| increased numbers of myeloid and lymphoid il-10 producing cells in spleen of pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the essential etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), a worldwide distributed pig disease. the involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of pmws is considered crucial. previous studies have shown a cytokine profile suggesting t immunosuppression and indicating that interleukin 10 (il-10) may play an important role during pcv2 infection. nine 11- to 12-week-old conventional pigs were obtained from commercial farms loca ... | 2010 | 20381172 |
| pathologic and virologic findings in mid-gestational porcine foetuses after experimental inoculation with pcv2a or pcv2b. | two major genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) have been described: pcv2a and pcv2b. previous studies mainly used pcv2a to experimentally reproduce reproductive failure in sows. this study aims to determine the clinical and virological outcome of surgical inoculation of 55-day-old immuno-incompetent porcine foetuses with pcv2a or pcv2b. twelve foetuses were inoculated with pcv2: three with the post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-associated pcv2a strain stoon-1010, three w ... | 2010 | 20395077 |
| dual heterologous porcine circovirus genogroup 2a/2b infection induces severe disease in germ-free pigs. | our primary objectives were to determine: the relative virulence of porcine circovirus (pcv) 2a and pcv2b, if heterologous infection induces severe illness, and the relative concentration of pcv2a and pcv2b in tissues of heterologously infected pigs. in experiment 1, 18 germ-free piglets served as controls or were infected with pcv2a or pcv2b. half were immune stimulated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh) emulsified in incomplete freund's adjuvant (2aklh, 2bklh). no piglets demonstrated severe ... | 2010 | 20409649 |
| serum antibodies and shedding of infectious porcine circovirus 2 into colostrum and milk of vaccinated and unvaccinated naturally infected sows. | serum antibodies and shedding of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) into lacteal secretions were examined in naturally infected sows. total (ta) and neutralising (na) antibodies against pcv2 were evaluated in serum and colostrum from 20 vaccinated (vac) and 21 unvaccinated (n-vac) sows. anti-pcv2 iga titres and pcv2 infectious titres were determined in colostrum and milk. all sows had high ta and na levels in serum and colostrum. infectious pcv2 was detected in 22/41 colostrum samples (7/20 vac an ... | 2011 | 20409736 |
| immune responses and vaccine-induced immunity against porcine circovirus type 2. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is essential but not sufficient for postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) occurrence in pigs. the outcome of pcv2 infection depends on the specific immune responses that are developing during the infection. diseased pigs are immunosupressed and unable to mount effective immune responses to clear the virus from circulation. in the final stage, pmws-affected pigs suffer from extensive lymphoid lesions and altered cytokine expression patterns in peripher ... | 2010 | 20451259 |
| fast diagnosis and quantification for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. | the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, caused by the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), is a major disease that poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. the purpose of this study was to establish a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for the quantification of pcv-2 and to enable the rapid differentiation of porcine circoviruses type 1 and 2 (pcv-1 and pcv-2). such a method would significantly speed up the process of clinical diagnosis, and could also be used ... | 2010 | 20457423 |
| molecular detection of genotype 3 porcine hepatitis e virus in aborted fetuses and their sows. | by reverse transcription (rt)-nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr), hepatitis e virus (hev) rna was simultaneously detected in the livers of aborted fetuses and in fecal and serum samples from their sows, obtained from two of 14 farms tested. sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that these hevs belonged to genotype 3 hev. hev rna was detected by real-time rt-pcr at 2.0 x 10(3)-2.8 x 10(4) viral copies/microl in the hev-positive samples. all hev-positive fetuses tested positive for porcine ... | 2010 | 20458510 |
| detection of porcine circovirus in rodents - short communication. | porcine circoviruses (pcv) are present worldwide, infecting domestic pigs and wild boars alike. studies under laboratory conditions indicated that pcv can be taken up by mice and the virus can replicate in these animals. the possible role of rodents in maintaining and transmitting pcv2 infection in the field has not been investigated yet. the present study reports the detection of pcv2, the pathogenic form of the virus, in mice and rats. a number of rodents, such as mice, rats and voles, were co ... | 2010 | 20460225 |
| the t=1 capsid protein of penicillium chrysogenum virus is formed by a repeated helix-rich core indicative of gene duplication. | penicillium chrysogenum virus (pcv), a member of the chrysoviridae family, is a double-stranded rna (dsrna) fungal virus with a multipartite genome, with each rna molecule encapsidated in a separate particle. chrysoviruses lack an extracellular route and are transmitted during sporogenesis and cell fusion. the pcv capsid, based on a t=1 lattice containing 60 subunits of the 982-amino-acid capsid protein, remains structurally undisturbed throughout the viral cycle, participates in genome metaboli ... | 2010 | 20463071 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) induces cell proliferation, fusion, and chemokine expression in swine monocytic cells in vitro. | granulomatous lymphadenitis is one of the pathognomonic lesions in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-affected pigs. this unique lesion has not been reported in direct association with viral infection in pigs. the objective of the present study was to evaluate whether porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) alone is able to induce functional modulation in porcine monocytic cells in vitro to elucidate its possible role in the development of granulomatous inflammation. it was found that t ... | 2010 | 20492892 |
| ultrasensitive detection of porcine circovirus type 2 using gold(iii) enhanced chemiluminescence immunoassay. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with many diseases especially postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), which has brought huge economic loss to the swine industry worldwide. viral detection will pave the way for this disease prevention. herein, we developed a facile, rapid and ultrasensitive method for detection of pcv2 based on gold(iii) enhanced chemiluminescence immunoassay (clia). the gold(iii), dissolved from the gold nanoparticle-monoclonal antibody conjugate, serve ... | 2010 | 20508880 |
| swine virus-specific cytotoxic cells producing ifngamma under different conditions of virus antigenic stimulation. | flow cytometry is a useful tool to determine both the phenotype and function of immune cells during vaccination and viral infection. since cytokine release is a hallmark of cell activation, detection of intracellular interferon (ifn)gamma in cytotoxic cd8alpha+ cells under physiological conditions and after aujeszky's disease virus (adv)- or porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-swine interaction was carried out. blood samples were collected from healthy 10-month-old pigs, adv- or pcv2-vaccinated pig ... | 2010 | 20512626 |
| studies of porcine circovirus type 2, porcine boca-like virus and torque teno virus indicate the presence of multiple viral infections in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome pigs. | in a previous study, using random amplification and large-scale sequencing technology, we identified a novel porcine parvovirus belonging to the genus bocavirus in the background of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) in swedish pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in addition to bocavirus we demonstrated the presence of torque teno virus (ttv) genogroups 1 and 2 in these cases of pmws, indicating the simultaneous presence of several viruses in this disease complex. in the ... | 2010 | 20542066 |
