| isolation, identification and characterization of paenibacillus polymyxa cr1 with potentials for biopesticide, biofertilization, biomass degradation and biofuel production. | paenibacillus polymyxa is a plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium that could be exploited as an environmentally friendlier alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. various strains have been isolated that can benefit agriculture through antimicrobial activity, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, plant hormone production, or lignocellulose degradation. however, no single strain has yet been identified in which all of these advantageous traits have been confirmed. | 2016 | 27756215 |
| characterization of triticum aestivum abscisic acid receptors and a possible role for these in mediating fusairum head blight susceptibility in wheat. | abscisic acid (aba) is a well-characterized plant hormone, known to mediate developmental aspects as well as both abiotic and biotic stress responses. notably, the exogenous application of aba has recently been shown to increase susceptibility to the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum, the causative agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) in wheat and other cereals. however roles and mechanisms associated with aba's modulation of pathogen responses remain enigmatic. here the identification of puta ... | 2016 | 27755583 |
| profiling of altered metabolomic states in nicotiana tabacum cells induced by priming agents. | metabolomics has developed into a valuable tool for advancing our understanding of plant metabolism. plant innate immune defenses can be activated and enhanced so that, subsequent to being pre-sensitized, plants are able to launch a stronger and faster defense response upon exposure to pathogenic microorganisms, a phenomenon known as priming. here, three contrasting chemical activators, namely acibenzolar-s-methyl, azelaic acid and riboflavin, were used to induce a primed state in nicotiana taba ... | 2016 | 27803705 |
| how very-long-chain fatty acids could signal stressful conditions in plants? | although encountered in minor amounts in plant cells, very-long-chain fatty acids exert crucial functions in developmental processes. when their levels are perturbed by means of genetic approaches, marked phenotypic consequences that range from severe growth retardation to embryo lethality was indeed reported. more recently, a growing body of findings has also accumulated that points to a potential role for these lipids as signals in governing both biotic and abiotic stress outcomes. in the pres ... | 2016 | 27803703 |
| the historical role of species from the solanaceae plant family in genetic research. | this article evaluates the main contributions of tomato, tobacco, petunia, potato, pepper and eggplant to classical and molecular plant genetics and genomics since the beginning of the twentieth century. species from the solanaceae family form integral parts of human civilizations as food sources and drugs since thousands of years, and, more recently, as ornamentals. some solanaceous species were subjects of classical and molecular genetic research over the last 100 years. the tomato was one of ... | 2016 | 27744490 |
| the nitrogen availability interferes with mycorrhiza-induced resistance against botrytis cinerea in tomato. | mycorrhizal plants are generally quite efficient in coping with environmental challenges. it has been shown that the symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) can confer resistance against root and foliar pathogens, although the molecular mechanisms underlying such mycorrhiza-induced resistance (mir) are poorly understood. tomato plants colonized with the amf rhizophagus irregularis display enhanced resistance against the necrotrophic foliar pathogen botrytis cinerea. leaves from arbuscu ... | 2016 | 27790197 |
| img/m: integrated genome and metagenome comparative data analysis system. | the integrated microbial genomes with microbiome samples (img/m: https://img.jgi.doe.gov/m/) system contains annotated dna and rna sequence data of (i) archaeal, bacterial, eukaryotic and viral genomes from cultured organisms, (ii) single cell genomes (scg) and genomes from metagenomes (gfm) from uncultured archaea, bacteria and viruses and (iii) metagenomes from environmental, host associated and engineered microbiome samples. sequence data are generated by doe's joint genome institute (jgi), s ... | 2016 | 27738135 |
| img/m: integrated genome and metagenome comparative data analysis system. | the integrated microbial genomes with microbiome samples (img/m: https://img.jgi.doe.gov/m/) system contains annotated dna and rna sequence data of (i) archaeal, bacterial, eukaryotic and viral genomes from cultured organisms, (ii) single cell genomes (scg) and genomes from metagenomes (gfm) from uncultured archaea, bacteria and viruses and (iii) metagenomes from environmental, host associated and engineered microbiome samples. sequence data are generated by doe's joint genome institute (jgi), s ... | 2016 | 27738135 |
| structural basis for ligand recognition by a cache chemosensory domain that mediates carboxylate sensing in pseudomonas syringae. | chemoreceptors enable bacteria to detect chemical signals in the environment and navigate towards niches that are favourable for survival. the sensor domains of chemoreceptors function as the input modules for chemotaxis systems, and provide sensory specificity by binding specific ligands. cache-like domains are the most common extracellular sensor module in prokaryotes, however only a handful have been functionally or structurally characterised. here, we have characterised a chemoreceptor cache ... | 2016 | 27734909 |
| comparative proteomics reveals that central metabolism changes are associated with resistance against sporisorium scitamineum in sugarcane. | sugarcane smut, which is caused by sporisorium scitamineum, has been threatening global sugarcane production. breeding smut resistant sugarcane varieties has been proven to be the most effective method of controlling this particular disease. however, a lack of genome information of sugarcane has hindered the development of genome-assisted resistance breeding programs. furthermore, the molecular basis of sugarcane response to s. scitamineum infection at the proteome level was incomplete and combi ... | 2016 | 27733120 |
| salicylic acid receptors activate jasmonic acid signalling through a non-canonical pathway to promote effector-triggered immunity. | it is an apparent conundrum how plants evolved effector-triggered immunity (eti), involving programmed cell death (pcd), as a major defence mechanism against biotrophic pathogens, because eti-associated pcd could leave them vulnerable to necrotrophic pathogens that thrive on dead host cells. interestingly, during eti, the normally antagonistic defence hormones, salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja) associated with defence against biotrophs and necrotrophs respectively, both accumulate to hi ... | 2016 | 27725643 |
| differential coexpression analysis reveals extensive rewiring of arabidopsis gene coexpression in response to pseudomonas syringae infection. | plant defense responses to pathogens involve massive transcriptional reprogramming. recently, differential coexpression analysis has been developed to study the rewiring of gene networks through microarray data, which is becoming an important complement to traditional differential expression analysis. using time-series microarray data of arabidopsis thaliana infected with pseudomonas syringae, we analyzed arabidopsis defense responses to p. syringae through differential coexpression analysis. ov ... | 2016 | 27721457 |
