| characterization of the shigella serotype d (s. sonnei) o polysaccharide and the enterobacterial r1 lipopolysaccharide core by use of mouse monoclonal antibodies. | in the course of developing a live vaccine, we generated three murine monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific for shigella sonnei. the specificities of these mab were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analyses with whole cells or purified lipopolysaccharides (lpss) as antigens. two of them are specific for the shigella serotype d o-polysaccharide determinant, whereas one specifically binds to the core hexose region of r1-type lpss. with these mab, it was possible to ana ... | 1992 | 1612742 |
| construction of a recombinant oral vaccine against salmonella typhi and salmonella typhimurium. | the viab gene coding for the vi antigen of salmonella typhi ty2 was subcloned into expression vector pya248. the recombinant plasmid was termed smm202 and transformed into salmonella typhimurium chi 4072, an attenuated delta cya delta crp mutant. recombinant s. typimurium vi4072 had the ability to produce vi capsular polysaccharide and also to invade and colonize the small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen of balb/c mice. mice orally immunized with vi4072 developed serum and secretor ... | 1992 | 1612747 |
| [factors of salmonella typhi virulence in relation to the development of new vaccines]. | although many vaccines against typhoid fever have been developed, none have been adapted for their further application on developing countries. in order to get better vaccines, the virulence factors of both s. typhi and s. typhimurium have been studied. thus, some protection assays have been made using surface antigens involved on virulence or using live attenuated vaccines of bacteria mutated on virulence genes. here we present a brief review about virulence factors studied so far for the devel ... | 1992 | 1615345 |
| an outbreak of multiresistant salmonella typhi in south africa. | typhoid fever caused by salmonella typhi remains endemic to many parts of south africa, including natal and kwazulu, northern transvaal and the transkei. until recently, the majority of s. typhi isolates from south africa have remained susceptible to ampicillin/amoxycillin and chloramphenicol, and only three cases of typhoid due to multi-antibiotic resistant strains of s. typhi have been documented. ampicillin/amoxycillin and chloramphenicol are, therefore, still recommended as first line therap ... | 1992 | 1620817 |
| chloramphenicol-resistant enteric fever. | | 1992 | 1634496 |
| safety and immunogenicity of salmonella typhi ty21a liquid formulation vaccine in 4- to 6-year-old thai children. | | 1992 | 1634818 |
| salmonella typhi splenic abscess in an intravenous drug abuser following splenorrhaphy: case report. | a recent case of posttraumatic splenic abscess in an hiv-positive intravenous drug abuser following a splenic salvage procedure is reported. with the recent trend toward splenic preservation and the ever-increasing population of hiv-positive, immune-compromised patients, the complication of splenic abscess may become more common. | 1992 | 1635100 |
| [studies of bacterial indicators for water pollution--growth of escherichia coli and enterococci in limited nutrient conditions]. | bacteria, that would be an ideal indicator for fecal contamination in environmental water, should not proliferate but at the same time should survive a little longer than enteropathogenic bacteria in the environmental water. while conventional methods have recommended escherichia coli as an indicator, enterococci is recommended as a preferable indicator for the estimation of fecal contamination based on the following observation. the relationship between the specific growth rate of organism and ... | 1992 | 1638040 |
| therapy of multidrug resistant typhoid in 58 children. | treatment of children with infections caused by salmonella typhi strains resistant to the commonly used oral antimicrobials is a special problem. as children cannot be treated with quinolones, there is no form of oral therapy. third generation cephalosporins, which have been shown to be effective against typhoid caused by ampicillin sensitive strains of s. typhi were effective against typhoid caused by ampicillin, chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim-resistant strains. we treated 28 ... | 1992 | 1641594 |
| disasters in health. typhoid epidemic in jamaica, 1990. | | 1992 | 1642007 |
| case report: recurrent salmonella typhi chest wall abscess associated with a pituitary macroadenoma. | an unusual manifestation of a salmonella typhi infection is presented in a patient with a growth hormone producing tumor. growth hormone may effect cell mediated immunity and predispose to localized or disseminated intracellular infections. | 1992 | 1642254 |
| evaluation in volunteers of a candidate live oral attenuated salmonella typhi vector vaccine. | candidate vector vaccine strain cvd 906 (aroc- and arod- derivative of virulent salmonella typhi strain isp1820) was evaluated in phase 1 clinical trials. the first nine volunteers ingested a single dose of 5 x 10(7) cvd 906 bacilli. at this dose cvd 906 stimulates remarkable systemic and mucosal immune responses, inasmuch as 89% of volunteers developed marked serum antibody levels to s. typhi antigens and high numbers of antigen-specific gut-derived antibody-secreting cells. four (44%) voluntee ... | 1992 | 1644914 |
| alteration in the electrophoretic mobility of ompc due to variations in the ammonium persulfate concentration in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. | studies on salmonella typhi and salmonella typhimurium outer membrane proteins have shown that the relative position of ompc porin in sodium dodecyl sulfate.polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis undergoes an important shift when the concentration of ammonium persulfate in the running gel is increased from 6 to 12 mm. the apparent molecular mass at these concentrations was estimated to be 34 and 40 kda, respectively. under similar electrophoretic conditions the apparent molecular mass estimated for ... | 1991 | 1653699 |
