| a de novo-assembly based data analysis pipeline for plant obligate parasite metatranscriptomic studies. | current and emerging plant diseases caused by obligate parasitic microbes such as rusts, downy mildews, and powdery mildews threaten worldwide crop production and food safety. these obligate parasites are typically unculturable in the laboratory, posing technical challenges to characterize them at the genetic and genomic level. here we have developed a data analysis pipeline integrating several bioinformatic software programs. this pipeline facilitates rapid gene discovery and expression analysi ... | 2016 | 27462318 |
| draft genome sequence of the endophytic strain rhodococcus kyotonensis kb10, a potential biodegrading and antibacterial bacterium isolated from arabidopsis thaliana. | rhodococcus kyotonensis kb10 is an endophytic bacterium isolated from arabidopsis thaliana the organism showed mild antibacterial activity against the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000. this study reports the genome sequence of r. kyotonensis kb10. this bacterium contains an ectoine biosynthesis gene cluster and has the potential to degrade nitroaromatic compounds. the identified bacterium may be a suitable biocontrol agent and degrader of environmental pollutants. | 2016 | 27389269 |
| suppressing farnesyl diphosphate synthase alters chloroplast development and triggers sterol-dependent induction of jasmonate- and fe-related responses. | farnesyl diphosphate synthase (fps) catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) contains two genes (fps1 and fps2) encoding fps. single fps1 and fps2 knockout mutants are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type plants, while fps1/fps2 double mutants are embryo lethal. to assess the effect of fps down-regulation at postembryonic developmental stages, we generated arabidopsis conditional knoc ... | 2016 | 27382138 |
| "cre/loxp plus bac": a strategy for direct cloning of large dna fragment and its applications in photorhabdus luminescens and agrobacterium tumefaciens. | heterologous expression has been proven to be a valid strategy for elucidating the natural products produced by gene clusters uncovered by genome sequencing projects. efforts have been made to efficiently clone gene clusters directly from genomic dna and several approaches have been developed. here, we present an alternative strategy based on the site-specific recombinase system cre/loxp for direct cloning gene clusters. a type three secretion system (t3ss) gene cluster (~32 kb) from photorhabdu ... | 2016 | 27364376 |
| the potyviral p3 protein targets eukaryotic elongation factor 1a to promote the unfolded protein response and viral pathogenesis. | the biochemical function of the potyviral p3 protein is not known, although it is known to regulate virus replication, movement, and pathogenesis. we show that p3, the putative virulence determinant of soybean mosaic virus (smv), targets a component of the translation elongation complex in soybean. eukaryotic elongation factor 1a (eef1a), a well-known host factor in viral pathogenesis, is essential for smv virulence and the associated unfolded protein response (upr). silencing gmef1a inhibits ac ... | 2016 | 27356973 |
| transcriptome profiling of huanglongbing (hlb) tolerant and susceptible citrus plants reveals the role of basal resistance in hlb tolerance. | huanglongbing (hlb) is currently the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. although there is no immune cultivar, field tolerance to hlb within citrus and citrus relatives has been observed at the usda picos farm at ft. pierce, florida, where plants have been exposed to a very high level of hlb pressure since 2006. in this study, we used rna-seq to evaluate expression differences between two closely related cultivars after hlb infection: hlb-tolerant "jackson" grapefruit-like-hybrid trees ... | 2016 | 27446161 |
| a genome-wide analysis reveals stress and hormone responsive patterns of tify family genes in brassica rapa. | the tify family is a plant-specific group of proteins with a diversity of functions and includes four subfamilies, viz. zml, tify, ppd, and jasmonate zim-domain (jaz) proteins. tify family members, particularly jaz subfamily proteins, play roles in biological processes such as development and stress and hormone responses in arabidopsis, rice, chickpea, and grape. however, there is no information about this family in any brassica crop. this study identifies 36 tify genes in brassica rapa, an econ ... | 2016 | 27446164 |
| global transcriptome changes in perennial ryegrass during early infection by pink snow mould. | lack of resistance to pink snow mould (microdochium nivale) is a major constraint for adaptation of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) to continental regions with long-lasting snow cover at higher latitudes. almost all investigations of genetic variation in resistance have been performed using cold acclimated plants. however, there may be variation in resistance mechanisms that are functioning independently of cold acclimation. in this study our aim was to identify candidate genes involved i ... | 2016 | 27346054 |
| chitosan effects on plant systems. | chitosan (cht) is a natural, safe, and cheap product of chitin deacetylation, widely used by several industries because of its interesting features. the availability of industrial quantities of cht in the late 1980s enabled it to be tested in agriculture. cht has been proven to stimulate plant growth, to protect the safety of edible products, and to induce abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in various horticultural commodities. the stimulating effect of different enzyme activities to detoxify r ... | 2016 | 27347928 |
| differentiation between mamp triggered defenses in arabidopsis thaliana. | a first line of defense against pathogen attack for both plants and animals involves the detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps), followed by the induction of a complex immune response. plants, like animals, encode several receptors that recognize different mamps. while these receptors are thought to function largely redundantly, the physiological responses to different mamps can differ in detail. responses to mamp exposure evolve quantitatively in natural populations of arabi ... | 2016 | 27336582 |
| whole-metagenome-sequencing-based community profiles of vitis vinifera l. cv. corvina berries withered in two post-harvest conditions. | vitis vinifera l. cv. corvina grape forms the basis for the production of unique wines, such as amarone, whose distinctive sensory features are strongly linked to the post-harvest grape withering process. indeed, this process increases sugar concentration and changes must characteristics. while microorganisms involved in must fermentation have been widely investigated, few data are available on the microbiota of withered grapes. thus, in this paper, a whole metagenome sequencing (wms) approach w ... | 2016 | 27445999 |
| mining functional modules in heterogeneous biological networks using multiplex pagerank approach. | identification of functional modules/sub-networks in large-scale biological networks is one of the important research challenges in current bioinformatics and systems biology. approaches have been developed to identify functional modules in single-class biological networks; however, methods for systematically and interactively mining multiple classes of heterogeneous biological networks are lacking. in this paper, we present a novel algorithm (called mpagerank) that utilizes the multiplex pagera ... | 2016 | 27446133 |
| fluorescence imaging in the red and far-red region during growth of sunflower plantlets. diagnosis of the early infection by the parasite orobanche cumana. | broomrape, caused by the root holoparasite orobanche cumana, is the main biotic constraint to sunflower oil production worldwide. by the time broomrape emerges, most of the metabolic imbalance has been produced by o. cumana to sunflower plants. uv-induced multicolor fluorescence imaging (mcfi) provides information on the fluorescence emitted by chlorophyll (chl) a of plants in the spectral bands with peaks near 680 nm (red, f680) and 740 nm (far-red, f740). in this work mcfi was extensively appl ... | 2016 | 27446116 |