| pectocin m1 (pcam1) inhibits escherichia coli cell growth and peptidoglycan biosynthesis through periplasmic expression. | colicins are bacterial toxins produced by some escherichia coli strains. they exhibit either enzymatic or pore-forming activity towards a very limited number of bacterial species, due to the high specificity of their reception and translocation systems. yet, we succeeded in making the colicin m homologue from pectobacterium carotovorum, pectocin m1 (pcam1), capable of inhibiting e. coli cell growth by bypassing these reception and translocation steps. this goal was achieved through periplasmic e ... | 2016 | 27740593 |
| regulation of stomatal defense by air relative humidity. | it has long been observed that environmental conditions play crucial roles in modulating immunity and disease in plants and animals. for instance, many bacterial plant disease outbreaks occur after periods of high humidity and rain. a critical step in bacterial infection is entry into the plant interior through wounds and natural openings, such as stomata, which are adjustable microscopic pores in the epidermal tissue. several studies have shown that stomatal closure is an integral part of the p ... | 2016 | 27702841 |
| glycan-binding f-box protein from arabidopsis thaliana protects plants from pseudomonas syringae infection. | a small group of f-box proteins consisting of a conserved f-box domain linked to a domain homologous to the glycan-binding protein has been identified within the genome of arabidopsis thaliana. previously, the so-called f-box-nictaba protein, encoded by the gene at2g02360, was shown to be a functional lectin which binds n-acetyllactosamine structures. here, we present a detailed qrt-pcr expression analysis of f-box-nictaba in arabidopsis plants upon different stresses and hormone treatments. | 2016 | 27716048 |
| down-regulation of korrigan-like endo-β-1,4-glucanase genes impacts carbon partitioning, mycorrhizal colonization and biomass production in populus. | a greater understanding of the genetic regulation of plant cell wall remodeling and the impact of modified cell walls on plant performance is important for the development of sustainable biofuel crops. here, we studied the impact of down-regulating korrigan-like cell wall biosynthesis genes, belonging to the endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene family, on populus growth, metabolism and the ability to interact with symbiotic microbes. the reductions in cellulose content and lignin syringyl-to-guaiacyl unit ... | 2016 | 27757116 |
| apoplastic recognition of multiple candidate effectors from the wheat pathogen zymoseptoria tritici in the nonhost plant nicotiana benthamiana. | the fungus zymoseptoria tritici is a strictly apoplastic, host-specific pathogen of wheat leaves and causal agent of septoria tritici blotch (stb) disease. all other plants are considered nonhosts, but the mechanism of nonhost resistance (nhr) to z. tritici has not been addressed previously. we sought to develop nicotiana benthamiana as a system to study nhr against z. tritici. fluorescence microscopy and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions were used to establish the in ... | 2016 | 27696417 |
| apoplastic recognition of multiple candidate effectors from the wheat pathogen zymoseptoria tritici in the nonhost plant nicotiana benthamiana. | the fungus zymoseptoria tritici is a strictly apoplastic, host-specific pathogen of wheat leaves and causal agent of septoria tritici blotch (stb) disease. all other plants are considered nonhosts, but the mechanism of nonhost resistance (nhr) to z. tritici has not been addressed previously. we sought to develop nicotiana benthamiana as a system to study nhr against z. tritici. fluorescence microscopy and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions were used to establish the in ... | 2016 | 27696417 |
| contrasting regulation of no and ros in potato defense-associated metabolism in response to pathogens of different lifestyles. | our research provides new insights into how the low and steady-state levels of nitric oxide (no) and reactive oxygen species (ros) in potato leaves are altered after the challenge with the hemibiotroph phytophthora infestans or the necrotroph botrytis cinerea, with the subsequent rapid and invader-dependent modification of defense responses with opposite effects. mainly in the avirulent (avr) p. infestans-potato system, no well balanced with the superoxide level was tuned with a battery of sa-de ... | 2016 | 27695047 |
| comparative analyses of tomato yellow leaf curl virus c4 protein-interacting host proteins in healthy and infected tomato tissues. | tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv), a member of the genus begomovirus, is one of the most important viruses of cultivated tomatoes worldwide, mainly causing yellowing and curling of leaves with stunting in plants. tylcv causes severe problems in sub-tropical and tropical countries, as well as in korea. however, the mechanism of tylcv infection remains unclear, although the function of each viral component has been identified. tylcv c4 codes for a small protein involved in various cellular fun ... | 2016 | 27721687 |
| a non canonical subtilase attenuates the transcriptional activation of defence responses in arabidopsis thaliana. | proteases play crucial physiological functions in all organisms by controlling the lifetime of proteins. here, we identified an atypical protease of the subtilase family [sbt5.2(b)] that attenuates the transcriptional activation of plant defence independently of its protease activity. the sbt5.2 gene produces two distinct transcripts encoding a canonical secreted subtilase [sbt5.2(a)] and an intracellular protein [sbt5.2(b)]. concomitant to sbt5.2(a) downregulation, sbt5.2(b) expression is induc ... | 2016 | 27685353 |
| the multifaceted activity of the virf regulatory protein in the shigella lifestyle. | shigella is a highly adapted human pathogen, mainly found in the developing world and causing a severe enteric syndrome. the highly sophisticated infectious strategy of shigella banks on the capacity to invade the intestinal epithelial barrier and cause its inflammatory destruction. the cellular pathogenesis and clinical presentation of shigellosis are the sum of the complex action of a large number of bacterial virulence factors mainly located on a large virulence plasmid (pinv). the expression ... | 2016 | 27747215 |
| map-based cloning and characterization of the bph18 gene from wild rice conferring resistance to brown planthopper (bph) insect pest. | brown planthopper (bph) is a phloem sap-sucking insect pest of rice which causes severe yield loss. we cloned the bph18 gene from the bph-resistant introgression line derived from the wild rice species oryza australiensis. map-based cloning and complementation test revealed that the bph18 encodes cc-nbs-nbs-lrr protein. bph18 has two nbs domains, unlike the typical nbs-lrr proteins. the bph18 promoter::gus transgenic plants exhibited strong gus expression in the vascular bundles of the leaf shea ... | 2016 | 27682162 |
| quantitative proteomics reveals the defense response of wheat against puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. | wheat stripe rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), is considered one of the most aggressive diseases to wheat production. in this study, we used an itraq-based approach for the quantitative proteomic comparison of the incompatible pst race cyr23 in infected and non-infected leaves of the wheat cultivar suwon11. a total of 3,475 unique proteins were identified from three key stages of interaction (12, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation) and control groups. quantitative analysis sh ... | 2016 | 27678307 |
| the bacterial signature of leptospermum scoparium (mānuka) reveals core and accessory communities with bioactive properties. | leptospermum scoparium or mānuka is a new zealand native medicinal plant that produces an essential oil with antimicrobial properties. this is the first study to investigate the structure and bioactivity of endophytic bacteria in mānuka by using a combination of cultivation-independent (dgge) and dependent approaches. a total of 23 plants were sampled across three sites. plants were considered either immature (3-8 years) or mature (>20 years). the endophyte community structure and richness was a ... | 2016 | 27676607 |
