| study of transmission routes of helicobacter pylori in relation to seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus. | the seroprevalence of helicobacter pylori in a group of 1,043 healthy japanese people was compared with that of hepatitis a virus (hav), which was used as a marker of fecal-oral exposure. no statistically significant relationship was observed between seropositivity for hav and that for h. pylori. therefore, the fecal-oral spread of h. pylori is of limited relevance in japan. | 1997 | 9196218 |
| [construction of gene library of attenuated liver hepatitis a vaccine (h2 strain)]. | to determine the complete gene library of attenuated live hepatitis a vaccine (h2 strain) from cloned cdna by application of reverse transcription (rt) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique. | 1996 | 9206195 |
| in vitro and ex vivo inhibition of hepatitis a virus 3c proteinase by a peptidyl monofluoromethyl ketone. | hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c proteinase is the enzyme responsible for the processing of the viral polyprotein. although a cysteine proteinase, it displays an active site configuration like those of the mammalian serine proteinases (malcolm, b. a. protein science 1995, 4, 1439). a peptidyl monofluoromethyl ketone (peptidyl-fmk) based on the preferred peptide substrates for hav 3c proteinase was generated by first coupling the precursor, n,n-dimethylglutamine fluoromethylalcohol, to the tripeptide, ... | 1997 | 9208091 |
| [the hepatitis a virus isolated and adapted in human diploid fibroblast cells (kmb17)]. | three hepatitis a virus (hav) strains (l8, h32 and h52) were isolated from stool specimens of hepatitis a patients during an epidemic in 1988 in shanghai and were adapted to grow in human diploid fibroblast cell strain (kmb17). the strains were serially carried through 10 passages in kmb17. the infectious titrations of these virus strains cultured for 28 days at the 10th passage were high up to 7.0-7.75 log tcid50/ml. the maximum virus yields occured in the 28th day after infection. immune elect ... | 1996 | 9208584 |
| hepatitis a vaccination programs in communities with high rates of hepatitis a. | in june 1995, the public health service advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) issued recommendations about the use of hepatitis a vaccine for the prevention and control of hepatitis a. in communities with high rates of hepatitis a and periodic outbreaks, the acip recommends routine vaccination of young children and catch-up vaccination of previously unvaccinated older children. this report describes hepatitis a vaccination programs initiated to control ongoing outbreaks and prevent ... | 1997 | 9221328 |
| molecular cloning of the hepatitis a virus receptor from a simian cell line. | using a eukaryotic expression system in combination with a monoclonal antibody (mab) capable of blocking hepatitis a virus (hav) adsorption, a cdna clone was selected from a library of s.la/ve-1 cells, a cell line that is highly susceptible to the virus. sequence analysis of the cdna revealed a single open reading frame that encoded a protein consisting of 460 amino acids. the deduced primary structure of the protein included a signal sequence, a transmembrane domain, four sites for n-linked gly ... | 1997 | 9225030 |
| seminested rt-pcr systems for small round structured viruses and detection of enteric viruses in seafood. | highly sensitive seminested rt-pcr systems for the specific detection of genotype i and ii small round structured viruses (srsvs) were developed based on the nucleic acid information deposited in the databanks. srsvs could be detected in 10(7)-fold dilutions of three different stool samples. in addition, a rapid and simple purification protocol for enteric viruses from seafood tissues was elaborated using poliovirus (pv) as model. the virus isolation and viral rna purification include the follow ... | 1997 | 9237119 |
| epidemic and sporadic hepatitis e virus transmission in west kalimantan (borneo), indonesia. | a cross-sectional survey was conducted in west kalimantan (borneo), indonesia to geographically profile hepatitis e virus (hev) prevalence in the riverine areas recognized as the foci of epidemic hev transmission in 1987. additionally, a contiguous, although distinct, population with no identifiable historical exposure to epidemic hev was surveyed downstream for comparative purposes. eight hundred eighty-five sera were assayed by enzyme immunoabsorbent assay for anti-hev igg and anti-hepatitis a ... | 1997 | 9242320 |
| another case of acute renal failure (arf) due to acute tubular necrosis (atn), proven by renal biopsy in non-fulminant hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. | | 1997 | 9249815 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis a virus antibody in primary school children in khon kaen province, northeastern thailand. | hepatitis a is a disease commonly found in thai children. since 1984, there have been very few reports on the age specific prevalence of hepatitis a virus infection in the northeastern part of thailand, which has the largest population and is the poorest area of the country. we studied the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibody in 3 primary school children in different areas of khon kaen province, northeastern thailand. anti-hav level was assayed by elisa. four hundred and forty-one ... | 1996 | 9253861 |
| hepatitis a outbreak amongst intravenous amphetamine abusers in finland. | this article describes a widespread outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection amongst drug abusers in finland. although attempts to demonstrate the virus in amphetamines failed, the infection was assumed to be linked to intravenous use of the drug. the unusual mode of transmission prompted us to analyse possible atypical clinical features as well as the spread of the virus to the general population, nowadays practically without protective immunity. serologically verified cases that occurred ... | 1997 | 9255876 |
| further evaluation of the safety and protective efficacy of live attenuated hepatitis a vaccine (h2-strain) in humans. | a study on the possibility of transmission of live hepatitis a vaccine (h2-strain) from vaccinees to nonvaccinees was conducted. as a result, no seroconversion was found among 87 seronegative nonvaccinees, who had a close contact with their 141 subcutaneously vaccinated classmates nor was it found among 101 seronegative children administered the vaccine orally. the above fundings suggest that by losing the ability to be transmitted orally the vaccine virus may result in a decreasing possibility ... | 1997 | 9261939 |
