| iron availability shapes the evolution of bacteriocin resistance in pseudomonas aeruginosa. | the evolution of bacterial resistance to conventional antimicrobials is a widely documented phenomenon with gravely important consequences for public health. however, bacteria also produce a vast repertoire of natural antimicrobials, presumably in order to kill competing species. bacteriocins are a common class of protein-based antimicrobials that have been shown to have an important role in the ecology and evolution of bacterial communities. relative to the evolution of antibiotic resistance, l ... | 2016 | 26905630 |
| expression patterns of genes involved in ascorbate-glutathione cycle in aphid-infested maize (zea mays l.) seedlings. | reduced forms of ascorbate (asa) and glutathione (gsh) are among the most important non-enzymatic foliar antioxidants in maize (zea mays l.). the survey was aimed to evaluate impact of bird cherry-oat aphid (rhopalosiphum padi l.) or grain aphid (sitobion avenae f.) herbivory on expression of genes related to ascorbate-glutathione (asa-gsh) cycle in seedlings of six maize varieties (ambrozja, nana, tasty sweet, touran, waza, złota karłowa), differing in resistance to the cereal aphids. relative ... | 2016 | 26907270 |
| are bacterial volatile compounds poisonous odors to a fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea, alarm signals to arabidopsis seedlings for eliciting induced resistance, or both? | biological control (biocontrol) agents act on plants via numerous mechanisms, and can be used to protect plants from pathogens. biocontrol agents can act directly as pathogen antagonists or competitors or indirectly to promote plant induced systemic resistance (isr). whether a biocontrol agent acts directly or indirectly depends on the specific strain and the pathosystem type. we reported previously that bacterial volatile organic compounds (vocs) are determinants for eliciting plant isr. emergi ... | 2016 | 26941721 |
| global plant stress signaling: reactive oxygen species at the cross-road. | current technologies have changed biology into a data-intensive field and significantly increased our understanding of signal transduction pathways in plants. however, global defense signaling networks in plants have not been established yet. considering the apparent intricate nature of signaling mechanisms in plants (due to their sessile nature), studying the points at which different signaling pathways converge, rather than the branches, represents a good start to unravel global plant signalin ... | 2016 | 26941757 |
| genome-wide identification and expression analysis of wrky gene family in capsicum annuum l. | the wrky family of transcription factors is one of the most important families of plant transcriptional regulators with members regulating multiple biological processes, especially in regulating defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. however, little information is available about wrkys in pepper (capsicum annuum l.). the recent release of completely assembled genome sequences of pepper allowed us to perform a genome-wide investigation for pepper wrky proteins. in the present study, a total ... | 2016 | 26941768 |
| cytokinin production by the rice blast fungus is a pivotal requirement for full virulence. | plants produce cytokinin (ck) hormones for controlling key developmental processes like source/sink distribution, cell division or programmed cell-death. some plant pathogens have been shown to produce cks but the function of this mimicry production by non-tumor inducing pathogens, has yet to be established. here we identify a gene required for ck biosynthesis, cks1, in the rice blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae. the fungal-secreted cks are likely perceived by the plant during infection since the ... | 2016 | 26900703 |
| micrornas in rice innate immunity. | micrornas (mirnas) are short regulatory non-coding rnas that guide gene silencing in most eukaryotes. they regulate gene expression by triggering sequence-specific cleavage or translational repression of target transcripts. plant mirnas are known to play important roles in a wide range of developmental processes. increasing evidence also supports that the modulation of mirna levels plays an important role in reprogramming plant responses to abiotic stress (drought, cold, salinity and nutrient de ... | 2016 | 26897721 |
| characterization of a jaz7 activation-tagged arabidopsis mutant with increased susceptibility to the fungal pathogen fusarium oxysporum. | in arabidopsis, jasmonate (ja)-signaling plays a key role in mediating fusarium oxysporum disease outcome. however, the roles of jasmonate zim-domain (jaz) proteins that repress ja-signaling have not been characterized in host resistance or susceptibility to this pathogen. here, we found most jaz genes are induced following f. oxysporum challenge, and screening t-dna insertion lines in arabidopsis jaz family members identified a highly disease-susceptible jaz7 mutant (jaz7-1d). this mutant exhib ... | 2016 | 26896849 |
| comparison of four comamonas catabolic plasmids reveals the evolution of pbhb to catabolize haloaromatics. | comamonas plasmids play important roles in shaping the phenotypes of their hosts and the adaptation of these hosts to changing environments, and understanding the evolutionary strategy of these plasmids is thus of great concern. in this study, the sequence of the 119-kb 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile-catabolizing plasmid pbhb from comamonas sp. strain 7d-2 was studied and compared with those of three other comamonas haloaromatic catabolic plasmids. incompatibility group determination based on ... | 2016 | 26682859 |
| genome analysis of the kiwifruit canker pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 5. | pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) is a destructive pathogen of kiwifruit bacterial canker disease, causing severe economic losses to kiwifruit industry worldwide. biovar 5 is the most recently reported biovar of psa, and is found in only a local area of japan at present. there is not much information of genetic characteristics of biovar 5. thus, the genome of biovar 5 was sequenced and analyzed to clarify its detailed genetic characteristics. here, the genomes of strain maff 212056 and m ... | 2016 | 26891997 |
| melatonin in plants - diversity of levels and multiplicity of functions. | melatonin has been detected in numerous plant species. a particularly surprising finding concerns the highly divergent levels of melatonin that vary between species, organs and environmental conditions, from a few pg/g to over 20 μg/g, reportedly up to 200 μg/g. highest values have been determined in oily seeds and in plant organs exposed to high uv radiation. the divergency of melatonin concentrations is discussed under various functional aspects and focused on several open questions. this comp ... | 2016 | 26925091 |
| metabolic and transcriptomic changes induced in host during hypersensitive response mediated resistance in rice against the asian rice gall midge. | an incompatible interaction between rice (oryza sativa) and the asian rice gall midge (agm, orseolia oryzae wood-mason), that is usually manifested through a hypersensitive response (hr), represents an intricate relationship between the resistant host and its avirulent pest. we investigated changes in the transcriptome and metabolome of the host (indica rice variety: rp2068-18-3-5, rp), showing hr when attacked by an avirulent gall midge biotype (gmb1), to deduce molecular and biochemical bases ... | 2016 | 26892000 |
| evolution of a heavy metal homeostasis/resistance island reflects increasing copper stress in enterobacteria. | copper homeostasis in bacteria is challenged by periodic elevation of copper levels in the environment, arising from both natural sources and human inputs. several mechanisms have evolved to efflux copper from bacterial cells, including thecus(copper sensing copper efflux system), andpco(plasmid-borne copper resistance system) systems. the genes belonging to these two systems can be physically clustered in a copper homeostasis and silver resistance island (chasri) on both plasmids and chromosome ... | 2016 | 26893455 |
