| fighting the spread of ampc-hyperproducing enterobacteriaceae: beneficial effect of replacing ceftriaxone with cefotaxime. | considering the hypothesis that the high biliary elimination of ceftriaxone could be responsible for the selection of enterobacteriaceae harbouring high-level ampc β-lactamase (hl-case), the use of ceftriaxone was discontinued in our hospital in 2006 and replaced with cefotaxime. | 2014 | 24159154 |
| avibactam reverts the ceftazidime mic90 of european gram-negative bacterial clinical isolates to the epidemiological cut-off value. | ceftazidime-avibactam consists of the beta-lactam ceftazidime and the novel non-beta-lactam beta-lactamase inhibitor avibactam. the effect of avibactam on the ceftazidime mic frequency distribution of gram-negative european clinical isolates was observed and compared to european committee for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (eucast) mic frequency distributions and epidemiological cut-off values (ecoffs) listed for ceftazidime. | 2014 | 24125508 |
| molecular epidemiology of ctx-m producing enterobacteriaceae isolated from bloodstream infections in rio de janeiro, brazil: emergence of ctx-m-15. | the present study was designed to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of ctx-m producing klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter cloacae and escherichia coli isolated from bloodstream infections at tertiary care hospitals in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil. | 2013 | 24055309 |
| development of indole-3-acetic acid-producing escherichia coli by functional expression of ipdc, aspc, and iad1. | biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) via the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway involves three kinds of enzymes; aminotransferase encoded by aspc, indole-3-pyruvic acid decarboxylase encoded by ipdc, and indole-3-acetic acid dehydrogenase encoded by iad1. the ipdc from enterobacter cloacae atcc 13047, aspc from escherichia coli, and iad1 from ustilago maydis were cloned and expressed under the control of the tac and sod promoters in e. coli. according to sds-page and enzyme activity, ipdc and i ... | 2013 | 24043123 |
| acquired carbapenemases in enterobactericeae in singapore, 1996-2012. | to characterise carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (cre) isolated in singapore. | 2013 | 24018814 |
| susceptibility of gram-negative aerobic bacilli from intra-abdominal pathogens to antimicrobial agents collected in the united states during 2011. | during 2011, a total of 1442 gram-negative pathogens from intra-abdominal infections were collected as part of the study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (smart) from 19 hospital sites within the united states. susceptibility to ertapenem and comparators and molecular analysis of ertapenem resistant isolates was performed. | 2014 | 24016768 |
| wound healing and antibacterial activities of chondroitin sulfate- and acharan sulfate-reduced silver nanoparticles. | for topical applications in wound healing, silver nanoparticles (agnps) have attracted much attention as antibacterial agents. herein, we describe a green-synthetic route for the production of biocompatible and crystalline agnps using two glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate (cs) and acharan sulfate (as), as reducing agents. the synthetic approach avoids the use of toxic chemicals, and the yield of agnps formation is found to be 98.1% and 91.1% for the chondroitin sulfate-reduced silver nanop ... | 2013 | 24008263 |
| [fever during blood transfusion. a case of coincidence instead of causality]. | a boy aged 2 years and 5 months showed agitation, shivering and fever with a temperature of 38.9 °c during a red blood cell transfusion. examination of the assumed adverse transfusion reaction gave no indications of erythrocyte incompatibility, hemolysis or iga incompatibility. no antibodies against hla class i antigens or hpa antigens were found in the recipient's blood. sterility testing of the blood product showed no growth, but in the blood cultures taken from the patient immediately after t ... | 2013 | 24002376 |
| molecular characterization of klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing isolates in southern brazil. | carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae have been frequently reported worldwide. they represent a serious concern because of the limited therapeutic options. the aim of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of 14 klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (kpc) producers among 345 clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae with reduced susceptibility to carbapenems recovered from 11 separate hospitals in southern brazil. the blakpc-2 gene was detected in 14 isolates (4 %): six enterobac ... | 2013 | 24000225 |
| culture proven newborn sepsis with a special emphasis on late onset sepsis caused by enterobacteriaceae in a level iii neonatal care unit in astana, kazakhstan. | newborn sepsis is one of the major public health concerns worldwide. also in our neonatal care unit, it is one of the major problems and especially infections with enterobacteriaceae were noted to pose an increasing problem in the last years. | 2013 | 23975158 |
| relationship between the distribution of cefepime minimum inhibitory concentrations and detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase production among clinically important enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained from patients in intensive care units in taiwan: results from the surveillance of multicenter antimicrobial resistance in taiwan (smart) in 2007. | the data on susceptibility of important cephalosporins against four enterobacteriaceae members producing potential extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) collected from taiwanese intensive care units are lacking. | 2015 | 23973410 |
| evaluation of the effect of different growth media and temperature on the suitability of biofilm formation by enterobacter cloacae strains isolated from food samples in south africa. | this study evaluated the effects of growth medium, temperature, and incubation time on biofilm formation by enterobacter cloacae strains. the ability to adhere to a surface was demonstrated using a microtiter plate adherence assay whereas the role of cell surface properties in biofilm formation was assessed using the coaggregation and autoaggregation assays. the architecture of the biofilms was examined under scanning electron microscope (sem). all the strains adhered to the well of the microtit ... | 2013 | 23966079 |
| outbreak of ertapenem-resistant enterobacter cloacae urinary tract infections due to a contaminated ureteroscope. | outbreaks of urinary tract infections (utis) due to contaminated ureteroscopes have been rarely reported. | 2013 | 23954065 |
| successful medical treatment of glans ischemia after voluntary buprenorphine injection. | the diverted use of synthetic opioid buprenorphine by drug addicts can be responsible for serious ischemic and infectious complications, particularly in the case of intravenous injection. | 2013 | 23937228 |