| functional analysis of structurally related soybean gmwrky58 and gmwrky76 in plant growth and development. | wrky transcription factors constitute a large protein superfamily with a predominant role in plant stress responses. in this study we report that two structurally related soybean wrky proteins, gmwrky58 and gmwrky76, play a critical role in plant growth and flowering. gmwrky58 and gmwrky76 are both group iii wrky proteins with a c2hc zinc finger domain and are close homologs of atwrky70 and atwrky54, two well-characterized arabidopsis wrky proteins with an important role in plant responses to bi ... | 2016 | 27335454 |
| flavones: from biosynthesis to health benefits. | flavones correspond to a flavonoid subgroup that is widely distributed in the plants, and which can be synthesized by different pathways, depending on whether they contain c- or o-glycosylation and hydroxylated b-ring. flavones are emerging as very important specialized metabolites involved in plant signaling and defense, as well as key ingredients of the human diet, with significant health benefits. here, we appraise flavone formation in plants, emphasizing the emerging theme that biosynthesis ... | 2016 | 27338492 |
| function of succinoglycan polysaccharide in sinorhizobium meliloti host plant invasion depends on succinylation, not molecular weight. | the acidic polysaccharide succinoglycan produced by the rhizobial symbiont sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 is required for this bacterium to invade the host plant medicago truncatula and establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. s. meliloti mutants that cannot make succinoglycan cannot initiate invasion structures called infection threads in plant root hairs. s. meliloti exoh mutants that cannot succinylate succinoglycan are also unable to form infection threads, despite the fact that they make large q ... | 2016 | 27329751 |
| extracellular recognition of oomycetes during biotrophic infection of plants. | extracellular recognition of pathogens by plants constitutes an important early detection system in plant immunity. microbe-derived molecules, also named patterns, can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (prrs) on the host cell membrane that trigger plant immune responses. most knowledge on extracellular pathogen detection by plants comes from research on bacterial and fungal pathogens. for oomycetes, that comprise some of the most destructive plant pathogens, mechanisms of extracellu ... | 2016 | 27446136 |
| coronatine facilitates pseudomonas syringae infection of arabidopsis leaves at night. | in many land plants, the stomatal pore opens during the day and closes during the night. thus, periods of darkness could be effective in decreasing pathogen penetration into leaves through stomata, the primary sites for infection by many pathogens. pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) dc3000 produces coronatine (cor) and opens stomata, raising an intriguing question as to whether this is a virulence strategy to facilitate bacterial infection at night. in fact, we found that (a) biological conce ... | 2016 | 27446113 |
| deciphering the epitranscriptome: a green perspective. | the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies coupled with new detection methods of rna modifications has enabled investigation of a new layer of gene regulation - the epitranscriptome. with over 100 known rna modifications, understanding the repertoire of rna modifications is a huge undertaking. this review summarizes what is known about rna modifications with an emphasis on discoveries in plants. rna ribose modifications, base methylations and pseudouridylation are required for normal ... | 2016 | 27172004 |
| function of the golgi-located phosphate transporter pht4;6 is critical for senescence-associated processes in arabidopsis. | the phosphate transporter pht4;6 locates to the trans-golgi compartment, and its impaired activity causes altered intracellular phosphate compartmentation, leading to low cytosolic pi levels, a blockage of golgi-related processes such as protein glycosylation and hemicellulose biosynthesis, and a dwarf phenotype. however, it was unclear whether altered pi homeostasis in pht4;6 mutants causes further cellular problems, typically associated with limited phosphate availability. here we report that ... | 2016 | 27325894 |
| the barley powdery mildew effector candidates csep0081 and csep0254 promote fungal infection success. | effectors play significant roles in the success of pathogens. recent advances in genome sequencing have revealed arrays of effectors and effector candidates from a wide range of plant pathogens. yet, the vast majority of them remain uncharacterized. among the ~500 candidate secreted effector proteins (cseps) predicted from the barley powdery mildew fungal genome, only a few have been studied and shown to have a function in virulence. here, we provide evidence that csep0081 and csep0254 contribut ... | 2016 | 27322386 |
| transcriptome profiling revealed stress-induced and disease resistance genes up-regulated in prsv resistant transgenic papaya. | papaya is a productive and nutritious tropical fruit. papaya ringspot virus (prsv) is the most devastating pathogen threatening papaya production worldwide. development of transgenic resistant varieties is the most effective strategy to control this disease. however, little is known about the genome-wide functional changes induced by particle bombardment transformation. we conducted transcriptome sequencing of prsv resistant transgenic papaya sunup and its prsv susceptible progenitor sunset to c ... | 2016 | 27379138 |
| jasmonates: multifunctional roles in stress tolerance. | jasmonates (jas) [jasmonic acid (ja) and methyl jasmonates (mejas)] are known to take part in various physiological processes. exogenous application of jas so far tested on different plants under abiotic stresses particularly salinity, drought, and temperature (low/high) conditions have proved effective in improving plant stress tolerance. however, its extent of effectiveness entirely depends on the type of plant species tested or its concentration. the effects of introgression or silencing of d ... | 2016 | 27379115 |
| contribution of vegetation to the microbial composition of nearby outdoor air. | given that epiphytic microbes are often found in large population sizes on plants, we tested the hypothesis that plants are quantitatively important local sources of airborne microorganisms. the abundance of microbial communities, determined by quantifying bacterial 16s rna genes and the fungal internal transcribed spacer (its) region, in air collected directly above vegetation was 2- to 10-fold higher than that in air collected simultaneously in an adjacent nonvegetated area 50 m upwind. nonmet ... | 2016 | 27107117 |
| a bacterial pathogen displaying temperature-enhanced virulence of the microalga emiliania huxleyi. | emiliania huxleyi is a globally abundant microalga that plays a significant role in biogeochemical cycles. over the next century, sea surface temperatures are predicted to increase drastically, which will likely have significant effects on the survival and ecology of e. huxleyi. in a warming ocean, this microalga may become increasingly vulnerable to pathogens, particularly those with temperature-dependent virulence. ruegeria is a genus of rhodobacteraceae whose population size tracks that of e. ... | 2016 | 27379036 |