| bile duct carcinoma in egypt: possible etiological factors. | contrary to an old belief, bile duct carcinoma is not a rare disorder in egypt. among 730 patients referred for an ercp examination, twenty-nine consecutive patients were diagnosed as having bile duct carcinoma. the cause of this type of carcinoma remains unknown. in the present study, only seven of the 29 (24.1%) with bile duct carcinoma patients had associated gallstones. in order to investigate the possible association between typhoid carrier state and bile duct carcinoma, stool cultures were ... | 1991 | 1657750 |
| molecular cloning of the viab region of salmonella typhi. | the viab region required for vi antigen production in salmonella typhi was cloned. the plasmid pgbm124 containing a 14-kb s. typhi chromosomal dna fragment conferred the ability to produce vi antigen on escherichia coli hb101 and viab-deleted s. typhi gifu10007-3. tn5 insertion analysis showed that the 14-kb dna was split into three regions. region 1 and region 2 are involved in the biosynthesis of vi polysaccharide. region 3 is involved in translocation of the vi polysaccharide to the cell surf ... | 1991 | 1664401 |
| [mechanism of multiresistant salmonella typhi]. | from november 1988 to june 1989, 142 strains of s. typhi were isolated from patients of typhoid fever in qingpu county, shanghai these strains were highly sensitive to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ofloxacin and enoxacin, the sensitive rates to chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and ampicillin being from 67% to 83%. of these 142 strains, twenty-two were multiresistant strains, being resistant to chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, ampicillin, cefazolin, gentamicin, piperacillin and tetracycline. beta-lact ... | 1991 | 1667493 |
| central and peripheral actions of alpha-msh in the thermoregulation of rats. | the effect of alpha-msh on thermoregulation in rats at room temperature was examined. alpha-msh (1 microgram icv or 30 micrograms ip) alone did not alter temperature. however, this peptide was a potent antipyretic when administered centrally or peripherally in rats treated with pyrogen derived from salmonella typhi. | 1991 | 1667691 |
| malaria and widal reaction. | widal reaction was studied in 52 patients having malaria parasites in the peripheral blood smear. twenty had plasmodium vivax, 26 had plasmodium falciparum and the rest had mixed (both vivax and falciparum) infections. widal test for both o and h antigens of salmonella typhi was positive in high titres in 3 falciparum, 3 vivax and 2 cases of mixed infection. of these 8 cases, one had been treated for typhoid fever 3 months back and again one month back for relapse. blood culture for salmonella t ... | 1991 | 1669964 |
| aztreonam failure in typhoid fever. | | 1991 | 1671505 |
| treatment of multiresistant typhoid fever. | | 1991 | 1674805 |
| [the immunotropic properties of fenazepam]. | the effect of phenazepam (0.25-10.0 mg/kg) on the humoral immune response, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (adcc), the ability of macrophages to induce the humoral immune response at a single administration to wistar rats and cba mice was studied. it was found that when administered in doses of 1.0-5.0 mg/kg phenazepam exerts the stimulating effect on the formation of antibodies to the thymus-dependent antigen (ram erythrocytes). when administered in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg the drug increas ... | 1991 | 1679399 |
| oral immunisation against typhoid fever in indonesia with ty21a vaccine. | when tested under conditions of moderate transmission of typhoid fever, a liquid formulation of the oral typhoid fever vaccine ty21a had a protective efficacy of 96% in egypt, and an enteric coated capsule formulation had an efficacy of 67% in chile. we compared the two formulations under conditions of intense transmission of typhoid fever in indonesia in a randomised, double-blind trial. 20,543 subjects (age range 3-44 years) received either three doses of enteric coated capsules containing pla ... | 1991 | 1681365 |
| ciprofloxacin for typhoid fever. | | 1991 | 1682560 |
| stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite. | the immunomodulating capacities of dimethylglycine (dmg) were examined in a rabbit model. female new zealand white rabbits were immunized on day 0 and were given booster inoculations on day 9 with either killed influenza virus or salmonella typhi vaccine. experimental animals were force fed 20 mg/kg body weight of dmg daily beginning 14 days prior to the first inoculation and continuing throughout the experiment. control animals were force fed daily only distilled water. blood was obtained on da ... | 1990 | 1691258 |
| [a method of isolating hemocultures of the causative agent of abdominal typhus and other salmonellae]. | the suggested method for the isolation of hemocultures of salmonellae is based on the inoculation of the patient's blood into special semiliquid medium. after stirring, the medium is poured into petri dishes. if salmonellae are present in the blood, characteristic colonies colored black or dark-gray, 5 to 15 mm in diameter, are detectable on the surface of and deep in the medium. in contrast to the routine technique for the isolation of hemocultures, the suggested method helps essentially increa ... | 1990 | 1692364 |
| safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy against cholera challenge in humans of a typhoid-cholera hybrid vaccine derived from salmonella typhi ty21a. | a live oral vaccine consisting of attenuated salmonella typhi ty21a expressing vibrio cholerae o1 inaba lipopolysaccharide (lps) o antigen was constructed and tested in volunteers for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. fourteen adults ingested three doses of 10(10) viable organisms with buffer. one month later, 8 vaccinees and 13 unimmunized controls were challenged with 10(6) pathogenic v. cholerae o1 e1 t or inaba organisms. no significant adverse reactions to vaccination were observed. all ... | 1990 | 1692807 |
| specific immunoglobulin a-secreting cells in peripheral blood of humans following oral immunization with a bivalent salmonella typhi-shigella sonnei vaccine or infection by pathogenic s. sonnei. | the ability of bivalent salmonella typhi-shigella sonnei vaccine strain 5076-1c to stimulate an intestinal immunoglobulin a response in humans was evaluated by detecting gut-derived, trafficking antibody-secreting cells (asc) in peripheral blood. following vaccination, an immunoglobulin a-asc response to o antigens of s. typhi and s. sonnei was observed in 10 of 13 and 13 of 13 vaccine recipients, respectively. experimental challenge with pathogenic s. sonnei stimulated an asc response to the s. ... | 1990 | 1692813 |