| type a viral hepatitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection occurs worldwide and is an important cause of acute viral hepatitis in the us. in this review, i cover the epidemiology, course of infection, clinical manifestations, serological responses, and prevention of this infection. although most patients completely recover from this disease, elderly patients have a substantial mortality risk. recently licensed vaccines are highly efficacious. | 1997 | 9265900 |
| influence of the 5' noncoding region of hepatitis a virus strain gbm on its growth in different cell lines. | previous sequence analysis of consecutive passages of the hepatitis a virus (hav) strain gbm/wt in human embryonic kidney cells (hek cells), human embryonic lung fibroblasts (hfs cells) and in frhk-4 cells (foetal rhesus monkey kidney cells) pointed to a host cell dependent cell culture adaptation of gbm/wt in hfs cells involving mutations in the 5' noncoding region (5'ncr). multiple nucleotide changes occurred in the 5'ncr of the gbm genome after the cell line used for virus passage was changed ... | 1997 | 9266978 |
| early appearance of neutralizing antibodies after vaccination with an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. | sera from 30 subjects vaccinated with the pasteur merieux serums & vaccins (pm) inactivated hepatitis a vaccine, and from 30 subjects vaccinated with the smithkline beecham (sb) inactivated hepatitis a vaccine, were tested in two laboratories in order to provide comparative data on neutralizing activities of vaccine-induced antibodies. sera were also evaluated by a modified radioimmunoassay (mria) and results were compared to neutralization assays results. neutralizing antibody titres provided b ... | 1997 | 9279722 |
| the changing epidemiological pattern of hepatitis a in lisbon, portugal. | to evaluate the prevalence of anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) in an urban population, in order to assess the changing epidemiological pattern of hepatitis a. | 1997 | 9282278 |
| immunogenicity and protectivity of a new liposomal hepatitis a vaccine. | in this study we investigated a new liposomal hepatitis a vaccine (epaxal) developed by the swiss serum and vaccine institute clinically and immunologically using a one dose priming schedule and a booster injection after 1 year. this vaccine contains formalin inactivated hepatitis a virus particles attached to phospholipid vesicles together with influenza virus haemagglutinin. two doses of the vaccine were administered at months 0 and 12 in 117 volunteers. blood samples were drawn at days-7, 14 ... | 1997 | 9286045 |
| hepatitis a vaccine: persistence of antibodies 5 years after the first vaccination. | the recent development of safe and effective inactivated hepatitis a vaccines provides the opportunity to control hepatitis a. however, effective control will depend upon the duration of protection provided by the vaccine. evaluation of persistence of antibodies over time is essential for the determination of vaccination schedules and strategies. for this purpose blood samples were obtained from 140 volunteers, 5 years after the administration of three 720 elisa units (eu) doses of an inactivate ... | 1997 | 9286052 |
| [which vaccines for which travelers?]. | | 1997 | 9289603 |
| detection of antibodies to the nonstructural 3c proteinase of hepatitis a virus. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection can stimulate the production of antibodies to structural and nonstructural proteins of the virus. however, vaccination with an inactivated vaccine produces antibodies exclusively to the structural proteins. current diagnostic assays, such as the abbott havab test, used to determine exposure to hav detect antibodies only to the structural proteins and as a result are not able to distinguish between a natural infection and vaccination with an inactivated virus. th ... | 1997 | 9291304 |
| characterisation of an epidemic of hepatitis a virus involving intravenous drug abusers--infection by needle sharing? | an epidemic of hepatitis a virus (hav) among intravenous drug abusers in oslo involved 144 serologically confirmed cases. another 26 patients (non-drug abusers), of whom 14 were derived from a single nosocomial outbreak, were associated with the epidemic. sequencing of the vp1/p2a junction revealed that viruses associated with the epidemic were completely identical, whereas other hav samples collected during the same period differed by up to 10%. hav was detected in the serum of 48 of 100 patien ... | 1997 | 9298735 |
| seroepidemiology of helicobacter pylori infection and hepatitis a in a rural area: evidence against a common mode of transmission. | recent studies have shown that the age-specific seroprevalence of h pylori infection parallels hepatitis a (hav), suggesting similar modes of transmission. the aim of this study was to investigate the seroepidemiology of h pylori and hav in the same setting. | 1997 | 9301493 |
| exposure to hepatitis a virus among blood donors, injecting drug users and prison entrants in victoria. | to assess prevalence of exposure to hepatitis a virus (hav) among injecting drug users (idus) and prison entrants in victoria, and to compare this with prevalence of hav among a reference population of blood donors, sera stored from two previous studies and from randomly selected blood donors were tested for total antibody to hav. the first study was a longitudinal study of field-recruited idus from 1990 to 1992 and the second was a study of all prison entrants in 1991-92 (both studies were carr ... | 1997 | 9310932 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus in an adult urban population from burundi. | the prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis e virus (hev) was measured in a group of 129 adults from bujumbura, burundi, using an elisa. the prevalence of anti-hev igg was 14%, much lower than that of hepatitis a virus (hav) (97.7%). in addition to the lability of antibodies to hev, this difference might be explained by the extensive availability of good-quality drinking water in the city. the presence of serologic markers of hbv (77.6%), hcv (27.1%), and human immunodeficiency virus (30.2%) w ... | 1997 | 9311635 |
