylanase supplementation to a wheat-based diet alleviated the intestinal mucosal barrier impairment of broiler chickens challenged by clostridium perfringens. | the present study was carried out to evaluate the protective effects of xylanase on the intestinal mucosal barrier in broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens in a 21-day experiment. a total of 336 1-day-old male broiler chicks (ross 308) were assigned to four treatment groups. a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized complete block design to study the effects of enzyme addition (with or without xylanase 5500 u/kg wheat-based diet), pathogen challenge (w ... | 2012 | 22702457 |
| role of the agr-like quorum-sensing system in regulating toxin production by clostridium perfringens type b strains cn1793 and cn1795. | clostridium perfringens type b causes enteritis and enterotoxemia in domestic animals. by definition, these bacteria must produce alpha toxin (cpa), beta toxin (cpb) and epsilon toxin (etx) although most type b strains also produce perfringolysin o (pfo) and beta2 toxin (cpb2). a recently identified agr-like quorum-sensing (qs) system in c. perfringens controls all toxin production by surveyed type a, c, and d strains, but whether this qs is involved in regulating toxin production by type b stra ... | 2012 | 22689820 |
| claudin-4-targeted optical imaging detects pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions. | novel imaging methods based on specific molecular targets to detect both established neoplasms and their precursor lesions are highly desirable in cancer medicine. previously, we identified claudin-4, an integral constituent of tight junctions, as highly expressed in various gastrointestinal tumours including pancreatic cancer. here, we investigate the potential of targeting claudin-4 with a naturally occurring ligand to visualise pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions in vitro and in vivo ... | 2013 | 22677720 |
| observing the confinement potential of bacterial pore-forming toxin receptors inside rafts with nonblinking eu(3+)-doped oxide nanoparticles. | we track single toxin receptors on the apical cell membrane of mdck cells with eu-doped oxide nanoparticles coupled to two toxins of the pore-forming toxin family: α-toxin of clostridium septicum and ε-toxin of clostridium perfringens. these nonblinking and photostable labels do not perturb the motion of the toxin receptors and yield long uninterrupted trajectories with mean localization precision of 30 nm for acquisition times of 51.3 ms. we were thus able to study the toxin-cell interaction at ... | 2012 | 22677383 |
| identification and proteome analysis of the two-component virr/virs system in epidemic streptococcus suis serotype 2. | streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that infects pigs and sporadically causes serious infections in humans. two recent large-scale outbreaks of human streptococcal toxic-shock-like syndrome with high mortality occurred in china, posing new challenges for global public health. however, the global regulation of the virulence of epidemic ss2 isolates lacks a systematic understanding. in this study, we performed a mutational and functional analysis of an ss2 two-com ... | 2012 | 22670712 |
| salvage liver transplantation for hepatic gas gangrene. | hepatic gas gangrene is an uncommon situation mainly due to bacterial infection by clostridium perfringens. it remains a life-threatening condition associated with a high mortality rate. quick diagnosis and aggressive therapy including liver transplantation should be proposed to improve the outcome. this report describes a rare case of hepatic gas gangrene on native liver, secondary to iatrogenic hepatic artery thrombosis and instrumental biliary tree infection, which was successfully treated by ... | 2012 | 22669442 |
| molecular characteristics of clostridium perfringens tpel toxin and consequences of mono-o-glcnacylation of ras in living cells. | tpel is a member of the family of clostridial glucosylating toxins produced by clostridium perfringens type a, b, and c strains. in contrast to other members of this toxin family, it lacks a c-terminal polypeptide repeat domain, which is suggested to be involved in target cell binding. it was shown that the glucosyltransferase domain of tpel modifies ras in vitro by mono-o-glucosylation or mono-o-glcnacylation (nagahama, m., ohkubo, a., oda, m., kobayashi, k., amimoto, k., miyamoto, k., and saku ... | 2012 | 22665487 |
| comparison of mucosal absorption-enhancing activity between a claudin-3/-4 binder and a broadly specific claudin binder. | intercellular spaces between adjacent mucosal epithelial cells are sealed by tight junctions (tjs) that prevent the free movement of solutes across the epithelium. claudins (cls), a family of 27 integral membrane proteins, are essential components for tj seals. we previously used a cl-3/-4 binder, the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe), to show that cl modulation is a promising method to enhance mucosal absorption. recently, by using a c-cpe mutant library, we dev ... | 2012 | 22659740 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of canine clostridium perfringens strains from switzerland. | fifty clostridium perfringens strains were isolated from individual dogs with acute diarrhoea that were not given antibiotics. toxin types and minimal inhibitory concentrations of 15 antibiotics were determined for each of them. all strains harboured the alpha-toxin gene, 12 of them had both the alpha- and entero-toxin gene and 5 had both the alpha- and beta2-toxin gene. eighteen percent of the isolates showed resistance to tetracycline and 54 % showed decreased susceptibility to metronidazole w ... | 2012 | 22653699 |