| sandwich enzyme immunoassays for detection of salmonella typhi. | enzyme immunoassays were developed using monoclonal antibodies raised against somatic (o), flagellar (h) and capsular (vi) antigens of salmonella typhi. the assay based on anti-o monoclonal antibodies could specifically detect s. typhi and soluble lipopolysaccharide (lps) isolated from s. typhi. anti-h moabs detected motile s. typhi and soluble flagellar antigen. monoclonal antibodies against capsular polysaccharide could detect vi-containing s. typhi as well as soluble vi antigen. the three ass ... | 1990 | 1693382 |
| surface co-expression of vibrio cholerae and salmonella typhi o-antigens on ty21a clone ex210. | in an attempt to construct a bivalent, live, oral cholera-typhoid vaccine, genes specifying the biosynthesis of vibrio cholerae o-antigen have been transferred into a modified version of the attenuated, oral typhoid vaccine strain salmonella typhi ty21a. the present report investigates the production of v. cholerae and s. typhi o-antigens by one such clone, ex210. when cultured without galactose supplementation ex210 produces surface o-antigen of v. cholerae type, as detected by haemagglutinatio ... | 1990 | 1696342 |
| monoclonal antibodies to 52-kilodalton protein of salmonella typhi. | ten monoclonal antibodies (6 immunoglobulin g1 kappa [igg1 kappa] and 4 igg2b kappa) from six hybrid clones specific for salmonella typhi antigen were produced by immunizing balb/cj mice with affinity-purified s. typhi proteins (bp). the latter were prepared by passing crude s. typhi bp through an affinity column made from sepharose conjugated to igg antibodies against partially purified s. typhi bp. the eluent was subsequently used as the immunogen for the production of monoclonal antibody. all ... | 1990 | 1697603 |
| induction of antibody response by antigen conjugates and e. coli lipopolysaccharide in mice tolerant to dextran b-512. | three groups of mice were made tolerant to dextran (dex) with one of three schedules: a) an immunogenic dose of 10 micrograms three times a week for 26 weeks; b) an immunogenic dose of 50 micrograms three times a week for two weeks, and c) a single tolerogenic dose of 10 mg. prior to tolerance induction, continuous administration of 10 micrograms dex induced a predominantly igm antibody response. the tolerant mice were then challenged with immunogenic doses of the dextran conjugates dex-salmonel ... | 1990 | 1701285 |
| characterization and immunogenicity of ex880, a salmonella typhi ty21a-based clone which produces vibrio cholerae o antigen. | ex645 is a derivative of salmonella typhi ty21a which carries a plasmid specifying production of vibrio cholerae o antigen. when cultured with exogenous galactose to overcome the gale defect of the vector, ex645 also synthesizes s. typhi o antigen, and this can result in the masking of the shorter v. cholerae o antigen on the bacterial surface. to determine whether the potential for such masking at least partly underlies the inconsistency of anti-v. cholerae responses elicited by ex645, a deriva ... | 1991 | 1711014 |
| [current methods for the immunological diagnosis of typhoid fever]. | | 1990 | 1711264 |
| pancreatic disturbances and typhoid fever. | during an 8-year period, 14 adult patients were hospitalized with typhoid fever confirmed by positive blood cultures for salmonella typhi. among these patients, we have retrospectively (n = 7) and prospectively (n = 7) evaluated pancreatic disturbance by serum amylase and lipase measurements at the time of admission. in 7 (50%) biological signs of pancreatitis were noted: mean amylase level 81 iu (range 30-201 iu, normal value less than 40 iu), mean lipase level 949 iu (range 468-2,000 iu, norma ... | 1991 | 1712981 |
| [the toxic and immunomodulating properties of the somatic o-antigen polysaccharide of typhoid bacteria]. | in experiments on random bred mice and mice of various strains it was shown that when administered parenterally typhoid bacteria o-somatic antigen polysaccharide possesses the immunomodulatory properties. it stimulates the non-specific resistance of the organism to bacterial infection, produces the polyclonal activation of beta-lymphocytes, possesses the adjuvant properties, activates cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. at administration in therapeutic doses the drug is not toxic, posses ... | 1991 | 1713560 |
| [a false positive reaction to lactose in polycarbohydrate media]. | in combined media for primary identification salmonella typhi are detectable by the lactose test only within a certain range of proteolytic activities, which fact is explained by specific features of these media. reduced proteolytic activity and thiosulfate reductase activity in s. typhi cultures resulted in false-positive lactose test and false-positive hydrogen sulfide production test, this leading to identification of these cultures as escherichia in accordance with the universally acknowledg ... | 1991 | 1715952 |
| in vivo evidence of immunological masking of the vibrio cholerae o antigen of a hybrid salmonella typhi ty21a-vibrio cholerae oral vaccine in humans. | the immunogenicity of the live oral hybrid vaccine organism salmonella typhi ty21a/v. cholerae inaba (ex210) following its growth in media containing variable concentrations of supplemental galactose was examined in human volunteer subjects. the local intestinal iga-specific antibody responses to both typhoid and cholera lipopolysaccharide (lps) preparations were determined. it was observed that the immunogenicity of the galactose-independent vibrio cholerae o antigen in vivo was dependent upon ... | 1991 | 1716810 |
| construction of plasmid vectors with a non-antibiotic selection system based on the escherichia coli thya+ gene: application to cholera vaccine development. | the construction of live oral carriers based on attenuated salmonella strains as vectors offers a new approach to vaccine development. we have constructed a set of plasmid vectors which have the thya gene of escherichia coli (encoding thymidylate synthetase) as the marker for selection and maintenance of plasmid clones. the thya system offers an alternative to antibiotic-resistance selection markers. it can be easily adapted to a particular host-vector combination since thya chromosomal mutation ... | 1991 | 1720753 |