| cmsearch: simultaneous exploration of protein sequence space and structure space improves not only protein homology detection but also protein structure prediction. | protein homology detection, a fundamental problem in computational biology, is an indispensable step toward predicting protein structures and understanding protein functions. despite the advances in recent decades on sequence alignment, threading and alignment-free methods, protein homology detection remains a challenging open problem. recently, network methods that try to find transitive paths in the protein structure space demonstrate the importance of incorporating network information of the ... | 2016 | 27307635 |
| inferring the perturbation time from biological time course data. | time course data are often used to study the changes to a biological process after perturbation. statistical methods have been developed to determine whether such a perturbation induces changes over time, e.g. comparing a perturbed and unperturbed time course dataset to uncover differences. however, existing methods do not provide a principled statistical approach to identify the specific time when the two time course datasets first begin to diverge after a perturbation; we call this the perturb ... | 2016 | 27288495 |
| uncoupling high light responses from singlet oxygen retrograde signaling and spatial-temporal systemic acquired acclimation. | distinct ros signaling pathways initiated by singlet oxygen ((1)o2) or superoxide and hydrogen peroxide have been attributed to either cell death or acclimation, respectively. recent studies have revealed that more complex antagonistic and synergistic relationships exist within and between these pathways. as specific chloroplastic ros signals are difficult to study, rapid systemic signaling experiments using localized high light (hl) stress or ros treatments were used in this study to uncouple s ... | 2016 | 27288360 |
| possible involvement of myb44-mediated stomatal regulation in systemic resistance induced by penicillium simplicissimum gp17-2 in arabidopsis. | the plant growth-promoting fungus (pgpf), penicillium simplicissimum gp17-2 (gp17-2), induces systemic resistance against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst) in arabidopsis thaliana. the molecular mechanisms underlying induced systemic resistance (isr) by gp17-2 were investigated in the present study. microscopic observations revealed that stomatal reopening by pst was restricted by elicitation with the culture filtrate (cf) from gp17-2. a gene expression analysis of myb44, which enhanc ... | 2016 | 27301421 |
| spectral properties of bacteriophytochrome am1_5894 in the chlorophyll d-containing cyanobacterium acaryochloris marina. | acaryochloris marina, a unicellular oxygenic photosynthetic cyanobacterium, has uniquely adapted to far-red light-enriched environments using red-shifted chlorophyll d. to understand red-light use in acaryochloris, the genome of this cyanobacterium was searched for red/far-red light photoreceptors from the phytochrome family, resulting in identification of a putative bacteriophytochrome am1_5894. am1_5894 contains three standard domains of photosensory components as well as a putative c-terminal ... | 2016 | 27282102 |
| hyperspectral imaging for determining pigment contents in cucumber leaves in response to angular leaf spot disease. | hyperspectral imaging technique was employed to determine spatial distributions of chlorophyll (chl), and carotenoid (car) contents in cucumber leaves in response to angular leaf spot (als). altogether, 196 hyperspectral images of cucumber leaves with five infection severities of als were captured by a hyperspectral imaging system in the range of 380-1,030 nm covering 512 wavebands. mean spectrum were extracted from regions of interest (rois) in the hyperspectral images. partial least square reg ... | 2016 | 27283050 |
| protein phosphatase 2a in the regulatory network underlying biotic stress resistance in plants. | biotic stress factors pose a major threat to plant health and can significantly deteriorate plant productivity by impairing the physiological functions of the plant. to combat the wide range of pathogens and insect herbivores, plants deploy converging signaling pathways, where counteracting activities of protein kinases and phosphatases form a basic mechanism for determining appropriate defensive measures. recent studies have identified protein phosphatase 2a (pp2a) as a crucial component that c ... | 2016 | 27375664 |
| whole genome sequencing identifies a novel factor required for secretory granule maturation in tetrahymena thermophila. | unbiased genetic approaches have a unique ability to identify novel genes associated with specific biological pathways. thanks to next generation sequencing, forward genetic strategies can be expanded to a wider range of model organisms. the formation of secretory granules, called mucocysts, in the ciliate tetrahymena thermophila relies, in part, on ancestral lysosomal sorting machinery, but is also likely to involve novel factors. in prior work, multiple strains with defects in mucocyst biogene ... | 2016 | 27317773 |
| role of ubiquitin-mediated degradation system in plant biology. | ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation is an important mechanism to control protein load in the cells. ubiquitin binds to a protein on lysine residue and usually promotes its degradation through 26s proteasome system. abnormal proteins and regulators of many processes, are targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. it allows cells to maintain the response to cellular level signals and altered environmental conditions. the ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation system pl ... | 2016 | 27375660 |
| the protein elicitor pevd1 enhances resistance to pathogens and promotes growth in arabidopsis. | the protein elicitor pevd1, isolated from verticillium dahlia, could enhance resistance to tmv in tobacco and verticillium wilt in cotton. here, the pevd1 gene was over-expressed in wild type (wt) arabidopsis, and its biological functions were investigated. our results showed that the transgenic lines were more resistant to botrytis cinerea and pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 than the wt line was. in transgenic plants, both the germination time and bolting time required were significantly ... | 2016 | 27489497 |
| nod factor effects on root hair-specific transcriptome of medicago truncatula: focus on plasma membrane transport systems and reactive oxygen species networks. | root hairs are involved in water and nutrient uptake, and thereby in plant autotrophy. in legumes, they also play a crucial role in establishment of rhizobial symbiosis. to obtain a holistic view of medicago truncatula genes expressed in root hairs and of their regulation during the first hours of the engagement in rhizobial symbiotic interaction, a high throughput rna sequencing on isolated root hairs from roots challenged or not with lipochitooligosaccharides nod factors (nf) for 4 or 20 h was ... | 2016 | 27375649 |
| drought stress predominantly endures arabidopsis thaliana to pseudomonas syringae infection. | plant responses to a combination of drought and bacterial pathogen infection, an agronomically important and altogether a new stress, are not well-studied. while occurring concurrently, these two stresses can lead to synergistic or antagonistic effects on plants due to stress-interaction. it is reported that plant responses to the stress combinations consist of both strategies, unique to combined stress and those shared between combined and individual stresses. however, the combined stress respo ... | 2016 | 27375661 |
| identification and characterization of five bahd acyltransferases involved in hydroxycinnamoyl ester metabolism in chicory. | chicory (cichorium intybus) accumulates caffeic acid esters with important significance for human health. in this study, we aim at a better understanding of the biochemical pathway of these bioactive compounds. detailed metabolic analysis reveals that c. intybus predominantly accumulates caftaric and chicoric acids in leaves, whereas isochlorogenic acid (3,5-dicqa) was almost exclusively accumulated in roots. chlorogenic acid (3-cqa) was equally distributed in all organs. interestingly, distribu ... | 2016 | 27375627 |