| fire blight disease reactome: rna-seq transcriptional profile of apple host plant defense responses to erwinia amylovora pathogen infection. | the molecular basis of resistance and susceptibility of host plants to fire blight, a major disease threat to pome fruit production globally, is largely unknown. rna-sequencing data from challenged and mock-inoculated flowers were analyzed to assess the susceptible response of apple to the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora. in presence of the pathogen 1,080 transcripts were differentially expressed at 48 h post inoculation. these included putative disease resistance, stress, pathogen relate ... | 2016 | 26883568 |
| arabidopsis myc transcription factors are the target of hormonal salicylic acid/jasmonic acid cross talk in response to pieris brassicae egg extract. | arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) plants recognize insect eggs and activate the salicylic acid (sa) pathway. as a consequence, expression of defense genes regulated by the jasmonic acid (ja) pathway is suppressed and larval performance is enhanced. cross talk between defense signaling pathways is common in plant-pathogen interactions, but the molecular mechanism mediating this phenomenon is poorly understood. here, we demonstrate that egg-induced sa/ja antagonism works independently of the apet ... | 2016 | 26884488 |
| atpdcd5 plays a role in programmed cell death after uv-b exposure in arabidopsis. | dna damage responses have evolved to sense and react to dna damage; the induction of dna repair mechanisms can lead to genomic restoration or, if the damaged dna cannot be adequately repaired, to the execution of a cell death program. in this work, we investigated the role of an arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) protein, atpdcd5, which is highly similar to the human pdcd5 protein; it is induced by ultraviolet (uv)-b radiation and participates in programmed cell death in the uv-b dna damage resp ... | 2016 | 26884483 |
| mapping of internal monophosphate 5' ends of bacillus subtilis messenger rnas and ribosomal rnas in wild-type and ribonuclease-mutant strains. | the recent findings that the narrow-specificity endoribonuclease rnase iii and the 5' exonuclease rnase j1 are not essential in the gram-positive model organism,bacillus subtilis, facilitated a global analysis of internal 5' ends that are generated or acted upon by these enzymes. an rna-seq protocol known as pare (parallel analysis of rna ends) was used to capture 5' monophosphorylated rna ends in ribonuclease wild-type and mutant strains. comparison of pare peaks in strains with rnase iii prese ... | 2016 | 26883633 |
| the mechanistic underpinnings of an ago1-mediated, environmentally dependent, and stochastic phenotype. | the crucial role of micrornas in plant development is exceedingly well supported; their importance in environmental robustness is studied in less detail. here, we describe a novel, environmentally dependent phenotype in hypomorphic argonaute1 (ago1) mutants and uncover its mechanistic underpinnings in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). ago1 is a key player in microrna-mediated gene regulation. we observed transparent lesions on embryonic leaves of ago1 mutant seedlings. these lesions increased ... | 2016 | 26872948 |
| genome-wide analysis indicates lineage-specific gene loss during papilionoideae evolution. | gene loss is the driving force for changes in genome and morphology; however, this particular evolutionary event has been poorly investigated in leguminous plants. legumes (fabaceae) have some lineage-specific and diagnostic characteristics that are distinct from other angiosperms. to understand the potential role of gene loss in the evolution of legumes, we compared six genome-sequenced legume species of papilionoideae, the largest representative clade of fabaceae, such as glycine max, with 34 ... | 2016 | 26868598 |
| the cotton myb108 forms a positive feedback regulation loop with cml11 and participates in the defense response against verticillium dahliae infection. | accumulating evidence indicates that plant myb transcription factors participate in defense against pathogen attack, but their regulatory targets and related signaling processes remain largely unknown. here, we identified a defense-related myb gene (ghmyb108) from upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum) and characterized its functional mechanism. expression of ghmyb108 in cotton plants was induced by verticillium dahliae infection and responded to the application of defense signaling molecules, inclu ... | 2016 | 26873979 |
| draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae alf3 isolated from alfalfa. | we report here the annotated draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain alf3, isolated in wyoming. a comparison of this genome sequence with those of closely related strains of p. syringae adapted to other hosts will facilitate research into interactions between this pathogen and alfalfa. | 2016 | 26868403 |
| the quantitative basis of the arabidopsis innate immune system to endemic pathogens depends on pathogen genetics. | the most established model of the eukaryotic innate immune system is derived from examples of large effect monogenic quantitative resistance to pathogens. however, many host-pathogen interactions involve many genes of small to medium effect and exhibit quantitative resistance. we used the arabidopsis-botrytis pathosystem to explore the quantitative genetic architecture underlying host innate immune system in a population of arabidopsis thaliana. by infecting a diverse panel of arabidopsis access ... | 2016 | 26866607 |
| mapk cascades in guard cell signal transduction. | guard cells form stomata on the epidermis and continuously respond to endogenous and environmental stimuli to fine-tune the gas exchange and transpirational water loss, processes which involve mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. mapks form three-tiered kinase cascades with mapk kinases and mapk kinase kinases, by which signals are transduced to the target proteins. mapk cascade genes are highly conserved in all eukaryotes, and they play crucial roles in myriad developmental and phy ... | 2016 | 26904052 |
| a partial loss-of-function mutation in an arabidopsis rna polymerase iii subunit leads to pleiotropic defects. | plants employ five dna-dependent rna polymerases (pols) in transcription. one of these polymerases, pol iii, has previously been reported to transcribe 5s rrna, trnas, and a number of small rnas. however, in-depth functional analysis is complicated by the fact that knockout mutations in pol subunits are typically lethal. here, we report the characterization of the first known viable pol iii subunit mutant,nrpc7-1 this mutant was originally isolated from a forward genetic screen designed to ident ... | 2016 | 26865731 |
| a highly infective plant-associated bacterium influences reproductive rates in pea aphids. | pea aphids, acyrthosiphon pisum, have the potential to increase reproduction as a defence against pathogens, though how frequently this occurs or how infection with live pathogens influences this response is not well understood. here we determine the minimum infective dose of an environmentally common bacterium and possible aphid pathogen, pseudomonas syringae, to determine the likelihood of pathogenic effects to pea aphids. additionally, we used p. syringae infection to investigate how live pat ... | 2016 | 26998321 |