| the effect of genetically modified lactobacillus plantarum 590 on the gut health of sprague-dawley rats. | lp was a generally recognized as safe microorganism. lactobacillus plantarum 590 was obtained by inserting nisi gene into lp genome to help it tolerate higher concentration nisin. as the unintended effects of the genetically modified microorganism (gmm) are the most important barriers to the progress of gmm, we have performed a useful exploration to establish a new in vivo evaluation model for gmm from the point of view of intestinal health. in this study, sprague-dawley rats were orally adminis ... | 2012 | 22648689 |
| fulminant clostridium perfringens sepsis during induction chemotherapy in childhood leukemia. | | 2012 | 22631574 |
| fluorescent probe for detection of bacteria: conformational trigger upon bacterial reduction of an azo bridge. | using biomimetic chemical reduction or clostridium perfringens cell extract containing azoreductase, the dimer-fluorescent probe 2,4-o-bisdansyl-6,7-diazabicyclooct-6-ene, which possesses a conformationally constrained cis-azo bridge, is reduced to the tetra-equatorial 2,4-o-bisdansyl-cyclohexyl-3,5-bisammonium salt which exhibits fluorescence indicative of a dansyl monomer. | 2012 | 22618019 |
| quantitative analyses of genes associated with mucin synthesis of broiler chickens with induced necrotic enteritis. | clostridial infection of the intestine can result in necrotic enteritis (ne), compromising production and health of poultry. mucins play a major role in protecting the intestinal epithelium from infection. the relative roles of different mucins in gut pathology following bacterial challenge are unclear. this study was designed to quantify the expression of mucin and mucin-related genes, using intestinal samples from an ne challenge trial where birds were fed diets with or without in-feed antimic ... | 2012 | 22582290 |
| is the quality of drinking water a risk factor for self-reported forearm fractures? cohort of norway. | compared to ph ≥7.0 in norwegian municipal drinking water, ph <7.0 increased the risk of forearm fractures in the population-based cohort of norway (conor; n = 127,272). the association was attenuated (p > 0.05) after adjustments for indicators of bacteria and organic matter, which may signify an association between poor drinking water and bone health. | 2013 | 22569744 |
| generation and characterization of an inter-generic bivalent alpha domain fusion protein αcs from clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus for concurrent diagnosis and therapeutic applications. | to evaluate an inter-generic recombinant alpha domain fusion protein for simultaneous detection and neutralization of clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus alpha toxins. | 2012 | 22563989 |
| characterization of polymorphisms and isoforms of the clostridium perfringens phospholipase c gene (plc) reveals high genetic diversity. | clostridium perfringens phospholipase c (cp-plc), also called alpha-toxin, is encoded by the plc gene and has been implicated in several diseases; however, only a few studies have described polymorphisms in this gene. the aim of this study was to analyze polymorphisms in the cp-plc nucleotide and amino acid sequences obtained from isolates from different regions and to compare them to clostridium phospholipase c sequences deposited in the ncbi database. environmental samples (sediment, poultry f ... | 2012 | 22560738 |
| feeding jerusalem artichoke reduced skatole level and changed intestinal microbiota in the gut of entire male pigs. | different levels of dried jerusalem artichoke were fed to entire male pigs 1 week before slaughter. the objective was to investigate the effect on skatole level in the hindgut and in adipose tissue, as well as the effect on microflora and short-chain fatty acids (scfa) in the hindgut. five experimental groups (n = 11) were given different dietary treatments 7 days before slaughtering: negative control (basal diet), positive control (basal diet + 9% chicory-inulin), basal diet + 4.1% jerusalem ar ... | 2012 | 22558928 |
| clostridium perfringens infections initially attributed to norovirus, north carolina, 2010. | we investigated an outbreak initially attributed to norovirus; however, clostridium perfringens toxicoinfection was subsequently confirmed. c. perfringens is an underrecognized but frequently observed cause of food-borne disease outbreaks. this investigation illustrates the importance of considering epidemiologic and laboratory data together when evaluating potential etiologic agents that might require unique control measures. | 2012 | 22550114 |
| clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and netb toxin antibodies and their possible role in protection against necrotic enteritis and gangrenous dermatitis in broiler chickens. | necrotic enteritis (ne) and gangrenous dermatitis (gd) are important infectious diseases of poultry. although ne and gd share a common pathogen, clostridium perfringens, they differ in other important aspects such as clinical signs, pathologic symptoms, and age of onset. the primary virulence factors of c perfringens are its four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, iota) and the newly described ne b-like (netb) toxin. while neutralizing antibodies against some c perfingens toxins are associated ... | 2012 | 22545552 |
| epidermal growth factor modulates claudins and tight junctional functions in ovarian cancer cell lines. | ovarian adenocarcinomas, like human ovarian surface epithelial cells, form functional tight junctions. tight junction molecules claudin-3 and claudin-4, which are the receptors of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), are abnormally upregulated in epithelial ovarian cancers of all subtypes including, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma and serous cystadenocarcinoma. clostridium perfringens enterotoxin may be a novel tumor-targeted therapy for ovarian cancers. in epithelial ovarian cancers, overexpr ... | 2012 | 22544349 |