| rapid detection of bacteria in urine samples by the "three-plug-injection" method using capillary electrophoresis. | this study explored a method that can rapidly detect bacteria in urine samples for the auxiliary determination of urinary tract infections (utis). urine samples from patients with utis (230 cases) were obtained using aseptic technique. the urine biochemical assay was then carried out using an automated urine analyzer for all the urine samples. bacterial species were identified by a combination of bacterial culture technique, morphological observation and the bact-ist microbial identification/sus ... | 2013 | 23934172 |
| intercontinental spread of oxa-48 beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae over a 11-year period, 2001 to 2011. | oxa-48 beta-lactamase producers are emerging as an important threat mostly in the mediterranean area. we report here the molecular epidemiology of a collection of oxa-48 beta-lactamase-positive enterobacterial isolates (n=107) recovered from european and north-african countries between january 2001 and december 2011. this collection included 67 klebsiella pneumoniae, 24 escherichia coli and 10 enterobacter cloacae. using the eucast breakpoints, ninety-eight isolates (91.6%) were of intermediate ... | 2013 | 23929228 |
| high rate of faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and oxa-48 carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae at a university hospital in morocco. | carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae isolates are being increasingly reported, particularly from countries surrounding the mediterranean area. we aimed to quantify the prevalence of carbapenemase- and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae in rectal swabs from hospitalized patients in a university hospital in morocco, and to compare the performance of three screening media: chromid esbl (biomérieux), brilliance cre (oxoid, thermofisher) and supercarba (home made) ... | 2014 | 23927757 |
| construction and evaluation of an exopolysaccharide-producing engineered bacterial strain by protoplast fusion for microbial enhanced oil recovery. | enterobacter cloacae strain jd, which produces water-insoluble biopolymers at optimal temperature of 30°c, and a thermophilic geobacillus strain were used to construct an engineered strain for exopolysaccharide production at high temperatures by protoplast fusion. the obtained fusant strain zr3 produced exopolysaccharides at up to 45°c with optimal growth temperature at 35°c. the fusant produced exopolysaccharides of approximately 7.5 g/l or more at ph between 7.0 and 9.0. the feasibility of the ... | 2013 | 23856587 |
| purification and characterization of a gh43 β-xylosidase from enterobacter sp. identified and cloned from forest soil bacteria. | the use of lignocellulosic biomass for second generation biofuels requires optimization of enzymatic breakdown of plant cell walls. in this work, cellulolytic bacteria were isolated from a native and two cultivated forest soil samples. amplification of glycosyl hydrolases was attempted by using a low stringency-degenerate primer pcr strategy, using total soil dna and bulk dna pooled from positive colonies as template. a set of primers was designed based on acidothermus cellulolyticus genome, by ... | 2014 | 23838121 |
| multiclonal dispersal of kpc genes following the emergence of non-st258 kpc-producing klebsiella pneumoniae clones in madrid, spain. | to analyse the ongoing epidemiology of kpc-producing enterobacteriaceae after a non-st258 kpc-3-producing klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak in a university hospital in madrid, spain. | 2013 | 23788480 |
| [assessment of persistent potential dominant pathogens of acute intestinal infections]. | to determine the prevalence,and etiological structure of acute intestinal infections, to investigate the dominant agents' persistence factors. according with materials of statistical reports we did the retrospective epidemiological analysis of acute intestinal infections incidence in sumy region from 2006 till 2011. biological properties of 40 strains of klebsiella pneumonia, 40 strains of enterobacter cloacae and 50 strains of staphylococcus aureus were investigated. moderate trend of acute int ... | 2013 | 23787508 |
| withdrawn: characterization of carbapenemases, extended spectrum β-lactamases and molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-non-susceptible enterobacter cloacae in a chinese hospital in chongqin. | this article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. the publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. the full elsevier policy on article withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy. | 2013 | 23769855 |
| enterobacter siamensis sp. nov., a transglutaminase-producing bacterium isolated from seafood processing wastewater in thailand. | a novel strain of enterobacter, c2361(t), a gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and facultative anaerobic bacterium with the capability to produce transglutaminase, was isolated from seafood processing wastewater collected from a treatment pond of a seafood factory in songkhla province, thailand. phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic characteristics, including chemotaxonomic characteristics, showed that the strain was a member of the genus enterobacter. the 16s rrna gene sequence similar ... | 2013 | 23759866 |
| internalisation potential of escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium and staphylococcus aureus in lettuce seedlings and mature plants. | the internalisation potential of listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium in lettuce was evaluated using seedlings grown in vermiculite in seedling trays as well as hydroponically grown lettuce. sterile distilled water was spiked with one of the four human pathogenic bacteria (10(5) cfu/ml) and used to irrigate the plants. the potential for pathogen internalisation was investigated over time using light mi ... | 2013 | 23708570 |
| colonization of madagascar periwinkle (catharanthus roseus), by endophytes encoding gfp marker. | this study reports the introduction of gfp marker in two endophytic bacterial strains (pantoea agglomerans c33.1, isolated from cocoa, and enterobacter cloacae pr2/7, isolated from citrus) to monitor the colonization in madagascar perinwinkle (catharanthus roseus). stability of the plasmid encoding gfp was confirmed in vitro for at least 72 h of bacterial growth and after the colonization of tissues, under non-selective conditions. the colonization was observed using fluorescence microscopy and ... | 2013 | 23695435 |
| bioactivity of selenium-enriched exopolysaccharides produced by enterobacter cloacae z0206 in broilers. | to investigate effects of se-enriched exopolysaccharides (se-ecz-eps) produced by enterobacter cloacae z0206 on growth performance, antioxidant status and immune function, 240 broilers were randomly assigned into five groups: the control group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.15 mg/kg se (na2seo3), and the other four groups were fed with diets supplemented with se-ecz-eps at 280, 560, 840 and 1120 mg/kg, respectively. administration of se-ecz-eps (840 and 1120 mg/kg) significantly increa ... | 2013 | 23688462 |