| functional analysis of the citrate activator cito from enterococcus faecalis implicates a divalent metal in ligand binding. | the regulator of citrate metabolism, cito, from enterococcus faecalis belongs to the fcd family within the gntr superfamily. in the presence of citrate, cito binds to cis-acting sequences located upstream of the cit promoters inducing the expression of genes involved in citrate utilization. the quantification of the molecular binding affinities, performed by isothermal titration calorimetry (itc), indicated that cito has a high affinity for citrate (k d = 1.2 ± 0.2 μm), while it did not recogniz ... | 2016 | 26903980 |
| bacillus cereus ar156 primes induced systemic resistance by suppressing mir825/825* and activating defense-related genes in arabidopsis. | small rnas play an important role in plant immune responses. however, their regulatory function in induced systemic resistance (isr) is nascent. bacillus cereus ar156 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that induces isr in arabidopsis against bacterial infection. here, by comparing small rna profiles of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) dc3000-infected arabidopsis with and without ar156 pretreatment, we identified a group of arabidopsis micrornas (mirnas) that are differentially regul ... | 2016 | 26526683 |
| diguanylate cyclases adra and stm1987 regulate salmonella enterica exopolysaccharide production during plant colonization in an environment-dependent manner. | increasing evidence indicates that despite exposure to harsh environmental stresses, salmonella enterica successfully persists on plants, utilizing fresh produce as a vector to animal hosts. among the important s. enterica plant colonization factors are those involved in biofilm formation. s. enterica biofilm formation is controlled by the signaling molecule cyclic di-gmp and represents a sessile lifestyle on surfaces that protects the bacterium from environmental factors. thus, the transition f ... | 2016 | 26655751 |
| overexpression of the ndr1/hin1-like gene nhl6 modifies seed germination in response to abscisic acid and abiotic stresses in arabidopsis. | nhl (ndr1/hin1-like) genes play crucial roles in pathogen induced plant responses to biotic stress. here, we report the possible function of nhl6 in plant response to abscisic acid (aba) and abiotic stress. nhl6 was highly expressed in non-germinated seeds, and its expression was strongly induced by aba and multiple abiotic stress signals. loss-of-function of nhl6 decreased sensitivity to aba in the early developmental stages including seed germination and post-germination seedling growth of the ... | 2016 | 26849212 |
| gene structures, evolution and transcriptional profiling of the wrky gene family in castor bean (ricinus communis l.). | wrky proteins comprise one of the largest transcription factor families in plants and form key regulators of many plant processes. this study presents the characterization of 58 wrky genes from the castor bean (ricinus communis l., euphorbiaceae) genome. compared with the automatic genome annotation, one more wrky-encoding locus was identified and 20 out of the 57 predicted gene models were manually corrected. all rcwrky genes were shown to contain at least one intron in their coding sequences. ... | 2016 | 26849139 |
| transcriptome analysis of an anthracnose-resistant tea plant cultivar reveals genes associated with resistance to colletotrichum camelliae. | tea plant breeding is a topic of great economic importance. however, disease remains a major cause of yield and quality losses. in this study, an anthracnose-resistant cultivar, zc108, was developed. an infection assay revealed different responses to colletotrichum sp. infection between zc108 and its parent cultivar lj43. zc108 had greater resistance than lj43 to colletotrichum camelliae. additionally, zc108 exhibited earlier sprouting in the spring, as well as different leaf shape and plant arc ... | 2016 | 26849553 |
| protein phosphorylation and redox modification in stomatal guard cells. | post-translational modification (ptm) is recognized as a major process accounting for protein structural variation, functional diversity, and the dynamics and complexity of the proteome. since ptms can change the structure and function of proteins, they are essential to coordinate signaling networks and to regulate important physiological processes in eukaryotes. plants are constantly challenged by both biotic and abiotic stresses that reduce productivity, causing economic losses in crops. the p ... | 2016 | 26903877 |
| effector polymorphisms of the sunflower downy mildew pathogen plasmopara halstedii and their use to identify pathotypes from field isolates. | the obligate biotroph oomycete plasmopara halstedii causes downy mildew on sunflower crop, helianthus annuus. the breakdown of several pl resistance genes used in sunflower hybrids over the last 25 years came along with the appearance of new pl. halstedii isolates showing modified virulence profiles. in oomycetes, two classes of effector proteins, key players of pathogen virulence, are translocated into the host: rxlr and crn effectors. we identified 54 putative crn or rxlr effector genes from t ... | 2016 | 26845339 |
| regulation of wrky46 transcription factor function by mitogen-activated protein kinases in arabidopsis thaliana. | mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades are central signaling pathways activated in plants after sensing internal developmental and external stress cues. knowledge about the downstream substrate proteins of mapks is still limited in plants. we screened arabidopsis wrky transcription factors as potential targets downstream of mapks, and concentrated on characterizing wrky46 as a substrate of the mapk, mpk3. mass spectrometry revealed in vitro phosphorylation of wrky46 at amino acid posit ... | 2016 | 26870073 |
| spore density determines infection strategy by the plant pathogenic fungus plectosphaerella cucumerina. | necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens are resisted by different plant defenses. while necrotrophic pathogens are sensitive to jasmonic acid (ja)-dependent resistance, biotrophic pathogens are resisted by salicylic acid (sa)- and reactive oxygen species (ros)-dependent resistance. although many pathogens switch from biotrophy to necrotrophy during infection, little is known about the signals triggering this transition. this study is based on the observation that the early colonization pattern and ... | 2016 | 26842622 |
| extensive field survey, laboratory and greenhouse studies reveal complex nature of pseudomonas syringae-associated hazelnut decline in central italy. | pseudomonas avellanae (pav) has been reported as the causal agent of bacterial decline and bacterial canker of hazelnut in italy and greece, respectively. both hazelnut diseases were reported to be similar in terms of symptoms, severity and persistence. in this study, we found that both symptomatic and asymptomatic trees in the field were colonized by pav. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) analysis showed that pav strains isolated during this study in italy belong to the p. syringae phylogroup 1 ... | 2016 | 26840951 |
| a site-specific integrative plasmid found in pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate hs87 along with a plasmid carrying an aminoglycoside-resistant gene. | plasmids play critical roles in bacterial fitness and evolution of pseudomonas aeruginosa. here two plasmids found in a drug-resistant p. aeruginosa clinical isolate hs87 were completely sequenced. the phs87b plasmid (11.2 kb) carries phage-related genes and function-unknown genes. notably, phs87b encodes an integrase and has an adjacent trnathr-associated attachment site. a corresponding integrated form of phs87b at the trnathr locus was identified on the chromosome of p. aeruginosa, showing th ... | 2016 | 26841043 |
| de novo assembled wheat transcriptomes delineate differentially expressed host genes in response to leaf rust infection. | pathogens like puccinia triticina, the causal organism for leaf rust, extensively damages wheat production. the interaction at molecular level between wheat and the pathogen is complex and less explored. the pathogen induced response was characterized using mock- or pathogen inoculated near-isogenic wheat lines (with or without seedling leaf rust resistance gene lr28). four serial analysis of gene expression libraries were prepared from mock- and pathogen inoculated plants and were subjected to ... | 2016 | 26840746 |