| a small cysteine-rich protein from the asian soybean rust fungus, phakopsora pachyrhizi, suppresses plant immunity. | the asian soybean rust fungus, phakopsora pachyrhizi, is an obligate biotrophic pathogen causing severe soybean disease epidemics. molecular mechanisms by which p. pachyrhizi and other rust fungi interact with their host plants are poorly understood. the genomes of all rust fungi encode many small, secreted cysteine-rich proteins (sscrp). while these proteins are thought to function within the host, their roles are completely unknown. here, we present the characterization of p. pachyrhizi effect ... | 2016 | 27676173 |
| modulation of plant growth in vivo and identification of kinase substrates using an analog-sensitive variant of cyclin-dependent kinase a;1. | modulation of protein activity by phosphorylation through kinases and subsequent de-phosphorylation by phosphatases is one of the most prominent cellular control mechanisms. thus, identification of kinase substrates is pivotal for the understanding of many - if not all - molecular biological processes. equally, the possibility to deliberately tune kinase activity is of great value to analyze the biological process controlled by a particular kinase. | 2016 | 27669979 |
| a novel mutant allele of ssi2 confers a better balance between disease resistance and plant growth inhibition on arabidopsis thaliana. | resistance and growth are opposing characteristics in plants. sa insensitivity of npr1-5 (ssi2) encodes a stearoyl-acp desaturase (s-acp des) that has previously been reported to simultaneously enhance resistance and repress growth. | 2016 | 27669891 |
| effector diversification contributes to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae phenotypic adaptation in a semi-isolated environment. | understanding the processes that shaped contemporary pathogen populations in agricultural landscapes is quite important to define appropriate management strategies and to support crop improvement efforts. here, we took advantage of an historical record to examine the adaptation pathway of the rice pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) in a semi-isolated environment represented in the philippine archipelago. by comparing genomes of key xoo groups we showed that modern populations derived f ... | 2016 | 27667260 |
| plant microbe interactions in post genomic era: perspectives and applications. | deciphering plant-microbe interactions is a promising aspect to understand the benefits and the pathogenic effect of microbes and crop improvement. the advancement in sequencing technologies and various 'omics' tool has impressively accelerated the research in biological sciences in this area. the recent and ongoing developments provide a unique approach to describing these intricate interactions and test hypotheses. in the present review, we discuss the role of plant-pathogen interaction in cro ... | 2016 | 27725809 |
| expression of cucumber mosaic virus suppressor 2b alters fwa methylation and its sirna accumulation in arabidopsis thaliana. | the cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) suppressor 2b co-localizes with ago4 in cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of arabidopsis thaliana biochemical fractionation of a. thaliana cellular extracts revealed that 2b and ago4 coexist in multiple size exclusions. 2b transgenic a. thaliana exhibited an enhanced accumulation of 24nt sirnas from flowering wageningen (fwa) and other heterochromatic loci. these plants also exhibited hypo-methylation of an endogenous- as well as transgene-fwa promoter at non-cg s ... | 2016 | 27659688 |
| multidrug efflux pumps at the crossroad between antibiotic resistance and bacterial virulence. | multidrug efflux pumps can be involved in bacterial resistance to antibiotics at different levels. some efflux pumps are constitutively expressed at low levels and contribute to intrinsic resistance. in addition, their overexpression may allow higher levels of resistance. this overexpression can be transient, in the presence of an effector (phenotypic resistance), or constitutive when mutants in the regulatory elements of the expression of efflux pumps are selected (acquired resistance). efflux ... | 2016 | 27708632 |
| gene overexpression resources in cereals for functional genomics and discovery of useful genes. | identification and elucidation of functions of plant genes is valuable for both basic and applied research. in addition to natural variation in model plants, numerous loss-of-function resources have been produced by mutagenesis with chemicals, irradiation, or insertions of transposable elements or t-dna. however, we may be unable to observe loss-of-function phenotypes for genes with functionally redundant homologs and for those essential for growth and development. to offset such disadvantages, ... | 2016 | 27708649 |
| calecrk-s.5, a pepper l-type lectin receptor kinase gene, confers broad-spectrum resistance by activating priming. | in arabidopsis, several l-type lectin receptor kinases (lecrks) have been identified as putative immune receptors. however, to date, there have been few analyses of lecrks in crop plants. virus-induced gene silencing of calecrk-s.5 verified the role of calecrk-s.5 in broad-spectrum resistance. compared with control plants, calecrk-s.5-silenced plants showed reduced hypersensitive response, reactive oxygen species burst, secondary metabolite production, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation ... | 2016 | 27647723 |
| q&a: how does jasmonate signaling enable plants to adapt and survive? | jasmonates (jas) are a class of plant hormones that play essential roles in response to tissue wounding. they act on gene expression to slow down growth and to redirect metabolism towards producing defense molecules and repairing damage. these responses are systemic and have dramatic impacts on yields, making jas a very active research area. jas interact with many other plant hormones and therefore also have essential functions throughout development, notably during plant reproduction, leaf sene ... | 2016 | 27643853 |
| allyl-isothiocyanate treatment induces a complex transcriptional reprogramming including heat stress, oxidative stress and plant defence responses in arabidopsis thaliana. | isothiocyanates (itcs) are degradation products of the plant secondary metabolites glucosinolates (gsls) and are known to affect human health as well as plant herbivores and pathogens. to investigate the processes engaged in plants upon exposure to isothiocyanate we performed a genome scale transcriptional profiling of arabidopsis thaliana at different time points in response to an exogenous treatment with allyl-isothiocyanate. | 2016 | 27639974 |
| identification of reference genes for rt-qpcr data normalization in cannabis sativa stem tissues. | gene expression profiling via quantitative real-time pcr is a robust technique widely used in the life sciences to compare gene expression patterns in, e.g., different tissues, growth conditions, or after specific treatments. in the field of plant science, real-time pcr is the gold standard to study the dynamics of gene expression and is used to validate the results generated with high throughput techniques, e.g., rna-seq. an accurate relative quantification of gene expression relies on the iden ... | 2016 | 27649158 |
| persistent supercooling of reproductive shoots is enabled by structural ice barriers being active despite an intact xylem connection. | extracellular ice nucleation usually occurs at mild subzero temperatures in most plants. for persistent supercooling of certain plant parts ice barriers are necessary to prevent the entry of ice from already frozen tissues. the reproductive shoot of calluna vulgaris is able to supercool down to below -22°c throughout all developmental stages (shoot elongation, flowering, fruiting) despite an established xylem conductivity. after localization of the persistent ice barrier between the reproductive ... | 2016 | 27632365 |