| a phytophthora sojae effector suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated immunity by stabilizing plant binding immunoglobulin proteins. | phytophthora pathogens secrete an array of specific effector proteins to manipulate host innate immunity to promote pathogen colonization. however, little is known about the host targets of effectors and the specific mechanisms by which effectors increase susceptibility. here we report that the soybean pathogen phytophthora sojae uses an essential effector psavh262 to stabilize endoplasmic reticulum (er)-luminal binding immunoglobulin proteins (bips), which act as negative regulators of plant re ... | 2016 | 27256489 |
| multiple patterns of regulation and overexpression of a ribonuclease-like pathogenesis-related protein gene, ospr10a, conferring disease resistance in rice and arabidopsis. | an abundant 17 kda rnase, encoded by ospr10a (also known as pbz1), was purified from pi-starved rice suspension-cultured cells. biochemical analysis showed that the range of optimal temperature for its rnase activity was 40-70°c and the optimum ph was 5.0. disulfide bond formation and divalent metal ion mg2+ were required for the rnase activity. the expression of ospr10a::gus in transgenic rice was induced upon phosphate (pi) starvation, wounding, infection by the pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. ... | 2016 | 27258121 |
| pamp activity of cerato-platanin during plant interaction: an -omic approach. | cerato-platanin (cp) is the founder of a fungal protein family consisting in non-catalytic secreted proteins, which work as virulence factors and/or as elicitors of defense responses and systemic resistance, thus acting as pamps (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). moreover, cp has been defined an expansin-like protein showing the ability to weaken cellulose aggregates, like the canonical plant expansins do. here, we deepen the knowledge on cp pamp activity by the use of a multi-disciplinar ... | 2016 | 27271595 |
| changes in the arabidopsis thaliana proteome implicate camp in biotic and abiotic stress responses and changes in energy metabolism. | the second messenger 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) is increasingly recognized as having many different roles in plant responses to environmental stimuli. to gain further insights into these roles, arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension culture was treated with 100 nm of cell permeant 8-bromo-camp for 5 or 10 min. here, applying mass spectrometry and comparative proteomics, 20 proteins were identified as differentially expressed and we noted a specific bias in proteins with a role in ... | 2016 | 27258261 |
| assessing illumina technology for the high-throughput sequencing of bacteriophage genomes. | bacteriophages are the most abundant biological entities on the planet, playing crucial roles in the shaping of bacterial populations. phages have smaller genomes than their bacterial hosts, yet there are currently fewer fully sequenced phage than bacterial genomes. we assessed the suitability of illumina technology for high-throughput sequencing and subsequent assembly of phage genomes. in silico datasets reveal that 30× coverage is sufficient to correctly assemble the complete genome of ~98.5% ... | 2016 | 27280068 |
| development of a laser capture microscope-based single-cell-type proteomics tool for studying proteomes of individual cell layers of plant roots. | single-cell-type proteomics provides the capability to revealing the genomic and proteomics information at cell-level resolution. however, the methodology for this type of research has not been well-developed. this paper reports developing a workflow of laser capture microdissection (lcm) followed by gel-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (gelc-ms/ms)-based proteomics analysis for the identification of proteomes contained in individual cell layers of tomato roots. thin-sections (~10- ... | 2016 | 27280026 |
| transfer rna derived small rnas targeting defense responsive genes are induced during phytophthora capsici infection in black pepper (piper nigrum l.). | small rnas derived from transfer rnas were recently assigned as potential gene regulatory candidates for various stress responses in eukaryotes. in this study, we report on the cloning and identification of trna derived small rnas from black pepper plants in response to the infection of the quick wilt pathogen, phytophthora capsici. 5'trfs cloned from black pepper were validated as highly expressed during p. capsici infection. a high-throughput systematic analysis of the small rnaome (srnaome) r ... | 2016 | 27313593 |
| suppression substractive hybridization and ngs reveal differential transcriptome expression profiles in wayfaring tree (viburnum lantana l.) treated with ozone. | tropospheric ozone (o3) is a global air pollutant that causes high economic damages by decreasing plant productivity. it enters the leaves through the stomata, generates reactive oxygen species, which subsequent decrease in photosynthesis, plant growth, and biomass accumulation. in order to identify genes that are important for conferring o3 tolerance or sensitivity to plants, a suppression subtractive hybridization analysis was performed on the very sensitive woody shrub, viburnum lantana, expo ... | 2016 | 27313581 |
| the arabidopsis lyst interacting protein 5 acts in regulating abscisic acid signaling and drought response. | multivesicular bodies (mvbs) are unique endosomes containing vesicles in the lumens and play essential roles in many eukaryotic cellular processes. the arabidopsis lyst interacting protein 5 (lip5), a positive regulator of mvb biogenesis, has critical roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses. however, whether the abscisic acid (aba) signaling is involved in lip5-mediated stress response is largely unknown. here, we report that lip5 functions in regulating aba signaling and drought response i ... | 2016 | 27313589 |
| a phytophthora sojae effector pscrn63 forms homo-/hetero-dimers to suppress plant immunity via an inverted association manner. | oomycete pathogens produce a large number of effectors to promote infection. their mode of action are largely unknown. here we show that a phytophthora sojae effector, pscrn63, suppresses flg22-induced expression of frk1 gene, a molecular marker in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamp)-triggered immunity (pti). however, pscrn63 does not suppress upstream signaling events including flg22-induced mapk activation and bik1 phosphorylation, indicating that it acts downstream of mapk cascades. ... | 2016 | 27243217 |
| identification and characterization of erysiphe necator-responsive micrornas in chinese wild vitis pseudoreticulata by high-throughput sequencing. | grapevine powdery mildew is one of the most damaging fungal diseases. therefore, a precise understanding of the grapevine disease resistance system becomes a subject of significant importance. plant micrornas(mirnas) have been implicated to play regulatory roles in plant biotic stress responses. in this study, high-throughput sequencing and mirdeep-p were employed to identify mirnas in chinese wild vitis pseudoreticulata leaves following inoculation with erysiphe necator. altogether, 126 previou ... | 2016 | 27303408 |
| reduction of growth and reproduction of the biotrophic fungus blumeria graminis in the presence of a necrotrophic pathogen. | crops are attacked by many potential pathogens with differing life-history traits, which raises the question of whether or not the outcome of infection by one pathogen may be modulated by a change in the host environment brought on by infection by another pathogen. we investigated the host-mediated interaction between the biotroph blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (bgt), the powdery mildew pathogen of wheat, and the necrotroph zymoseptoria tritici, which has a long latent, endophytic phase followi ... | 2016 | 27303429 |