| hepatitis a among homosexual men and injection drug users: more evidence for vaccination. | as agencies develop guidelines for administering the newly developed hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine, information is needed regarding the occurrence of hav infection in groups putatively at risk for the infection. we tested serum samples from 300 injection drug users (idus), 300 homosexual males, and 300 blood donors for the presence of total antibody to hav (anti-hav). anti-hav was detected in 66% of idus, 32% of homosexual males, and 14% of blood donors. anti-hav was not significantly associat ... | 1997 | 9314468 |
| the declining pattern of seroepidemiology of hepatitis a virus infection among adolescents in bangkok, thailand. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a health problem in countries where seroepidemiology shows changes from hyperendemicity to intermediate endemicity. throughout the last decade, we studied, in bangkok, the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus antibody (anti-hav) among adolescents of different age groups. in 1996, 245 serum specimens from children aged between 10 and 19 were tested for anti-hav by elisa method. the results were compared to those obtained in 1987 and 1993 from students of the same age and ... | 1997 | 9322299 |
| an advisory committee statement (acs). national advisory committee on immunization (naci). supplementary statement on hepatitis prevention. | | 1997 | 9327646 |
| response to hepatitis a vaccination in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -uninfected homosexual men. | the influence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and vaccination schedule on the immunogenicity of a hepatitis a vaccine was examined. ninety hiv-infected homosexual men received two vaccinations with hepatitis a vaccine (each 2 ml of 720 elisa units/ml) either 1 or 6 months apart; 44 hiv-uninfected men received vaccine at study entry and at 6 months. anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) titer after vaccination was measured in 83 hiv-positive and 39 hiv-negative men. seroconversion (anti-ha ... | 1997 | 9333168 |
| induction of intracellular membrane rearrangements by hav proteins 2c and 2bc. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is distinguished from other picornaviruses by its slow and relatively poor, noncytopathic growth in cultures of mammalian cells. the 2c and 2bc proteins of hav have been implicated in the determination of virus growth in cultured cells. the homologous proteins from other picornaviruses, such as poliovirus, have been demonstrated to exhibit multiple activities, such as rna binding, nucleotide binding and ntpase, and membrane binding and reorganization. at least some of the ... | 1997 | 9344908 |
| intact eukaryotic initiation factor 4g is required for hepatitis a virus internal initiation of translation. | the requirements for optimal activity of the hepatitis a virus (hav) internal ribosome entry segment (ires) differ substantially from those of other picornavirus ireses. one such difference is that, to date, the hav ires is the only one whose efficiency is severely inhibited in the presence of the picornaviral 2a proteinase. here we describe experiments designed to dissect the mechanism of proteinase-mediated inhibition of hav translation. using dicistronic mrnas translated in vitro, we show tha ... | 1997 | 9344915 |
| immunization of seronegative infants with hepatitis a vaccine (havrix; skb): a comparative study of two dosing schedules. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is of public health significance among infants and diapered children. although two licensed hav vaccines are available, they have not been assessed widely in children under the age of 2 years and are not currently licensed for this age group. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of hav vaccine in seronegative infants. fifty-three healthy infants were immunized with 360 elisa units (el.u.) of an inactivated hav vaccine a ... | 1997 | 9364691 |
| sporadic hepatitis e in southern india. | | 1997 | 9373629 |
| seroepidemiological study of helicobacter pylori infection in south african children. | the seroepidemiology of helicobacter pylori infection was studied in 681 randomly selected black children from newborn to 13 years of age (333 boys, mean age 8.05 years, and 348 girls, mean age 7.76 years) in kwazulu/natal, south africa. h. pylori infection was identified serologically using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the presence of immunoglobulin g against h. pylori. demographic information collected included age, gender, family income, overcrowding, educational level, and ... | 1997 | 9373630 |
| cdc sets interim strategy for hepatitis a control. | | 1997 | 9377216 |
| [the prevalence of hepatitis a, b and c viral markers in the population of gijón between 26 and 65 years old]. | the aim of this study was to know the prevalence of hepatitis a, b and c markers in an adult population in gijón, spain. a randomized, transversal sample according to the census was made in a population between 26 and 65 years of age in gijón, analyzing demographic, epidemiologic and clinical variables, liver function tests, anti-hav igg, anti-hbcore and anti-hcv. of the 476 individuals included a census error was detected in 26 (5.5%) and 340 (71.4%) were studied. of these anti-hav igg was posi ... | 1997 | 9377232 |
| [an experimental study of immunity to hepatitis a in monkeys]. | in this work the experimental model of hepatitis a on monkeys, adequate to human hepatitis a, was used. ten monkeys (6 macaca mulatta and 4 cercopithecus aethiops) were reinfected with different doses of hepatitis a virus (hav) a year after recovery from spontaneous and experimental hepatitis a. the monkeys were completely resistant to the inoculation of the virus in moderate doses (10(3) id50). the inoculation of hav in large doses (10(4)-10(5) id50) induced a mild form of this infection in the ... | 1995 | 9381880 |
| [expressing poliovirus (type i) and hepatitis a virus antigens by recombinant vaccinia virus]. | a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing pv-i and hav antigens was constructed. dot blot and southern blot confirmed that the recombinant virus genome contained pv-i cdna and hav cdna chimeric fragment. the result of if indicated that pv-i antigen and hav antigen were successfully expressed in the mammalian cells infected with the recombinant virus. the expressed pv-i and hav antigen showed one band which had both pv-i and hav antigenicities in western blot. the band was about 120,000(mw). when g ... | 1996 | 9388994 |