| expression of the grape vqsts21 gene in arabidopsis confers resistance to osmotic stress and biotrophic pathogens but not botrytis cinerea. | stilbene synthase (sts) is a key gene in the biosynthesis of various stilbenoids, including resveratrol and its derivative glucosides (such as piceid), that has been shown to contribute to disease resistance in plants. however, the mechanism behind such a role has yet to be elucidated. furthermore, the function of sts genes in osmotic stress tolerance remains unclear. as such, we sought to elucidate the role of sts genes in the defense against biotic and abiotic stress in the model plant arabido ... | 2016 | 27695466 |
| arabidopsis mutant bik1 exhibits strong resistance to plasmodiophora brassicae. | botrytis-induced kinase1 (bik1), a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, plays an important role in resistance against pathogens and insects in arabidopsis thaliana. however, it remains unknown whether bik1 functions against plasmodiophora brassicae, an obligate biotrophic protist that attacks cruciferous plants and induces gall formation on roots. here, we investigated the potential roles of receptors fls2, bak1, and bik1 in the infection of p. brassicae cruciferous plants. wild-type plants, fls2, ... | 2016 | 27679580 |
| plant tolerance: a unique approach to control hemipteran pests. | plant tolerance to insect pests has been indicated to be a unique category of resistance, however, very little information is available on the mechanism of tolerance against insect pests. tolerance is distinctive in terms of the plant's ability to withstand or recover from herbivore injury through growth and compensatory physiological processes. because plant tolerance involves plant compensatory characteristics, the plant is able to harbor large numbers of herbivores without interfering with th ... | 2016 | 27679643 |
| nad acts as an integral regulator of multiple defense layers. | pyridine nucleotides, such as nad, are crucial redox carriers and have emerged as important signaling molecules in stress responses. previously, we have demonstrated in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) that the inducible nad-overproducing nadc lines are more resistant to an avirulent strain of pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (pst-avrrpm1), which was associated with salicylic acid-dependent defense. here, we have further characterized the nad-dependent immune response in arabidopsis. quinolinate ... | 2016 | 27621425 |
| the arabidopsis miel1 e3 ligase negatively regulates aba signalling by promoting protein turnover of myb96. | the phytohormone abscisic acid (aba) regulates plant responses to various environmental challenges. controlled protein turnover is an important component of aba signalling. here we show that the ring-type e3 ligase myb30-interacting e3 ligase 1 (miel1) regulates aba sensitivity by promoting myb96 turnover in arabidopsis. germination of miel1-deficient mutant seeds is hypersensitive to aba, whereas miel1-overexpressing transgenic seeds are less sensitive. miel1 can interact with myb96, a regulato ... | 2016 | 27615387 |
| the multivesicular bodies (mvbs)-localized aaa atpase lrd6-6 inhibits immunity and cell death likely through regulating mvbs-mediated vesicular trafficking in rice. | previous studies have shown that multivesicular bodies (mvbs)/endosomes-mediated vesicular trafficking may play key roles in plant immunity and cell death. however, the molecular regulation is poorly understood in rice. here we report the identification and characterization of a mvbs-localized aaa atpase lrd6-6 in rice. disruption of lrd6-6 leads to enhanced immunity and cell death in rice. the atpase activity and homo-dimerization of lrd6-6 is essential for its regulation on plant immunity and ... | 2016 | 27618555 |
| mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade mkk7-mpk6 plays important roles in plant development and regulates shoot branching by phosphorylating pin1 in arabidopsis. | emerging evidences exhibit that mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk/mpk) signaling pathways are connected with many aspects of plant development. the complexity of mapk cascades raises challenges not only to identify the mapk module in planta but also to define the specific role of an individual module. so far, our knowledge of mapk signaling has been largely restricted to a small subset of mapk cascades. our previous study has characterized an arabidopsis bushy and dwarf1 (bud1) mutant, in w ... | 2016 | 27618482 |
| uv-b radiation stress causes alterations in whole cell protein profile and expression of certain genes in the rice phyllospheric bacterium enterobacter cloacae. | among the different types of uv radiation, uv-b radiation (280-315 nm) has gained much attention mainly due to its increasing incidence on the earth's surface leading to imbalances in natural ecosystems. this study deals with the effects of uv-b radiation on the proteome and gene expression in a rice phyllospheric bacterium, enterobacter cloacae. of the five bacteria isolated from rice leaves, e. cloacae showed the highest level of resistance to uv-b and total killing occurred after 8 h of conti ... | 2016 | 27672388 |
| the proteasome acts as a hub for plant immunity and is targeted by pseudomonas type iii effectors. | recent evidence suggests that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in several aspects of plant immunity and that a range of plant pathogens subvert the ubiquitin-proteasome system to enhance their virulence. here, we show that proteasome activity is strongly induced during basal defense in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). mutant lines of the proteasome subunits rpt2a and rpn12a support increased bacterial growth of virulent pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 (pst) and pseudomonas sy ... | 2016 | 27613851 |
| the role of dna (de)methylation in immune responsiveness of arabidopsis. | dna methylation is antagonistically controlled by dna methyltransferases and dna demethylases. the level of dna methylation controls plant gene expression on a global level. we have examined impacts of global changes in dna methylation on the arabidopsis immune system. a range of hypo-methylated mutants displayed enhanced resistance to the biotrophic pathogen hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (hpa), whereas two hyper-methylated mutants were more susceptible to this pathogen. subsequent characteriza ... | 2016 | 27341062 |
| genome-wide identification and characterization of wrky gene family in salix suchowensis. | wrky proteins are the zinc finger transcription factors that were first identified in plants. they can specifically interact with the w-box, which can be found in the promoter region of a large number of plant target genes, to regulate the expressions of downstream target genes. they also participate in diverse physiological and growing processes in plants. prior to this study, a plenty of wrky genes have been identified and characterized in herbaceous species, but there is no large-scale study ... | 2016 | 27651997 |
| an improved approach for measuring immersion freezing in large droplets over a wide temperature range. | immersion freezing (ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled water) is a key process for forming ice in mixed-phase clouds. immersion freezing experiments with particles in microliter-sized (millimeter-sized) water droplets are often applied to detecting very small numbers of ice nucleating particles (inps). however, the application of such large droplets remains confined to the detection of inps active at temperatures much higher than the homogeneous freezing limit, because of artifa ... | 2016 | 27596247 |