| proinflammatory cytokine expression in the lung of pigs with porcine circovirus type 2-associated respiratory disease. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) causes a significant health problem for the swine industry worldwide. in this study, we investigated the cytokine expression profiles (ifn-γ, il-1α, il-8, and il-10) in the lungs of pigs with pcv2-associated respiratory disease. the mrna expressions of il-1α and il-8 were significantly up-regulated in pigs with pcv2-associated respiratory disease, while il-10 expression was not detected. these results suggest that the increased expressions of proinflammatory cyto ... | 2011 | 20542307 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) cap and rep proteins are involved in the development of cell-mediated immunity upon pcv2 infection. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the capside (cap) and replicase (rep) proteins of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) as well as the whole pcv2 (both pcv2a and pcv2b genotypes) in the induction of cell-mediated immunity upon infection. at 6 weeks of age, six pigs were intranasally inoculated with the stoon 1010 (stoon) isolate (pcv2a) and seven with the sp-7-10-54-13 (sp) isolate (pcv2b). none of the pigs developed clinical disease but the sp group had significantly high ... | 2010 | 20566220 |
| selected swine viral pathogens in indoor pigs in spain. seroprevalence and farm-level characteristics. | a serosurvey on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), swine influenza virus (siv), aujeszky's disease virus ge protein (adv ge), porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was carried out in spanish pig herds. the serosurvey consisted of two studies. first, a retrospective study assessed the proportion of seropositive boar, sow and fattening pig herds and their seroprevalences to prrsv, siv, adv ge and ppv from 2003 to 2005 and to pcv2 from 2000 to 2005. ... | 2010 | 20569418 |
| replacement of the replication factors of porcine circovirus (pcv) type 2 with those of pcv type 1 greatly enhances viral replication in vitro. | porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1), originally isolated as a contaminant of pk-15 cells, is nonpathogenic, whereas porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) causes an economically important disease in pigs. to determine the factors affecting virus replication, we constructed chimeric viruses by swapping open reading frame 1 (orf1) (rep) or the origin of replication (ori) between pcv1 and pcv2 and compared the replication efficiencies of the chimeric viruses in pk-15 cells. the results showed that the repli ... | 2010 | 20573809 |
| genomic expression profiling in lymph nodes with lymphoid depletion from porcine circovirus 2-infected pigs. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the main causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease, such as post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, which involves lymphocyte depletion. however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of lymphoid depletion. to gain insight into the interaction between virus and host cells, microarrays were used to analyse changes in genomic expression in lymph nodes following pcv2 infection of pigs, together with negative controls. total rna was su ... | 2010 | 20573857 |
| polymerase chain reaction survey of feline haemoplasma infections in greece. | the aim of this study was to use real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to determine the prevalence of three haemoplasma species in cats from greece and to evaluate possible associations between haemoplasma infection and age, gender, feline immunodeficiency virus/feline leukaemia virus (fiv/felv) status and packed cell volume (pcv). ninety-seven cats (24 ill anaemic, 55 ill non-anaemic, 18 healthy non-anaemic) were included in the study. twenty cats (20.6%) were haemoplasma positive; seven c ... | 2010 | 20580298 |
| genetic typing of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) isolates from slovakia. | of 120 clinical specimens obtained from pigs bred on 28 pmws-affected farms in slovakia, porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) was detected by single pcr in 77 samples. a short 224 bp fragment of orf2 was used for preliminary grouping of isolates by phylogenetic analysis. nucleotide sequences of the entire orf2 region provided more precise genetic typing and segregation of preselected isolates (n=10) into two known genotypes, pcv-2a (n=1) and pcv-2b (n=9). complete genome sequencing of three selecte ... | 2011 | 20580978 |
| field efficacy of an inactivated bivalent influenza vaccine in a multi-site swine production system during an outbreak of systemic porcine circovirus associated disease. | swine influenza (si) is a disease of significance for the swine industry, and vaccination is often recommended as a way to reduce its impact on production. the efficacy of si vaccines is well established under experimental conditions, but information about field efficacy is scarce. the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial inactivated bivalent (h1n1/h3n2) vaccine under conditions of natural exposure to a field si variant. to accomplish our goal we used a randomized ... | 2010 | 20592840 |
| genomic analysis of porcine circovirus type-2 isolates in alberta pigs demonstrating clinical porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad). | nineteen pigs with clinical signs of porcine circovirus associated diseases (pcvad) on 5 alberta pig farms were examined pathologically, including gross pathology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for porcine circovirus type-2 (pcv-2) and sequence analysis was performed on tissue samples of 12 animals. results showed that new strains of porcine circovirus type-2 genogroup b were present in most pigs that were positive for pcv-2. furthermore, a mixed infec ... | 2010 | 20592846 |
| comparative evaluation of prrs virus infection in vaccinated and naïve pigs. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the time-course of the immune response to a field porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) strain in prrs-naïve, untreated pigs, as well as in four groups of age and breed-matched pigs injected with a live attenuated prrs vaccine, its adjuvant, an inactivated prrs vaccine and an irrelevant, inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccine, respectively. prrsv infection was confirmed in all groups by pcr and antibody assays. the ant ... | 2011 | 20598328 |
| neutralization of infectivity of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) by capsid-binding 2'f-rna aptamers. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the main causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (pcvd), which is responsible for economic losses in the swine industry. the capsid protein of pcv2 has important role for virus neutralization that blocks viral infection. to develop the therapeutic agents, two 2'f-rna aptamers that bound to the pcv2 capsid protein with nanomole affinity were isolated from a 2'f-rna library by the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex ... | 2010 | 20615431 |
| pathogenicity and molecular characterization of emerging porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vietnam in 2007. | in 2007, vietnam experienced swine disease outbreaks causing clinical signs similar to the 'porcine high fever disease' that occurred in china during 2006. analysis of diagnostic samples from the disease outbreaks in vietnam identified porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). additionally, escherichia coli and streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus were cultured from lung and spleen, and streptococcus suis from one spleen sample. gen ... | 2010 | 20629970 |