| single-antibody in situ enzyme immunoassay for infectivity titration of hepatitis a virus. | hepatitis a virus (hav) establishes a persistent infection in cultured cells, with minimal effect on host cell metabolism. as a result, the virus produces very little, if any, cytopathic effect (cpe), even with cell culture-adapted strains. this feature precludes the use of a plaque or standard endpoint assay (using cpe as an indicator of infection) for the titration of infectious virus. the radioimmunofocus assay (rifa) is the standard method for hav titration, though this method is labour inte ... | 1997 | 9395142 |
| hepatitis a virus infections in urban children--are preventive opportunities being missed? | to determine the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infections in children in a large urban center, a point prevalence survey was conducted using a novel, ultrasensitive assay for hav-specific igg in saliva. a structured sample of 224 grade-six students (5.8% of grade registrants) was obtained from 23 schools throughout vancouver. all students provided saliva samples adequate for testing. the anti-hav prevalence rate was 7.1% (95% confidence interval, 4.1%-11.3%). among 167 canadian-born stud ... | 1997 | 9395375 |
| hepatitis a outbreak in a socially-contained religious community in rural southern ontario. | | 1997 | 9397602 |
| frequent detection of hepatitis a viral rna in serum during the early convalescent phase of acute hepatitis a. | the diagnosis of type a hepatitis is performed mainly by immunoglobulin m (igm) anti-hepatitis a antibody assay, but it has not been established whether there is a correlation between changes in viremia and the clinical course of type a hepatitis. we examined hepatitis a virus (hav) rna in the sera from type a and non-a, non-b, non-c acute hepatitis and analyzed the relation of hav viremia with alanine aminotransferase (alt) and igm-ha levels. two hundred sera from 38 patients with type a acute ... | 1997 | 9398009 |
| [prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) in a population of mexican children]. | we studied by elisa test 450 healthy children looking for igg and igm antibodies against virus a hepatitis. 376/450 (86.3%) showed igg antibodies. 50% of children under one year were positive. at 3 years of age 80% of children from this study were with antibodies igg and 96% of children at 10 years of age were positive. only 9 children showed antibodies igm. | 1997 | 9412137 |
| characterization of replication-competent hepatitis a virus constructs containing insertions at the n terminus of the polyprotein. | to determine whether hepatitis a virus (hav) could tolerate the insertion of exogenous sequences, we constructed full-length hav cdnas containing in-frame insertions at the n terminus of the polyprotein and transfected the derived t7 rna polymerase in vitro transcripts into frhk-4 cells. replication of havvec1, a construct containing an insertion of 60 nucleotides coding for a polylinker, a 2b/2c cleavage site for hav protease 3cpro, and two initiation codons that restored the sequence of the n ... | 1998 | 9420233 |
| should health care workers exposed to hepatitis c routinely receive hepatitis a vaccine? | | 1998 | 9438734 |
| fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis a virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis c. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection rarely causes fulminant hepatic failure in people with no underlying liver disease. there are limited data on the course of this infection in patients with chronic hepatitis b and chronic hepatitis c. | 1998 | 9445408 |
| [the prevalence of anti-hepatitis c virus antibodies in children from social assistance units in the county of iaşi]. | the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-hcv antibody (ab) in association with specific markers for hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv). we investigated 127 children from two orphanages from iaşi district (77 males--60.6%). an elisa kit, iind generation (diagnostic pasteur) was used for anti-hcv determination. hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and anti-hav/total antibodies were diagnosed by elisa competitive and "sandwich" type respectively (wellcome-murex) ... | 1996 | 9455445 |
| [hepatitis a virus infection in children in argentina: a pilot study]. | the severity and/or the prognostic of infections with the hepatitis a virus (hav) is related to the age at which the infection occurs. since transmission of the virus occurs by the fecal-oral route, the prevalence and age-relate incidence of infection is determined by the adequacy of sanitation hygienic measures and the socio economic level of exposed populations. thus, the disease is having an increasing impact in developing countries with improving sanitary standards whereas inhabitants of ind ... | 1997 | 9460514 |
| [viral hepatitis markers in saliva specimens from patients with acute hepatitis a, b and c]. | anti-hva igm, hbsag, anti-hbc igm, anti-hvc were determined in the blood sera and saliva specimens obtained from patients with acute hepatitis a, b, c (ha, hb, hc) and from healthy persons of the control group. 37 ha patients, 27 hb patients and 24 hc patients, observed in the dynamics of the disease (for a period of 1 month and longer from the appearance of manifestations of the disease), as well as 30 practically healthy persons (the control group) were examined. anti-hva igm could be found in ... | 1997 | 9460864 |
| [an unusual course of viral hepatitis a in children]. | to determine the present-day specific clinical features of viral hepatitis a (ha) in children, observation on 447 children aged 1 year and 10 months to 14 years with verified ha monoinfection was carried out. at the season of 1993 essential differences were observed in the clinical picture of ha: the disease took a more severe course with the prevalence of medium-severe (59.3%) and severe (3.6%) forms of this infection, a tendency to a prolonged convalescence period and fermentative aggravations ... | 1997 | 9460876 |
| immunomagnetic capture pcr for rapid concentration and detection of hepatitis a virus from environmental samples. | we studied the concentration of hepatitis a virus (hav) from environmental samples by membrane filter-based urea-arginine phosphate buffer and its detection by using immunomagnetic capture (ic) reverse transcription (rt)-pcr (ic pcr). magnetic beads coated with anti-hav rabbit antibodies were used for enrichment and concentration of hav from environmental samples. ic pcr is sensitive enough to detect as few as 0.04 pfu of cell culture-adapted hav in inoculated water and sewage samples. ic pcr is ... | 1998 | 9464385 |