| stress-inducible expression of an f-box gene tafba1 from wheat enhanced the drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants without impacting growth and development. | e3 ligase plays an important role in the response to many environment stresses in plants. in our previous study, constitutive overexpression of an f-box protein gene tafba1 driven by 35s promoter improved the drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants, but the growth and development in transgenic plants was altered in normal conditions. in this study, we used stress-inducible promoter rd29a instead of 35s promoter, as a results, the stress-inducible transgenic tobacco plants exhibit a simila ... | 2016 | 27656187 |
| plant sphingolipids: their importance in cellular organization and adaption. | sphingolipids and their phosphorylated derivatives are ubiquitous bio-active components of cells. they are structural elements in the lipid bilayer and contribute to the dynamic nature of the membrane. they have been implicated in many cellular processes in yeast and animal cells, including aspects of signaling, apoptosis, and senescence. although sphingolipids have a better defined role in animal systems, they have been shown to be central to many essential processes in plants including but not ... | 2016 | 27086144 |
| cold stress tolerance in psychrotolerant soil bacteria and their conferred chilling resistance in tomato (solanum lycopersicum mill.) under low temperatures. | the present work aimed to study the culturable diversity of psychrotolerant bacteria persistent in soil under overwintering conditions, evaluate their ability to sustain plant growth and alleviate chilling stress in tomato. psychrotolerant bacteria were isolated from agricultural field soil samples colleced during winter and then used to study chilling stress alleviation in tomato plants (solanum lycopersicum cv mill). selective isolation after enrichment at 5°c yielded 40 bacterial isolates. ph ... | 2016 | 27580055 |
| allocation of heme is differentially regulated by ferrochelatase isoforms in arabidopsis cells. | heme is involved in various biological processes as a cofactor of hemoproteins located in various organelles. in plant cells, heme is synthesized by two isoforms of plastid-localized ferrochelatase, fc1 and fc2. in this study, by characterizing arabidopsis t-dna insertional mutants, we showed that the allocation of heme is differentially regulated by ferrochelatase isoforms in plant cells. analyses of weak (fc1-1) and null (fc1-2) mutants suggest that fc1-producing heme is required for initial g ... | 2016 | 27630653 |
| high co2 primes plant biotic stress defences through redox-linked pathways. | industrial activities have caused tropospheric co2 concentrations to increase over the last two centuries, a trend that is predicted to continue for at least the next several decades. here, we report that growth of plants in a co2-enriched environment activates responses that are central to defense against pathogenic attack. salicylic acid accumulation was triggered by high-growth co2 in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and other plants such as bean (phaseolus vulgaris). a detailed analysis in ... | 2016 | 27578552 |
| opposing control by transcription factors myb61 and myb3 increases freezing tolerance by relieving c-repeat binding factor suppression. | cold acclimation is an important process by which plants respond to low temperature and enhance their winter hardiness. c-repeat binding factor1 (cbf1), cbf2, and cbf3 genes were shown previously to participate in cold acclimation in medicago truncatula in addition, mtcbf4 is transcriptionally induced by salt, drought, and cold stresses. we show here that mtcbf4, shown previously to enhance drought and salt tolerance, also positively regulates cold acclimation and freezing tolerance. to identify ... | 2016 | 27578551 |
| regulatory cross-talks and cascades in rice hormone biosynthesis pathways contribute to stress signaling. | crosstalk among different hormone signaling pathways play an important role in modulating plant response to both biotic and abiotic stress. hormone activity is controlled by its bio-availability, which is again influenced by its biosynthesis. thus, independent hormone biosynthesis pathways must be regulated and co-ordinated to mount an integrated response. one of the possibilities is to use cis-regulatory elements to orchestrate expression of hormone biosynthesis genes. analysis of cres, associa ... | 2016 | 27617021 |
| lipid transfer proteins: classification, nomenclature, structure, and function. | the non-specific lipid transfer proteins (ltps) constitute a large protein family found in all land plants. they are small proteins characterized by a tunnel-like hydrophobic cavity, which makes them suitable for binding and transporting various lipids. the ltps are abundantly expressed in most tissues. in general, they are synthesized with an n-terminal signal peptide that localizes the protein to spaces exterior to the plasma membrane. the in vivo functions of ltps are still disputed, although ... | 2016 | 27562524 |
| environmental and genetic factors associated with solanesol accumulation in potato leaves. | solanesol is a high value 45-carbon, unsaturated, all-trans-nonaprenol isoprenoid. recently solanesol has received particular attention because of its utility, both in its own right and as a precursor in the production of numerous compounds used in the treatment of disease states. solanesol is found mainly in solanaceous crops such as potato, tomato, tobacco and pepper where it accumulates in the foliage. there is considerable potential to explore the extraction of solanesol from these sources a ... | 2016 | 27610114 |
| disruption of the cara gene in pseudomonas syringae results in reduced fitness and alters motility. | pseudomonas syringae infects diverse plant species and is widely used in the study of effector function and the molecular basis of disease. although the relationship between bacterial metabolism, nutrient acquisition and virulence has attracted increasing attention in bacterial pathology, there is limited knowledge regarding these studies in pseudomonas syringae. the aim of this study was to investigate the function of the cara gene and the small rna p32, and characterize the regulation of these ... | 2016 | 27558694 |
| multi-environment qtl studies suggest a role for cysteine-rich protein kinase genes in quantitative resistance to blackleg disease in brassica napus. | resistance to the blackleg disease of brassica napus (canola/oilseed rape), caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen leptosphaeria maculans, is determined by both race-specific resistance (r) genes and quantitative resistance loci (qtl), or adult-plant resistance (apr). while the introgression of r genes into breeding material is relatively simple, qtl are often detected sporadically, making them harder to capture in breeding programs. for the effective deployment of apr in crop varieties, r ... | 2016 | 27553246 |
| enhanced tolerance of transgenic potato plants over-expressing non-specific lipid transfer protein-1 (stnsltp1) against multiple abiotic stresses. | abiotic stresses such as heat, drought, and salinity are major environmental constraints that limit potato (solanum tuberosum l.) production worldwide. previously, we found a potential thermo-tolerance gene, named stnsltp1 from potato using yeast functional screening. here, we report the functional characterization of stnsltp1 and its role in multiple abiotic stresses in potato plants. computational analysis of stnsltp1 with other plant ltps showed eight conserved cysteine residues, and four α-h ... | 2016 | 27597854 |