| the majority of atypical cpb2 genes in clostridium perfringens isolates of different domestic animal origin are expressed. | this study examined the prevalence and expression of the "consensus" and the "atypical"cpb2 genes in clostridium perfringens isolates from cattle, chickens, dogs, goats, horses, pigs and sheep using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by western blotting. almost all porcine isolates (12/14) carried and expressed the consensus form of cpb2 but, when present in 108 non-porcine isolates, the gene was usually the atypical form (40 atypi ... | 2012 | 22542269 |
| bacterial contamination of tile drainage water and shallow groundwater under different application methods of liquid swine manure. | a 2 year field experiment evaluated liquid manure application methods on the movement of manure-borne pathogens (salmonella sp.) and indicator bacteria (escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens) to subsurface water. a combination of application methods including surface application, pre-application tillage, and post-application incorporation were applied in a randomized complete block design on an instrumented field site in spring 2007 and 2008. tile and shallow groundwater were sampled imme ... | 2012 | 22540289 |
| reduction of bilirubin ditaurate by the intestinal bacterium clostridium perfringens. | bilirubin is degraded in the human gut by microflora into urobilinoids. in our study we investigated whether the bilirubin-reducing strain of clostridium perfringens can reduce bilirubin ditaurate (bdt), a bile pigment of some lower vertebrates, without hydrolysis of the taurine moiety. c. perfringes was incubated under anaerobic conditions with bdt; reduction products were quantified by spectrophotometry and separated by tlc. based on rf values of bdt reduction products and synthetic urobilinog ... | 2012 | 22540115 |
| immunohistochemical search for viral and bacterial antigens in crohn's disease. | recent studies show that diseased intestinal tissues of patients with crohn's disease (cd) contain obstructed lymphatics, granulomas, and tertiary lymphoid organs, representing responses to persistent antigen. | 2013 | 22537638 |
| development of real-time pcr for the detection of clostridium perfringens in meats and vegetables. | a real-time pcr assay was developed and validated inhouse specifically for the detection of clostridium perfringens (cl. perfringens) in meats and vegetables by comparing with the culture method. the detection limit of the real-time pcr assay in phosphate-buffered saline was 10² cfu/ml. when the two methods were compared in food samples inoculated with cl. perfringens, the culture method detected 52 positives, whereas real-time pcr detected 51 positives out of 160 samples. the difference was wit ... | 2012 | 22534301 |
| nitrergic response to clostridium perfringens infection in the rat brain regions: effect of red light irradiation. | a single intraperitoneal injection of a gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens (cp) causes a remarkable down-regulation the constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cnos) with a simultaneous increase in the activity of inducible nos (inos) and the level of reactive nitrogen species in the rat brain major regions (cortex, striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus) at 48 h post-administration of cp. treatment by both a semiconductor laser (scl) and/or a light-emitting diode (led) with same wavelen ... | 2012 | 22533509 |
| freezing or adding trypsin inhibitor to equine intestinal contents extends the lifespan of clostridium perfringens beta toxin for diagnostic purposes. | clostridium perfringens type c causes necrotizing enteritis mostly in neonatal animals of several species, including horses. the virulence of c. perfringens type c is mostly mediated by beta toxin (cpb). this toxin is highly sensitive to the action of trypsin and other proteases, which explains the increased susceptibility of neonatal animals to type c infections. final confirmation of type c disease diagnosis should be based on detection of cpb in the intestinal content of affected animals. how ... | 2012 | 22516562 |
| survival trends of staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and clostridium perfringens in a sandy south florida beach. | the search for alternative indicators of disease-risk from non-enteric pathogens at the beach revealed high densities of targeted bacteria. to explain the high numbers of potential non-enteric pathogens, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa, in beach sand, we investigated factors affecting their survival and distribution, as well as those of a potential fecal indicator, clostridium perfringens. results indicated greater s. aureus and p. aeruginosa survival and proliferation in steril ... | 2012 | 22516512 |
| genetic relatedness and netb prevalence among environmental clostridium perfringens strains associated with a broiler flock affected by mild necrotic enteritis. | in a previous study we investigated pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) genotype diversity and prevalence of the netb toxin gene in clostridium perfringens (cp) isolates recovered from a broiler flock (flock 1) affected by necrotic enteritis (ne). in this follow-up work, we examined samples collected before placement of flock 1, to see if ne during rearing could be traced back to the cleaned and empty building or the day-old chicks. litter from the next flock in the same building (flock 2) w ... | 2012 | 22516191 |
| non-soluble fibres and narasin reduce spontaneous gizzard erosion and ulceration in broiler chickens. | the prevalence and severity of gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome (geu) in broilers is affected by a number of predisposing and preventive factors. two broiler experiments with almost identical basal diets were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary oat hulls, access to litter and the antimicrobial compound narasin on geu. the effects on particle size of duodenal digesta, ileal starch concentration, caecal clostridium perfringens counts, necrotic enteritis and production performance ... | 2012 | 22515541 |
| enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens: detection and identification. | recent advances in understanding the genetics of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens, including whole genome sequencing of a chromosomal cpe strain and sequencing of several cpe-carrying large plasmids, have led to the development of molecular approaches to more precisely investigate isolates involved in human gastrointestinal diseases and isolates present in the environment. sequence-based pcr genotyping of the cpe locus (cpe genotyping pcr assays) has provided new information about cpe-pos ... | 2012 | 22504431 |
| innate immune response to yeast-derived carbohydrates in broiler chickens fed organic diets and challenged with clostridium perfringens. | necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by clostridium perfringens is a reemerging disease of economic importance in areas of the world where antibiotic growth promoters have been banned. the effect of mannan-oligosaccharide (mos) supplementation in organic diets of broilers challenged with c. perfringens on performance, gut morphology, and innate immunity was investigated. three hundred ross-308 broilers were fed antibiotic-free certified organic starter and grower diets. on d 14, birds were orally chal ... | 2012 | 22499867 |
| differential gene expression profiles of β-defensins in the crop, intestine, and spleen using a necrotic enteritis model in 2 commercial broiler chicken lines. | changes in the expression levels of avian β-defensin (avbd) mrna were evaluated in necrotic enteritis (ne) disease model in 2 genetically disparate commercial broiler chicken lines: ross and cobb. the ne was initiated in the gut by a previously established co-infection model using oral eimeria maxima infection followed by a clostridium perfringens challenge. among the 14 avbd types examined, there was a tissue-specific expression of avbd transcripts: avbd1, avbd7, and avbd9 in the crop; avbd8, a ... | 2012 | 22499864 |
| survival and germination of clostridium perfringens spores during heating and cooling of ground pork. | the effect of heating rate on the heat resistance, germination, and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores during cooking of cured ground pork was investigated. inoculated cured ground pork portions were heated from 20 to 75°c at a rate of 4, 8, or 12°c/h and then held at 75°c for 48 h. no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the heat resistance of c. perfringens spores were observed in cured ground pork heated at 4, 8, or 12°c/h. at heating rates of 8 and 12°c/h, no significant difference ... | 2012 | 22488055 |
| changes in the caecal microflora of chickens following clostridium perfringens challenge to induce necrotic enteritis. | necrotic enteritis is a disease of considerable economic importance to the global poultry industry. clostridium perfringens has long been recognised as the etiological agent of the disease. however, disease initiation and progression is complex and appears to be precipitated by a range of predisposing factors. the present study investigated microbial interactions in the caecum of birds challenged with c. perfringens that developed necrotic enteritis. bacterial populations of healthy and diseased ... | 2012 | 22487456 |
| co-infection with toxoplasma gondii and clostridium perfringens in a postpartum woman with uterine gas gangrene: a case report. | toxoplasmosis is a protozoan infection caused by toxoplasma gondii. we report a case of toxoplasma gondii and clostridium perfringens co-infection complicating uterine gas gangrene following a term pregnancy. the histological examination of the necrotic uterine tissues and uterine swab cultures obtained at laparotomy revealed t. gondii and c. perfringens, respectively. treatment was administered with bactericidal activity against both pathogens and the patient had an uneventful post-operative re ... | 2012 | 22487420 |
| modifications in perfringolysin o domain 4 alter the cholesterol concentration threshold required for binding. | changes in the cholesterol content of cell membranes affect many physiological and pathological events, including the formation of arterial plaques, the entry of virus into cells, and receptor organization. measuring the trafficking and distribution of cholesterol is essential to understanding how cells regulate sterol levels in membranes. perfringolysin o (pfo) is a cytolysin secreted by clostridium perfringens that requires cholesterol in the target membrane for binding. the specificity of pfo ... | 2012 | 22482748 |
| clostridium perfringens hip arthritis in a haemodialysis patient. | haemodialysis patients have acquired immunity disturbances, co-morbidities and a vascular access, factors predisposing them to infection and bacteraemia. clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacterium potentially causing severe infections, including rarely septic arthritis. we report the first case of clostridium perfringens septic arthritis in a haemodialysis patient and suggest a haematogenous spread. after rapid joint lavage combined with appropriate anti-microbial therapy, the patient rec ... | 2016 | 22480041 |
| carbohydrate recognition by an architecturally complex α-n-acetylglucosaminidase from clostridium perfringens. | cpgh89 is a large multimodular enzyme produced by the human and animal pathogen clostridium perfringens. the catalytic activity of this exo-α-d-n-acetylglucosaminidase is directed towards a rare carbohydrate motif, n-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine-α-1,4-d-galactose, which is displayed on the class iii mucins deep within the gastric mucosa. in addition to the family 89 glycoside hydrolase catalytic module this enzyme has six modules that share sequence similarity to the family 32 carbohydrate-binding mod ... | 2012 | 22479408 |