| the pathogenicity of pseudomonas syringae mb03 against caenorhabditis elegans and the transcriptional response of nematicidal genes upon different nutritional conditions. | different species of the pseudomonas genus have been reported for their pathogenic potential against animal cells. however, the pathogenicity of pseudomonas syringae against caenorhabditis elegans has never been reported. in this study, the interaction of p. syringae mb03 with c. elegans was studied. different bioassays such as killing assay, lawn leaving assay, food preference assay, l4 growth assay and newly developed "secretion assay" were performed to evaluate the pathogenic potential of p. ... | 2016 | 27303387 |
| silencing of six susceptibility genes results in potato late blight resistance. | phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight, is a major threat to commercial potato production worldwide. significant costs are required for crop protection to secure yield. many dominant genes for resistance (r-genes) to potato late blight have been identified, and some of these r-genes have been applied in potato breeding. however, the p. infestans population rapidly accumulates new virulent strains that render r-genes ineffective. here we introduce a new class of resistance which ... | 2016 | 27233778 |
| the fundamental role of nox family proteins in plant immunity and their regulation. | nadph oxidases (noxs), also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (rbohs), are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ros), and are involved in many important processes in plants such as regulation of acclimatory signaling and programmed cell death (pcd). increasing evidence shows that noxs play crucial roles in plant immunity and their functions in plant immune responses are not as separate individuals but with other signal molecules such as kinases, rac/rop small gtpases and hormon ... | 2016 | 27240354 |
| inhibition of nuclear transport of nf-ĸb p65 by the salmonella type iii secretion system effector spvd. | salmonella enterica replicates in macrophages through the action of effector proteins translocated across the vacuolar membrane by a type iii secretion system (t3ss). here we show that the spi-2 t3ss effector spvd suppresses proinflammatory immune responses. spvd prevented activation of an nf-ĸb-dependent promoter and caused nuclear accumulation of importin-α, which is required for nuclear import of p65. spvd interacted specifically with the exportin xpo2, which mediates nuclear-cytoplasmic recy ... | 2016 | 27232334 |
| integrated metabolo-transcriptomics reveals fusarium head blight candidate resistance genes in wheat qtl-fhb2. | fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum not only causes severe losses in yield, but also reduces quality of wheat grain by accumulating mycotoxins. breeding for host plant resistance is considered as the best strategy to manage fhb. resistance in wheat to fhb is quantitative in nature, involving cumulative effects of many genes governing resistance. the poor understanding of genetics and lack of precise phenotyping has hindered the development of fhb resistant cultivars. though ... | 2016 | 27232496 |
| molecular phylogeny and dynamic evolution of disease resistance genes in the legume family. | legumes are the second-most important crop family in agriculture for its economic and nutritional values. disease resistance (r-) genes play an important role in responding to pathogen infections in plants. to further increase the yield of legume crops, we need a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of r-genes in the legume family. | 2016 | 27229309 |
| glycosylation is a major regulator of phenylpropanoid availability and biological activity in plants. | the phenylpropanoid pathway in plants is responsible for the biosynthesis of a huge amount of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine. both flavonoids and lignins are synthesized at the end of this very diverse metabolic pathway, as well as many intermediate molecules whose precise biological functions remain largely unknown. the diversity of these molecules can be further increased under the action of udp-glycosyltransferases (ugts) leading to the production of glycosylate ... | 2016 | 27303427 |
| multiple targets of salicylic acid and its derivatives in plants and animals. | salicylic acid (sa) is a critical plant hormone that is involved in many processes, including seed germination, root initiation, stomatal closure, floral induction, thermogenesis, and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. its central role in plant immunity, although extensively studied, is still only partially understood. classical biochemical approaches and, more recently, genome-wide high-throughput screens have identified more than two dozen plant sa-binding proteins (sabps), as well as mu ... | 2016 | 27303403 |
| transcriptome profiling of buffalograss challenged with the leaf spot pathogen curvularia inaequalis. | buffalograss (bouteloua dactyloides) is a low maintenance u. s. native turfgrass species with exceptional drought, heat, and cold tolerance. leaf spot caused by curvularia inaequalis negatively impacts buffalograss visual quality. two leaf spot susceptible and two resistant buffalograss lines were challenged with c. inaequalis. samples were collected from treated and untreated leaves when susceptible lines showed symptoms. transcriptome sequencing was done and differentially expressed genes were ... | 2016 | 27252728 |
| small molecule dfpm derivative-activated plant resistance protein signaling in roots is unaffected by eds1 subcellular targeting signal and chemical genetic isolation of victr r-protein mutants. | the small molecule dfpm ([5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)furan-2-yl]-piperidine-1-ylmethanethione) was recently shown to trigger signal transduction via early effector-triggered immunity signaling genes including eds1 and pad4 in arabidopsis thaliana accession col-0. chemical genetic analyses of a. thaliana natural variants identified the plant resistance protein-like toll/interleukin1 receptor (tir)-nucleotide binding (nb)-leucine-rich repeat (lrr) protein victr as required for dfpm-mediated root growth ... | 2016 | 27219122 |
| global transcriptional analysis reveals unique and shared responses in arabidopsis thaliana exposed to combined drought and pathogen stress. | with frequent fluctuations in global climate, plants are exposed to co-occurring drought and pathogen infection and this combination adversely affects plant survival. in the past, some studies indicated that morpho-physiological responses of plants to the combined stress are different from the individual stressed plants. however, interaction of drought stressed plants with pathogen has not been widely studied at molecular level. such studies are important to understand the defense pathways that ... | 2016 | 27252712 |
| effects of consecutive monoculture of pseudostellaria heterophylla on soil fungal community as determined by pyrosequencing. | under consecutive monoculture, the biomass and quality of pseudostellaria heterophylla declines significantly. in this study, a three-year field experiment was conducted to identify typical growth inhibition effects caused by extended monoculturing of p. heterophylla. deep pyrosequencing was used to examine changes in the structure and composition of soil fungal community along a three-year gradient of monoculture. the results revealed a distinct separation between the newly planted plot and the ... | 2016 | 27216019 |