| a mouse model to study infection against porcine circovirus type 2: viral distribution and lesions in mouse. | little information is known about viral distribution and transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in species other than swine. it is still a debated topic whether the pcv2 could be infected and caused clinical lesions. our study is aimed to estimate the susceptibility of kunming mouse to pcv2. forty-eight, 6-week-old kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups. group a (c1-c12) was inoculated with pk-15 cell culture as a control group. group b (spcv1-12) was inoculated orally and ... | 2010 | 20630105 |
| effect of an interferon-stimulated response element (isre) mutant of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) on pcv2-induced pathological lesions in a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) co-infection model. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (pcvad) in swine. coinfections of pcv2 with other swine pathogens increase the severity of pcvad. induction of proinflammatory cytokines by coinfecting pathogens may attribute to the exacerbation of pcvad during coinfections. an interferon-stimulated response element (isre) sequence was identified in the origin of replication of pcv2 genome. to assess the role of isre in pcv2 pathogenesis du ... | 2011 | 20637549 |
| comparison of commercial and experimental porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccines using a triple challenge with pcv2, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), and porcine parvovirus (ppv). | the efficacies of commercial porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccines and a live pcv1-2a chimeric vaccine were compared in conventional, pcv2-positive piglets using a pcv2-porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv)-porcine parvovirus (ppv) coinfection challenge model. seventy-three, 2-week-old pigs were randomized into seven groups including five vaccinated and two control groups. pigs in the vaccinated groups were vaccinated at 3 weeks (one dose) or at 3 and 6 weeks (two dose) ... | 2010 | 20637768 |
| self-assembly of virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein expressed from escherichia coli. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is a serious problem to the swine industry and can lead to significant negative impacts on profitability of pork production. syndrome associated with pcv2 is known as porcine circovirus closely associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the capsid (cap) protein of pcv2 is a major candidate antigen for development of recombinant vaccine and serological diagnostic method. the recombinant cap protein has the ability to self-assemble into virus-li ... | 2010 | 20646322 |
| dual expression system for assembling phage lambda display particle (ldp) vaccine to porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2). | the bacteriophage lambda small capsid protein d forms trimers on the phage head. d-fusion polypeptides can be expressed from plasmids in e. coli and remain soluble without aggregation. we report a dual expression system for the display of four immunodominant regions of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) capsid protein (cap) as d-cap fusions on lambda display particles (ldp). the ldp-d-cap preparation proved an effective vaccine in pigs, eliciting both cellular and humoral immune responses and pcv2 neut ... | 2010 | 20674873 |
| efficacy of experimentally produced spray-dried plasma on infectivity of porcine circovirus type 2. | the value of incorporating spray-dried plasma (sdp) into the diet of weanling pigs to improve feed intake and growth performance has been well documented. however, limited work has been done to confirm that the spray-drying process eliminates all viral contaminates including porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). to determine the effect of spray-drying on pcv2 infectivity, colostrum-fed, crossbred, specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs were inoculated with pcv2-contaminated sdp intraperitoneally (sdp-ip) ... | 2010 | 20675601 |
| detection rates of the swine torque teno viruses (ttvs), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and hepatitis e virus (hev) in the livers of pigs with hepatitis. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and hepatitis e virus (hev) are the most recently recognized causes of infectious hepatitis of pigs and may or may not act independently in the development of the disease. recently it has been suggested that swine torque teno viruses (ttvs), in co-infections with some swine viral pathogens, may potentiate the severity of disease. in order to search for virological cofactors associated with infectious hepatitis in pigs, we investigated the liver tissues, to determ ... | 2010 | 20676762 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection and differentiation of wild-type pseudorabies and gene-deleted virus vaccines. | a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed specifically for detection and differentiation of pseudorabies virus (prv). one group of primers was designed to detect wild-type strains (i.e., strains with the ge gene) and the other group of primers was designed to detect both prv ge-vaccine and wild-type strains (i.e., strains with the gg gene and with or without the ge gene). after amplification by bst enzyme at a constant temperature of 65 degrees c, a laddering of bright ... | 2010 | 20691214 |
| comparative efficacy of three commercial pcv2 vaccines in conventionally reared pigs. | the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of three commercial porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccines. twenty 3-week old pigs were injected with one of three different vaccines, a, b, c, or were unvaccinated controls. pigs in group a were given a second dose at 6weeks of age according to the manufacturer's protocol. antibody titers in all pigs declined gradually, but increased sharply by 22weeks of age. viremia in the three vaccinated groups at 22weeks of age was significantly less tha ... | 2010 | 20691624 |
| longitudinal study of respiratory infection patterns of breeding sows in five farrow-to-finish herds. | a longitudinal study was carried out in five french farrow-to-finish herds differently affected by respiratory diseases to describe the carrying and infection patterns of batches of sows to various respiratory pathogens during gestation and lactation. an entire batch of sows was followed during two successive reproduction cycles. nasal, tonsillar and oro-pharyngeal swabs and blood samples were taken from each sow 9 and 4 weeks before farrowing and 1 and 4 weeks after farrowing. mycoplasma hyopne ... | 2011 | 20696539 |
| establishment of a multiplex rt-pcr assay to detect different lineages of swine h1 and h3 influenza a viruses. | classical swine h1n1, emerging european avian-like h1n1 and human-like h3n2 lineages are co-circulating in the swine population in china. the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay is an effective method for use in influenza surveillance. in this study, a multiplex rt-pcr method was developed for simultaneous identification of hemagglutinin (ha) genes derived from the three lineages of swine influenza viruses. three primer sets were designed and aimed specifically at ha g ... | 2010 | 20700759 |
| distribution and characterization of il-10-secreting cells in lymphoid tissues of pcv2-infected pigs. | distribution and characterization of interlukin-10 (il-10)-secreting cells in lymphoid tissues of pigs naturally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) were evaluated in accordance with pcv2 antigen detection. after screening a total of 56 pigs showing the symptoms of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), 15 pigs were pcv2 positive and 5 pigs, which showed stronger positive signals over multiples tissues were further investigated. this study showed that in pcv2-infected lymp ... | 2010 | 20706023 |