| the genome of newly classified ochroconis mirabilis: insights into fungal adaptation to different living conditions. | ochroconis mirabilis, a recently introduced water-borne dematiaceous fungus, is occasionally isolated from human skin lesions and nails. we identified an isolate of o. mirabilis from a skin scraping with morphological and molecular studies. its genome was then sequenced and analysed for genetic features related to classification and biological characteristics. | 2016 | 26842951 |
| role of brassinosteroid signaling in modulating tobacco mosaic virus resistance in nicotiana benthamiana. | plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids (brs), play essential roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. however, mechanisms by which brs interfere with plant resistance to virus remain largely unclear. in this study, we used pharmacological and genetic approaches in combination with infection experiments to investigate the role of brs in plant defense against tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) in nicotiana benthamiana. exogenous applied brs enhanced plant resistance to virus infection, w ... | 2016 | 26838475 |
| co-expression of active human cytochrome p450 1a2 and cytochrome p450 reductase on the cell surface of escherichia coli. | human cytochrome p450 (cyp) enzymes mediate the first step in the breakdown of most drugs and are strongly involved in drug-drug interactions, drug clearance and activation of prodrugs. their biocatalytic behavior is a key parameter during drug development which requires preparative synthesis of cyp related drug metabolites. however, recombinant expression of cyp enzymes is a challenging bottleneck for drug metabolite biosynthesis. therefore, we developed a novel approach by displaying human cyt ... | 2016 | 26838175 |
| the structure and function of type iii secretion systems. | type iii secretion systems (t3sss) afford gram-negative bacteria an intimate means of altering the biology of their eukaryotic hosts--the direct delivery of effector proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm to that of the eukaryote. this incredible biophysical feat is accomplished by nanosyringe "injectisomes," which form a conduit across the three plasma membranes, peptidoglycan layer, and extracellular space that form a barrier to the direct delivery of proteins from bacterium to host. the focus ... | 2016 | 26999392 |
| development of scar markers for rapid and specific detection of pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum races 1 and 2, using conventional and real-time pcr. | specific primers were developed to detect the causal agent of stone fruit bacterial canker using conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods. pcr melting profile (pcr mp) used for analysis of diversity of pseudomonas syringae strains, allowed to pinpoint the amplified fragments specific for p. syringae pv. morsprunorum race 1 (psm1) and race 2 (psm2), which were sequenced. using obtained data, specific sequence characterised amplified region (scar) primers were designed. c ... | 2016 | 26830104 |
| a phytophthora infestans rxlr effector targets plant pp1c isoforms that promote late blight disease. | plant pathogens deliver effectors to alter host processes. knowledge of how effectors target and manipulate host proteins is critical to understand crop disease. here, we show that in planta expression of the rxlr effector pi04314 enhances leaf colonization by phytophthora infestans via activity in the host nucleus and attenuates induction of jasmonic and salicylic acid-responsive genes. pi04314 interacts with three host protein phosphatase 1 catalytic (pp1c) isoforms, causing their re-localizat ... | 2016 | 26822079 |
| altered glycosylation of exported proteins, including surface immune receptors, compromises calcium and downstream signaling responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns in arabidopsis thaliana. | calcium, as a second messenger, transduces extracellular signals into cellular reactions. a rise in cytosolic calcium concentration is one of the first plant responses after exposure to microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps). we reported previously the isolation of arabidopsis thaliana mutants with a "changed calcium elevation" (cce) response to flg22, a 22-amino-acid mamp derived from bacterial flagellin. | 2016 | 26822404 |
| photoinhibition and photoinhibition-like damage to the photosynthetic apparatus in tobacco leaves induced by pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci under light and dark conditions. | pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (pst), which is the pathogen responsible for tobacco wildfire disease, has received considerable attention in recent years. the objective of this study was to clarify the responses of photosystem i (psi) and photosystem ii (psii) to pst infection in tobacco leaves. | 2016 | 26811180 |
| transcriptome sequencing in response to salicylic acid in salvia miltiorrhiza. | salvia miltiorrhiza is a traditional chinese herbal medicine, whose quality and yield are often affected by diseases and environmental stresses during its growing season. salicylic acid (sa) plays a significant role in plants responding to biotic and abiotic stresses, but the involved regulatory factors and their signaling mechanisms are largely unknown. in order to identify the genes involved in sa signaling, the rna sequencing (rna-seq) strategy was employed to evaluate the transcriptional pro ... | 2016 | 26808150 |
| elucidating the diversity of aquatic microdochium and trichoderma species and their activity against the fish pathogen saprolegnia diclina. | animals and plants are increasingly threatened by emerging fungal and oomycete diseases. amongst oomycetes, saprolegnia species cause population declines in aquatic animals, especially fish and amphibians, resulting in significant perturbation in biodiversity, ecological balance and food security. due to the prohibition of several chemical control agents, novel sustainable measures are required to control saprolegnia infections in aquaculture. previously, fungal community analysis by terminal re ... | 2016 | 26805821 |
| overexpression of rice wall-associated kinase 25 (oswak25) alters resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens. | wall-associated kinases comprise a sub-family of receptor-like kinases that function in plant growth and stress responses. previous studies have shown that the rice wall-associated kinase, oswak25, interacts with a diverse set of proteins associated with both biotic and abiotic stress responses. here, we show that wounding and bth treatments induce oswak25 transcript expression in rice. we generated oswak25 overexpression lines and show that these lines exhibit a lesion mimic phenotype and enhan ... | 2016 | 26795719 |
| how microbes twist jasmonate signaling around their little fingers. | plant immunity relies on a complex network of hormone signaling pathways in which jasmonic acid (ja) plays a central role. successful microbial pathogens or symbionts have developed strategies to manipulate plant hormone signaling pathways to cause hormonal imbalances for their own benefit. these strategies include the production of plant hormones, phytohormone mimics, or effector proteins that target host components to disrupt hormonal signaling pathways and enhance virulence. here, we describe ... | 2016 | 27135229 |