| epitope mapping of four monoclonal antibodies recognizing the hexose core domain of salmonella lipopolysaccharide. | four murine monoclonal antibodies reactive with distinctive regions of the hexose core domain of salmonella lipopolysaccharide (lps) were generated and their epitope specificities were delineated. mast 56 (igg1) and mast 50 (igg3) antibodies elicited by immunizations with salmonella typhimurium rb1 and rb2 mutants, reacted selectively in enzyme immunoassay with the lps from rough mutants. in contrast, maty 1 (igm) and maty 2 (igg2b) antibodies raised by an attenuated salmonella typhi 620 ty stra ... | 1991 | 1720777 |
| prevalence of o and h agglutinins for s. typhi in healthy school children 5-11 years: a cross sectional survey. | | 1991 | 1721606 |
| evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of salmonella typhi antigen and antibodies. | enteric fever is considered a major health problem in developing countries. the need for a rapid, accurate and conclusive method for diagnosis is important for adequate and proper treatment. the usefulness and reliability of the elisa test in detection of s. typhi o antigen and specific igg and igm antibodies were assessed using sera obtained from 63 subjects clinically suspected to have enteric fever, 22 febrilenon-enteric subjects and 20 normal subjects. elisa detection of s. typhi somatic ant ... | 1991 | 1724780 |
| oral immunization with salmonella typhi ty21a-based clones expressing vibrio cholerae o-antigen: serum bactericidal antibody responses in man in relation to pre-immunization antibody levels. | previous studies have shown that oral immunization with salmonella typhi ty21a-based clones expressing vibrio cholerae o-antigen elicits serum antibody responses against the foreign polysaccharide in human volunteers. these responses are conveniently assayed by complement-dependent bacteriolysis of v. cholerae. in this report the bactericidal responses generated by two such clones are analysed in relation to the pre-immunization titres of various serum antibodies. a significant association was f ... | 1991 | 1725837 |
| studies on the 52 kda antigen of salmonella typhi: physicochemical stability, purification by affinity chromatography and immunochemical specificity. | the 52 kda specific protein antigen of salmonella typhi, as identified by monoclonal antibodies (ekpo et al. 1990) has been studied with respect to its physicochemical stability, purification by affinity chromatography and immunochemical specificity. it was found that the 52 kda protein was degraded into smaller antigenic fragments of mw 30-51 kda when treated with acetone, ethanol, sodium thiocyanate, 0.3m sodium chloride and veronal and tris buffers. the exact chemical nature of the degradatio ... | 1991 | 1726337 |
| the antibody response to an oral ty21a-based typhoid-cholera hybrid is unaffected by prior oral vaccination with ty21a. | | 1992 | 1727891 |
| effect of parenteral immunization on the intestinal immune response to salmonella typhi ty21a. | the effects of parenteral administration of a killed typhoid vaccine on the intestinal immune response to live orally administered salmonella typhi ty21a in human subjects was evaluated. priming with parenteral vaccination neither enhanced nor suppressed the subsequent specific serum and intestinal immunoglobulin a (iga) immune responses to a booster course of live oral vaccine. neither a single oral dose of live vaccine nor a single dose of parenteral vaccine had any measurable booster effect o ... | 1992 | 1730477 |
| comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of delta aroc delta arod and delta cya delta crp salmonella typhi strains in adult volunteers. | three attenuated salmonella typhi strains have been constructed by introducing deletions in aroc and arod or deletions in cya and crp into one of two wild-type parent strains, ty2 or isp1820. these mutant strains were designated cvd 906 (isp1820 delta aroc delta arod), cvd 908 (ty2 delta aroc delta arod), and chi 3927 (ty2 delta cya delta crp). two studies were conducted with 36 healthy adult inpatient volunteers to determine in a double-blind fashion the safety and immunogenicity of approximate ... | 1992 | 1730487 |
| rdna fingerprinting as a tool in epidemiological analysis of salmonella typhi infections. | characterization of 169 strains of salmonella typhi of phage types c1, c4, d1 and d9 isolated in 1975-88 was carried out by rdna gene restriction pattern analysis. twenty-four isolates had been recovered during four large waterbone outbreaks in the last 20 years in sicily; 145 strains, isolated from apparently sporadic cases of infection in southern italy in the same period of time, were also examined. application of rrna-dna hybridization technique after digestion of chromosomal dna with cla i ... | 1991 | 1752306 |
| the challenge of multi-drug resistant typhoid fever. | | 1991 | 1752650 |
| multi drug resistant salmonella typhi infection: clinical profile and therapy. | multiple drug resistant salmonella typhi infection was observed in thirty five recent cases among forty eight children with bacteriologically proven enteric fever. incidence of complications such as shock, myocarditis, encephalopathy and paralytic ileus was higher among these. a combination of cephalexin and gentamicin was successfully used in the management of these children. | 1991 | 1752652 |
| ciprofloxacin in the management of multiple drug resistant typhoid fever. | | 1991 | 1752663 |
| chloramphenicol resistant typhoid fever. | | 1991 | 1752666 |
| treatment of enteric fever--what next? | | 1991 | 1752667 |
| [the function of the hypophyseal-thyroid system in chronic opisthorchiasis and its combination with the salmonella typhi carrier state]. | the hormonal function of the hypophysis and thyroid (ttg, t3, t4) and its dependence on hepatobiliary function, examined by hepatobiliscintigraphy, were studied by radioimmunoassay in 71 patients with chronic opisthorchiasis and in 18 chronic carriers of salmonella typhi. in both groups. the decrease of t3 and t4 in the presence of normal ttg level was found. the imbalance of thyroid hormones activity is likely to be associated with hepatobiliary dysfunction. in chronic opisthorchiasis the hormo ... | 1991 | 1758353 |