| characterization of necrotizing lymphadenitis associated with porcine circovirus type 2 infection. | necrotizing lymphadenitis is observed in approximately 2% of pigs affected by post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the pathogenesis of the lesion has been linked to apoptosis induced by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). the aim of the present study was to gain further insights into pcv2-associated lymphoid necrosis in pigs with pmws. three groups of animals were studied: (1) pmws-affected pigs with necrotizing lymphadenitis (n=5), (2) pmws-affected pigs without necrotizing lymphad ... | 2011 | 20708744 |
| targeting highly conserved 3'-untranslated region of pecluviruses for sensitive broad-spectrum detection and quantitation by rt-pcr and assessment of phylogenetic relationships. | the 3'-end region of many virus isolates has been shown to possess conserved sequences in addition to the presence of numerous genomic and subgenomic rnas. utilizing these sequences, a broad-spectrum reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction protocol has been developed to detect all the known indian peanut clump virus and peanut clump virus isolates, that cause peanut clump diseases in west africa and india. the primers were targeted at the highly conserved 3'-untranslated regions of the p ... | 2010 | 20723565 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 morphogenesis in a clone derived from the l35 lymphoblastoid cell line. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the essential infectious agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), one of the most important diseases of swine. although several studies have described different biological properties of the virus, some aspects of its replication cycle, including ultrastructural alterations, remain unknown. the aim of the present study was to describe for the first time a complete morphogenesis study of pcv2 in a clone of the lymphoblastoid l35 cell line at ... | 2011 | 20800239 |
| a cohort study of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and pcv2 in 178 pigs from birth to 14 weeks on a single farm in england. | our hypothesis was that pigs that develop post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) are detectable from an early age with signs of weight loss and other clinical and serological abnormalities. therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the temporally varying and fixed events linked with the clinical incidence of pmws by comparing affected and unaffected pigs in a cohort of 178 male piglets. piglets were enrolled at birth and examined each week. samples of blood were colle ... | 2010 | 20801534 |
| immunohistochemical and ultra-structural detection of pneumocystis in wild boars (sus scrofa) co-infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in southern brazil. | pneumocystis spp. are fungi that are able to infect a variety of host species and, occasionally, lead to severe pneumonia. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is an important viral pathogen which affects both swine and wild boar herds worldwide. co-infection between pcv2 and other pathogens has been reported, and the secondary immunodeficiency caused by the virus may predispose to these co-infections. in the present study, postmortem tissue samples obtained from wild boar herds in southern brazil w ... | 2011 | 20807029 |
| cytotoxicity of orf3 proteins from a nonpathogenic and a pathogenic porcine circovirus. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection is associated with significant and serious swine diseases worldwide, while pcv1 appears to be a nonpathogenic virus. previous studies demonstrated that the orf3 protein of pcv2 (pcv2orf3) was involved in pcv2 pathogenesis via its proapoptotic capability (j. liu, i. chen, q. du, h. chua, and j. kwang, j. virol. 80:5065-5073, 2006). if pcv2orf3-induced apoptosis is a determinant of virulence, pcv1orf3 is hypothesized to lack this ability. the properties o ... | 2010 | 20810737 |
| apoptosis in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) hepatitis in pigs naturally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). | the degree of apoptosis in the livers of pigs with hepatitis due to naturally-occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was evaluated semi-quantitatively by immunohistochemical detection of the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3 (ccasp3). the amount and distribution of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) virus in the liver was evaluated using in situ hybridisation. livers with mild, stage i hepatitis exhibited similar degrees of apoptosis to controls; those with stage ii lesions h ... | 2010 | 20817515 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 dna influences cytoskeleton rearrangements in plasmacytoid and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. | functional disruption of dendritic cells (dc) is an important strategy for viral pathogens to evade host defences. in this context, porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), a single-stranded dna virus, impairs plasmacytoid dc (pdc) and conventional dc activation by certain viruses or toll-like receptor (tlr) ligands. this inhibitory capacity is associated with the viral dna, but the impairment does not affect all signalling cascades; tlr7 ligation by small chemical molecules will still induce interleuk ... | 2011 | 20840632 |
| distribution of orf2 and orf3 genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) in wild boars and domestic pigs in germany. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv-2), the essential infectious agent in pcvd (porcine circovirus diseases) circulates at high rates among domestic pig and wild boar populations. wild boars may be viremic and shed the virus with excretions and secretions, and thus serve as a reservoir for domestic pig pcv-2 infection. we hypothesize that pcv-2 strains circulating in wild boars and in domestic pigs are significantly different and thus, partially independent. to prove this hypothesis, the present study inv ... | 2010 | 20869816 |
| development of a blocking elisa for detection of serum neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2. | a monoclonal antibody (mab)-based blocking elisa was developed for the detection of serum neutralizing antibodies to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). the mab with neutralizing activity, which was produced by immunizing a recombinant capsid protein of pcv2 expressed in insect cells, was used as the detector antibody. the assay was evaluated in comparison with a serum neutralization assay, and its sensitivity and specificity were determined to be 98.8% and 88.5%, respectively. a significant posit ... | 2010 | 20923690 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection at the time of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination has no impact on vaccine efficacy. | several porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccines are now commercially available and have been shown to be effective at decreasing the occurrence of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad). many herds are coinfected with pcv2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). some producers and veterinarians are concerned that if pigs are vaccinated for pcv2 at or near the time that they are typically infected with prrsv, the efficacy of the pcv2 vaccine will be compromised. ... | 2010 | 20926694 |
| investigation of a pig herd with animals seropositive for classical swine fever and where porcine circovirus-associated disease had been diagnosed. | aim: to investigate the cause of classical swine fever (csf) virus-seropositive animals in a nucleus pig-breeding herd in new zealand, where porcine circovirus-associated disease had been diagnosed. case history and clinical findings: an exotic disease investigation was undertaken to exclude csf and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) on a nucleus pig-breeding herd comprising approximately 300 breeding sows, 1,000 weaners, and 650 grower pigs. the herd was experiencing poor repr ... | 2010 | 20927176 |