| evaluation of brilliance cre agar for the detection of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria. | the aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of the new chromogenic medium brilliancetm creagar (thermo fisher scientific) for determining the limit of detection of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteria (cre). a total of 70 clinical isolates were studied. of these, 30 were well-characterized cre, including klebsiella pneumoniae strains producing kpc-, vim-, and oxa-type enzymes, vim-positive enterobacter cloacae and escherichia coli, ndm-positive e. coli, and enterobacterial isolates chara ... | 2013 | 23686124 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from burn units in gaza. | bacterial infections continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among burn patients despite intensive prophylaxis and treatment. often treatment is complicated by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance pathogens. there are no reports or published data on the susceptibility profiles of bacteria isolated from burn patients in the gaza strip. | 2013 | 23664775 |
| assessment of extended-spectrum β-lactamase, kpc carbapenemase and porin resistance mechanisms in clinical samples of klebsiella pneumoniae and enterobacter spp. | the emergence and spread of resistance mechanisms in gram-negative bacilli has complicated the treatment of serious nosocomial infections. current automated systems for detection of klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (kpc)-producing isolates are unreliable. one possible straightforward alternative method is evaluation of ertapenem resistance. however, the accuracy of this method is affected by other resistance mechanisms such as ampc gene expression or extended-spectrum β-lactamase production a ... | 2013 | 23664677 |
| bloodstream infections in patients with or without cancer in a large community hospital. | cancer is associated with an increased risk of acquiring bloodstream infection (bsis). most knowledge on pathogens and outcome are derived from specialised cancer centres. we here sought to compare causative micro-organisms in bsis in patients with or without cancer in a 600-bed teaching community hospital. | 2013 | 23645474 |
| high prevalence of vim-4 and ndm-1 metallo-β-lactamase among carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae. | the purpose of this study was to identify the mechanisms leading to carbapenem resistance among multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from hospitalized patients with nosocomial infections in mubarak al kabeer hospital, kuwait. fourteen carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae isolates were obtained from inpatients in different wards and intensive care units between april 2009 and february 2011. antibiotic susceptibilities were determined using the e-test method. genes encoding ... | 2013 | 23639985 |
| molecular characterisation and diversity in enterobacter cloacae from edinburgh and egypt carrying bla(ctx-m-14) and bla(vim-4) β-lactamase genes. | the purpose of this study was to compare the carbapenemases and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (esbls) associated with resistance, the genetic environment of these genes, and their location on plasmids among enterobacter cloacae isolates from edinburgh (uk) and egypt. nine e. cloacae isolates were obtained from egypt (n=3) and edinburgh (n=6). antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by agar dilution. molecular detection of carbapenemase genes, blactx-m-14 and the presence of integron ... | 2013 | 23622881 |
| changes in fluoroquinolone resistance over 5 years (canward 2007-11) in bacterial pathogens isolated in canadian hospitals. | the purpose of this study was to analyse canadian national surveillance data, specifically fluoroquinolone resistance, from 2007 to 2011 inclusive, to determine trends in resistance over time and to assess correlations with patient demographic factors. | 2013 | 23587777 |
| emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing enterobacter spp. in patients with bacteremia in a tertiary hospital in southern brazil. | extended-spectrum β-lactamases (esbls) are increasingly prevalent in enterobacter spp., posing a challenge to the treatment of infections caused by this microorganism. the purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of inpatients with bacteremia caused by esbl and non esbl-producing enterobacter spp. in a tertiary hospital over the period 2004-2008. | 2014 | 23587705 |
| emergence and spread of ndm-1 producer enterobacteriaceae with contribution of incx3 plasmids in the united arab emirates. | among 28 clinically relevant, carbapenem non-susceptible enterobacteriaceae isolates collected in 2009-2011 in the united arab emirates three klebsiella pneumoniae, two escherichia coli, one enterobacter cloacae and one citrobacter freundi were identified to produce ndm-1 carbapenemase. unexpectedly, with the exception of a k. pneumoniae strain, sequence type st11, originally acquired in india and subsequently spread nosocomially in the uae, the majority of the strains could not be directly link ... | 2013 | 23579399 |
| enterobacter cloacae producing an uncommon class a carbapenemase, imi-1, from singapore. | in this study, we describe the characterization of an infrequently encountered class a carbapenemase, imi-1, from a clinical enterobacter cloacae isolate. the isolate had high levels of resistance to carbapenems but retained susceptibility to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. the blaimi-1 gene was chromosomally encoded. detection of the imi-1 producer highlights the diversity of carbapenemases in a local clinical setting. | 2013 | 23558141 |
| core flooding tests to investigate the effects of ift reduction and wettability alteration on oil recovery during meor process in an iranian oil reservoir. | microbial enhanced oil recovery (meor) refers to the process of using bacterial activities for more oil recovery from oil reservoirs mainly by interfacial tension reduction and wettability alteration mechanisms. investigating the impact of these two mechanisms on enhanced oil recovery during meor process is the main objective of this work. different analytical methods such as oil spreading and surface activity measurements were utilized to screen the biosurfactant-producing bacteria isolated fro ... | 2013 | 23553033 |
| in vitro activity of doripenem plus fosfomycin against drug-resistant clinical blood isolates. | the in vitro activity of doripenem in combination with fosfomycin was evaluated against a wide range of clinical blood isolates. bacterial isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa; n = 39), pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 18), multidrug-resistant escherichia coli (n = 10), enterobacter cloacae (n = 3) and klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 5) were investigated. for synergism testing the checkerboard test was applied and determined by calculation of the fractional inhibitory concentratio ... | 2013 | 23548688 |