| construction of genetically defined double aro mutants of salmonella typhi. | the construction of genetically defined, double aro mutant strains cvd906 and cvd908, which were derived from salmonella typhi strain isp1820 (a recent isolate of s. typhi from chile) and from laboratory strain ty2, respectively, is described. strains cvd906 and cvd908 differ from previously described aro mutants of s. typhi as their aro deletion mutations do not extend beyond the limits of the mutated aro genes, and no antibiotic-resistance genes, plasmid sequences or s. typhimurium dna sequenc ... | 1991 | 1759503 |
| bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis associated with typhoid fever. | a 14 year old boy developed the syndrome of bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis during the course of bacteriologically proved typhoid fever. the clinical course and the results of various neurological investigations are detailed. this report adds a further manifestation to the published neuropsychiatric complications of typhoid fever. | 1991 | 1775407 |
| alprazolam enhances the antibacterial activity exerted by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. | the effects of two benzodiazepines, diazepam and alprazolam, have been evaluated on the in vitro antibacterial activity exerted by human peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl). results demonstrate that diazepam has no influence on this pbl function, while alprazolam is able to enhance this activity in six out of nine normal donors considered. the possible therapeutical implications of these data are discussed. | 1991 | 1776531 |
| successive salmonella give and salmonella typhi infections, laboratory-acquired. | a case of laboratory-acquired typhoid fever is described. the case was complicated by a self-limiting salmonella give gastroenteritis which may also have been laboratory-acquired and which occurred during the incubation period of the salmonella typhi infection. the symptoms of typhoid were not sufficiently severe for the patient to seek medical attention and she was recovering from the infection when the typhoid bacillus was isolated from her stools. the mode of transmission of the s. typhi was ... | 1991 | 1780189 |
| randomized treatment of patients with typhoid and paratyphoid fevers using norfloxacin or chloramphenicol. | forty adult patients with salmonella typhi and s. paratyphi infections were studied in a randomly assigned prospective study to receive norfloxacin (12 drug-sensitive and 8 drug-resistant cases) or chloramphenicol (20 cases). no complication occurred in either group and no side effect was noted in the norfloxacin-treated group. the results suggest that a 7 d course of twice daily norfloxacin promises to be an alternative to a 14 d course of chloramphenicol for treating chloramphenicol-sensitive ... | 1991 | 1781005 |
| [salmonella infected aneurysm of the superficial femoral artery--a rarity in angiologic vascular surgery]. | | 1991 | 1788718 |
| salmonella phage types in bombay from 1983 to 1987. | a total of 156 strains of salmonella isolated at t.n. medical college and b.y.l. nair ch. hospital, bombay over a period of 5 years from 1983 to 1987 were subjected to phage typing. out of the 111 salmonella typhi strains, phage type a was found in highest proportion (45.95%), followed by phage type e1 (15.32%), 0(9.91%), deg. vi. (9.91%) and c5(5.41%). salmonella paratyphi a had phage type pattern of 1(60.0%), 2(22.86%) and untypable (14.29%). majority of the salmonella typhimurium isolates (90 ... | 1991 | 1794901 |
| false resistance of salmonellae to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in disc diffusion method. | apparent resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (tmp-smz) in disc diffusion method was found in 14 strains of salmonella typhi and 2 strains of s. paratyphi a grown on mueller hinton agar (mha) of one manufacturer. on mha from another manufacturer and on diagnostic sensitivity test agar (dsta), these 16 strains were sensitive to tmp-smz. the minimum inhibitory concentration of trimethoprim (tmp) assayed by agar dilution method, on dsta medium for these 16 strains was in the range of 0.01 t ... | 1991 | 1797643 |
| a clinical profile of multidrug resistant typhoid fever. | fifty blood culture positive patients of typhoid fever were studied during the current outbreak of the disease for their clinical profile. in 39 (78%) cases the isolates of s. typhi were resistant to conventional drugs. children below 2 years of age constituted 20% of the total cases and belonged exclusively to the group with multidrug resistant typhoid fever (mrtf). the clinical presentation seemed to mimic malaria, bronchopneumonia, meningitis, etc. typhoid hepatitis was diagnosed in 2 cases w ... | 1991 | 1797669 |
| [multiresistant salmonella typhi. an imported case]. | | 1991 | 1799620 |
| the emergence of antimicrobial resistant salmonella typhi in qatar: epidemiology and therapeutic implications. | multiresistant salmonella seems to be a growing problem in qatar and its treatment remains problematic. of 100 salmonella bacteraemias that occurred between 1 october 1989 and 30 september 1990, 30 were caused by s. typhi resistant to one or more of the conventional antibiotics usually recommended for the treatment of typhoid fever (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole). of those, 25 (83%) were acquired by patients during visits to the indian subcontinent. two patients ... | 1991 | 1801356 |
| [clinical effect and laboratory observation of ofloxacin in the treatment of typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery and gonorrhea]. | ofloxacin was used in the treatment of 20 cases of typhoid fever, 32 cases of bacillary dysentery and 50 cases of gonococcal infection. altogether 102 cases were treated, 53 being male and 49 female. the daily dosage was 400 mg to 600 mg, divided into two times. the result showed that the clinical effective rate for typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery and gonococcal infections was 100%, 97% and 94% respectively, while the bacterial eradication rate was 100%, 100% and 94% respectively. the bacteri ... | 1991 | 1806341 |