| de novo transcriptome analyses of host-fungal interactions in oil palm (elaeis guineensis jacq.). | basal stem rot (bsr) is a fungal disease in oil palm (elaeis guineensis jacq.) which is caused by hemibiotrophic white rot fungi belonging to the ganoderma genus. molecular responses of oil palm to these pathogens are not well known although this information is crucial to strategize effective measures to eradicate bsr. in order to elucidate the molecular interactions between oil palm and g. boninense and its biocontrol fungus trichoderma harzianum, we compared the root transcriptomes of untreate ... | 2016 | 26781612 |
| the c2 protein from the geminivirus tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus decreases sensitivity to jasmonates and suppresses jasmonate-mediated defences. | an increasing body of evidence points at a role of the plant hormones jasmonates (jas) in determining the outcome of plant-virus interactions. geminiviruses, small dna viruses infecting a wide range of plant species worldwide, encode a multifunctional protein, c2, which is essential for full pathogenicity. the c2 protein has been shown to suppress the ja response, although the current view on the extent of this effect and the underlying molecular mechanisms is incomplete. in this work, we use a ... | 2016 | 27135228 |
| an effector of the irish potato famine pathogen antagonizes a host autophagy cargo receptor. | plants use autophagy to safeguard against infectious diseases. however, how plant pathogens interfere with autophagy-related processes is unknown. here, we show that pexrd54, an effector from the irish potato famine pathogen phytophthora infestans, binds host autophagy protein atg8cl to stimulate autophagosome formation. pexrd54 depletes the autophagy cargo receptor joka2 out of atg8cl complexes and interferes with joka2's positive effect on pathogen defense. thus, a plant pathogen effector has ... | 2016 | 26765567 |
| network-based comparative analysis of arabidopsis immune responses to golovinomyces orontii and botrytis cinerea infections. | a comprehensive exploration of common and specific plant responses to biotrophs and necrotrophs is necessary for a better understanding of plant immunity. here, we compared the arabidopsis defense responses evoked by the biotrophic fungus golovinomyces orontii and the necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea through integrative network analysis. two time-course transcriptional datasets were integrated with an arabidopsis protein-protein interaction (ppi) network to construct a g. orontii conditional ... | 2016 | 26750561 |
| the ubiquitin system and jasmonate signaling. | the ubiquitin (ub) system is involved in most, if not all, biological processes in eukaryotes. the major specificity determinants of this system are the e3 ligases, which bind and ubiquitinate specific sets of proteins and are thereby responsible for target recruitment to the proteasome or other cellular processing machineries. the ub system contributes to the regulation of the production, perception and signal transduction of plant hormones. jasmonic acid (ja) and its derivatives, known as jasm ... | 2016 | 27135226 |
| grp-3 and kapp, encoding interactors of wak1, negatively affect defense responses induced by oligogalacturonides and local response to wounding. | conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) and damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) act as danger signals to activate the plant immune response. these molecules are recognized by surface receptors that are referred to as pattern recognition receptors. oligogalacturonides (ogs), damps released from the plant cell wall homogalacturonan, have also been proposed to act as local signals in the response to wounding. the arabidopsis wall-associated kinase 1 (wak1), a receptor of og ... | 2016 | 26748394 |
| nuclear function of subclass i actin-depolymerizing factor contributes to susceptibility in arabidopsis to an adapted powdery mildew fungus. | actin-depolymerizing factors (adfs) are conserved proteins that function in regulating the structure and dynamics of actin microfilaments in eukaryotes. in this study, we present evidence that arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) subclass i adfs, particularly adf4, functions as a susceptibility factor for an adapted powdery mildew fungus. the null mutant of adf4 significantly increased resistance against the adapted powdery mildew fungus golovinomyces orontii. the degree of resistance was further ... | 2016 | 26747284 |
| aspartyl protease-mediated cleavage of bag6 is necessary for autophagy and fungal resistance in plants. | the bcl-2-associated athanogene (bag) family is an evolutionarily conserved group of cochaperones that modulate numerous cellular processes. previously we found that arabidopsis thaliana bag6 is required for basal immunity against the fungal phytopathogen botrytis cinerea. however, the mechanisms by which bag6 controls immunity are obscure. here, we address this important question by determining the molecular mechanisms responsible for bag6-mediated basal resistance. we show that arabidopsis bag ... | 2016 | 26739014 |
| the plastidial retrograde signal methyl erythritol cyclopyrophosphate is a regulator of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid crosstalk. | the exquisite harmony between hormones and their corresponding signaling pathways is central to prioritizing plant responses to simultaneous and/or successive environmental trepidations. the crosstalk between jasmonic acid (ja) and salicylic acid (sa) is an established effective mechanism that optimizes and tailors plant adaptive responses. however, the underlying regulatory modules of this crosstalk are largely unknown. global transcriptomic analyses of mutant plants (ceh1) with elevated levels ... | 2016 | 26733689 |
| overcoming substrate limitations for improved production of ethylene in e. coli. | ethylene is an important industrial compound for the production of a wide variety of plastics and chemicals. at present, ethylene production involves steam cracking of a fossil-based feedstock, representing the highest co2-emitting process in the chemical industry. biological ethylene production can be achieved via expression of a single protein, the ethylene-forming enzyme (efe), found in some bacteria and fungi; it has the potential to provide a sustainable alternative to steam cracking, provi ... | 2016 | 26734073 |
| microrna-induced negative regulation of tlr-5 in grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idella. | micrornas (mirnas) are endogenous small non-coding rnas that play crucial roles in numerous biological processes. however, the role of mirnas in antibacterial defence in fish has not been fully determined. here, we identified that nine mirnas are differentially expressed in kidney between susceptible and resistant grass carp strains. analysis of spatial and temporal mirna expression patterns suggests that cid-mirn-115 and mir-142a-3p are potential regulators of anti-bacterial activity. overexpre ... | 2016 | 26727169 |
| the mechanistic targets of antifungal agents: an overview. | pathogenic fungi are a major causative group for opportunistic infections (ois). aids patients and other immunocompromised individuals are at risk for ois, which if not treated appropriately, contribute to the mortality associated with their conditions. several studies have indicated that the majority of hiv-positive patients contract fungal infections throughout the course of their disease. similar observations have been made regarding the increased frequency of bone marrow and organ transplant ... | 2016 | 26776224 |
| direct capture technologies for genomics-guided discovery of natural products. | microbes are important producers of natural products, which have played key roles in understanding biology and treating disease. however, the full potential of microbes to produce natural products has yet to be realized; the overwhelming majority of natural product gene clusters encoded in microbial genomes remain "cryptic", and have not been expressed or characterized. in contrast to the fast-growing number of genomic sequences and bioinformatic tools, methods to connect these genes to natural ... | 2016 | 26456469 |