| identification of a new delhi metallo-β-lactamase-4 (ndm-4)-producing enterobacter cloacae from a czech patient previously hospitalized in sri lanka. | | 2013 | 23546833 |
| isolation and characterization of a glyphosate-degrading rhizosphere strain, enterobacter cloacae k7. | plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria exert beneficial effects on plants through their capacity for nitrogen fixation, phytohormone production, phosphate solubilization, and improvement of the water and mineral status of plants. we suggested that these bacteria may also have the potential to express degradative activity toward glyphosate, a commonly used organophosphorus herbicide. in this study, 10 strains resistant to a 10 mm concentration of glyphosate were isolated from the rhizoplane of vari ... | 2014 | 23545355 |
| successful treatment of pump pocket infection after left ventricular assist device implantation by negative pressure wound therapy and omental transposition. | a 52-year-old man suffering from dilated cardiomyopathy underwent implantable left ventricular assist device (lvad) insertion as a bridge to transplantation. he presented with evidence of lvad-related mediastinitis and pump pocket infection 57 days after the lvad implantation. the mediastinum was reopened and irrigated. a large amount of pus was observed around the outflow and inflow conduits and in the pump pocket. negative pressure wound therapy (npwt) was initiated. methicillin-resistant stap ... | 2014 | 23535582 |
| phenotypic and molecular characteristics of carbapenem-non-susceptible enterobacteriaceae from a teaching hospital in wenzhou, southern china. | carbapenem resistance in enterobacteriaceae is increasing and has become a matter of great concern. the aim of this study was to characterize carbapenem-non-susceptible enterobacteriaceae from a teaching hospital. a total of 49 carbapenem-non-susceptible enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates recovered in 2007-2010 from the first affiliated hospital of wenzhou medical college were analyzed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. the carbapenemase phenotype, outer membrane protein profiles, and cl ... | 2013 | 23514904 |
| prevalence and epidemiological relationship of cmy-2 ampc β-lactamase and ctx-m extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing escherichia coli isolates from broiler farms in japan. | to evaluate the prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (esc)-resistant enterobacteriaceae in broiler chickens, 41 rectal samples taken from 4 commercial farms were examined. desoxycholate hydrogen sulfide lactose agars, supplemented with either 4 μg/ml cefotaxime or 16 μg/ml ceftazidime, were used to screen esc-resistant bacteria. esc-resistant bacteria were isolated from all samples. of the 164 esc-resistant bacteria (included 4 isolates per a sample), 163 were escherichia coli, while 1 ... | 2013 | 23503164 |
| "down the drain": carbapenem-resistant bacteria in intensive care unit patients and handwashing sinks. | clinical utility of carbapenem antibiotics is under threat because of the emergence of acquired metallo-β-lactamase (mbl) genes. we describe an outbreak in an intensive care unit (icu) possibly associated with contaminated sinks. | 2013 | 23496403 |
| anti-biofilm effects of honey against wound pathogens proteus mirabilis and enterobacter cloacae. | biofilm growth and its persistence within wounds have recently been suggested as contributing factors to impaired healing. the goal of this study was to investigate the anti-biofilm effects of several honey samples of different botanical origin, including manuka honey against proteus mirabilis and enterobacter cloacae wound isolates. quantification of biofilm formation was carried out using a microtiter plate assay. all honeys at a sub-inhibitory concentration of 10% (w/v) significantly reduced ... | 2014 | 23494861 |
| faecal carriage of oxyiminocephalosporin-resistant enterobacteriaceae among paediatric units in different hospitals in the south of france. | the aim of this study was to determine the presence of oxyiminocephalosporin-resistant (ocr) gram-negative bacilli and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing isolates in stool specimens obtained from paediatric patients hospitalised for acute diarrhoea. we conducted a prospective, multicentre study over a period of 6 months in seven hospitals in the south of france. samplings were carried out from infants admitted for acute diarrhoea with no previous antibiotic treatment in the last week ... | 2013 | 23494770 |
| lactic acid bacteria convert glucosinolates to nitriles efficiently yet differently from enterobacteriaceae. | glucosinolates from the genus brassica can be converted into bioactive compounds known to induce phase ii enzymes, which may decrease the risk of cancers. conversion via hydrolysis is usually by the brassica enzyme myrosinase, which can be inactivated by cooking or storage. we examined the potential of three beneficial bacteria, lactobacillus plantarum kw30, lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis kf147, and escherichia coli nissle 1917, and known myrosinase-producer enterobacter cloacae to catalyze th ... | 2013 | 23461529 |
| an antibiotic-resistant class 3 integron in an enterobacter cloacae isolate from hospital effluent. | hospital effluents are involved in dissemination of antibiotic-resistant integrons. we describe here a new class 3 integron, in3-5, detected in an enterobacter cloacae isolate retrieved from a random french hospital effluent sample collected in 2009. in3-5 carries two gene cassettes: the new blaoxa -256 and an aac(6')-ib variant, respectively conferring resistance to β-lactams and aminoglycosides. in3-5 is located on an incq-like backbone plasmid. class 3 integrons could thus be involved in the ... | 2013 | 23458448 |
| continuous mode of carbon dioxide sequestration by c. sorokiniana and subsequent use of its biomass for hydrogen production by e. cloacae iit-bt 08. | the present study investigated to find out the suitability of the co2 sequestered algal biomass of chlorella sorokiniana as substrate for the hydrogen production by enterobacter cloacae iit-bt 08. the maximum biomass productivity in continuous mode of operation in autotrophic condition was enhanced from 0.05 g l(-1) h(-1) in air to 0.11 g l(-1) h(-1) in 5% air-co2 (v/v) gas mixture at an optimum dilution rate of 0.05 h(-1). decrease in steady state biomass and productivity was less sensitive at ... | 2013 | 23453984 |
| enterobacteriaceae infections of very low birth weight infants in polish neonatal intensive care units: resistance and cross-transmission. | the aims of our study were analysis of the occurrence of infections by members of the enterobacteriaceae family in 6 polish neonatal intensive care units in 2009, their drug resistance, the epidemiology of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing strains and the possibility of using modern tools of microbiology diagnosis in infection control, especially for the reduction of antimicrobial resistance. | 2013 | 23411624 |