| plant g-proteins come of age: breaking the bond with animal models. | g-proteins are universal signal transducers mediating many cellular responses. plant g-protein signaling has been modeled on the well-established animal paradigm but accumulated experimental evidence indicates that g-protein-dependent signaling in plants has taken a very different evolutionary path. here we review the differences between plant and animal g-proteins reported over past two decades. most importantly, while in animal systems the g-protein signaling cycle is activated by seven transm ... | 2016 | 27252940 |
| reassortment in segmented rna viruses: mechanisms and outcomes. | segmented rna viruses are widespread in nature and include important human, animal and plant pathogens, such as influenza viruses and rotaviruses. although the origin of rna virus genome segmentation remains elusive, a major consequence of this genome structure is the capacity for reassortment to occur during co-infection, whereby segments are exchanged among different viral strains. therefore, reassortment can create viral progeny that contain genes that are derived from more than one parent, p ... | 2016 | 27211789 |
| transgenic soybean overexpressing gmsamt1 exhibits resistance to multiple-hg types of soybean cyst nematode heterodera glycines. | soybean (glycine max (l.) merr.) salicylic acid methyl transferase (gmsamt1) catalyses the conversion of salicylic acid to methyl salicylate. prior results showed that when gmsamt1 was overexpressed in transgenic soybean hairy roots, resistance is conferred against soybean cyst nematode (scn), heterodera glycines ichinohe. in this study, we produced transgenic soybean overexpressing gmsamt1 and characterized their response to various scn races. transgenic plants conferred a significant reduction ... | 2016 | 27064027 |
| the pseudomonas syringae type iii effector hopg1 induces actin remodeling to promote symptom development and susceptibility during infection. | the plant cytoskeleton underpins the function of a multitude of cellular mechanisms, including those associated with developmental- and stress-associated signaling processes. in recent years, the actin cytoskeleton has been demonstrated to play a key role in plant immune signaling, including a recent demonstration that pathogens target actin filaments to block plant defense and immunity. herein, we quantified spatial changes in host actin filament organization after infection with pseudomonas sy ... | 2016 | 27217495 |
| drought-responsive wrky transcription factor genes tawrky1 and tawrky33 from wheat confer drought and/or heat resistance in arabidopsis. | drought stress is one of the major causes of crop loss. wrky transcription factors, as one of the largest transcription factor families, play important roles in regulation of many plant processes, including drought stress response. however, far less information is available on drought-responsive wrky genes in wheat (triticum aestivum l.), one of the three staple food crops. | 2016 | 27215938 |
| overexpression of spinach non-symbiotic hemoglobin in arabidopsis resulted in decreased no content and lowered nitrate and other abiotic stresses tolerance. | a class 1 non-symbiotic hemoglobin family gene, sohb, was isolated from spinach. qrt-pcr showed that sohb was induced by excess nitrate, polyethylene glycol, nacl, h2o2, and salicylic acid. besides, sohb was strongly induced by application of nitric oxide (no) donor, while was suppressed by no scavenger, nitrate reductase inhibitor, and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. overexpression of sohb in arabidopsis resulted in decreased no level and sensitivity to nitrate stress, as shown by reduced root ... | 2016 | 27211528 |
| differential transcriptomic responses to fusarium graminearum infection in two barley quantitative trait loci associated with fusarium head blight resistance. | fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (fhb), a major disease problem worldwide. resistance to fhb is controlled by quantitative trait loci (qtl) of which two are located on barley chromosomes 2h bin8 and 6h bin7. the mechanisms of resistance mediated by fhb qtl are poorly defined. | 2016 | 27206761 |
| rna-seq links the transcription factors aintegumenta and aintegumenta-like6 to cell wall remodeling and plant defense pathways. | aintegumenta (ant) and aintegumenta-like6 (ail6) are two related transcription factors in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) that have partially overlapping roles in several aspects of flower development, including floral organ initiation, identity specification, growth, and patterning. to better understand the biological processes regulated by these two transcription factors, we performed rna sequencing (rna-seq) on ant ail6 double mutants. we identified thousands of genes that are differential ... | 2016 | 27208279 |
| overexpression of bsr1 confers broad-spectrum resistance against two bacterial diseases and two major fungal diseases in rice. | broad-spectrum disease resistance against two or more types of pathogen species is desirable for crop improvement. in rice, xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), the causal bacteria of rice leaf blight, and magnaporthe oryzae, the fungal pathogen causing rice blast, are two of the most devastating pathogens. we identified the rice broad-spectrum resistance 1 (bsr1) gene for a bik1-like receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase using the fox hunting system, and demonstrated that bsr1-overexpressing (ox) ri ... | 2016 | 27436950 |
| flashy flagella: flagellin modification is relatively common and highly versatile among the enterobacteriaceae. | post-translational glycosylation of the flagellin protein is relatively common among gram-negative bacteria, and has been linked to several phenotypes, including flagellar biosynthesis and motility, biofilm formation, host immune evasion and manipulation and virulence. however to date, despite extensive physiological and genetic characterization, it has never been reported for the peritrichously flagellate enterobacteriaceae. | 2016 | 27206480 |
| chitosan oligosaccharide induces resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in arabidopsis via the salicylic acid-mediated signalling pathway. | chitosan is one of the most abundant carbohydrate biopolymers in the world, and chitosan oligosaccharide (cos), which is prepared from chitosan, is a plant immunity regulator. the present study aimed to validate the effect of cos on inducing resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) in arabidopsis and to investigate the potential defence-related signalling pathways involved. optimal conditions for the induction of tmv resistance in arabidopsis were cos pretreatment at 50 mg/l for 1 day prior to i ... | 2016 | 27189192 |
| comparative transcriptional profiling of melatonin synthesis and catabolic genes indicates the possible role of melatonin in developmental and stress responses in rice. | as a well-known animal hormone, melatonin (n-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is also involved in multiple plant biological processes, especially in various stress responses. rice is one of the most important crops, and melatonin is taken in by many people everyday from rice. however, the transcriptional profiling of melatonin-related genes in rice is largely unknown. in this study, the expression patterns of 11 melatonin related genes in rice in different periods, tissues, in response to different t ... | 2016 | 27242875 |
| use of baba and ina as activators of a primed state in the common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.). | to survive in adverse conditions, plants have evolved complex mechanisms that "prime" their defense system to respond and adapt to stresses. their competence to respond to such stresses fundamentally depends on its capacity to modulate the transcriptome rapidly and specifically. thus, chromatin dynamics is a mechanism linked to transcriptional regulation and enhanced defense in plants. for example, in arabidopsis, priming of the sa-dependent defense pathway is linked to histone lysine methylatio ... | 2016 | 27242854 |