| identification of an amino acid domain encoded by the capsid gene of porcine circovirus type 2 that modulates intracellular viral protein distribution during replication. | previous work showed that distinct amino acid motifs are encoded by the rep, cap and orf3 genes of two subgroups of porcine circoviruses (pcv), pcv2a and pcv2b. at a specific location of the gene, a certain amino acid residue or sequence is preferred. specifically, two amino acid domains located in the capsid protein, designated motif-1 (six residues located at positions 86-91) and motif-2 (four residues at positions 190-191-206-210), have been identified to associate with either pcv2a (motif-1a ... | 2010 | 20933555 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2): genetic variation and newly emerging genotypes in china. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), is a serious economic problem for the swine industry in china. in this study, we investigated the genetic variation of pcv2 in china using strains isolated from 2004-2008. viruses were isolated from samples collected from pigs with multi-systemic lesions and clinical signs of pmws from different regions of china, and the genomes of these viruses were sequenced. the assembled sequences were ... | 2010 | 20955622 |
| development and validation of an elisa using a protein encoded by orf2 antigenic domain of porcine circovirus type 2. | the capsid protein (orf2) is a major structural protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). a simple and reliable diagnostic method based on orf2 protein immunoreactivity would serve as a valuable diagnostic method for detecting serum antibodies to pcv2 and monitoring pcv infection. here, we reported an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-elisa) by using an antigenic domain (113-147aa) of orf2-encoded antigen, expressed in e. coli, for diagnosis of pcv infection. | 2010 | 20958981 |
| a novel rt-lamp assay for rapid and simple detection of classical swine fever virus. | a simple and rapid assay for the detection of classical swine fever virus (csfv) was established using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp). this study describes the amplification of the genomic rna of csfv under isothermal conditions (63 °c) within one hour, using a set of six primers (two outer primers, two inner primers and two loop primers). this rt-lamp assay showed 100-fold higher sensitivity than the standard rt-pcr method and identified eighteen addition ... | 2010 | 20960285 |
| an elisa based on a truncated soluble orf2 protein for the detection of pcv2 antibodies in domestic pigs. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is an important swine disease that is closely associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). the capsid protein (cap protein) is a major structural protein that has at least three immunoreactive regions, and it can be a suitable candidate antigen for detecting the specific antibodies of a pcv2 infection. in the present study, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (tcelisa) based on a truncated soluble cap protein produced in escherichi ... | 2010 | 20960293 |
| prokaryotic expression and potential application of the truncated pcv-2 capsid protein. | three pairs of specific primers were designed to amplify the f2-1, f2-2 and xf2-2 truncated sequences of orf2 which encodes the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). the f2-1 sequence had most of the nls region of orf2, but the f2-2 and xf2-2 genes had the nls region deleted. truncated genes were subcloned into pet-32a(+) vectors to construct recombinant fusion expression vectors. the vectors were then transformed into rosetta(de3) e. coli and expressed by induction of iptg. expre ... | 2010 | 20960305 |
| high prevalence of porcine circovirus viremia in newborn piglets in five clinically normal swine breeding herds in north america. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) can be vertically transmitted resulting in fetal infection with or without clinical signs and lesions. the primary objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of intrauterine pcv2 infection in clinically normal newborn piglets in conventional pork production facilities. five commercial breeding herds located in the u.s. and mexico were included in the study. a total of 125 sows and 3-5 neonatal piglets per sow were arbitrarily selected. blood and colostr ... | 2010 | 20970864 |
| bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia in swine associated with porcine circovirus type 2 infection. | bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (boop) is a chronic respiratory disease. although the pathogenesis of boop is still incompletely understood, boop is responsive to steroids and has a good prognosis. in our five pigs with chronic postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), typical boop lesions were revealed. all five porcine lungs showed typical intraluminal plugs, and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was identified. they also exhibited similar pathologic findings such as prol ... | 2010 | 20976305 |
| the porcine circovirus type 1 in porcine kidney 15 cell line is not transferred to mice lymphoid cells after xenoimplantation into the peritoneal cavity. | the porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) has been identified within lymphoid tissues of experimental infected pigs and suggested to induce an immunosuppressive stage in pigs. the virus does not induce a cytophatic effect in the pig-derived cell line pk-15. because pcv1 is prevalent in many pig cells and tissues, the risk of inducing a viral xenozoonosis by pcv1 was raised for the xenoimplantation of pig cells into human hosts. the present work evaluated if pcv1 is able to replicate in mice tissues a ... | 2010 | 20977832 |
| molecular characterization of porcine circovirus 2 isolated from diseased pigs co-infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | in this study, we isolated a porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) strain from piglets co-infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). the complete genome of this strain was sequenced, phylogenetic and polymorphic analyses were carried out. blast searches revealed the highest sequence identity (99.5% nt and 99.3% aa) to guangxi strain ef675230. the phylogenetic tree showed that clustering of the isolates didn't strongly correlate to geographical distribution. polymorphic anal ... | 2010 | 20979625 |
| cytokine induction by immunostimulatory dna in porcine pbmc is impaired by a hairpin forming sequence motif from the genome of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) can cause postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in young pigs with severe immunosuppression as a major characteristic of the disease complex. despite the dramatic involvement of the immune system, the interaction between pcv2 and the host is until date not well understood. the dna genome of pcv2 contains sequences that in synthetic form (oligodeoxyribonucleotides; odns) can act immunomodulatory on porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (popbmcs) i ... | 2010 | 20980058 |
| assessment and quantification of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome severity at farm level. | post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (pmws) causes major economic losses for the english pig industry and severity of clinical signs and economic impact vary considerably between affected farms. we present here a novel approach to quantify severity of pmws based on morbidity and mortality data and presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). in 2008-2009, 147 pig farms across england, non-vaccinating for pcv2, were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. factor analysis was used to generat ... | 2010 | 21036410 |
| novel chimeric porcine circovirus (pcv) with the capsid gene of the emerging pcv2b subtype cloned in the genomic backbone of the non-pathogenic pcv1 is attenuated in vivo and induces protective and cross-protective immunity against pcv2b and pcv2a subtypes in pigs. | porcine circovirus type-2b (pcv2b) is the primary global causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad). in this study, we first constructed a novel chimeric virus (pcv1-2b) with the pcv2b capsid gene cloned into the backbone of non-pathogenic pcv1. a pathogenicity study conducted in caesarean-derived colostrum-deprived pigs showed that pigs inoculated with pcv1-2b (n=10) had decreased lymphoid lesions and significantly lower viral load at 21 dpi, and significantly lower viremi ... | 2010 | 21044670 |