| enterobacter cloacae as biosurfactant producing bacterium: differentiating its effects on interfacial tension and wettability alteration mechanisms for oil recovery during meor process. | microbial enhanced oil recovery (meor) process utilizes microorganisms or their metabolites to mobilize the trapped oil in the oil formation after primary and secondary oil recovery stages. meor technique is considered as more environmentally friendly and low cost process. there are several identified mechanisms for more oil recovery using meor processes however; wettability alteration and interfacial tension (ift) reduction are the important ones. enterobacter cloacae, a facultative bio-surfact ... | 2013 | 23376749 |
| susceptibility patterns to extended-spectrum cephalosporins among enterobacteriaceae harbouring extended-spectrum β-lactamases using the updated clinical and laboratory standards institute interpretive criteria. | we examined the effect of applying the updated 2010 clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) susceptibility breakpoints for extended-spectrum cephalosporins (escs) to detect extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae. in total, 202 esbl-producing, plasmidic ampc- and carbapenemase-negative isolates derived from separate patients were collected from three greek hospitals during 2007-2011, including 150 escherichia coli, 43 klebsiella pneumoniae and 9 enterobacter ... | 2013 | 23375981 |
| pathogen diagnosis of children sepsis by lamp technology. | to explore a rapid diagnostic method in neonatal sepsis and bacterial meningitis. | 2013 | 23375042 |
| enterobacter cloacae pyomyositis complicating chronic granulomatous disease and review of gram-negative bacilli pyomyositis. | pyomyositis is a primary purulent infection of skeletal muscles mostly described in tropical areas. staphylococcus aureus is by far the main causative microorganisms. in temperate areas, pyomyositis more frequently affects male adults with immunodeficiency. gram-negative bacilli pyomyositis are uncommon and occur mainly in this context of immunodeficiency. only one case of enterobacter cloacae pyomyositis has been reported so far. chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) is a rare inherited immunodef ... | 2013 | 23370968 |
| genetic characterization of tigecycline resistance in clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae and enterobacter aerogenes. | the intrinsically encoded rama gene has been linked to tigecycline resistance through the up-regulation of efflux pump acrab in enterobacter cloacae. the molecular basis for increased rama expression in e. cloacae and enterobacter aerogenes, as well as the role of arac regulator rara, has not yet been shown. to ascertain the intrinsic molecular mechanism(s) involved in tigecycline resistance in enterobacter spp., we analysed the expression levels of rama and rara and corresponding efflux pump ge ... | 2013 | 23349441 |
| treatment options for new delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-harboring enterobacteriaceae. | the new delhi metallo-β-lactamase gene (bla(ndm-1)) has emerged as a worldwide concern among isolates of enterobacteriaceae. its epidemiology is been strongly associated with travel and healthcare on the indian subcontinent. we report two cases of urinary tract infection with enterobacteriaceae harboring a bla(ndm-1). both cases presented as infection in community-dwelling individuals in australia and were associated with travel to the indian subcontinent. one isolate of escherichia coli harbore ... | 2013 | 23330550 |
| molecular and epidemiological characterization of enterobacterial multidrug-resistant strains in tlemcen hospital (algeria) (2008-2010). | seventy-one isolates of enterobacteriaceae (17 escherichia coli, 50 klebsiella pneumoniae, and 4 enterobacter cloacae) producing extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (esbls) were collected between april 2008 and march 2010 in an intensive care unit and surgical ward of tlemcen hospital (west of algeria). sequencing identified the bla(ctx-m-15) determinant in 69 isolates and bla(ctx-m-3) in 2 isolates. none of the studied strains produced the class d carbapenemase oxa-48. repetitive extragenic palindro ... | 2013 | 23301522 |
| [monitoring of hospital infections in cardiac surgery ward]. | the development of techniques applied in cardiac surgery changed the profile of operated patients. patients with small lesions within the cardiovascular system are treated using invasive cardiology. the occurrence of infections is directly related to the type of surgery and the implanted material. many hospitals, even in the developed countries, contend with hospital infections, which are the source of serious clinical and economic problems. paradoxically, problems associated with hospital infec ... | 2013 | 24734333 |
| [susceptibility of gramnegative carbapenemase-producing bacteria to various group antibiotics]. | the study involved 25 isolates of gramnegative carbapenemase-producing bacteria. 17 isolates of klebsiella pneumonia produced carbapenemase ndm-1 and were highly resistant to cephalosporins (mic>128 mcg/ml), carbapenems (mic>16 mcg/ml), aminoglycosides and fluoroquinoiones, while among them 4 isolates preserved susceptibility to azthreonam and all of them were susceptible to tigecycline and polymyxin. 2 isolates of acinetobacter genomospecies 13 produced ndm-1 and were resistant to all the beta- ... | 2013 | 24640145 |
| outbreak of multidrug-resistant ctx-m-15-producing enterobacter cloacae in a neonatal intensive care unit. | newborns are rarely infected by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing members of the enterobacteriaceae. in a neonatal intensive care unit, 14 newborns were infected or colonized by ctx-m-15-producing enterobacter cloacae. all seven infected patients had underlying medical conditions, and five of them were treated successfully with meropenem, whilst one untreated patient died. paediatric infections caused by multidrug-resistant esbl-producing enterobacter cloacae constitute a critical c ... | 2013 | 23264454 |
| identification of protoxins and a microbial basis for red maple (acer rubrum) toxicosis in equines. | the leaves of acer rubrum (red maple), especially when wilted in the fall, cause severe oxidative damage to equine erythrocytes, leading to potentially fatal methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia. gallic acid and tannins from a. rubrum leaves have been implicated as the toxic compounds responsible for red maple toxicosis, but the mechanism of action and toxic principle(s) have not been elucidated to date. in order to investigate further how red maple toxicosis occurs, aqueous solutions of galli ... | 2013 | 23242665 |