| oxygen measurements in platelet fluids - a new non-invasive method to detect bacterial contaminations in platelets. | the residual risk for bacterial contamination in blood components especially in platelets is one to two orders of magnitude higher than for transfusion relevant viral infections. the majority of all bacterial transmitted fatalities occurred at the end of platelet shelf life. therefore, the maximum shelf life of platelet concentrates (pc) was reduced to 4 days after blood donation in germany in 2008. | 2012 | 22462725 |
| effects of dietary additives and early feeding on performance, gut development and immune status of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens. | the effects of dietary additives and holding time on resistance and resilience of broiler chickens to clostridium perfringens challenge were investigated by offering four dietary treatments. these were a negative control (basal), a positive control (zn-bacitracin) and two dietary additives, mannanoligosaccharides (mos), and acidifier. two holding times included (a) immediate access to feed and water post hatch (fed) and (b) access to both feed and water 48 h post hatch (held). chicks fed zn-baci ... | 2012 | 25049595 |
| responses of feeding prebiotics on nutrient digestibility, faecal microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid concentrations in dogs: a meta-analysis. | the effects of prebiotics on digestibility, short-chain fatty acid (scfa) concentrations and bacterial populations in the faeces and immunity in dogs were evaluated by meta-analyses. overall, data from 15 published studies containing 65 different treatment means of 418 observations from different breeds of dogs were included in the data set. feeding of prebiotics to dogs did not affect the nutrient intake (p > 0.10), nor did prebiotics change (p > 0.10) the digestibility of dry matter (dm) and f ... | 2011 | 22440414 |
| effect of temperature on microbial growth rate-mathematical analysis: the arrhenius and eyring-polanyi connections. | the objective of this work is to develop a mathematical model for evaluating the effect of temperature on the rate of microbial growth. the new mathematical model is derived by combination and modification of the arrhenius equation and the eyring-polanyi transition theory. the new model, suitable for both suboptimal and the entire growth temperature ranges, was validated using a collection of 23 selected temperature-growth rate curves belonging to 5 groups of microorganisms, including pseudomona ... | 2011 | 22417589 |
| genome sequencing and analysis of a type a clostridium perfringens isolate from a case of bovine clostridial abomasitis. | clostridium perfringens is a common inhabitant of the avian and mammalian gastrointestinal tracts and can behave commensally or pathogenically. some enteric diseases caused by type a c. perfringens, including bovine clostridial abomasitis, remain poorly understood. to investigate the potential basis of virulence in strains causing this disease, we sequenced the genome of a type a c. perfringens isolate (strain f262) from a case of bovine clostridial abomasitis. the ∼3.34 mbp chromosome of c. per ... | 2012 | 22412860 |
| terminal sialic acids are an important determinant of pulmonary endothelial barrier integrity. | the surface of vascular endothelium bears a glycocalyx comprised, in part, of a complex mixture of oligosaccharide chains attached to cell-surface proteins and membrane lipids. importantly, understanding of the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx is poorly understood. preliminary studies have demonstrated structural differences in the glycocalyx of pulmonary artery endothelial cells compared with pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. herein we begin to probe in more detail ... | 2012 | 22387293 |
| novel transmembrane receptor involved in phagosome transport of lysozymes and β-hexosaminidase in the enteric protozoan entamoeba histolytica. | lysozymes and hexosaminidases are ubiquitous hydrolases in bacteria and eukaryotes. in phagocytic lower eukaryotes and professional phagocytes from higher eukaryotes, they are involved in the degradation of ingested bacteria in phagosomes. in entamoeba histolytica, which is the intestinal protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis, phagocytosis plays a pivotal role in the nutrient acquisition and the evasion from the host defense systems. while the content of phagosomes and biochemical and physio ... | 2012 | 22383874 |
| development and application of a polymicrobial, in vitro, wound biofilm model. | the goal of this investigation was to develop an in vitro, polymicrobial, wound biofilm capable of supporting the growth of bacteria with variable oxygen requirements. | 2012 | 22353049 |
| fast kinetics of nucleotide binding to clostridium perfringens family ii pyrophosphatase containing cbs and drtgg domains. | we earlier described cbs-pyrophosphatase of moorella thermoacetica (mtcbs-ppase) as a novel phosphohydrolase that acquired a pair of nucleotide-binding cbs domains during evolution, thus endowing the protein with the capacity to be allosterically regulated by adenine nucleotides (jämsen, j., tuominen, h., salminen, a., belogurov, g. a., magretova, n. n., baykov, a. a., and lahti, r. (2007) biochem. j., 408, 327-333). we herein describe a more evolved type of cbs-pyrophosphatase from clostridium ... | 2012 | 22348476 |
| clostridium perfringens infection complicating periprosthetic fracture fixation about the hip: successful treatment with early aggressive debridement. | periprosthetic fracture and infection are both challenges following hip arthroplasty. we report the case of an 87 year old female who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of a periprosthetic femoral fracture. her post-operative course was complicated by infection with clostridium perfringens. early aggressive antibiotic treatment and surgical debridement were successful, and allowed retention of the original components. | 2013 | 22344485 |