| opposite effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on fc-receptor-mediated phagocytosis of two bone marrow-derived macrophage cell lines, bdm-1 and bdm-1w3. | we have reported the isolation and characterization of three factor-dependent macrophage cell lines from bone marrow cells of c3h/hen mice. we have since isolated a subclone, bdm-1w3, from one of these cell lines. we found previously that bdm-1w3 has a different sensitivity to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) for growth than its parental cell line, bdm-1. in this report, we show that lps inhibits bdm-1w3 phagocytosis of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes (fc-mediated phagocytosis), whereas it ... | 1991 | 1813146 |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities and beta-lactamase production of hong kong isolates of gastroenteric salmonellae and salmonella typhi. | we examined the in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility of 760 gastroenteric salmonellae and 36 strains of salmonella typhi isolated in hong kong between 1985 and 1988. s. typhi remained susceptible to all the antibiotics tested except for one isolate resistant to chloramphenicol, another to kanamycin and co-trimoxazole, and a third to nalidixic acid. in contrast, resistance and multiple resistance has increased significantly in gastroenteric salmonellae over the last ten years. seventeen percent wer ... | 1991 | 1816184 |
| effects of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone on fever caused by endotoxin in rabbits. | 1. we measured the effect of intravenous and intracerebroventricular injections of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-msh) on changes in body temperature and serum iron concentration following i.v. injection of endotoxin in rabbits. 2. intravenous alpha-msh (2.5 micrograms) significantly reduced both phases of endotoxin fever and attenuated the fall in serum iron concentration which follows endotoxin injection. 3. intracerebroventricular alpha-msh (200 ng) reduced only the second phase ... | 1991 | 1816383 |
| dot enzyme immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever. | a nitrocellulose membrane strip dotted with a specific 50 kda outer membrane protein of salmonella typhi was applied for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever. using horseradish peroxidase conjugated igm and igg antibodies with 4-chloronaphthol as substrate, antibodies in typhoid patients were clearly visualised as bluish purple dots while sera from patients with non-typhoid fevers gave negative results. the detection of specific igm and igg antibodies in typhoid patients suggest either recent or c ... | 1991 | 1820645 |
| [antibiotic sensitivity of salmonella typhi]. | | 1991 | 1822714 |
| platelet-activating factor induces intestinal necrosis, but not septic shock, in germ-free and specific-pathogen-free rodents. | platelet-activating factor (paf) was injected into conventional mice, endotoxin-resistant mice (c3h/hej), conventional rats, germ-free rats and specific-pathogen-free (spf) mice. the paf resulted in significant necrosis and damage to the small intestines of all the animals tested. in general, the frequency and severity of the lesions were similar in all groups. all the conventional rats and mice, as well as the endotoxin-resistant hej mice, were dead 18 h after the injection of the paf, while al ... | 1991 | 1834076 |
| [salmonellosis: evaluation of 606 strains isolated in dakar]. | from 1979 to 1982, 606 strains of salmonella have been isolated in the laboratories of the chu of dakar, senegal. the endemics serotypes are s. typhi (73%), s. enteritidis (5% and s. typhimurium (5%). among the epidemics serotypes of salmonella, the more commonly isolated is s. ordonnez (10%). these four serotypes represented 93% of the strains of salmonella. seventy per cent of the strains had been isolated from patients aged under less than twenty years. the epidemic serotypes provide essentia ... | 1991 | 1842765 |
| [evaluation of an immunoenzyme technique (elisa) to diagnose typhoid fever]. | the efficiency of an elisa method, designed to detect polyvalent igg and igm antibodies to salmonella typhi polysaccharide was evaluated in patients admitted or convalescing from typhoid fever and in control subjects. polyvalent antibodies to s typhi were demonstrated in 28/30 (93%) typhoid patients, 0/11 bacteremic patients (e coli or s paratyphi a) and 0/15 asymptomatic individuals. widal test showed significant anti-0 agglutinin values (> = 1: 160) in only 12/30 (40%), 1/11 (9%) and 0/15 subj ... | 1991 | 1844287 |
| vaccines and milk immunoglobulin concentrates for prevention of infectious diarrhea. | considerable progress has been made in the last decade in developing vaccines against the most important enteric infections. two new, widely licensed vaccines (oral ty21a and parenteral vi) are available against typhoid fever, and new attenuated salmonella typhi strains are ready for testing. an engineered live orally administered cholera vaccine, cvd 103-hgr, is undergoing clinical trials for safety, immunogenicity, and transmissibility in children in areas where cholera is endemic. multiple ca ... | 1991 | 1848888 |
| immunogenicity of streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 capsular polysaccharide: influence of carriers and adjuvants on isotype distribution. | this project investigated the effects of novel carriers and adjuvants on the isotype of murine immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide type 14 (s14ps). s14ps conjugated to bovine serum albumin induced a weak antibody response which was 100% igg1 following injection without adjuvant. the same polysaccharide conjugated to flagella of salmonella typhi induced an antibody response which was 88% igg3. s14ps-bovine serum albumin was injected with block copolymer l121 or ... | 1991 | 1855991 |
| multiresistant salmonella typhi in bangladesh. | | 1991 | 1856135 |
| fluoroquinolones in the treatment of typhoid fever and the carrier state. | typhoid fever remains an important public health problem throughout the world with a higher morbidity and mortality rate in the developing countries. early establishment of the diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment with chloramphenicol, ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is not necessarily followed by complete resolution of the infection. between 1% and 6% of patients with typhoid fever become chronic biliary carriers of salmonella typhi. these carriers are potential factors in t ... | 1991 | 1864294 |