| [common pathogens and clinical characteristics of neonatal pneumonia]. | to study common pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility as well as clinical characteristics of neonatal pneumonia. | 2012 | 23234773 |
| characterization of carbapenemases, extended spectrum β-lactamases and molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-non-susceptible enterobacter cloacae in a chinese hospital in chongqing. | carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae, including strains from multiple species harboring metallo-β-lactamases (imp, ndm or vim) and non-metallo (kpc) carbapenemases, as well as those combining an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) enzyme with porin loss, present an increasingly urgent clinical danger. the aim of this study was to characterize the carbapenemases and esbls in carbapenem-non-susceptible (cns) enterobacter cloacae (e. cloacae) isolates from a chinese teaching hospital. a total o ... | 2013 | 23220359 |
| synergistic activity and mechanism of action of ceftazidime and apigenin combination against ceftazidime-resistant enterobacter cloacae. | the purpose of this investigation was to examine the antibacterial and synergistic effect of naturally occurring flavonoids, apigenin, quercetin, naringenin and ceftazidime when use singly and in combination against ceftazidime-resistant enterobacter cloacae strains by minimum inhibitory concentration (mic), checkerboard and viable count methods. the mode of actions were also studied by electronmicoscopy, enzyme assay, outer and inner membrane permeabilisation. the results showed that these stra ... | 2013 | 23218402 |
| structure characterization of a fucose-containing exopolysaccharide produced by enterobacter cloacae z0206. | a novel high molecular weight (1.1 × 10(6)da) exopolysaccharide (eps) produced by enterobacter cloacae z0206 strain was isolated by column chromatography. complete hydrolysis of the eps followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (gc-ms) and high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) analyses showed that the eps is composed of l-fucose, d-glucose, d-galactose, d-glucuronic acid and pyruvic acid in the approximate molar ratio of 2:1:3:1:1. partial acid hydrolysis of the purified eps follo ... | 2013 | 23218327 |
| molecular characterization of carbapenemase-producing clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae in a teaching hospital, japan. | we examined the molecular characteristics of 13 phenotypically confirmed carbapenemase-positive enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates, including the relationships between plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance genes (qnr), 6'-n-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase-encoding genes [aac(6')] and ampc-encoding genes (pampc). twelve isolates were bla(imp-1) positive (92.3%), while one was bla(imp-11) positive (7.7%). we detected qnr, aac(6') and pampc genes designated bla(act-1)-like in 76.9%, 100% and 53. ... | 2013 | 23161765 |
| three cases of imp-type metallo-β-lactamase-producing enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infection in japan. | we report three cases of imp-type metallo-β-lactamase-producing enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infection, which showed minimum inhibitory concentration values for imipenem with 2 μg/ml in all isolates. although carbapenems were initiated empirically in all cases, two of three cases died. the clinical and laboratory standards institute lowered the breakpoints of carbapenems for enterobacteriaceae in 2010. however, the previous breakpoints are still used in many clinical laboratories, which can ... | 2013 | 23160627 |
| detection of the carbapenemase gim-1 in enterobacter cloacae in germany. | to characterize the mechanisms involved in reduced susceptibility to carbapenems in two enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates. | 2013 | 23152484 |
| microbiological assessment and evaluation of rehydration instructions on powdered infant formulas, follow-up formulas, and infant foods in malaysia. | a total of 90 samples comprising powdered infant formulas (n=51), follow-up formulas (n=21), and infant foods (n=18) from 15 domestic and imported brands were purchased from various retailers in klang valley, malaysia and evaluated in terms of microbiological quality and the similarity of rehydration instructions on the product label to guidelines set by the world health organization. microbiological analysis included the determination of aerobic plate count (apc) and the presence of enterobacte ... | 2013 | 23141821 |
| vim-4 carbapenemase-producing enterobacter cloacae in the united arab emirates. | screening 34 carbapenem non-susceptible enterobacteriaceae recovered in abu dhabi hospitals identified an enterobacter cloacae strain carrying bla(vim-4) , bla(cmy-4) and bla(ctx-m-15) . it was isolated from the urine of an egyptian patient repeatedly hospitalized and treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, including carbapenems, in the united arab emirates. the bla(vim-4) coding class i integron, highly similar to in416, was carried on a 175-kilobase non-conjugative inca/c type plasmid also hy ... | 2012 | 23078093 |
| antibiotics involved in the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: a nationwide multilevel study suggests differences within antibiotic classes. | to identify the antibiotics potentially the most involved in the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from an ecological perspective in french healthcare facilities (hcfs). | 2013 | 23075690 |
| discrimination of selected species of pathogenic bacteria using near-infrared raman spectroscopy and principal components analysis. | abstract. a method, based on raman spectroscopy, for identification of different microorganisms involved in bacterial urinary tract infections has been proposed. spectra were collected from different bacterial colonies (gram-negative: escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterobacter cloacae, and gram-positive: staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus spp.), grown on culture medium (agar), using a raman spectrometer with a fiber raman probe (830 nm ... | 2012 | 23052563 |
| artemisia capillaris extracts as a green factory for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial activities. | we report a green synthesis of silver nanoparticles that uses extracts from the aerial part of artemisia capillaris. both water and 70% ethanol extracts successfully generated silver nanoparticles. the formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance bands, fourier transform-infrared spectra, high resolution-transmission electron and atomic force microscopic images. various shapes of silver nanoparticles were generated with an average diameter of 29.71 nm with water e ... | 2012 | 23035437 |