| transcriptome-wide survey and expression profile analysis of putative chrysanthemum hd-zip i and ii genes. | the homeodomain-leucine zipper (hd-zip) transcription factor family is a key transcription factor family and unique to the plant kingdom. it consists of a homeodomain and a leucine zipper that serve in combination as a dimerization motif. the family can be classified into four subfamilies, and these subfamilies participate in the development of hormones and mediation of hormone action and are involved in plant responses to environmental conditions. however, limited information on this gene famil ... | 2016 | 27196930 |
| temporal interactions of plant - insect - predator after infection of bacterial pathogen on rice plants. | pathogenic infection on plants may affect interactions of host-plants with their herbivores, as well as the herbivores with their predators. in this study, the effects of infection by pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), which causes a vascular disease in rice, on rice plants and consequent interactions with a rice herbivore, brown rice planthopper (bph) nilaparvata lugens, and its major predator, cyrtorhinus lividipennis, were investigated. the results showed that the rice ... | 2016 | 27185548 |
| type iii-dependent translocation of hrpb2 by a nonpathogenic hpaabc mutant of the plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. | the plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria employs a type iii secretion (t3s) system to translocate effector proteins into plant cells. the t3s apparatus spans both bacterial membranes and is associated with an extracellular pilus and a channel-like translocon in the host plasma membrane. t3s is controlled by the switch protein hpac, which suppresses secretion and translocation of the predicted inner rod protein hrpb2 and promotes secretion of translocon and effector p ... | 2016 | 27016569 |
| characterization of amta, an amidinotransferase involved in the biosynthesis of phaseolotoxins. | phaseolotoxins (phts), which are produced by pseudomonas, belong to a family of phosphoramidate natural products. two nonproteinogenic amino acid precursors, n(δ)(n'-sulfo-diaminophosphinyl)-ornithine (psorn) and homoarginine (harg), are involved in biosynthesis of phts. amidinotransferase amta catalyses the formation of harg, with arginine and lysine as substrates. amta was overexpressed and purified in an escherichia coli system. an in vitro enzyme assay showed that it has stricter substrate s ... | 2016 | 27419063 |
| identification of the three genes involved in controlling production of a phytotoxin tropolone in burkholderia plantarii. | tropolone, a phytotoxin produced by burkholderia plantarii, causes rice seedling blight. to identify genes involved in tropolone synthesis, we systematically constructed mutations in the genes encoding 55 histidine kinases and 72 response regulators. from the resulting defective strains, we isolated three mutants, ke1, ke2, and ke3, in which tropolone production was repressed. the deleted genes of these mutants were named tror1, trok, and tror2, respectively. the mutant strains did not cause ric ... | 2016 | 27002128 |
| a genetic screen identifies a requirement for cysteine-rich-receptor-like kinases in rice nh1 (osnpr1)-mediated immunity. | systemic acquired resistance, mediated by the arabidopsis npr1 gene and the rice nh1 gene, confers broad-spectrum immunity to diverse pathogens. npr1 and nh1 interact with tga transcription factors to activate downstream defense genes. despite the importance of this defense response, the signaling components downstream of npr1/nh1 and tga proteins are poorly defined. here we report the identification of a rice mutant, snim1, which suppresses nh1-mediated immunity and demonstrate that two genes e ... | 2016 | 27176732 |
| identification of novel components of the unfolded protein response in arabidopsis. | unfavorable environmental and developmental conditions may cause disturbances in protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) that are recognized and counteracted by components of the unfolded protein response (upr) signaling pathways. the early cellular responses include transcriptional changes to increase the folding and processing capacity of the er. in this study, we systematically screened a collection of inducible transgenic arabidopsis plants expressing a library of transcription fac ... | 2016 | 27242851 |
| vascular sap proteomics: providing insight into long-distance signaling during stress. | the plant vascular system, composed of the xylem and phloem, is important for the transport of water, mineral nutrients, and photosynthate throughout the plant body. the vasculature is also the primary means by which developmental and stress signals move from one organ to another. due to practical and technological limitations, proteomics analysis of xylem and phloem sap has been understudied in comparison to accessible sample types such as leaves and roots. however, recent advances in sample co ... | 2016 | 27242852 |
| transcriptome analysis of sweet orange trees infected with 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' and two strains of citrus tristeza virus. | huanglongbing (hlb) and tristeza, are diseases of citrus caused by a member of the α-proteobacteria, 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' (calas), and citrus tristeza virus (ctv) respectively. hlb is a devastating disease, but ctv strains vary from very severe to very mild. both calas and ctv are phloem-restricted. the calas-b232 strain and ctv-b6 cause a wide range of severe and similar symptoms. the mild strain ctv-b2 doesn't induce significant symptoms or damage to plants. | 2016 | 27169471 |
| the arabidopsis cyclic nucleotide interactome. | cyclic nucleotides have been shown to play important signaling roles in many physiological processes in plants including photosynthesis and defence. despite this, little is known about cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling mechanisms in plants since the downstream target proteins remain unknown. this is largely due to the fact that bioinformatics searches fail to identify plant homologs of protein kinases and phosphodiesterases that are the main targets of cyclic nucleotides in animals. | 2016 | 27170143 |
| overexpression of thiamin biosynthesis genes in rice increases leaf and unpolished grain thiamin content but not resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. | thiamin diphosphate (thdp), also known as vitamin b1, serves as an enzymatic cofactor in glucose metabolism, the krebs cycle, and branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in all living organisms. unlike plants and microorganisms, humans are not able to synthesize thdp de novo and must obtain it from their diet. staple crops such as rice are poor sources of thiamin. hence, populations that mainly consume rice commonly suffer thiamin deficiency. in addition to thiamin's nutritional function, studies ... | 2016 | 27242822 |
| jub1 suppresses pseudomonas syringae-induced defense responses through accumulation of della proteins. | phytohormones act in concert to coordinate plant growth and the response to environmental cues. gibberellins (gas) are growth-promoting hormones that recently emerged as modulators of plant immune signaling. by regulating the stability of della proteins, gas intersect with the signaling pathways of the classical primary defense hormones, salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja), thereby altering the final outcome of the immune response. della proteins confer resistance to necrotrophic pathogen ... | 2016 | 27159137 |
| genomic screens identify a new phytobacterial microbe-associated molecular pattern and the cognate arabidopsis receptor-like kinase that mediates its immune elicitation. | the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns during infection is central to the mounting of an effective immune response. in spite of their importance, it remains difficult to identify these molecules and the host receptors required for their perception, ultimately limiting our understanding of the role of these molecules in the evolution of host-pathogen relationships. | 2016 | 27160854 |