| genome-wide analysis and evolution of the pto-like protein kinase (plpk) gene family in pepper. | the tomato pto gene, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase (stk) domain-containing protein, confers resistance to bacterial speck disease caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst). in this study, in vivo recognition assays using pvx constructs showed that avrpto was specifically recognized in the pepper genotypes. this avrpto recognition caused a nonhost hypersensitive response (hr) and localization of the pvx::avrpto fusion protein to inoculated pepper leaf tissues, which indicates the ... | 2016 | 27536870 |
| phosphate uptake and allocation - a closer look at arabidopsis thaliana l. and oryza sativa l. | this year marks the 20th anniversary of the discovery and characterization of the two arabidopsis pht1 genes encoding the phosphate transporter in arabidopsis thaliana. so far, multiple inorganic phosphate (pi) transporters have been described, and the molecular basis of pi acquisition by plants has been well-characterized. these genes are involved in pi acquisition, allocation, and/or signal transduction. this review summarizes how pi is taken up by the roots and further distributed within two ... | 2016 | 27574525 |
| epigenetic control of defense signaling and priming in plants. | immune recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or effectors leads to defense activation at the pathogen challenged sites. this is followed by systemic defense activation at distant non-challenged sites, termed systemic acquired resistance (sar). these inducible defenses are accompanied by extensive transcriptional reprogramming of defense-related genes. sar is associated with priming, in which a subset of these genes is kept at a poised state to facilitate subsequent transcriptiona ... | 2016 | 27563304 |
| differential response of tomato genotypes to xanthomonas-specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and correlation with bacterial spot (xanthomonas perforans) resistance. | plants depend on innate immune responses to retard the initial spread of pathogens entering through stomata, hydathodes or injuries. these responses are triggered by conserved patterns in pathogen-encoded molecules known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). production of reactive oxygen species (ros) is one of the first responses, and the resulting 'oxidative burst' is considered to be a first line of defense. in this study, we conducted association analyses between ros production ... | 2016 | 27555919 |
| fine mapping and identification of candidate genes for a qtl affecting meloidogyne incognita reproduction in upland cotton. | the southern root-knot nematode (meloidogyne incognita; rkn) is one of the most important economic pests of upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.). host plant resistance, the ability of a plant to suppress nematode reproduction, is the most economical, practical, and environmentally sound method to provide protection against this subterranean pest. the resistant line auburn 623rnr and a number of elite breeding lines derived from it remain the most important source of root-knot nematode (rkn) res ... | 2016 | 27503539 |
| the arabidopsis protein phosphatase pp2c38 negatively regulates the central immune kinase bik1. | plants recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) via cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (prrs), leading to prr-triggered immunity (pti). the arabidopsis cytoplasmic kinase bik1 is a downstream substrate of several prr complexes. how plant pti is negatively regulated is not fully understood. here, we identify the protein phosphatase pp2c38 as a negative regulator of bik1 activity and bik1-mediated immunity. pp2c38 dynamically associates with bik1, as well as with ... | 2016 | 27494702 |
| detecting n-myristoylation and s-acylation of host and pathogen proteins in plants using click chemistry. | the plant plasma membrane is a key battleground in the war between plants and their pathogens. plants detect the presence of pathogens at the plasma membrane using sensor proteins, many of which are targeted to this lipophilic locale by way of fatty acid modifications. pathogens secrete effector proteins into the plant cell to suppress the plant's defense mechanisms. these effectors are able to access and interfere with the surveillance machinery at the plant plasma membrane by hijacking the hos ... | 2016 | 27493678 |
| identification of differentially-expressed genes in response to mycosphaerella fijiensis in the resistant musa accession 'calcutta-4' using suppression subtractive hybridization. | bananas and plantains are considered an important crop around the world. banana production is affected by several constraints, of which black sigatoka disease, caused by the fungus mycosphaerella fijiensis, is considered one of the most important diseases in banana plantations. the banana accession 'calcutta-4' has a natural resistance to black sigatoka; however, the fruit is not valuable for commercialization. gene identification and expression studies in 'calcutta-4' might reveal possible gene ... | 2016 | 27487237 |
| cold adaptation regulated by cryptic prophage excision in shewanella oneidensis. | among the environmental stresses experienced by bacteria, temperature shifts are one of the most important. in this study, we discovered a novel cold adaptation mechanism in shewanella oneidensis that occurs at the dna level and is regulated by cryptic prophage excision. previous studies on bacterial cold tolerance mainly focus on the structural change of cell membrane and changes at the rna and protein levels. whether or not genomic change can also contribute to this process has not been explor ... | 2016 | 27482926 |
| comprehensive analysis of the membrane phosphoproteome regulated by oligogalacturonides in arabidopsis thaliana. | early changes in the arabidopsis thaliana membrane phosphoproteome in response to oligogalacturonides (ogs), a class of plant damage-associated molecular patterns (damps), were analyzed by two complementary proteomic approaches. differentially phosphorylated sites were determined through phosphopeptide enrichment followed by lc-ms/ms using label-free quantification; differentially phosphorylated proteins were identified by 2d-dige combined with phospho-specific fluorescent staining (phospho-dige ... | 2016 | 27532006 |
| surface immobilization of human arginase-1 with an engineered ice nucleation protein display system in e. coli. | ice nucleation protein (inp) is frequently used as a surface anchor for protein display in gram-negative bacteria. here, male and tora signal peptides, and three charged polypeptides, 6×lys, 6×glu and 6×asp, were anchored to the n-terminus of truncated inp (inak-n) to improve its surface display efficiency for human arginase1 (arg1). our results indicated that the tora signal peptide increased the surface translocation of non-protein fused inak-n and human arg1 fused inak-n (inak-n/arg1) by 80.7 ... | 2016 | 27479442 |
| antibacterial activity of cinnamaldehyde and estragole extracted from plant essential oils against pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae causing bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit. | pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit. antibacterial activity of plant essential oils (peos) originating from 49 plant species were tested against psa by a vapor diffusion and a liquid culture assays. the five peos from pimenta racemosa, p. dioica, melaleuca linariifolia, m. cajuputii, and cinnamomum cassia efficiently inhibited psa growth by either assays. among their major components, estragole, eugenol, and methyl eugenol showed significant ant ... | 2016 | 27493612 |
| a rice gene homologous to arabidopsis agd2-like defense1 participates in disease resistance response against infection with magnaporthe oryzae. | ald1 (aberrant growth and death2 [agd2]-like defense1) is one of the key defense regulators in arabidopsis thaliana and nicotiana benthamiana. in these model plants, ald1 is responsible for triggering basal defense response and systemic resistance against bacterial infection. as well ald1 is involved in the production of pipecolic acid and an unidentified compound(s) for systemic resistance and priming syndrome, respectively. these previous studies proposed that ald1 is a potential candidate for ... | 2016 | 27493611 |