| identification of a new antigen epitope in the nuclear localization signal region of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic syndrome in pigs. the capsid (cap) protein encoded by orf2 is the main structural protein involved in the host immune protective response to pcv2. it is therefore important to map the antigenic epitopes of the pcv2 cap protein. | 2010 | 21051902 |
| singular pcv2a or pcv2b infection results in apoptosis of hepatocytes in clinically affected gnotobiotic pigs. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is clinically associated with respiratory disease, failure-to-thrive, hepatitis, and diarrhea; however, the precise pathogenesis of pcv2-associated disease and in particular its involvement in apoptosis is still controversial. the objectives of this study were (1) to determine whether pcv2 is associated with apoptosis by examining and comparing hepatic tissues from clinically affected or unaffected gnotobiotic pigs that were experimentally infected with pcv2, (2) ... | 2010 | 21074229 |
| epidemiology and horizontal transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a small, non-enveloped, circular, single-stranded dna virus of economic importance in the swine industry worldwide. based on the sequence analyses of pcv2 strains, isolates can be divided into five subtypes (pcv2a-e). pcv2 is an ubiquitous virus based on serological and viremia data from countries worldwide. in addition, pcv2 dna was discovered in archived samples prior to the first recognition of clinical disease. recently, a worldwide shift in pcv2 subtype f ... | 2010 | 21087576 |
| distribution of porcine circovirus 2 cap antigen in the lymphoid tissue of pigs affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | the lymphatic organs of 50 pigs from a total of eight farms located at different sites in the epizootiological region of north bačka county were studied to obtain data on the prevalence of circoviral infections in serbia. all of the pigs examined had clinical signs suggestive of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). all pigs underwent necropsy and tissue samples were taken for histopathological, immunohistochemical (ihc) and pcr analysis. the presence of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) ... | 2010 | 21087918 |
| analysis of porcine circovirus type 1 detected in rotarix vaccine. | a metagenomic analysis of live human vaccines has recently demonstrated the presence of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) dna in the paediatric vaccine rotarix used in the prevention of acute gastroenteritis. using real-time pcr for pcv1, titres of pcv1 dna in several batches of rotarix were found to be in the order of 6-7 log(10) copies per dose. pre-treatment of the reconstituted vaccine with the nuclease benzonase, followed by extraction of nucleic acid and quantification of pcv1 dna by real-t ... | 2010 | 21093497 |
| shedding and infection dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) after experimental infection. | the objective of this study was to determine the amount and infectivity of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) shed in nasal, oral and fecal secretions following experimental infection. fecal, oral and nasal swabs and blood were collected at regular intervals until 69 days post-inoculation (dpi) from five pcv2-experimentally inoculated pigs (trial 1). to assess the infectivity of the pcv2 present in excretions, secretions, and on a hypodermic needle, 26 pcv2-naïve pigs (trial 2) were inoculated wit ... | 2010 | 21111547 |
| shedding and infection dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) after natural exposure. | the objective of this study was to determine the amount of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) shed in nasal, oral and fecal secretions over time following natural pcv2 infection. fecal, oral and nasal swabs and blood were collected at regular intervals starting at 28 days post-farrowing (dpf) until 209 dpf from four pigs naturally infected with pcv2. pcv2 dna was detected in all sample types. there were no differences in the amount of pcv2 dna present in different sample types over time. pcv2 dna ... | 2010 | 21111548 |
| further comments on porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) genotype definition and nomenclature. | | 2010 | 21112703 |
| detection of porcine parvovirus using a taqman-based real-time pcr with primers and probe designed for the ns1 gene. | a taqman-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was devised for the detection of porcine parvovirus (ppv). two primers and a taqman probe for the non-structural protein ns1 gene were designed. the detection limit was 1 x 10² dna copies/μl, and the assay was linear in the range of 1 x 10² to 1 x 10⁹ copies/μl. there was no cross-reaction with porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), pseudorabies virus (prv), classical swine fever vir ... | 2010 | 21126330 |
| immunopathological characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 infection-associated follicular changes in inguinal lymph nodes using high-throughput tissue microarray. | the immunopathogenesis of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection in conventional pigs is complicated by various environmental factors and individual variation and is difficult to be completely reproduced experimentally. in the present field-based study, a tissue microarray (tma) consisting of a series of lymphoid follicles having different pcv2-loads was constructed using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded superficial inguinal lymph nodes (lns) from 102 pigs. using the tma, a wide range of ... | 2010 | 21126833 |
| shedding pattern and serological profile of porcine circovirus type 2 infection in cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived and farm-raised pigs. | six 5-week-old porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-free, cesarean-derived, colostrums-deprived (cdcd) pigs were inoculated intranasally with 10(6) tcid(50) of pcv2. four cdcd pigs were untreated cohabitants. forty farm-raised pigs from two pcv2-contaminated herds were randomly selected for pcv2 trace investigations. blood, nasal, oropharyngeal and fecal samples were collected from all tested pigs weekly. the pcv2 dna shed at 6-11 and 7-12 weeks of age for pcv2-inoculated pigs and cohabitants, respe ... | 2010 | 21139354 |
| orf3 of porcine circovirus 2 enhances the in vitro and in vivo spread of the of the virus. | the orf3 protein of the pathogenic porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) causes apoptosis of the virus-infected cells. in pcv2-infected piglets, orf3 induces b and cd4 t lymphocyte depletion and lymphoid organ destruction and the orf3-deficient pcv2 is attenuated in its pathogenicity (virology, 383 (2009), 338). in addition to its role in causing the apoptosis of the immune cells, characteristic of the pcv2 infection associated disease conditions, the orf3 also plays a role in the systemic dissemination o ... | 2010 | 21144544 |
| house fly vector for porcine circovirus 2b on commercial pig farms. | we investigated the on-farm potential of common farm invertebrates to transmit porcine circovirus genotype 2 (pcv2) and other non-enveloped viruses. in 2007 (pre-pcv2 vaccination) and 2008 (post-pcv2 vaccination), invertebrate communities were trap-collected (8 trap-dates per year), counted and sorted into genus and species groups on 5 farm study sites within england. total dna was extracted from feces of representational cross-sections of pigs on each farm in each year and also from intact samp ... | 2010 | 21145672 |