| heat-killed salmonella typhi induces the release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes from mouse macrophages. | mouse macrophages pre-labeled with [3h]arachidonic acid (20:4) were shown to release metabolites generated by the lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways following in vitro addition of heat-killed salmonella typhi. these metabolites were maximally released after 60-90 min of incubation and consisted of prostaglandins (85%), leukotriene c (6%), di-hetes, leukotrienes d and e (4%), mono-hetes (2%) and other metabolites (3%). of the metabolites generated by the cyclo-oxygenase pathway (prostaglan ... | 1991 | 1870442 |
| antigen sharing of salmonella typhi non-flagellar proteins with other salmonellae and some shigellae and escherichia coli. | cathodal moving protein components were identified in agarose gel electrophoresis of the veronal buffer extract of a non-motile strain of s. typhi (8393, colindale). rabbit antiserum was raised against these cationic proteins; it had both agglutinating and precipitating activity. a total of 80 salmonella strains belonging to serogroups a, b, c1, c2, d, e1 and e2 including 26 s. typhi and 10 s. paratyphi a were tested against this antiserum in a slide agglutination test; all strains were agglutin ... | 1991 | 1874550 |
| multidrug resistant salmonella typhi. | | 1991 | 1876477 |
| duration of appearance of vi antigen and salmonella typhi in blood and urine of infected models. | salmonella typhi (s typhi) infected models were established to evaluate the latex agglutination test (lat) and staphylococcal coagglutination test (sct) for the detection of s typhi vi antigen in blood and urine. antigens in serum or urine were detected within 7 days after infection with positive cultures, and decreased in 2 weeks. lat and sct were positive in 7 mice with no bacteria isolation from blood and urine but their spleen aspirates yielded s typhi. both tests are rapid and sensitive and ... | 1991 | 1879196 |
| distribution of the inva, -b, -c, and -d genes of salmonella typhimurium among other salmonella serovars: inva mutants of salmonella typhi are deficient for entry into mammalian cells. | invasion of intestinal epithelial cells is an essential virulence factor of salmonellae. a group of genes, invabc and invd, that allow salmonella typhimurium to penetrate cultured epithelial cells have previously been characterized (j. e. galán and r. curtiss iii, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 86:6383-6387, 1989). the distribution of these genes among salmonella isolates belonging to 37 different species or serovars was investigated by southern and colony blot hybridization analyses. regions of hig ... | 1991 | 1879916 |
| lipid profile in enteric fever. | lipid profile is known to alter in patients with severe sepsis, but few studies regarding the status of lipid levels in enteric fever are available. twenty patients with enteric fever, belonging to different age groups and both sexes, along with an equal number of matched patients with fever due to non-enteric causes, were studied with regard to alterations in lipid profile. we observed a severe and protracted hypertriglyceridaemia, decrease in hdl-cholesterol levels and increase in ldl-choleste ... | 1991 | 1880095 |
| multi drug resistant typhoid fever: a therapeutic challenge. | | 1991 | 1880114 |
| typhoid fever survey in two localities in vietnam. | as a part of multipurpose health survey of the population in vietnam the antibodies against s. typhi were determined by the micromethod using haemagglutination test (o-antigen 9, 12) and agglutination test using standard h-diagnostic antigen (d). totally 292 sera were examined, 139 from duyen thai village and 154 from mai chau. the data on vaccination against typhoid fever are recorded only in 102 persons. the positivity on vi antibodies is very high--70% in duyen thai and 47% in mai chau. this ... | 1991 | 1880411 |
| study on the ph of ogi, nigerian fermented weaning food, and its effect on enteropathogenic escherichia coli, salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi. | the ph values of both cooked and uncooked ogi samples were determined and the survival of nalidixic acid-resistant enteropathogenic escherichia coli ob 26 34/20, salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi a when seeded into cooked ogi were studied. the ph values of ogi ranged from ph 3.0 to 3.9. cooked ogi had a slightly lower ph value than uncooked ogi. our survival experiments showed that the inoculated enteric pathogens were considerably inhibited in cooked ogi during storage for 24 h. the ant ... | 1991 | 1880821 |
| [shigella endotoxin protein--its electrophoretic and serological properties]. | the electrophoretic analysis of lipid a-associated protein (lap), obtained from s. sonnei, in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea has revealed the heterogeneity of the preparation; it has found to contain three main components with molecular weights of 43, 38 and 18 kd and some minor components with molecular weights of 49, 45 35, 30, 29, 27, 5, 21 and 14 kd. the electrophoretic mobility of the main protein components in the isolated preparation of lap coincides ... | 1991 | 1882599 |
| [the action of ribosomal preparations on nonspecific resistance to bacterial infection and on early tolerance to endotoxic shock]. | ribosomal preparations from shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei, introduced parenterally into mice, enhance their resistance to infection with the causative agents of typhoid fever and staphylococci. this effect is considerably less pronounced than that produced by the preparation of homologous lipopolysaccharide isolated by boivin's method. after the administration of ribosomes nonspecific resistance to bacterial infective agents lasts for a short time. ribosomal preparations do not enhance t ... | 1991 | 1882607 |
| plasmid incidence rate and conjugative chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance plasmids in malaysian isolates of salmonella typhi. | seven (6.1%) of 115 strains of salmonella typhi isolated from malaysian patients harbored a single large plasmid of 71 to 166 md. two of the seven plasmid-bearing strains were resistant to chloramphenicol (cm) and tetracycline (tc) and they transferred cm and tc resistance traits to escherichia coli k12 at frequencies from 1.6 x 10(-7) to 1.9 x 10(-6). agarose gel electrophoresis provided evidence that the resistance traits were cotransferred on a conjugative plasmid. the significance and import ... | 1991 | 1886492 |