| determining potential indicators of cryptosporidium oocysts throughout the wastewater treatment process. | most research on wastewater treatment efficiency compliance focuses on physicochemical and microbial indicators; however, very little emphasis has been placed so far on determining suitable indicator organisms to predict the discharge level of pathogens from treatment plants. in this study, raw wastewater, activated sludge, and the resulting final effluents and biosolids in four municipal wastewater treatment plants (wwtps a, b, c and d) were seasonally investigated for human-virulent water-born ... | 2012 | 22339022 |
| threonine requirement of broiler chickens during subclinical intestinal clostridium infection. | the aim of this study was to determine the threonine requirement of broilers during a subclinical clostridium infection. three experiments were performed: experiments 1 and 2 to investigate the dose-response of threonine supplementation during infection and experiment 3 to validate the threonine requirement during infection. in each experiment, 1-d-old ross 308 male broilers were used. an infection model was used with inoculation of eimeria maxima and clostridium perfringens at d 9 and 14 of age ... | 2012 | 22334739 |
| immunological responses to clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin in two genetically divergent lines of chickens as influenced by major histocompatibility complex genotype. | chickens genetically selected for low (la) or high (ha) antibody response to srbc displayed a correlated change in mhc, so that la chickens were 96% b13 and ha chickens were 96% b21. the la line appears to be less susceptible to invasion by extracellular pathogens, whereas ha chickens are more resistant to infection by intracellular organisms. resistance to clostridium perfringens is one instance in which the lines do not follow their established trend of pathogen susceptibility, where during a ... | 2012 | 22334734 |
| clostridium perfringens detected by peripheral blood smear. | | 2012 | 22333387 |
| creation and biochemical analysis of a broad-specific claudin binder. | claudins (cl) are a family of tetra-transmembrane proteins that are the structural and functional components of tight junctions (tj). cls are promising targets for drug development because of their role in mucosal drug absorption and cancer. however, cl-targeted drug development has been delayed because cls have low antigenicity and preparing cl proteins is difficult. we developed a cl binder by using the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) and a baculoviral displa ... | 2012 | 22317861 |
| treatment of severe hemolytic anemia caused by clostridium perfringens sepsis in a liver transplant recipient. | clostridium perfringens bacteremia accompanied by extensive intravascular hemolysis is an almost inescapably fatal infection. | 2012 | 22316146 |
| impact of fresh or used litter on the posthatch immune system of commercial broilers. | this study was carried out to investigate the effects of exposure of growing broiler chickens of commercial origin to used poultry litter on intestinal and systemic immune responses. the litter types evaluated were fresh wood shavings or used litter obtained from commercial poultry farms with or without a history of gangrenous dermatitis (gd). immune parameters measured were serum nitric oxide (no) levels, serum antibody titers against eimeria or clostridium perfringens, mitogen-induced spleen c ... | 2011 | 22312971 |
| production and characterization of clostridium perfringens recombinant β toxoid. | in this work, we produced and evaluated a vaccine based on a β toxoid of clostridium perfringens type c produced in escherichia coli (rbt). the non-toxic rbt was innocuous for mice and induced 14 iu ml(-1) of β antitoxin in rabbits, complying with the european pharmacopeia and cfr9 - usda guidelines. | 2012 | 22306065 |
| study of the cultivable microflora of the large intestine of the rat under varied environmental hyperbaric pressures. | we conducted an in vivo experiment to investigate the effect of hyperbarometric air pressure on the quantity and composition of the cultivable microflora of the large intestine. | 2012 | 22305555 |
| the effect of clostridium perfringens type c strain cn3685 and its isogenic beta toxin null mutant in goats. | clostridium perfringens type c is an important cause of enteritis and/or enterocolitis in several animal species, including pigs, sheep, goats, horses and humans. the disease is a classic enterotoxemia and the enteric lesions and associated systemic effects are thought to be caused primarily by beta toxin (cpb), one of two typing toxins produced by c. perfringens type c. this has been demonstrated recently by fulfilling molecular koch's postulates in rabbits and mice. we present here an experime ... | 2012 | 22296994 |
| identification and in vitro analysis of the gatd/murt enzyme-complex catalyzing lipid ii amidation in staphylococcus aureus. | the peptidoglycan of staphylococcus aureus is characterized by a high degree of crosslinking and almost completely lacks free carboxyl groups, due to amidation of the d-glutamic acid in the stem peptide. amidation of peptidoglycan has been proposed to play a decisive role in polymerization of cell wall building blocks, correlating with the crosslinking of neighboring peptidoglycan stem peptides. mutants with a reduced degree of amidation are less viable and show increased susceptibility to methi ... | 2012 | 22291598 |