| porcine circovirus-2 viral load versus lesions in pigs: perspectives for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) is the main agent related to post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and it is also associated with other syndromes affecting pigs. not all pigs infected with pcv-2 will develop pmws and the incidence of pmws is higher when coinfecting viral and bacterial pathogens are present. in this study, pcv-2 viral loads were evaluated in the tissues of animals with and without pmws in order to investigate the relationship between viral load and microscopical lesions ... | 2010 | 21168851 |
| effect of vaccination of boars against porcine circovirus type 2 on ejaculate characteristics, serum antibody titers, viremia, and semen virus shedding. | the objective of this research was to determine the effect of vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) on ejaculate characteristics, pcv2-specific antibody titers in serum, viremia, and viral shedding in the semen of pcv2-positive boars. before vaccination, all boars were confirmed by pcr to be naturally infected with pcv2. the boars were vaccinated with a commercial killed vaccine against pcv2 (n = 5) or served as controls and received 2 ml of 0.9% saline (n = 5). semen and blood sa ... | 2010 | 21169515 |
| cytokine and chemokine mrna expression profiles in tracheobronchial lymph nodes from pigs singularly infected or coinfected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (mhyo). | the objective of this study was to determine cytokine and chemokine mrna expression profiles in tracheobronchial lymph nodes from pigs singularly infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (mhyo), or coinfected with both. twenty-eight pigs were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) negative controls (neg), (2) inoculated with mhyo (imhyo), (3) inoculated with mhyo and pcv2 (coi), and (4) inoculated with pcv2 (ipcv2). mhyo infection significantly (p<0.05) stim ... | 2010 | 21176971 |
| possible cross-species transmission of circoviruses and cycloviruses among farm animals. | circoviruses consist of highly prevalent and genetically diverse porcine and avian pathogens. the genomes of cycloviruses, a proposed new genus in the family circoviridae, were recently identified in human and chimpanzee faeces. here, six cyclovirus and four circovirus genomes from the tissues of chickens, goats, cows, and a bat were amplified and sequenced using rolling-circle amplification and inverse pcr. a goat cyclovirus was nearly identical to a cyclovirus from a cow. usa beef contained ci ... | 2010 | 21177928 |
| observations of variable inter-observer agreement for clinical evaluation of faecal consistency in grow-finishing pigs. | inter-observer agreement for assessment of faecal consistency in pigs was evaluated using a scoring system with 3 categories. in a pilot study, 3 observers performed an examination of faecal samples post-collection. the samples were obtained from pigs (12-13 weeks old) in 4 herds with a history of diarrhoea associated with lawsonia intracellularis, brachyspira spp. and/or porcine circovirus type 2. observer 1 examined all the faecal samples from the 4 herds. observer 2 only examined the faecal s ... | 2010 | 21183234 |
| spread of porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) in ontario (canada) swine herds: part ii. matched case-control study. | the emergence of porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) was associated with high mortality in swine populations worldwide. studies performed in different regions identified spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal trends as factors contributing to patterns of the disease spread. patterns consistent with spatial trend and spatio-temporal clustering were already identified in this dataset. on the basis of these results, we have further investigated the nature of local spread in this report. t ... | 2010 | 21190586 |
| spread of porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) in ontario (canada) swine herds: part i. exploratory spatial analysis. | the systemic form of porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad), also known as postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was initially detected in the early 1990s. starting in 2004, the canadian swine industry experienced considerable losses due to pcvad, concurrent with a shift in genotype of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). objectives of the current study were to explore spatial characteristics of self-reported pcvad distribution in ontario between 2004 and 2008, and to investigate ... | 2010 | 21190587 |
| rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2 using a taqman-based real-time pcr. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and the associated disease postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) have caused heavy losses in global agriculture in recent decades. rapid detection of pcv2 is very important for the effective prophylaxis and treatment of pmws. to establish a sensitive, specific assay for the detection and quantitation of pcv2, we designed and synthesized specific primers and a probe in the open reading frame 2. the assay had a wide dynamic range with excellent linearit ... | 2010 | 21192832 |
| post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) clinical expression under field conditions is modulated by the pig genetic background. | post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a worldwide distributed disease of multifactorial origin and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been identified as its essential infectious aetiology. pig genetic background has been pointed to influence disease expression. in the present study, three different boar lines, namely a (100% pietrain), b (50% large white × 50% pietrain) and c (25% large white × 75% duroc), were used to inseminate sows from the same genetic line (37.5% large whi ... | 2010 | 21215535 |
| one dose of a porcine circovirus 2 subunit vaccine induces humoral and cell-mediated immunity and protects against porcine circovirus-associated disease under field conditions. | this study investigated the efficacy of a one-dose porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) subunit vaccine based on the pcv2 cap protein expressed in a baculovirus system on two different farms at which a history of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvd) was present. morbidity, mortality, average daily weight gain, carcass weight, pcv2 load in serum and vaccine immunogenicity were assessed. serology to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was perform ... | 2010 | 21216540 |
| investigations on the prevalence and potential pathogenicity of intestinal trichomonads in pigs using in situ hybridization. | in pigs, three different trichomonad species (tritrichomonas foetus, tetratrichomonas buttreyi and tritrichomonas rotunda) have been described as commensals in the large intestine. the aim of this study was to gain further knowledge on the prevalence and pathogenicity of trichomonads in pigs by using a morphology-based approach. chromogenic in situ hybridization (ish) is a technique which allows direct localization of the protozoa in the intestinal tissue and correlation of the infection with pa ... | 2010 | 21236578 |
| tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation weaning in children affected by respiratory virus according to a weaning protocol in a pediatric intensive care unit in argentina: an observational restrospective trial. | we describe difficult weaning after prolonged mechanical ventilation in three tracheostomized children affected by respiratory virus infection. although the spontaneous breathing trials were successful, the patients failed all extubations. therefore a tracheostomy was performed and the weaning plan was begun. the strategy for weaning was the decrease of ventilation support combining pressure control ventilation (pcv) with increasing periods of continuous positive airway pressure + pressure suppo ... | 2011 | 21244710 |
| hepatitis g virus associated aplastic anemia: a recent case from pakistan. | aplastic anemia (aa) is a serious and rare disorder characterized by a hypocellular bone marrow. hepatitis associated aplastic anemia (haaa) is a variant of aplastic anemia in which aplastic anemia follows an acute attack of hepatitis. several reports have noted an association between hgv and hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia besides other hepatitis causing viruses. | 2011 | 21251303 |