| what priority for prevention of hepatitis a in india? | the recent development of a safe, effective vaccine against hepatitis a virus (hav) demands a reassessment of the public health importance and priority of hav in india. although acute viral hepatitis is common among children in india, the majority of hav infections are asymptomatic. with increasing age at infection, the proportion of persons developing symptomatic acute hepatitis increases. studies have indicated that virtually all children are infected with hav by 10-15 years of age, but the ... | 1998 | 9465502 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus in mumbai, and immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis a vaccine. | since epidemiologic trends of hepatitis a are changing worldwide, we studied its seroprevalence in mumbai, which is thought to be a high-endemicity area. the immunogenicity and safety of a hepatitis a vaccine were also studied. | 1998 | 9465507 |
| hepatitis a infection: a seroepidemiological study in young adults in north-east italy. | during the period from january to may 1994, the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus infection (anti-hav) was tested by immunoenzyme assay in the serum samples of 620 apparently healthy subjects (81% males, 19% females), from 10 to 29 years old, resident in north-east italy (pordenone and surrounding district). the overall prevalence of anti-hav was 3.7%. there was a significant lower prevalence in the group aged 10-19 than in the one aged 20-29 years (0.7% vs 6%; p < 0.001). moreover, ... | 1997 | 9476815 |
| a new continuous epitope of hepatitis a virus. | a new continuous epitope of hepatitis a virus (hav) was defined in the vp3 protein. convalescent sera recognised the synthetic peptide 3110-3121 (fwrgdlvfdfqv). the replacement of the arginine, glycine, or aspartic acid at positions 112, 113, or 114, respectively by other amino acids induced the loss of synthetic peptide recognition by human convalescent sera, thereby confirming the presence of an epitope in the original vp3(110-121) sequence. shorter vp3 peptides such as vp3(110-119). vp3(110-1 ... | 1998 | 9496366 |
| interaction of hepatitis a virus (hav) precursor proteins 3ab and 3abc with the 5' and 3' termini of the hav rna. | rna secondary structures within the terminal nontranslated regions of entero- and rhinoviral genomes interact specifically with viral nonstructural proteins and are required in cis for viral rna replication. here we show that recombinant hepatitis a virus (hav) polypeptide 3abc specifically interacts in vitro with secondary rna structures formed at both the 5' and 3' terminus of the viral genome. similar to protein 3ab, hav 3abc bound to the 3' terminal rna structure which did not interact with ... | 1997 | 9498613 |
| safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis a vaccine in patients with chronic liver disease. | acute hepatitis a superimposed on chronic liver disease (cld) has been associated with severe or fulminant hepatitis. an open, multicenter study was performed to compare the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in patients with cld with that in healthy subjects. a secondary objective was to compare the safety of the hepatitis a vaccine with that of a commercial hepatitis b vaccine in subjects with chronic hepatitis c. a total of 475 subjects over the age of 18 years we ... | 1998 | 9500723 |
| preventing acute liver disease in patients with chronic liver disease. | | 1998 | 9500724 |
| a www-accessible knowledge base for the interpretation of hepatitis serologic tests. | hepaxpert is a knowledge-based system that interprets the results of routine serologic tests for infection with hepatitis a and b viruses. the following tests are included: hepatitis a virus anti-bodies (anti-hav), igm antibodies to the hepatitis a virus (igm anti-hav), hepatitis a virus (hav in stool, hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and antibodies (qualitative anti-hbs, quantitative anti-hbs titre), antibodies to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc and igm anti-hbc), and hepatitis b envelope ... | 1997 | 9506393 |
| vacillate or vaccinate. | | 1995 | 9525123 |
| a cytopathogenic, apoptosis-inducing variant of hepatitis a virus. | a cytopathogenic variant of hepatitis a virus (hav(cyt/hb1.1)) was isolated from persistently infected bs-c-1 cells by serial passages in frhk-4 cells. this virus shows a rapid replication pattern and high final titers are obtained, which are main characteristics of cytopathogenic havs. sequencing of the nontranslated regions and the coding regions for 2abc and 3ab revealed that mutations are distributed all over these regions and that certain mutated sites correspond to those in other cytopatho ... | 1998 | 9525664 |
| foodborne outbreaks of hepatitis a in a low endemic country: an emerging problem? | this paper describes 2 outbreaks of hepatitis a infection in finland, a very low endemic area of hepatitis a infection, where a large proportion of the population is now susceptible to infection by hepatitis a virus (hav). the first outbreak involved people attending several schools and day-care centres; the second employees of several bank branches in a different city. the initial investigation revealed that both were related to food distributed widely from separate central kitchens. two separa ... | 1998 | 9528818 |
| [hep-a-in-vac, a russian cultured concentrated inactivated vaccine against hepatitis a]. | the results of the study of the reactogenicity, safety and immunological activity of russian cultural vaccine against hepatitis a are presented. the vaccine was found to have specific safety, moderate reactogenicity and pronounced immunological activity. in addition, the study of the prophylactic efficiency of the vaccine in the pre-epidemic period of the outbreak of hepatitis a morbidity in a group exceeding 14,000 adults was carried out. the study revealed high prophylactic efficiency of the v ... | 1998 | 9532686 |
| clinical, laboratory, and serological findings of adult hungarian hospitalized acute hepatitis patients, and possible source of the infection. | clinical, epidemiological features of acute viral hepatitis of 331 hospitalized adult patients were evaluated. ha, hb, hc, and non a-c h were diagnosed in 36.6%, 34.1%, 10.6%, and 18.7%, respectively. age of ha cases was significantly lower than that of other cases. only ha showed seasonal variation. acquisition of ha was often associated with visits in endemic areas when compared with all other types, while hb, hc, and non a-c h were rather associated with iatrogenic events (blood transfusion, ... | 1997 | 9554166 |