| infective endocarditis due to enterobacter cloacae resistant to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. | we report the case of using a long-term combination of meropenem and amikacin to treat infective endocarditis caused by enterobacter cloacae resistant to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacilli, such as the e. cloacae in our study, may become possible pathogens of infective endocarditis. our experience with this case indicates that long-term use of a combination of β-lactam and aminoglycosides might represent a suitable management option for future ... | 2015 | 23017689 |
| microbial interactions associated with secondary cucumber fermentation. | to evaluate the interaction between selected yeasts and bacteria and associate their metabolic activity with secondary cucumber fermentation. | 2013 | 23013318 |
| non-cytotoxic antibacterial silver-coumarin complex doped sol-gel coatings. | microbial colonisation on clinical and industrial surfaces is currently of global concern and silane based sol-gel coatings are being proposed as potential solutions. sol-gels are chemically inert, stable and homogeneous and can be designed to act as a reservoir for releasing antimicrobial agents over extended time periods. in the present study, silver nitrate (agn) and a series of silver coumarin complexes based on coumarin-3-carboxylatosilver (agc) and it is 6, 7 and 8 hydroxylated analogues ( ... | 2013 | 23010125 |
| characterization of fluoroquinolone and cephalosporin resistance mechanisms in enterobacteriaceae isolated in a dutch teaching hospital reveals the presence of an escherichia coli st131 clone with a specific mutation in pare. | to characterize the mechanisms of fluoroquinolone and cephalosporin resistance in enterobacteriaceae from a dutch teaching hospital in 2008. | 2013 | 22991424 |
| aiia quorum-sensing quenching controls proteolytic activity and biofilm formation by enterobacter cloacae. | the aim of this work was to evaluate a quorum-quenching approach to identify functions regulated by quorum sensing in enterobacter cloacae. we employed an aiia transconjugant strain of e. cloacae that synthesizes a lactonase enzyme that hydrolyzes n-acyl homoserine lactone signaling molecules to compare bacterial phenotypes in the presence and absence of quorum signals. the aiia-expressing strain displayed increased proteolytic activity and intensity of a milk-clotting reaction when compared to ... | 2012 | 22986817 |
| role of selected oxidative yeasts and bacteria in cucumber secondary fermentation associated with spoilage of the fermented fruit. | changes during the spoilage of fermented cucumber pickles have been attributed to the metabolism of different yeasts and bacteria. in this study six organisms isolated from commercial spoiled cucumber pickles were evaluated for their possible role in primary and secondary cucumber fermentations. the ability of the yeasts issatchenkia occidentalis and pichia manshurica to utilize lactic and acetic acids during aerobic metabolism was confirmed and associated with increases in brine ph and the chem ... | 2012 | 22986199 |
| molecular mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates from korea and clinical outcome. | we investigated the molecular mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae and their clinical characteristics. nonreplicable e. cloacae isolates were recovered from six cancer patients and one patient with liver cirrhosis at a tertiary-care hospital in korea between 2002 and 2009. two patients who were considered to have a true infection caused by these microorganisms have died. all isolates produced ampc β-lactamases, including act-1, act-2, mir-3 and dha-1, ... | 2012 | 22964616 |
| emergence of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae as causes of bloodstream infections in patients with hematologic malignancies. | carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (cre) are increasingly prevalent pathogens. however, little is known about their emergence in patients with hematologic malignancies. we identified 18 patients with hematologic malignancies over 3.5 years who developed bloodstream infections (bsis) caused by cre. fourteen bsis were caused by klebsiella pneumoniae, three by enterobacter cloacae, and one was polymicrobial. initial empirical antimicrobial therapy was active in two patients (11%), and a median ... | 2013 | 22916826 |
| characterization of two mobilizable plasmids isolated from enterobacter cloacae. | we isolated two plasmids, ps51a and ps51b which were 5782 bp and 4854 bp in size, respectively, from the third generation cephalosporin-resistant e. cloacae suspected to express metallo-beta-lactamase, and analyzed their structures. these two plasmids encode rna i/rna ii genes for replication origin, relaxase genes of mobabcd for plasmid transfer, and several open reading frames. according to the classification of mobilizable plasmids by gene organization of the relaxases, ps51a and ps51b belong ... | 2012 | 22880227 |
| in silico structure-function analysis of e. cloacae nitroreductase. | reduction, catalyzed by the bacterial nitroreductases, is the quintessential first step in the biodegradation of a variety of nitroaromatic compounds from contaminated waters and soil. the enterobacter cloacae nitroreductase (ecnr) enzyme is considered as a prospective biotechnological tool for bioremediation of hazardous nitroaromatic compounds. using diverse computational methods, we obtain insights into the structural basis of activity and mechanism of its function. we have performed molecula ... | 2012 | 22865652 |
| high incidence of bloodstream infection due to gram-negative bacilli in patients with pulmonary hypertension receiving intravenous treprostinil. | an excessive risk for bacteremia has recently been reported in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (pah) treated with intravenous treprostinil. we aimed to assess this association in a cohort of patients from a spanish referral center. | 2012 | 22858303 |
| carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae in finland: the first years (2008-11). | carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (cpe) are becoming a global problem; they are often resistant to nearly all available antibiotics. here we report details on all finnish cpe isolates found until the end of 2011: carbapenemase genes, travel history and multilocus sequence typing (mlst) data. | 2012 | 22855858 |
| in vitro susceptibility of multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates to tigecycline. | to assess the in vitro susceptibility of multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae (mdre) isolates to tigecycline. | 2012 | 22833638 |
| class 1 integron gene cassettes in multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria in southern china. | non-duplicate multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (n=1447) isolated from january 2008 to december 2009 were investigated for the presence of integrons as well as characterisation of gene cassettes. among 825 strains carrying the class 1 integrase gene inti1, 461 gene cassette-positive isolates were found. thirty-eight distinct gene cassette arrays were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and dna sequencing analyses. in addition, several novel gene cassette arrays ... | 2012 | 22817917 |