| gene expression changes during the gummosis development of peach shoots in response to lasiodiplodia theobromae infection using rna-seq. | lasiodiplodia theobromae is a causal agent of peach (prunus persica l.) tree gummosis, a serious disease affecting peach cultivation and production. however, the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis remains unclear. rna-seq was performed to investigate gene expression in peach shoots inoculated or mock-inoculated with l. theobromae. a total of 20772 genes were detected in eight samples; 4231, 3750, 3453, and 3612 differentially expressed genes were identified at 12, 24, 48, and 60 h a ... | 2016 | 27242544 |
| r-gene variation across arabidopsis lyrata subspecies: effects of population structure, selection and mating system. | examining allelic variation of r-genes in closely related perennial species of arabidopsis thaliana is critical to understanding how population structure and ecology interact with selection to shape the evolution of innate immunity in plants. we finely sampled natural populations of arabidopsis lyrata from the great lakes region of north america (a. l. lyrata) and broadly sampled six european countries (a. l. petraea) to investigate allelic variation of two r-genes (rpm1 and wrr4) and neutral ge ... | 2016 | 27150007 |
| diversity and evolution of disease resistance genes in barley (hordeum vulgare l.). | plant disease resistance genes (r-genes) play a critical role in the defense response to pathogens. barley is one of the most important cereal crops, having a genome recently made available, for which the diversity and evolution of r-genes are not well understood. the main objectives of this research were to conduct a genome-wide identification of barley coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding site, leucine-rich repeat (cnl) genes and elucidate their evolutionary history. we employed a hidden markov mod ... | 2016 | 27168720 |
| microbe associated molecular pattern signaling in guard cells. | stomata, formed by pairs of guard cells in the epidermis of terrestrial plants, regulate gas exchange, thus playing a critical role in plant growth and stress responses. as natural openings, stomata are exploited by microbes as an entry route. recent studies reveal that plants close stomata upon guard cell perception of molecular signatures from microbes, microbe associated molecular patterns (mamps), to prevent microbe invasion. the perception of mamps induces signal transduction including recr ... | 2016 | 27200056 |
| orthology analysis and in vivo complementation studies to elucidate the role of dir1 during systemic acquired resistance in arabidopsis thaliana and cucumis sativus. | atdir1 (defective in induced resistance1) is an acidic lipid transfer protein essential for systemic acquired resistance (sar) in arabidopsis thaliana. upon sar induction, dir1 moves from locally infected to distant uninfected leaves to activate defense priming; however, a molecular function for dir1 has not been elucidated. bioinformatic analysis and in silico homology modeling identified putative atdir1 orthologs in crop species, revealing conserved protein motifs within and outside of dir1's ... | 2016 | 27200039 |
| cell death control by matrix metalloproteinases. | in contrast to mammalian matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) that play important roles in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix in animals, the proteases responsible for dynamic modifications of the plant cell wall are largely unknown. a possible involvement of mmps was addressed by cloning and functional characterization of sl2-mmp and sl3-mmp from tomato (solanum lycopersicum). the two tomato mmps were found to resemble mammalian homologs with respect to gelatinolytic activity, substrate pre ... | 2016 | 27208293 |
| the raf-like kinase ilk1 and the high affinity k+ transporter hak5 are required for innate immunity and abiotic stress response. | plant perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) and other environmental stresses trigger transient ion fluxes at the plasma membrane. apart from the role of ca(2+) uptake in signaling, the regulation and significance of pamp-induced ion fluxes in immunity remain unknown. we characterized the functions of integrin-linked kinase1 (ilk1) that encodes a raf-like map2k kinase with functions insufficiently understood in plants. analysis of ilk1 mutants impaired in the expression or ... | 2016 | 27208244 |
| a novel lipid transfer protein from the pea pisum sativum: isolation, recombinant expression, solution structure, antifungal activity, lipid binding, and allergenic properties. | plant lipid transfer proteins (ltps) assemble a family of small (7-9 kda) ubiquitous cationic proteins with an ability to bind and transport lipids as well as participate in various physiological processes including defense against phytopathogens. they also form one of the most clinically relevant classes of plant allergens. nothing is known to date about correlation between lipid-binding and ige-binding properties of ltps. the garden pea pisum sativum is widely consumed crop and important aller ... | 2016 | 27137920 |
| tnl genes in peach: insights into the post-lrr domain. | plants develop sustainable defence responses to pathogen attacks through resistance (r) genes contributing to effector-triggered immunity (eti). tir-nb-lrr genes (tnl genes) constitute a major family of eti r genes in dicots. the putative functions or roles of the tir, nb and lrr domains of the proteins they encode (tnls) are well documented, but tnls also have a poorly characterised c-terminal region, the function of which is unknown in most cases. we characterised this prevalent stress-respons ... | 2016 | 27129402 |
| the n-terminus of the floral arabidopsis tga transcription factor perianthia mediates redox-sensitive dna-binding. | the arabidopsis tga transcription factor (tf) perianthia (pan) regulates the formation of the floral organ primordia as revealed by the pan mutant forming an abnormal pentamerous arrangement of the outer three floral whorls. the arabidopsis tga bzip tf family comprises 10 members, of which pan and tga9/10 control flower developmental processes and tga1/2/5/6 participate in stress-responses. for the tga1 protein it was shown that several cysteines can be redox-dependently modified. tga proteins i ... | 2016 | 27128442 |
| cross talk between h2o2 and interacting signal molecules under plant stress response. | it is well established that oxidative stress is an important cause of cellular damage. during stress conditions, plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms to adapt to various environmental stresses. one of the consequences of stress is an increase in the cellular concentration of reactive oxygen species, which is subsequently converted to h2o2. h2o2 is continuously produced as the byproduct of oxidative plant aerobic metabolism. organelles with a high oxidizing metabolic activity or with an inte ... | 2016 | 27200043 |
| tobacco mosaic virus-directed reprogramming of auxin/indole acetic acid protein transcriptional responses enhances virus phloem loading. | vascular phloem loading has long been recognized as an essential step in the establishment of a systemic virus infection. in this study, an interaction between the replication protein of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) and phloem-specific auxin/indole acetic acid (aux/iaa) transcriptional regulators was found to modulate virus phloem loading in an age-dependent manner. promoter expression studies show that in mature tissues tmv 126/183-kda-interacting aux/iaas predominantly express and accumulate wit ... | 2016 | 27118842 |