| visual analysis for detection and quantification of pseudomonas cichorii disease severity in tomato plants. | pathogen infection in plants induces complex responses ranging from gene expression to metabolic processes in infected plants. in spite of many studies on biotic stress-related changes in host plants, little is known about the metabolic and phenotypic responses of the host plants to pseudomonas cichorii infection based on image-based analysis. to investigate alterations in tomato plants according to disease severity, we inoculated plants with different cell densities of p. cichorii using dipping ... | 2016 | 27493605 |
| the root hair specific syp123 regulates the localization of cell wall components and contributes to rizhobacterial priming of induced systemic resistance. | root hairs are important for nutrient and water uptake and are also critically involved the interaction with soil inhabiting microbiota. root hairs are tubular-shaped outgrowths that emerge from trichoblasts. this polarized elongation is maintained and regulated by a robust mechanism involving the endomembrane secretory and endocytic system. members of the syntaxin family of snares (soluble n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) in plants (syp), have been implicated in re ... | 2016 | 27507978 |
| proteometabolomic study of compatible interaction in tomato fruit challenged with sclerotinia rolfsii illustrates novel protein network during disease progression. | fruit is an assimilator of metabolites, nutrients, and signaling molecules, thus considered as potential target for pathogen attack. in response to patho-stress, such as fungal invasion, plants reorganize their proteome, and reconfigure their physiology in the infected organ. this remodeling is coordinated by a poorly understood signal transduction network, hormonal cascades, and metabolite reallocation. the aim of the study was to explore organ-based proteomic alterations in the susceptibility ... | 2016 | 27507973 |
| early changes in apoplast composition associated with defence and disease in interactions between phaseolus vulgaris and the halo blight pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. | the apoplast is the arena in which endophytic pathogens such as pseudomonas syringae grow and interact with plant cells. using metabolomic and ion analysis techniques, this study shows how the composition of phaseolus vulgaris leaf apoplastic fluid changes during the first six hours of compatible and incompatible interactions with two strains of p. syringae pv. phaseolicola (pph) that differ in the presence of the genomic island pphgi-1. leaf inoculation with the avirulent island-carrying strain ... | 2016 | 27239727 |
| arabidopsis aterf014 acts as a dual regulator that differentially modulates immunity against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and botrytis cinerea. | erf transcription factors play critical roles in plant immune responses. here, we report the function of aterf014, a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator, in arabidopsis immunity. expression of aterf014 was induced by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) and botrytis cinerea (bc). aterf014-overexpressing (oe) plants displayed increased pst resistance but decreased bc resistance, whereas aterf014-rnai plants exhibited decreased pst resistance but increased bc resistance. after pst infecti ... | 2016 | 27445230 |
| hemoglobin ljglb1-1 is involved in nodulation and regulates the level of nitric oxide in the lotus japonicus-mesorhizobium loti symbiosis. | leghemoglobins transport and deliver o2 to the symbiosomes inside legume nodules and are essential for nitrogen fixation. however, the roles of other hemoglobins (hbs) in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis are unclear. several lotus japonicus mutants affecting ljglb1-1, a non-symbiotic class 1 hb, have been used to study the function of this protein in symbiosis. two tilling alleles with single amino acid substitutions (a102v and e127k) and a lore1 null allele with a retrotransposon insertion in the ... | 2016 | 27443280 |
| multiple evolutionary events involved in maintaining homologs of resistance to powdery mildew 8 in brassica napus. | the resistance to powdery mildew 8 (rpw8) locus confers broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew in arabidopsis thaliana. there are four homologous to rpw8s (brhrs) in brassica rapa and three in brassica oleracea (bohrs). brassica napus (bn) is derived from diploidization of a hybrid between b. rapa and b. oleracea, thus should have seven homologs of rpw8 (bnhrs). it is unclear whether these genes are still maintained or lost in b. napus after diploidization and how they might have been evolv ... | 2016 | 27493652 |
| responses to combined abiotic and biotic stress in tomato are governed by stress intensity and resistance mechanism. | stress conditions in agricultural ecosystems can occur at variable intensities. different resistance mechanisms against abiotic stress and pathogens are deployed by plants. thus, it is important to examine plant responses to stress combinations under different scenarios. here, we evaluated the effect of different levels of salt stress ranging from mild to severe (50, 100, and 150mm nacl) on powdery mildew resistance and overall performance of tomato introgression lines with contrasting levels of ... | 2016 | 27436279 |
| gall-id: tools for genotyping gall-causing phytopathogenic bacteria. | understanding the population structure and genetic diversity of plant pathogens, as well as the effect of agricultural practices on pathogen evolution, is important for disease management. developments in molecular methods have contributed to increase the resolution for accurate pathogen identification, but those based on analysis of dna sequences can be less straightforward to use. to address this, we developed gall-id, a web-based platform that uses dna sequence information from 16s rdna, mult ... | 2016 | 27547538 |
| plasma membrane order and fluidity are diversely triggered by elicitors of plant defence. | although plants are exposed to a great number of pathogens, they usually defend themselves by triggering mechanisms able to limit disease development. alongside signalling events common to most such incompatible interactions, modifications of plasma membrane (pm) physical properties could be new players in the cell transduction cascade. different pairs of elicitors (cryptogein, oligogalacturonides, and flagellin) and plant cells (tobacco and arabidopsis) were used to address the issue of possibl ... | 2016 | 27604805 |
| coordinate regulation of metabolite glycosylation and stress hormone biosynthesis by tt8 in arabidopsis. | secondary metabolites play a key role in coordinating ecology and defense strategies of plants. diversity of these metabolites arises by conjugation of core structures with diverse chemical moieties, such as sugars in glycosylation. active pools of phytohormones, including those involved in plant stress response, are also regulated by glycosylation. while much is known about the enzymes involved in glycosylation, we know little about their regulation or coordination with other processes. we char ... | 2016 | 27432888 |
| genetic architecture and pleiotropy shape costs of rps2-mediated resistance in arabidopsis thaliana. | the mounting evidence that r genes incur large fitness costs raises a question: how can there be a 5-10% fitness reduction for all 149 r genes in the arabidopsis thaliana genome? the r genes tested to date segregate for insertion-deletion (indel) polymorphisms where susceptible alleles are complete deletions. since costs of resistance are measured as the differential fitness of isolines carrying resistant and susceptible alleles, indels reveal costs that may be masked when susceptible alleles ar ... | 2016 | 27428524 |