| hepatitis a vaccination. | | 1998 | 9556642 |
| coding sequences enhance internal initiation of translation by hepatitis a virus rna in vitro. | hepatitis a virus (hav), unlike other picornaviruses, has a slow-growth phenotype in permissive cell lines and in general does not induce host cell cytopathology. although there are no published reports of productive infection of hela cells by hav, hav rna appears to be readily translated in hela cells when transcribed by t7 rna polymerase provided by a recombinant vaccinia virus. the 5' noncoding region of hav was fused to poliovirus (pv) coding sequences to determine the effect on translation ... | 1998 | 9557637 |
| evolution of a common structural core in the internal ribosome entry sites of picornavirus. | the translational control involving internal ribosome binding occurs in poliovirus (pv), human rhinoviruses (hrv), encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), and hepatitis a virus (hav). internal ribosome binding utilizes cis-acting genetic elements of approximately 450 nucleotides (nt) termed the internal ribosome entry sites (ires) found in these picornaviral 5'-untranslated region (5'utr). although these ires elements are quite different in their primary sequence, ... | 1998 | 9562889 |
| the prevalence of hepatitis a antibodies among israeli travellers and the economic feasibility of screening before vaccination. | hepatitis a (ha) is the most common vaccine-preventable disease among travellers. the probability of contracting the disease depends on the endemicity in both the destination and country of origin of the traveller. the introduction of the new highly effective but expensive inactivated ha vaccine necessitates a re-evaluation of ha prevention policy. in highly developed countries all travellers require vaccination. in highly endemic areas the entire population is immune. in israel, ha seroprevalen ... | 1998 | 9563704 |
| inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, hepatitis a virus, respiratory syncytial virus, vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, and poliovirus type 2 by hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization. | studies were conducted to determine the capability of a hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization process to inactivate several types of viruses. six test agents were used: hiv type 1, human hepatitis a virus, respiratory syncytial virus, vaccinia, herpes simplex virus type 1, and poliovirus type 2. | 1998 | 9584802 |
| follow-up immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine in healthy children: results after 5 years. | long-term persistence of hepatitis a virus (hav) serum antibody in vaccinated children has not been demonstrated in previous studies. to study the long-term immunogenicity to hav vaccine, three doses of strain hm 175 hav vaccine with 360 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units were administered to 107 children, aged from 1.0 to 6.8 years, at 0, 1, and 6 months. the administration of one vaccine dose induced seropositivity (anti-hav titer > or = 20 miu ml-1) in 95% of all vaccinees at month 1. al ... | 1998 | 9607035 |
| [monoclonal antibodies in human hepatitis a virus immunoenzyme diagnosis]. | antigen and antibody detection in eia is a good tool in diagnosing hav infections, especially in their differentiation from other hepatitides. commercial kits containing polyclonal antibodies and murine mabs to identify hav are now available. rat mabs have not been assayed so far. peroxidase-labelled rat mabs and purified rat mabs as antigen capture were used to modify commercial "vectohep a-igm" and "vectorhep a-ag" kits. the results obtained with modified "vectohep a-igm" and "vectorhep a-ag" ... | 1998 | 9608269 |
| hepatitis a infections in wisconsin: trends in incidence and factors affecting surveillance, 1986-1995. | from january 1986 through december 1995, 4,143 cases of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection were reported in wisconsin. the annual hepatitis a incidence remained stable from 1986 through 1988, with a mean annual rate of 4.7 cases per 100,000 (endemic hav incidence rate). during 1989-1993, the incidence of hav infection increased with a peak in 1992 of 19 cases per 100,000 population. a large foodborne outbreak (1992) and community wide outbreaks among african american residents (1989-1993) and nat ... | 1998 | 9617306 |
| hepatitis a. | | 1998 | 9620732 |
| polymorphisms of the hepatitis a virus cellular receptor 1 in african green monkey kidney cells result in antigenic variants that do not react with protective monoclonal antibody 190/4. | monoclonal antibody (mab) 190/4 blocks binding of hepatitis a virus (hav) to the hav cellular receptor 1 (havcr-1) and protects african green monkey kidney (agmk) clone gl37 cells (gl37 cells) against hav infection. bs-c-1 and cv-1 cells, two widely used agmk cell lines, did not react with mab 190/4 but expressed havcr-1, as judged by western blot analysis. the cdna coding for havcr-1 was amplified from bs-c-1 and cv-1 total cellular rna by reverse transcription-pcr. alignment of the amino acid ... | 1998 | 9621093 |
| [the screening of immune donors in organized collectives]. | use of blood of reconvalescents from infectious diseases along with screening of blood from non-immunized donors permits procuring new sources of immune blood preparations with high content of specific antibodies (keeping strictly to the existing normative-instructional documents on donorship). screening of immune donors in military collective bodies is a worth-while exercise both in medical and organizational respects owing to the contingents being homogeneous in sex, age and physiologic status ... | 1998 | 9621631 |
| [hepatitis a epidemic in heerlen in late 1996, importance of immunization in immigrant children]. | description of a local epidemic of hepatitis a in 1996 in heerlen, the netherlands. | 1998 | 9623099 |
| [the hepatitis a epidemic in heerlen, in 1996; the importance of immunization of migrant children]. | | 1998 | 9623193 |
| the shift in prevalence of hepatitis a immunity in flanders, belgium. | the purpose of this study was to obtain data on the prevalence of hepatitis a in flanders, belgium, in order to analyse any change in the epidemiological pattern of hepatitis a virus (hav) in the region, and to determine at which age pre-vaccination testing would be useful. to meet these goals, a sero-epidemiological survey was conducted: 4058 serum samples were collected from a random sample of the general population in 1993-94. the overall age-standardised prevalence was 51.3%. among non-belgi ... | 1998 | 9629763 |