| claudin-4 as therapeutic target in cancer. | intercellular junctional complexes such as adherens junctions and tight junctions are critical regulators of cellular polarity, paracellular permeability and metabolic and structural integrity of cellular networks. abundant expression analysis data have yielded insights into the complex pattern of differentially expressed cell-adhesion proteins in epithelial cancers and provide a useful platform for functional, preclinical and clinical evaluation of novel targets. | 2012 | 22286027 |
| effect of sewage treatment plants and diffuse pollution on the occurrence of protozoal parasites in the course of a small river. | in germany, protozoal parasites are detected frequently in surface waters. this study aims to assess the parasitological pollution in a river course and two of its tributaries under regular weather conditions. cryptosporidium was detected in 67% of all samples. the median concentration was 4 oocysts/100l. giardia lamblia were detected in 90% of the samples. the median concentration of g. lamblia was 22 cysts/100l and increased significantly following the river course. a statistically significant ... | 2012 | 22285254 |
| the peptidoglycan hydrolase tcpg is required for efficient conjugative transfer of pcw3 in clostridium perfringens. | peptidoglycan hydrolases that are specifically associated with bacterial conjugation systems are postulated to facilitate the assembly of the transfer apparatus by creating a temporally and spatially controlled local opening in the peptidoglycan layer. to date little is known about the role of such enzymes in conjugation systems from gram-positive bacteria. conjugative plasmids from the gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens all encode two putative peptidoglycan hydrolases, tcpg and tcpi ... | 2012 | 22244927 |
| complete genome sequence of the podoviral bacteriophage φcp24r, which is virulent for clostridium perfringens. | bacteriophage φcp24r was isolated from raw sewage from a waste treatment plant, and lytic activity was observed against a type a clostridium perfringens isolate. electron microscopy revealed a small virion (44-nm-diameter icosahedral capsid) with a short, non-contractile tail, indicative of a member of the family podoviridae. the phage had a linear, double-stranded dna genome of 18,919 base pairs (bp) with 41 bp inverted terminal repeats and a type b dna polymerase, which are characteristics of ... | 2012 | 22218967 |
| clostridium perfringens sepsis and liver abscess following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. | clostridium perfringens sepsis with intravascular haemolysis is a catastrophic process with a reported mortality of between 90 to 100%. we successfully treated a case of severe clostridial infection with a liver abscess following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the first to our knowledge. a 59-year-old man presented one week after an uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomy with jaundice, peritonism, sepsis and acute renal failure. he was found to have a haemolytic anaemia, unconjugated hyperbiliru ... | 2012 | 24960720 |
| claudin-6: a novel receptor for cpe-mediated cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer. | claudins are integral tight junction proteins that are responsible for maintaining the integrity of epithelial cell architecture and cell polarity. claudin-3 and -4 are overexpressed in several cancers and have been shown to act as receptors for the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), a toxin that causes rapid cell lysis. cpe has demonstrated effectiveness in treating several different cancers in mouse models, provided that these cancers express claudin-3 or claudin-4. here, we show that ... | 2012 | 23552466 |
| clostridium perfringens sepsis and fetal demise after genetic amniocentesis. | clostridium perfringens is a rare cause of intrauterine infection. there have been five case reports concerning infection associated with invasive procedures. we report a woman who underwent a genetic amniocentesis due to her history of chronic granulomatous disease. she presented to the hospital ∼38 hours after the amniocentesis complaining of fever and chills. due to acute decompensation, she underwent an emergent dilatation and evacuation. during her stay, blood cultures came back positive fo ... | 2011 | 23705080 |
| fulminating septic shock from clostridium perfringens in an early breast cancer patient with severe myalgia after docetaxel treatment. | anaerobic bacteraemia could be a life-threatening condition in neutropenic patients receiving chemotherapy. taxane therapy is associated with necrotising inflammation of the caecum (named also typhlitis) that could be a potential source for bacteraemia. we report the case of a sudden onset of septic shock by clostridium perfringens in a young patient treated with docetaxel as adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer. a mini-review of the literature has been performed. | 2011 | 24765295 |
| quality of water sources used as drinking water in a brazilian peri-urban area. | the objective of this paper was to assess bacteriological quality of drinking water in a peri-urban area located in the metropolitan region of são paulo, brazil. a total of 89 water samples were collected from community plastic tanks and 177 water samples from wells were collected bimonthly, from september 2007 to november 2008, for evaluating bacteriological parameters including: escherichia coli, enterococcus and heterotrophic plate count (hpc). clostridium perfringens was investigated in a su ... | 2011 | 24031668 |
| gas gangrene as a result of femoral traction pin placement. | treatment of adult femoral shaft fractures typically involves operative stabilization with intramedullary implants, external fixation, or a plate and screw construct. however, when stabilization is delayed for any reason, use of a traction pin is recommended to stabilize the fracture, prevent significant shortening, as well as to help with pain control. in this paper, we present the rare complication of a severe gas gangrene infection caused by clostridium perfringens that led to several amputat ... | 2011 | 23198212 |