| screening for expressed nonribosomal peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases using lc-ms/ms-based proteomics. | liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms)-based proteomics is a powerful technique for the profiling of protein expression in cells in a high-throughput fashion. herein we report a protocol using lc-ms/ms-based proteomics for the screening of enzymes involved in natural product biosynthesis, such as nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss) and polyketide synthases (pkss) from bacterial strains. taking advantage of the large size of modular nrpss and pkss (often >200 kda), size-based separa ... | 2016 | 26831706 |
| psychrophile spoilers dominate the bacterial microbiome in musculature samples of slaughter pigs. | the aim of this study was to disentangle the microbial diversity on porcine musculature. the hypervariable v1-v2 region of the 16s rrna gene was amplified from dna samples of clinically healthy slaughter pigs (n=8). pyrosequencing yielded 37,000 quality-controlled reads and a diverse microbiome with 54-159 otus per sample was detected. interestingly, 6 out of 8 samples were strongly dominated by 1-2 highly abundant otus (best hits of highly abundant otus: serratia proteamaculans, pseudomonas syr ... | 2016 | 26943946 |
| against friend and foe: type 6 effectors in plant-associated bacteria. | bacterial secretion systems play critical roles in communication with neighboring bacteria and in the modulation of host immune responses via the secretion of small proteins called effectors. several secretion systems have been identified and these are denoted types i-vii. of these, the type vi secretion system (t6ss) and its effectors were only recently elucidated. most studies on the role and significance of the t6ss and its effectors have focused on human pathogens. in this review, type 6 eff ... | 2015 | 25732741 |
| isolation and characterization of a secoiridoid derivative from two-phase olive waste (alperujo). | a secoiridoid derivative was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of two-phase olive waste (alperujo). the structure of this compound was fully characterized as s-trans-(e)-3-(1-oxobut-2-en-2-yl)glutaric acid. the spectroscopic data, including one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, infrared analysis, and ultraviolet spectrum, were showed. the origin of this compound has not been previously studied, although it most likely results from the breakdown of the oleu ... | 2015 | 25574580 |
| the impact of pseudomonas syringae type iii effectors on transient protein expression in tobacco. | the production of recombinant proteins in plants is often achieved by transient expression, e.g. following the injection or vacuum infiltration of agrobacterium tumefaciens into tobacco leaves. we investigated the associated plant defence responses, revealing that callose deposition is triggered by t-dna transfer and that subsets of secondary metabolites accumulate in response to mechanical wounding or the presence of bacteria. we also tested the ability of five co-expressed type iii effector pr ... | 2015 | 25243954 |
| agroinfiltration by cytokinin-producing agrobacterium sp. strain gv3101 primes defense responses in nicotiana tabacum. | transient infiltrations in tobacco are commonly used in plant studies, but the host response to different disarmed agrobacterium strains is not fully understood. the present study shows that pretreatment with disarmed agrobacterium tumefaciens gv3101 primes the defense response to subsequent infection by pseudomonas syringae in nicotiana tabacum. the presence of a trans-zeatin synthase (tzs) gene in strain gv3101 may be partly responsible for the priming response, as the tzs-deficient agrobacter ... | 2014 | 25054409 |
| the fusarium oxysporum effector six6 contributes to virulence and suppresses i-2-mediated cell death. | plant pathogens secrete effectors to manipulate their host and facilitate colonization. fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is the causal agent of fusarium wilt disease in tomato. upon infection, f. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici secretes numerous small proteins into the xylem sap (six proteins). most six proteins are unique to f. oxysporum, but six6 is an exception; a homolog is also present in two colletotrichum spp. six6 expression was found to require living host cells and a knockout of six6 ... | 2014 | 24313955 |
| threats and opportunities of plant pathogenic bacteria. | plant pathogenic bacteria can have devastating effects on plant productivity and yield. nevertheless, because these often soil-dwelling bacteria have evolved to interact with eukaryotes, they generally exhibit a strong adaptivity, a versatile metabolism, and ingenious mechanisms tailored to modify the development of their hosts. consequently, besides being a threat for agricultural practices, phytopathogens may also represent opportunities for plant production or be useful for specific biotechno ... | 2014 | 24216222 |
| in planta expression or delivery of potato aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae effectors me10 and me23 enhances aphid fecundity. | the interactions between aphids and their host plants seem to be analogous to those of plant-microbial pathogens. unlike microbial pathogen effectors, little is known about aphid effectors and their ability to interfere with host immunity. to date, only three functional aphid effectors have been reported. to identify potato aphid (macrosiphum euphorbiae) effectors, we developed a salivary gland transcriptome using illumina technology. we generated 85 million illumina reads from salivary glands a ... | 2013 | 23194342 |
| top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in molecular plant pathology. | many plant bacteriologists, if not all, feel that their particular microbe should appear in any list of the most important bacterial plant pathogens. however, to our knowledge, no such list exists. the aim of this review was to survey all bacterial pathologists with an association with the journal molecular plant pathology and ask them to nominate the bacterial pathogens they would place in a 'top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. the survey generated 458 votes from the international ... | 2012 | 22672649 |
| tracking and identification of antibacterial components in the essential oil of tanacetum vulgare l. by the combination of high-performance thin-layer chromatography with direct bioautography and mass spectrometry. | two tansy (tanacetum vulgare l.) essential oils were obtained by steam distillation of the capitula with subsequent liquid-liquid extraction (oil 1) or with use of an auxiliary phase for the trapping of the steam components (oil 2). these oils were investigated against bacillus subtilis f1276, b. subtilis spizizenii (dsm 618), xanthomonas euvesicatoria, pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola, ralstonia solanacearum strain gmi1000 and aliivibrio fischeri, using the coupling of high-performance thin- ... | 2015 | 26499972 |
| tlc-direct bioautography as a bioassay guided method for investigation of antibacterial compounds in hypericum perforatum l. | fast high-throughput tlc-direct bioautography (db) is an effect-directed analysis method that enables searching for biologically active (e.g., antimicrobial) substances in complex mixtures like plant extracts. the principle of the method is that separation and detection of biological properties of given mixture components is performed directly on a tlc plate. in searching for antibacterial activity, the developed plate is immersed in a bacterial broth, and bacteria grow directly on its layer dur ... | 2015 | 26268984 |