| two-year review of hepatitis a vaccine safety: data from the vaccine adverse event reporting system (vaers). | | 1998 | 9636890 |
| use of silica as a carrier to recover and prepare waterborne enteric viruses for detection by rt-pcr. | a rapid, efficient and inexpensive method was developed to concentrate poliovirus type 1 (pv1), rotavirus (rv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) from artificially spiked samples of tap and surface water. the method consists of adsorbing the viruses to silicon dioxide (sio2) in the presence of 0.5 mm alcl3 and adjustment of the ph to 3.5. the silica-adsorbed virus was collected by low speed centrifugation. viral rna was then extracted with guanidium thiocyanate (gt), and environmental nucleases and inh ... | 1997 | 9638882 |
| [viral hepatitis a: when a changing epidemiology implies a different prophylaxis]. | major progress has been made in the epidemiology and prophylaxis of hepatitis a virus (hav) since it was first discovered in stool samples by maccallum in 1973. seven types of the virus have been described. types 1, 2, 3 and 7 occur in humans and types 4, 5 and 6 in monkeys, but genotype is not correlated with antigenic response. immunization with the hm175 viral strain or natural infection by any of the virus types gives protection against all types of hav affecting humans. serological tests de ... | 1998 | 9642731 |
| membrane association and rna binding of recombinant hepatitis a virus protein 2c. | the direct function of hepatitis a virus (hav) protein 2c, a putative ntpase, is not known, yet genetic evidence obtained from chimeric viruses carrying the 2c genomic region of different hav variants indicates that it plays a pivotal role in viral replication. in a first assessment of its potential function(s), membrane and rna binding properties of hav 2c were studied after expressing the protein in various recombinant systems. in contrast to poliovirus 2c, expression of hav 2c was inhibitory ... | 1998 | 9645199 |
| recombinant hepatitis a virus antigen: improved production and utility in diagnostic immunoassays. | hepatitis a virus (hav) immunoassays use cell culture-derived hav antigen to detect hav-specific antibodies. the current method of production of hav antigen in tissue culture is time-consuming and expensive. we previously expressed the hav open reading frame in recombinant vaccinia viruses (rv-orf). the recombinant hav polyprotein was accurately processed and was assembled into subviral particles. these particles were bound by hav-neutralizing antibodies and were able to elicit antibodies which ... | 1998 | 9650953 |
| the human homolog of havcr-1 codes for a hepatitis a virus cellular receptor. | the hepatitis a virus cellular receptor 1 (havcr-1) cdna was isolated from a cdna expression library of african green monkey kidney (agmk) cells by using protective monoclonal antibody (mab) 190/4, which blocks the binding of hepatitis a virus (hav) to agmk cells. the havcr-1 cdna codes for havcr-1, a 451-amino-acid class i integral-membrane mucin-like glycoprotein of unknown natural function. to determine the existence of a human homolog(s) of havcr-1 (huhavcr-1), we used havcr-1-specific prime ... | 1998 | 9658108 |
| production of antibody to hepatitis a virus and hepatitis b surface antigen measured after combined hepatitis a/hepatitis b vaccination in 242 adult volunteers. | two batches of a new hepatitis a/hepatitis b combined vaccine were tested in 242 healthy students. three injections, given at 0, 1 and 6 months, produced seroconversion rates and hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) antibody levels comparable to those reported after administration of separate monocomponent vaccines. the vaccine proved to be safe and well-tolerated. influence of host factors, such as elevated body mass index or gender, were investigated and proven to be ... | 1998 | 9658375 |
| hepatitis a virus infections associated with clotting factor concentrate in the united states. | two cases of hepatitis a among persons exposed to the same lot of solvent/detergent-treated antihemophilic factor viii concentrate were reported to a surveillance system. an investigation was conducted to find additional cases and determine the source of infection. | 1998 | 9661691 |
| a unique hepatitis a virus strain caused an epidemic in norway associated with intravenous drug abuse. the hepatitis a study group. | a major epidemic of hepatitis a virus (hav), associated with intravenous drug abuser (ivda) communities, was studied by molecular epidemiology using a 348 bp region of the vp1/2pa junction of the hav genome. a total of 621 cases were notified during the 2-year epidemic, 492 of whom were ivda. serum samples, taken from 79 patients during the acute phase of infection, were selected for analysis of hav rna by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and sequencing. a unique epidemic ... | 1998 | 9670356 |
| hepatitis a virus subviral particles: purification, accumulation, and relative infectivity of virions, provirions and procapsids. | virus-specific particles were isolated from hepatitis a virus (hav)-infected cells and the role of each particle type in the replicative cycle assessed. mature virions, provirions (immature virions) and empty capsids (procapsids) were detected in cell lysates, and both virions and provirions were found in the culture supernatant. particle types were separated by isopycnic caesium chloride gradient or linear sucrose density gradient-ultracentrifugation, and their capsid proteins characterised. vi ... | 1997 | 9672583 |
| early interactions of hepatitis a virus with cultured cells: viral elution and the effect of ph and calcium ions. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is less well-characterized than other picornaviruses due to its slow and inefficient replication. in order to gain a greater understanding of hav-receptor interactions we have used the recovery of cell-bound, infectious virus particles to measure the effects of temperature, ph and divalent cations on the binding of hav to susceptible cells. viral attachment to cultured cells proceeded at similar rates between 4 degrees c and 37 degrees c, with a slight increase in the tot ... | 1997 | 9672584 |