| risk factors associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae nosocomial bloodstream infections in a tertiary care hospital: a clinical and molecular analysis. | to describe the risk factors and molecular epidemiology of nosocomial bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae in a tertiary care hospital. | 2012 | 22814216 |
| horizontal gene transfer of stress resistance genes through plasmid transport. | the horizontal gene transfer of plasmid-determined stress tolerance was achieved under lab conditions. bacterial isolates, enterobacter cloacae (dge50) and escherichia coli (dge57) were used throughout the study. samples were collected from contaminated marine water and soil to isolate bacterial strains having tolerance against heavy metals and antimicrobial agents. we have demonstrated plasmid transfer, from amp(+)cu(+)zn(-) strain (dge50) to amp(-)cu(-)zn(+) strain (dge57), producing amp(+)cu( ... | 2012 | 22805823 |
| seasonality in gram-negative and healthcare-associated infections. | to assess seasonal variations in gram-negative and healthcare-associated infections (hcais), a literature search was performed with combinations of the keywords 'seasonality', 'seasonal variations', 'gram-negative bacilli', 'infections', 'nosocomial infections', and 'health care associated infections', to retrieve articles published in english in peer-reviewed journals from 1 january 1970 to 29 february 2012. seasonality was demonstrated for infections, mostly bloodstream infections (bsis), caus ... | 2012 | 22784293 |
| ctx-m-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in enterobacteriaceae in the intensive care unit of tlemcen hospital, algeria. | the aim of this study was to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbl) in enterobacteriaceae isolates in the intensive care unit (icu) of tlemcen hospital in north-western algeria. antimicrobial susceptibility testing, molecular typing, characterization of esbl-encoding genes and the genetic environment, conjugation experiments and plasmid analysis were carried out. in all, 28 enterobacteriaceae isolates were isolated from specimens recovered from patients in the icu and 2 from surfaces of ... | 2012 | 22768702 |
| causative bacteria and antibiotic resistance in neonatal sepsis. | neonatal sepsis is characterised by bacteraemia and clinical symptoms caused by microorganisms and their toxic products. gram negative bacteria are the commonest causes of neonatal sepsis. the resistance to the commonly used antibiotics is alarmingly high. the major reason for emerging resistance against antibiotics is that doctors often do not take blood cultures before starting antibiotics. we have carried out this study to find out various bacteria causing neonatal sepsis and their susceptibi ... | 2014 | 24669633 |
| characterization of the antibacterial activity and the chemical components of the volatile oil of the leaves of rubus parvifolius l. | rubus parvifolius l. (rp) is a medicinal herb that possesses antibacterial activity. in this study, we extracted the volatile oil from the leaves of rp to assess its antibacterial activity and analyze its chemical composition. a uniform distribution design was used to optimize the extraction procedure, which yielded 0.36% (w/w) of light yellowish oil from the water extract of rp leaves. we found that the extracted oil effectively inhibited the growth of a wide range of gram positive and negative ... | 2012 | 22732887 |
| the variability of bacterial aerosol in poultry houses depending on selected factors. | this study is aimed at evaluation of bacterial air contamination in intensive poultry breeding. the evaluation was based on the determined levels of bacterial concentrations and qualitative identification of isolated microorganisms. | 2012 | 22729495 |
| [characterization of blaoxa-48 in enterobacter cloacae clinical strains in southern spain]. | | 2012 | 22727535 |
| emergence of vim-4- and shv-12-producing enterobacter cloacae in a neonatal intensive care unit. | in order to reveal colonization with multidrug-resistant bacteria early, routine screening is done on samples of all patients of the neonatal intensive care units at semmelweis university, hungary. due to the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) screening examinations, emergence of multidrug-resistant enterobacter cloacae isolates was found with suspicion of clonal transmission, therefore active microbiological surveillance was initiated. the aim of our study was to characterize 60 e. cloacae is ... | 2012 | 22721811 |
| presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in waste waters, kinshasa, the democratic republic of the congo. | extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae are a major public health concern. we previously demonstrated the presence of esbl-producing enterobacteriaceae in sachet-packaged water bags sold in kinshasa, the democratic republic of the congo. in complement to the previous study, we aimed to assess the presence of esbl-producing enterobacteriaceae in waste waters in kinshasa.enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from environmental water samples were screened and phenotypic ... | 2012 | 22706515 |
| the "other" gram-negative bacteria in mastitis: klebsiella, serratia, and more. | mastitis caused by gram-negative infections is of increasing importance on modern and well-managed dairy farms. without a doubt, e coli tends to be the most important cause of these gram-negative infections when the data are tallied across farms.1 however, more precise investigation of individual farms often reveals a farm-specific infection pattern where a single gram-negative bacterial species predominates. several farms with a predominance of “other” gram-negative imis may be observed. we hav ... | 2012 | 22664206 |
| an animal model of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) in preterm rabbits. | creation of an animal model of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) allowing adjustment of severity and potential recoverability is needed to study effectiveness of prevention and treatment strategies. this study describes a novel model in preterm rabbits capable of adjusting severity of nec-like histologic changes. rabbit pups (n = 151) were delivered by cesarean section 2 days preterm. in the treatment groups, tissue adhesive was applied to anal openings to simulate the poor intestinal function and ... | 2013 | 22662963 |
| prevalences of the enterobacter cloacae complex and its phylogenetic derivatives in the nosocomial environment. | despite the importance of the enterobacter cloacae complex as a nosocomial pathogen, little is known about the relative contribution of its single species and genotypes to its pathogenicity. we studied here the relationship between phylogenetically related strains and clinical infection sites. a total of 196 prospectively collected isolates of the e. cloacae complex were included in the study, comprising 67 blood culture isolates. isolates were analyzed for clonality by pulsed-field gel electrop ... | 2012 | 22648160 |