| comparative genomics reveals genes significantly associated with woody hosts in the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae. | the diversification of lineages within pseudomonas syringae has involved a number of adaptive shifts from herbaceous hosts onto various species of tree, resulting in the emergence of highly destructive diseases such as bacterial canker of kiwi and bleeding canker of horse chestnut. this diversification has involved a high level of gene gain and loss, and these processes are likely to play major roles in the adaptation of individual lineages onto their host plants. in order to better understand t ... | 2016 | 27145446 |
| hyperconcentrated sweet whey, a new culture medium that enhances propionibacterium freudenreichii stress tolerance. | propionibacterium freudenreichii is used as a cheese-ripening starter and as a probiotic. its reported physiological effects at the gut level, including modulation of bifidobacteria, colon epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, and intestinal inflammation, rely on active metabolism in situ survival and activity are thus key factors determining its efficacy, creating stress adaptation and tolerance bottlenecks for probiotic applications. growth media and growth conditions determine toleranc ... | 2016 | 27235433 |
| xanthomonas whole genome sequencing: phylogenetics, host specificity and beyond. | | 2016 | 27470197 |
| recombination rate heterogeneity within arabidopsis disease resistance genes. | meiotic crossover frequency varies extensively along chromosomes and is typically concentrated in hotspots. as recombination increases genetic diversity, hotspots are predicted to occur at immunity genes, where variation may be beneficial. a major component of plant immunity is recognition of pathogen avirulence (avr) effectors by resistance (r) genes that encode nbs-lrr domain proteins. therefore, we sought to test whether nbs-lrr genes would overlap with meiotic crossover hotspots using experi ... | 2016 | 27415776 |
| genetic diversity, population structure, and heritability of fruit traits in capsicum annuum. | cultivated pepper (capsicum annuum) is a phenotypically diverse species grown throughout the world. wild and landrace peppers are typically small-fruited and pungent, but contain many important traits such as insect and disease resistance. cultivated peppers vary dramatically in size, shape, pungency, and color, and often lack resistance traits. fruit characteristics (e.g. shape and pericarp thickness) are major determinants for cultivar selection, and their association with disease susceptibili ... | 2016 | 27415818 |
| quantitative evaluation of stomatal cytoskeletal patterns during the activation of immune signaling in arabidopsis thaliana. | historically viewed as primarily functioning in the regulation of gas and water vapor exchange, it is now evident that stomata serve an important role in plant immunity. indeed, in addition to classically defined functions related to cell architecture and movement, the actin cytoskeleton has emerged as a central component of the plant immune system, underpinning not only processes related to cell shape and movement, but also receptor activation and signaling. using high resolution quantitative i ... | 2016 | 27415815 |
| the synthetic elicitor dpmp (2,4-dichloro-6-{(e)-[(3-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}phenol) triggers strong immunity in arabidopsis thaliana and tomato. | synthetic elicitors are drug-like compounds that are structurally distinct from natural defense elicitors. they can protect plants from diseases by activating host immune responses and can serve as tools for the dissection of the plant immune system as well as leads for the development of environmentally-safe pesticide alternatives. by high-throughput screening, we previously identified 114 synthetic elicitors that activate expression of the pathogen-responsive cabp22(-333)::gus reporter gene in ... | 2016 | 27412821 |
| overexpression of an arabidopsis cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase, crk5, enhances abscisic acid sensitivity and confers drought tolerance. | receptor-like kinases (rlks) have been reported to regulate many developmental and defense process, but only a few members have been functionally characterized. in the present study, our observations suggest that one of the rlks, a membrane-localized cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase, crk5, is involved in abscisic acid (aba) signaling in arabidopsis thaliana overexpression of crk5 increases aba sensitivity in aba-induced early seedling growth arrest and promotion of stomatal closure and ... | 2016 | 27406784 |
| effector-triggered immune response in arabidopsis thaliana is a quantitative trait. | we identified loci responsible for natural variation in arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) responses to a bacterial pathogen virulence factor, hopam1. hopam1 is a type iii effector protein secreted by the virulent pseudomonas syringae strain pto dc3000. delivery of hopam1 from disarmed pseudomonas strains leads to local cell death, meristem chlorosis, or both, with varying intensities in different arabidopsis accessions. these phenotypes are not associated with differences in bacterial growth re ... | 2016 | 27412712 |
| making healthier or killing enemies? bacterial volatile-elicited plant immunity plays major role upon protection of arabidopsis than the direct pathogen inhibition. | bacterial volatiles protect plants either by directly inhibiting a pathogenic fungus or by improving the defense capabilities of plants. the effect of bacterial volatiles on fungal growth was dose-dependent. a low dosage did not have a noticeable effect on botrytis cinerea growth and development, but was sufficient to elicit induced resistance in arabidopsis thaliana. bacterial volatiles displayed negative effects on biofilm formation on a polystyrene surface and in in planta leaf colonization o ... | 2016 | 27574539 |
| a clade-specific arabidopsis gene connects primary metabolism and senescence. | nearly immobile, plants have evolved new components to be able to respond to changing environments. one example is qua quine starch (qqs, at3g30720), an arabidopsis thaliana-specific orphan gene that integrates primary metabolism with adaptation to environment changes. saqr (senescence-associated and qqs-related, at1g64360), is unique to a clade within the family brassicaceae; as such, the gene may have arisen about 20 million years ago. saqr is up-regulated in qqs rnai mutant and in the apx1 mu ... | 2016 | 27462324 |
| assignment of function to a domain of unknown function: duf1537 is a new kinase family in catabolic pathways for acid sugars. | using a large-scale "genomic enzymology" approach, we (i) assigned novel atp-dependent four-carbon acid sugar kinase functions to members of the duf1537 protein family (domain of unknown function; pfam families pf07005 and pf17042) and (ii) discovered novel catabolic pathways for d-threonate, l-threonate, and d-erythronate. the experimentally determined ligand specificities of several solute binding proteins (sbps) for trap (tripartite atp-independent permease) transporters for four-carbon acids ... | 2016 | 27402745 |
| the xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria type-3 effector xopb inhibits plant defence responses by interfering with ros production. | the bacterial pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria 85-10 (xcv) translocates about 30 type-3 effector proteins (t3es) into pepper plants (capsicum annuum) to suppress plant immune responses. among them is xopb which interferes with pti, eti and sugar-mediated defence responses, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and direct targets are unknown so far. here, we examined the xopb-mediated suppression of plant defence responses in more detail. infection of susceptible pepper plants wi ... | 2016 | 27398933 |