| severe clostridial pyomyoma following an abortion does not always require surgical intervention. | background. clostridial infection following pregnancy may be fatal, and surgery is considered as the treatment of choice. we suggest a conservative management in selected cases when preservation of fertility is of major importance. case. a 41-year-old primigravida presented with abdominal pain and fever, one day following dilatation and curettage at 20 weeks of gestation. her abdomen was diffusely tender, with a uterus enlarged to 20 weeks' gestation. laboratory studies were consistent with seps ... | 2011 | 22567505 |
| claudin and ovarian cancer. | claudins are a family of proteins and the most important component of the tight junction. they constitute a paracellular barrier that controls the flow of molecules in the intercellular space of an epithelium. although it seems that claudin should be down regulated in cancer cell, some claudins are, in fact highly elevated in various human cancers, including ovarian cancer. whereas the functional significance of claudin overexpression in ovarian carcinoma is unclear, these proteins are important ... | 2010 | 24591894 |
| clostridium perfringens toxins involved in mammalian veterinary diseases. | clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic rod that is classified into 5 toxinotypes (a, b, c, d, and e) according to the production of 4 major toxins, namely alpha (cpa), beta (cpb), epsilon (etx) and iota (itx). however, this microorganism can produce up to 16 toxins in various combinations, including lethal toxins such as perfringolysin o (pfo), enterotoxin (cpe), and beta2 toxin (cpb2). most diseases caused by this microorganism are mediated by one or more of these toxins. the role ... | 2010 | 24511335 |
| benefits of supplementation of an electrolyte scour treatment with a bacillus-based direct-fed microbial for calves. | a bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (dfm), omni-boscb™, added to an electrolyte was evaluated as a therapy for scours. fecal shedding of presumptive clostridium perfringens at day 7 was reduced in scouring calves treated with electrolyte plus dfm compared to scouring calves treated with electrolyte alone. total therapeutic treatment costs during the first 2 weeks were significantly reduced by supplementing the electrolyte with the dfm: $18.69 and $21.57 for electrolyte plus dfm and electrolyte ... | 2009 | 26783130 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from broiler chickens. | clostridium perfringens is a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract of chickens as well as a potential pathogen that causes necrotic enteritis and colangio hepatitis. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of seven different compounds used for therapy, growth promotion or prevention of coccidiosis was determined by agar dilution method for 55 c. perfringens strains isolated from the intestines of broiler chickens. all strains showed high susceptibility to penicillin, avilamycin, monensin ... | 2009 | 24031355 |
| effect on digestion and performance of dietary protein content and of increased substitution of lucerne hay with soya-bean protein concentrate in starter diets for young rabbits. | the aim of this work was to study the effect of protein source / availability on the intestinal microbiota, digestive traits and nutritional performance of early-weaned rabbits. the effects of supplemental antibiotics in the drinking water were also evaluated. four isoenergetic and isofibrous diets were formulated: a control diet with a high protein (207 g/kg dry matter (dm)) and lucerne hay content (hphl), a diet with low crude protein (cp) (179 g/kg dm) and high lucerne hay content (lphl) and ... | 2007 | 22444465 |
| congener specific polychlorinated biphenyl metabolism by human intestinal microbe clostridium species: comparison with human liver cell line-hepg2. | polychlorobiphenyls (pcbs), which adversely affect human fetal and infant development, are endocrine disrupter and cause neurological disorders. they may also be carcinogenic. it is not known whether these effects are due to whole pcbs or to its metabolites, produced by the human gastrointestinal system primarily the liver and/or by intestinal microbes such as clostridium sp. the available data show that clostridium perfringens, the most prominent species of clostridium occurs in the human gut. ... | 2006 | 25838614 |
| in vivo effects of tea polyphenol intake on human intestinal microflora and metabolism. | effects of tea polyphenol intake (0.4 g/volunteer, 3 times per day, for four weeks) on fecal microflora, bacterial metabolites, and ph were investigated using eight healthy human volunteers. counts for clostridium perfringens and other clostridium spp. were significantly decreased during the tea polyphenol intake periods. percentage of volunteers having c. perfringens in their feces decreased significantly, but not for other clostridium spp. percentage of bifidobacterium spp. (the acid forming b ... | 1992 | 27280652 |
| haemagglutinin production by enterotoxigenic strains of clostridium perfringens type a. | thirty-nine enterotoxigenic cultures of clostridium perfringens type a were studied for enterotoxin and haemagglutinin production. enterotoxin was quantitated by sandwich elisa and dot-elisa techniques and haemagglutinin titres were determined using sheep and human erythrocytes. haemagglutinins from only six cultures reacted against both sheep and human erythrocytes; a further 13 reacted only against human erythrocytes, and another five only against sheep cells. | 1991 | 24425274 |
| [studies on prophylactic action of phenoxymethyl penicillin in experimental anaerobic infections]. | | 2014 | 24544291 |