| tlc-direct bioautography and lc/ms as complementary methods in identification of antibacterial agents in plant tinctures from the asteraceae family. | matricaria recutita l. (chamomile) and achillea millefolium l. (yarrow) are very common herbs growing in meadows, pathways, crop fields, and home gardens. preparations from these plants, e.g., infusions or alcohol extracts, are widely used as remedies. both chamomile and yarrow have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. most microbiological assays used today give information only on activity of whole extracts and do not provide information on the composition an ... | 2015 | 26268962 |
| bioprospecting for secondary metabolites in the entomopathogenic bacterium photorhabdus luminescens subsp. sonorensis. | crude extracts of in vitro and in vivo cultures of two strains of photorhabdus l. sonorensis (enterobacteriaceae) were analyzed by tlc, hplc-uv and lc-ms. nine unique compounds with mass/charge ratios (m/z) ranging from 331.3 to 713.5 were found in ms analyses. bioactivity of extracts was assessed on a selection of plant pathogens/pests and non-target species. caborca strain extracts showed the highest activity against helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) neonates at all concentrations teste ... | 2016 | 27702563 |
| a single-step purification of cauliflower lysozyme and its dual role against bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. | a novel lysozyme from cauliflower was purified in a single step, for the first time, using sephadex g100 column chromatography. the purified lysozyme exhibited a homogenized single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), and its molecular mass was calculated to be 22.0 kda. the purified lysozyme showed activity between 30 to 60 °c with 40 °c as the optimum temperature for its maximal activity. although the purified lysozyme was functional at ph ranges betwee ... | 2015 | 26208688 |
| antiproliferative, antifungal, and antibacterial activities of endophytic alternaria species from cupressaceae. | recent research has shown the bioprospecting of endophytic fungi from cupressaceae. here, we further uncover that the healthy cypress plants such as cupressus arizonica, cupressus sempervirens var. cereiformis, and thuja orientalis host highly bioactive endophytic alternaria fungal species. indeed, endophytic alternaria alternata, alternaria pellucida, and alternaria tangelonis were recovered from healthy cupressaceous trees. biodiversity and bioactivity of recovered endophytic alternaria specie ... | 2014 | 24801337 |
| expression of a wolf spider toxin in tobacco inhibits the growth of microbes and insects. | lycotoxin i, from the wolf spider (lycosa carolinensis), is an amphipathic pore-forming peptide that has antimicrobial and anti-insect activity. constitutive expression of a lycotoxin i modified for oral toxicity to insects in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) conferred significantly enhanced resistance to larvae of the corn earworm (helicoverpa zea) and cigarette beetle (lasioderma serricorne). gene expression levels of modified lycotoxin i were negatively correlated to the survival of corn earworm l ... | 2014 | 24770871 |
| resistant tobacco plants from protoplast-derived calluses selected for their resistance to pseudomonas and alternaria toxins. | protoplast-derived calluses of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cv. 'samsun') were selected for their resistance to toxins from pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, which causes wildfire disease, and from alternaria alternata pathotype tobacco, which causes brown spot. a number of plants were regenerated from each of the toxin-selected protoplast-derived calluses. a large percentage of the plants obtained from the second selection cycle calluses were resistant to infection by these pathogens. resistance t ... | 1983 | 24263918 |
| zmgns, a maize class i β-1,3-glucanase, is induced by biotic stresses and possesses strong antimicrobial activity. | plant β-1,3-glucanases are members of the pathogenesis-related protein 2 (pr-2) family, which is one of the 17 pr protein families and plays important roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses. one of the differentially expressed proteins (spot 842) identified in a recent proteomic comparison between five pairs of closely related maize (zea mays l.) lines differing in aflatoxin resistance was further investigated in the present study. here, the corresponding cdna was cloned from maize and des ... | 2015 | 25251325 |
| diverse and bioactive endophytic aspergilli inhabit cupressaceae plant family. | aspergilli are filamentous, cosmopolitan and ubiquitous fungi which have significant impact on human, animal and plant welfare worldwide. due to their extraordinary metabolic diversity, aspergillus species are used in biotechnology for the production of a vast array of biomolecules. however, little is known about aspergillus species that are able to adapt an endophytic lifestyle in cupressaceae plant family and are capable of producing cytotoxic, antifungal and antibacterial metabolites. in this ... | 2014 | 24912659 |
| bacillus spp. from rainforest soil promote plant growth under limited nitrogen conditions. | the aim of this study was to evaluate effects of pgpr (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) isolated from rainforest soil on different plants under limited nitrogen conditions. | 2015 | 25494882 |
| induced systemic resistance against botrytis cinerea by bacillus cereus ar156 through a ja/et- and npr1-dependent signaling pathway and activates pamp-triggered immunity in arabidopsis. | induced resistance response is a potent and cost effective plant defense against pathogen attack. the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of the suppressive ability by bacillus cereus ar156 to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst dc3000) in arabidopsis has been investigated previously; however, the strength of induced systemic resistance (isr) activity against botrytis cinerea remains unknown. here, we show that root-drench application of ar156 significantly reduces disease incidence ... | 2017 | 28293243 |
| microbial interactions in the phyllosphere increase plant performance under herbivore biotic stress. | the phyllosphere supports a tremendous diversity of microbes and other organisms. however, little is known about the colonization and survival of pathogenic and beneficial bacteria alone or together in the phyllosphere across the whole plant life-cycle under herbivory, which hinders our ability to understand the role of phyllosphere bacteria on plant performance. we addressed these questions in experiments using four genetically and biogeographically diverse accessions of arabidopsis thaliana, t ... | 2017 | 28163703 |
| synthesis and evaluation of ester derivatives of 10-hydroxycanthin-6-one as potential antimicrobial agents. | as part of our continuing research on canthin-6-one antimicrobial agents, a new series of ester derivatives of 10-hydroxycanthin-6-one were synthesized using a simple and effective synthetic route. the structure of each compound was characterized by nmr, esi-ms, ft-ir, uv, and elemental analysis. the antimicrobial activity of these compounds against three phytopathogenic fungi (alternaria solani, fusarium graminearum, and fusarium solani) and four bacteria (bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, ra ... | 2016 | 27007362 |
| bacillus cereus ar156 activates pamp-triggered immunity and induces a systemic acquired resistance through a npr1-and sa-dependent signaling pathway. | induced resistance responses play a potent role in plant defense system against pathogen attack. bacillus cereus ar156 is a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) that installs induced systemic resistance (isr) to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) in arabidopsis. here, we show that ar156 leaf infiltration enhances disease resistance in arabidopsis through the activation of a systemic acquired resistance (sar). pr1 protein expression and reactive oxygen species (ros) burst are strongly ... | 2016 | 26616055 |