| development of an in situ assay for simultaneous detection of the genomic and replicative form of pcv2 using padlock probes and rolling circle amplification. | in this study we utilized padlock probes and rolling circle amplification as a mean to detect and study the replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in cultured cells and in infected tissue. porcine circovirus type 2 is a single-stranded circular dna virus associated with several severe diseases, porcine circovirus diseases (pcvd) in pigs, such as postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. the exact reason and mechanisms behind the trigger of pcv2 replication that is associated with thes ... | 2011 | 21261961 |
| utility of a panviral microarray for detection of swine respiratory viruses in clinical samples. | several factors have recently converged, elevating the need for highly parallel diagnostic platforms that have the ability to detect many known, novel, and emerging pathogenic agents simultaneously. panviral dna microarrays represent the most robust approach for massively parallel viral surveillance and detection. the virochip is a panviral dna microarray that is capable of detecting all known viruses, as well as novel viruses related to known viral families, in a single assay and has been used ... | 2011 | 21270231 |
| commercially produced spray-dried porcine plasma contains increased concentrations of porcine circovirus type 2 dna but does not transmit porcine circovirus type 2 when fed to naive pigs. | the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) antibody and dna status of porcine plasma products collected during the commercial spray-drying process were evaluated. samples evaluated included 52 pooled liquid plasma (fresh) samples collected at 14 regional abattoirs before transport to 1 of 2 spray-drying facilities, 32 pooled liquid plasma (concentrated) samples collected after arrival at the spray-drying facilities at different stages before the spray-drying process, and 32 samples in powdered form (s ... | 2011 | 21278103 |
| viral distribution and lesions in kunming mice experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2b. | the viral distribution and lesions in kunming mice experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2b (pcv-2b) were investigated. seventy special pathogen free mice were divided into 2 groups with 35 mice in each group. the test group (tg) was infected with pcv-2b, the control group (cg) was inoculated with sterile cell cultures. five mice in each group were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 dpi (day post infection), respectively. necropsies were performed on all mice and tissues we ... | 2011 | 21287271 |
| the porcine circovirus type 1 capsid gene promoter improves antigen expression and immunogenicity in a hiv-1 plasmid vaccine. | one of the promising avenues for development of vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and other human pathogens is the use of plasmid-based dna vaccines. however, relatively large doses of plasmid must be injected for a relatively weak response. we investigated whether genome elements from porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv-1), an apathogenic small ssdna-containing virus, had useful expression-enhancing properties that could allow dose-sparing in a plasmid vaccine. | 2011 | 21299896 |
| the nuclear localization signal sequence of porcine circovirus type 2 orf2 enhances intracellular delivery of plasmid dna. | the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is a natural barrier that prevents large molecules from entering the cell. cationic liposomes are commonly used for transfection of plasmid dna but they have high cost and toxicity. many reports have shown that cell-penetrating peptides (cpp) are able to translocate across the cell membrane efficiently. the vp22 peptide of herpes simplex virus (hsv) was synthesized as a cpp. two fusion protein candidates, containing binding/condensing protein (vp22-t ... | 2011 | 21305328 |
| chimeric porcine circoviruses (pcv) containing amino acid epitope tags in the c terminus of the capsid gene are infectious and elicit both anti-epitope tag antibodies and anti-pcv type 2 neutralizing antibodies in pigs. | a chimeric porcine circovirus (pcv1-2) with the capsid gene of pathogenic pcv2 cloned into the genomic backbone of nonpathogenic pcv1 is attenuated in pigs but elicits protective immunity against pcv2. in this study, short epitope tags were inserted into the c terminus of the capsid protein of the chimeric pcv1-2 vaccine virus, resulting in a tractable marker virus that is infectious both in vitro and in vivo. pigs experimentally infected with the epitope-tagged pcv1-2 vaccine viruses produced t ... | 2011 | 21307200 |
| experimental reproduction of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-associated enteritis in pigs infected with pcv2 alone or concurrently with lawsonia intracellularis or salmonella typhimurium. | porcine circovirus (pcv)-associated disease (pcvad) has emerged to become one of the most economically important pig diseases globally. one of the less commonly recognized clinical manifestations of pcvad is pcv2 type 2 (pcv2)-associated enteritis in growing pigs; however, experimental confirmation of the ability of pcv2 alone or pcv2 coinfection with other agent(s) to induce enteritis is lacking. in this study, 120 specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs were divided randomly into six groups: control ... | 2011 | 21334002 |
| characterization of a new disease syndrome associated with porcine circovirus type 2 in previously vaccinated herds. | porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad) encompasses a group of wasting syndromes linked to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). this paper describes a new pcv2 disease syndrome, called acute pulmonary edema (ape), which, unlike other pcvad syndromes, has a peracute onset and is associated with herds vaccinated for pcv2. | 2011 | 21346043 |
| absence of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) and high prevalence of pcv 2 exposure and infection in swine finisher herds. | porcine circovirus (pcv) appeared in 1974 as an unidentified, innocuous viral inhabitant of cell cultures and pigs. today pcv1 is a contaminant of some human vaccines, and pcv2 is a major pathogen of swine. pcv1 is reportedly ubiquitous in swine but nonpathogenic. since the interplay of pcv1 and pcv2 in swine might explain variable disease results and shed light on the potential for human exposure, we analyzed in depth the prevalence of pcv1 and pcv2 infection and exposure in the u.s. finishing ... | 2011 | 21352865 |
| comparative efficacy of commercial mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) vaccines in pigs experimentally infected with m. hyopneumoniae and pcv2. | the efficacies of two commercial mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterins and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) vaccines were compared in conventional pigs immunized at different ages based on humoral response, pathological observation, and growth performance from birth to finishing (175 days of age) using a m. hyopneumoniae and pcv2 co-infection challenge model. one-week-old pigs (n=110) were randomly assigned to five groups: three vaccinated and challenged (vc), and one each of non-vaccinated and challeng ... | 2011 | 21354247 |
| genetic characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 in piglets from pmws-affected and -negative farms in thailand. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the major swine pathogen associated with porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) including post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). currently, there are 4 subtypes of pcv2 (pcv2a, b, c and d) and some epidemiological evidences demonstrated that virulence of pcv2 may relate to its subtypes. recently, pmws was observed more frequently in swine farms in thailand; however, the information regarding to pcv2 subtype involved was limited. therefore, ... | 2011 | 21356069 |