| evidence that childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with an infectious agent linked to hygiene conditions. | the incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) in children has shown temporal and geographic variation during the 20th century, with higher rates in developed nations appearing in the first half of the century, but with persisting low rates in developing nations. we sought to assess the relation of childhood all with hygiene conditions, an aspect of socioeconomic development affecting rates of exposure to infectious agents. | 1998 | 9684709 |
| chromatographic removal and heat inactivation of hepatitis a virus during manufacture of human albumin. | csl limited, an australian biopharmaceutical company, has recently converted its method of manufacture for human albumin from a traditional cohn-ethanol fractionation method to a method employing chromatographic techniques. studies were undertaken to determine the efficiency of the chromatographic and pasteurization steps used in the manufacture of albumex(r) (csl's trade name for albumin) in removing and inactivating the potential viral contaminant, hepatitis a virus (hav). the manufacturing pr ... | 1998 | 9693093 |
| utilization of chimeras between human (hm-175) and simian (agm-27) strains of hepatitis a virus to study the molecular basis of virulence. | chimeras between human (hm-175) and simian (agm-27) strains of hepatitis a virus (hav) were constructed to evaluate the effect of the 2c gene of agm-27 on hav replication in cell culture and virulence in tamarins (saguinus mystax) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). kinetic studies and radioimmunofocus assays demonstrated that replacement of the 2c gene of hav/7, a cell culture-adapted strain of hm-175, with that of agm-27 drastically reduced the ability of the virus to replicate in cultured cell ... | 1998 | 9696843 |
| age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a in children and adolescents from rio de janeiro, brazil, 1978 and 1995. relationship of prevalence to environmental factors. | the age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) was determined in two different population groups with low socio-economic status from rio de janeiro city, brazil, whose serum samples were collected 17 years apart (population 1, 1978; population 2, 1995). in population 2, analysis of the anti-hav prevalence was also carried out with respect to environmental factors. population 1 was composed of 520 stored sera collected from the umbilical cord of term neonates and childr ... | 1998 | 9698834 |
| polypeptide 3ab of hepatitis a virus is a transmembrane protein. | hepatitis a virus (hav) protein 3ab is a membrane-interacting protein containing a stretch of 21 hydrophobic amino acid residues. the nature of its membrane association was studied in detail by analysing various deletion mutants. in vivo and in vitro expression of the wild-type protein and its mutants allowed to demonstrate that the hydrophobic domain interacts with membranes and to define the portions essential for this feature. furthermore, the results suggest that 3ab behaves as an integral m ... | 1998 | 9705870 |
| virion concentration method for the detection of human enteric viruses in extracts of hard-shelled clams. | a method to extract and concentrate intact human enteric viruses from oyster extracts for detection using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was applied to hard-shelled clams (mercenaria mercenaria). fifty-gram clam samples were processed by an adsorption-elution-precipitation method and then seeded with 10(1) to 10(5) pfu to poliovirus 1 (pv1) and/or hepatitis a virus (hav). seeded viruses in extracts were purified by fluorocarbon (freon) extraction and concentrated by pol ... | 1998 | 9709210 |
| prolonged nosocomial outbreak of hepatitis a arising from an alcoholic with pneumonia. | from april to june 1996, an outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection affecting 15 nurses, patients and household contacts occurred in the department of internal medicine at aker university hospital, oslo. the index case was a homeless alcoholic who was hospitalized in march 1996 with pneumonia while simultaneously incubating hav infection. four secondary cases were infected by the index case, while another 10 cases were caused by a continuous spread of infection within the department during ... | 1998 | 9730295 |
| oral lichen planus and hcv infection: a clinical evaluation of 263 cases. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection induces variable dermatologic manifestations. our purpose was to determine whether there is an association between hcv infection and oral lichen planus (olp). | 1998 | 9732000 |
| trans-encapsidation of a poliovirus replicon by different picornavirus capsid proteins. | a trans-encapsidation assay was established to study the specificity of picornavirus rna encapsidation. a poliovirus replicon with the luciferase gene replacing the capsid protein-coding region was coexpressed in transfected hela cells with capsid proteins from homologous or heterologous virus. successful trans-encapsidation resulted in assembly and production of virions whose replication, upon subsequent infection of hela cells, was accompanied by expression of luciferase activity. the amount o ... | 1998 | 9733835 |
| processing of proteinase precursors and their effect on hepatitis a virus particle formation. | proteolytic processing of the picornaviral polyprotein mediated by the differential action of virus-encoded proteinase(s) is pivotal to both rna genome replication and capsid formation. possibly to enlarge the array of viral proteins, picornaviral polyprotein processing results in intermediate and mature products which apparently have distinct functions within the viral life cycle. for hepatitis a virus (hav), we report here on the autoproteolysis of precursor polypeptides comprising the only vi ... | 1998 | 9733840 |
| the distance between the 3'-pyrimidine-rich tract and the aug codon modulates internal initiation of translation of hepatitis a virus rna. | protein synthesis directed by hepatitis a virus (hav) rna is mediated by a mechanism involving the recognition of internal sequences. two in-frame aug codons initiate the long open reading frame (positions 734-736 and 740-742). the extra-cistronic region extending between the uncapped 5'-end and the orf contains two pyrimidine-rich tracts (prts): one 12 nucleotides in length in the close vicinity of the initiator aug, and a longer one between bases 94 and 140. in order to study the relative cont ... | 1998 | 9738441 |
| [hepatitis a prevention by vaccination]. | | 1998 | 9739348 |