| outbreak of typhoid fever due to multiresistant salmonella typhi in northern india--a preliminary report. | | 1991 | 1887494 |
| different profiles of the human immune response to primary and secondary immunization with an oral salmonella typhi ty21a vaccine. | human immune response to a secondary immunization by the oral route was studied by enumerating specific antibody-secreting cells (asc) in the peripheral blood, believed to reflect the local immune response in the mucosa. the volunteers had been immunized 1-2 years earlier with live salmonella typhi ty21a given orally as three doses of vaccine in enteric-coated capsules (3 x e); their asc and serum antibody responses have been published. in the present study 17 of the same volunteers received one ... | 1991 | 1887673 |
| active immunity is seen as a reduction in the cell response to oral live vaccine. | oral immunization elicits a response of antibody-secreting cells (asc) in the peripheral blood; these cells are believed to originate in the mucosa and hence give information on the mucosal immune response. we have shown earlier that oral booster immunization is followed by an elevated asc response reflecting an immunologic memory. in the present study we show that a booster dose of a live bacterial vaccine given at a time of active mucosal immunity elicits a low asc response only. this is proba ... | 1991 | 1887674 |
| bactericidal effect of 15-deoxyspergualin on staphylococcus aureus. | 15-deoxyspergualin (dsg), an immunosuppressive agent used in organ transplantation, exerts metabolic and antiproliferative effects on methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria (e.g. sarcina lutea, bacillus subtilis, shigella sonnei, salmonella typhi and citrobacter freundii). dsg, at the concentration of 20 mg/l, depleted intracellular putrescine and spermidine in s. aureus to 43 and 40% of the controls, respectively. in these polyamine-depleted s. aureus cel ... | 1991 | 1889307 |
| trichinella spiralis: light microscope monoclonal antibody localization and immunochemical characterization of phosphorylcholine and other antigens in the muscle larva. | a panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to examine the structure of the muscle larva of trichinella spiralis under the light microscope. immunofluorescence and, in some cases, immunoperoxidase staining were used. all four antibodies reacted with the cuticle of the organism, although differences in the staining pattern were observed for some of these. interestingly, all the antibodies also reacted with the stichosome. one of the antibodies (ts2ab) is specific for the hapten, phosphorylcholine. ... | 1991 | 1889472 |
| comparison of the human immune response to live oral, killed oral or killed parenteral salmonella typhi ty21a vaccines. | the live oral typhoid vaccine ty21a has proved to confer protection against the disease at least as effectively as killed parenteral vaccines, whereas killed oral vaccines have not been protective in field trials. this prompted us to compare the immune response of subjects vaccinated either with live oral, killed oral or killed parenteral salmonella typhi ty21a vaccine. the immune responses were studied by analysis of peripheral blood antibody-secreting cells (asc), believed to reflect the mucos ... | 1991 | 1890950 |
| testicular abscess caused by salmonella typhi. | this case, which we believe is the first report of a bacteriologically proven infection of the testis by salmonella typhi, illustrates the occurrence of this complication in the convalescent phase of typhoid fever and the absence of a clinically evident preceding bacteremic phase. the case also emphasizes the need for prolonged antibiotic therapy and the role of surgery in treatment of relapses. | 1991 | 1891745 |
| fulminant hepatic failure with typhoid fever in childhood. | although hepatic dysfunction has been described among adults with typhoid, there are few reports of significant hepatic functional impairment in children with typhoid. of 355 children with culture proven typhoid seen at the aga khan university hospital, hepatomegaly was noted in 118 (33%) and isolated right hypochondrial tenderness in 30 (8.5%). the liver function tests were normal in 78% and 47% of these children respectively and significant hepatic dysfunction was seen only in 26 (7.3%). howev ... | 1991 | 1895494 |
| association between the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and infection with salmonella typhi or salmonella paratyphi in an endemic typhoid area. | eight cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever were identified during a 4-year period in a cohort of 117 patients who were positive for human immunodeficiency virus in lima, peru. asymptomatic patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and patients with the lymphadenopathy syndrome had a typical clinical presentation and response to therapy. patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who were culture positive for salmonella typhi or salmonella paratyphi presented with fulminant ... | 1991 | 1899554 |
| tumor necrosis factor alone does not explain the lethal effect of lipopolysaccharide. | lethality and tumor necrosis factor production induced by different types of lipopolysaccharide were studied in naive (non-primed) rats during the late phase of endotoxin tolerance. the correlation with antilipopolysaccharide antibodies was also analyzed. no correlation was found between tumor necrosis factor levels and lipopolysaccharide-induced mortality in naive animals. low-toxicity lipopolysaccharide preparations induced levels of tumor necrosis factor similar to those induced with more tox ... | 1991 | 1899559 |
| how long should patients with salmonella typhi or salmonella paratyphi be followed-up? a comparison of published guidelines. | records were examined for 242 individuals infected with salmonella typhi or s. paratyphi identified in birmingham between 1981 and 1988, with a total of 335 person years of follow-up. of these cases 77 and 78 per cent respectively were followed beyond the point at which surveillance would have ceased under guidelines published by the american public health association and by the public health laboratory service for england and wales. under these two sets of guidelines only seven (3.8 per cent) a ... | 1991 | 1906719 |