| design and synthesis of new 2-aryl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole analogues: in vitro antibacterial activities and preliminary mechanism of action. | sixty 2-aryl-4,5-dihydrothiazoles were designed and synthesized in yields ranging from 64% to 89% from cysteine and substituted-benzonitriles via a novel metal- and catalyst-free method. the structures of the title compounds were confirmed mainly by nmr spectral data analysis. antibacterial activity assays showed that the compounds (s)-2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-4-hydroxy-methyl- 4,5-dihydrothiazole (7h) and (r)-2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-4-hydroxymethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole (7h') exhibited significant inhi ... | 2015 | 26569197 |
| transcription factors wrky70 and wrky11 served as regulators in rhizobacterium bacillus cereus ar156-induced systemic resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in arabidopsis. | the activation of both the sa and ja/etsignalling pathways may lead to more efficient general and broad resistance to pst dc3000 by non-pathogenic rhizobacteria. however, the mechanisms that govern this simultaneous activation are unclear. using arabidopsis as a model system, two transcription factors, wrky11 and wrky70, were identified as important regulators involved in induced systemic resistance (isr) triggered by bacillus cereus ar156. the results revealed that ar156 treatment significantly ... | 2016 | 26433201 |
| comparison of identification systems for psychrotrophic bacteria isolated from raw bovine milk. | psychrotrophic bacteria in raw milk produce heat-resistant extracellular proteases, resulting in spoilage and shelf-life reduction of ultrahigh temperature treated milk and milk products. controlling of these spoilage microbes requires rapid and reliable identification systems for screening of raw milk. this study aimed to compare commercial bacterial identification systems with a genetic method (considered as the 'gold standard' method) for the identification of heat-resistant protease producin ... | 2014 | 25113043 |
| effective production of pro-gly by mutagenesis of l-amino acid ligase. | l-amino acid ligase (lal) catalyzes dipeptide synthesis from unprotected l-amino acids by hydrolysis atp to adp. each lal displays unique substrate specificity, and many different dipeptides can be synthesized by selecting suitable lal. we have already successfully synthesized met-gly selectively by replacing the pro85 residues of lal from bacillus licheniformis (bl00235). from these results, we deduced that the amino acid residue at position 85 had a key role in enzyme activity, and applied the ... | 2016 | 27017332 |
| an in vitro attempt for controlling severe phytopathogens and human pathogens using essential oils from mediterranean plants of genus schinus. | growing concerns about food safety and environmental protection enhanced the need for new and safe plant disease control strategies. the chemical composition of the three essential oils (eos) extracted from leaves and fruits of schinus terebinthifolius and leaves of schinus molle, growing in tunisia, was studied by gc and gc-ms. in all, 12 compounds were identified. the oils were mainly composed of terpene compounds. α-pinene, α-phellandrene, and d-limonene were the major constituents. the aim o ... | 2016 | 26836214 |
| synthesis of steroidal and nonsteroidal vicinal heterocyclic alcohols, n-(1-cycloalkenyl)heterocycles and their antibacterial studies. | a solvent free steroidal and nonsteroidal epoxide ring opening reaction by nitrogen containing heterocycles under microwave irradiation is described. some of the epoxide ring opening compounds were converted to their corresponding n-(1-cycloalkenyl)heterocycles via an acid catalyzed dehydration reaction. the antimicrobial activities of the epoxide ring opening compounds and n-(1-cycloalkenyl)heterocyclic compounds were tested by agar diffusion assay. compounds 6, 9-12, 24 and 27 showed moderate ... | 2014 | 24686205 |
| root transcriptome analysis of arabidopsis thaliana exposed to beneficial bacillus subtilis fb17 rhizobacteria revealed genes for bacterial recruitment and plant defense independent of malate efflux. | our previous work has demonstrated that arabidopsis thaliana can actively recruit beneficial rhizobacteria bacillus subtilis strain fb17 (hereafter fb17) through an unknown shoot-to-root long-distance signaling pathway post a foliar bacterial pathogen attack. however, it is still not well understood which genetic targets fb17 affects in plants. microarray analysis of a. thaliana roots treated with fb17 post 24 h of treatment showed 168 and 129 genes that were up- and down-regulated, respectively ... | 2013 | 23794026 |
| rhizobacteria bacillus subtilis restricts foliar pathogen entry through stomata. | plants exist in a complex multitrophic environment, where they interact with and compete for resources with other plants, microbes and animals. plants have a complex array of defense mechanisms, such as the cell wall being covered with a waxy cuticle serving as a potent physical barrier. although some pathogenic fungi infect plants by penetrating through the cell wall, many bacterial pathogens invade plants primarily through stomata on the leaf surface. entry of the foliar pathogen, pseudomonas ... | 2012 | 22862801 |
| characteristics and antimicrobial activity of bacillus subtilis strains isolated from soil. | antagonistic bacillus strains were isolated from soil and analyzed for the purpose of determining whether they could be used as natural biological agents. primary in vitro screening for antagonism of the isolates was performed against five phytopathogenic mould fungi. strains ts 01 and zr 02 exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effects. they were identified as bacillus subtilis on the basis of their morphological, cultural and physiology-biochemical properties as well as their hierarchical c ... | 2010 | 24026925 |
| novel components of leaf bacterial communities of field-grown tomato plants and their potential for plant growth promotion and biocontrol of tomato diseases. | this work aimed to characterize potentially endophytic culturable bacteria from leaves of cultivated tomato and analyze their potential for growth promotion and biocontrol of diseases caused by botrytis cinerea and pseudomonas syringae. bacteria were obtained from inner tissues of surface-disinfected tomato leaves of field-grown plants. analysis of 16s rrna gene sequences identified bacterial isolates related to exiguobacterium aurantiacum (isolates bt3 and mt8), exiguobacterium spp. (isolate gt ... | 2016 | 26654914 |
| a highly active endo-levanase bt1760 of a dominant mammalian gut commensal bacteroides thetaiotaomicron cleaves not only various bacterial levans, but also levan of timothy grass. | bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, an abundant commensal of the human gut, degrades numerous complex carbohydrates. recently, it was reported to grow on a β-2,6-linked polyfructan levan produced by zymomonas mobilis degrading the polymer into fructooligosaccharides (fos) with a cell surface bound endo-levanase bt1760. the fos are consumed by b. thetaiotaomicron, but also by other gut bacteria, including health-promoting bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. here we characterize biochemical properties of b ... | 2017 | 28103254 |
| bacterial polysaccharide levan as stabilizing, non-toxic and functional coating material for microelement-nanoparticles. | levan, fructose-composed biopolymer of bacterial origin, has potential in biotechnology due to its prebiotic and immunostimulatory properties. in this study levan synthesized by levansucrase from pseudomonas syringae was thoroughly characterized and used as multifunctional biocompatible coating material for microelement-nanoparticles (nps) of selenium, iron and cobalt. transmission electron microscopy (tem), hydrodynamic size measurements (dls) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (xps) showed t ... | 2016 | 26572404 |