| a seroepidemiologic survey of three pronghorn (antilocapra americana) populations in southeastern idaho, 1975-1977. | sera from 104 adult and 42 fawn pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana) from southeastern idaho were tested against selected livestock pathogens. the numbers positive/numbers tested (% positive) were as follows: bovine virus diarrhea - adults 2/102 (2), fawns 0/41 (0);; infectious bovine rhinotracheitis - adults 27/101 (27), fawns 9/42 (22); parainfluenza 3 - adults 79/104 (76), fawns 22/42 (52); bovine adenovirus 7 - adults 42/103 (41), fawns 20/48 (48); bovine adenovirus 3 - adults 11/32 (3 ... | 1980 | 6246285 |
| the susceptibility of the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva), diptera, phlebotomidae, to laboratory infection with bluetongue virus. | bluetongue virus multiplied in the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis after intrathoracic inoculation but not after oral ingestion of virus. the level of virus multiplication was lower than that observed in similar experiments with the north american vector of bluetongue, culicoides variipennis. inoculated sandflies did not transmit virus after 6 to 9 days incubation at 25 degrees c. it is unlikely that l. longipalpis would be important in the maintenance of bluetongue virus in the wild. | 1980 | 6247994 |
| bluetongue virus hemagglutination and its inhibition by specific sera. | bluetongue-virus (btv) was found to agglutinate a variety of erythrocytes including sheep-, chicken-, guinea pig- and mouse-erythrocytes. hemagglutination was inhibited specifically with type specific serum. a temperature dependence was only found for chicken erythrocytes, which showed a hemagglutination optimum at 37 degrees c. the hemagglutination was lost upon treatment of the virus with 0.4% trypsin as well as after treatment with 0.01 m kjo4. heating of the virus preparation to 56 degrees c ... | 1980 | 6247995 |
| the in vitro activation and further characterization of the bluetongue virus-associated transcriptase. | | 1980 | 6249033 |
| evaluation of a hemolysis-in-gel test for detection and quantitation of antibodies to bluetongue virus. | a hemolysis-in-gel (hig) test was developed to detect and quantitate antibody to bluetongue virus (btv). the hig test was sensitive and accurate when applied to sera from sheep and cattle infected with btv. sensitized sheep rbc were prepared by adsorption of partly purified btv to the cells. regression analysis of data showed a linear relationship between the diameter of the hemolytic zone and the log of the antibody concentration. the hig test did not differentiate among antiodies to four serot ... | 1980 | 6250425 |
| abnormalities and virus-like particles in spermatozoa from bulls latently infected with bluetongue virus. | abnormalities were commonly observed in spermatozoa, and bluetongue virus (btv) was isolated from semen of 2 known btv carrier bulls and 2 of 4 btv seropositive field bulls. the spermatozoal abnormalities ranged from a small cavity between the acrosome and nucleus with some involvement of the nucleus, to an enlargement of the cavity accompanied by vesiculation that could affect the entire acrosome. virus-like particles were occasionally observed in the affected spermatozoa, but were present in a ... | 1980 | 6254406 |
| an outbreak of bluetongue in sheep in the sudan. | an outbreak of bluetongue and the first isolation of the virus in the sudan are reported. the disease occurred in sheep stressed by walking for five days when biting arthropods were prevalent. estimates of the morbidity and mortality rates ranged from about 30 per cent and 2 per cent respectively in adult sheep to around 80 per cent and 100 per cent respectively in lambs. the virus was isolated by the inoculation of suckling mice and embryonated eggs with whole blood from febrile sheep. in a gel ... | 1980 | 6255662 |
| survey for antibodies to viruses of bovine virus diarrhea, bluetongue, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in hunter-killed mule deer in new mexico. | sera from male mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) collected in november 1977 in otero county, new mexico were tested fro antibodies to bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv), bluetongue virus (btv), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv). neutralizing antibodies were detected in 26 of 76 (34%) sera tested for bvdv (titer greater than or equal to 1:16). of 46 sera tested for antibodies to btv and ehdv, 10 (22%) and 3 (7%), respectively, were positive. three (7%) of 46 sera were suspect (titer < ... | 1980 | 6256331 |
| multiplication of bluetongue virus in culicoides nubeculosus (meigen) simultaneously infected with the virus and the microfilariae of onchocerca cervicalis (railliet & henry). | | 1980 | 6257192 |
| hemorrhagic syndrome induced in chicken embryos by intravenous inoculation of ground chicken embryo extract. | the hemorrhagic syndrome which occurred after the iv inoculation of ground embryo extract into living chicken embryos resulted from rapid activation and depletion of the clotting mechanism. the syndrome was prevented by the addition of heparin to the ground embryo inoculum. the characteristics of the hemorrhagic syndrome suggest that the phenomenon is the result of disseminated intravascular coagulation. | 1980 | 6261617 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of bluetongue virus antibodies. | the immune response to bluetongue virus in sheep and cattle was studied by applying a newly developed indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). purified virus obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation was used at a concentration of 0.01 optical density units (formula: see text) to coat individual wells (200 microliter) of a microtitration plate. dilution of antigen was performed in 0.05 m carbonate buffer, ph 9.6, and adsorption lasted for at least 16 hours at 4 c. coated plates reta ... | 1981 | 6261621 |
| a serological survey for bluetongue virus antibody in western australia. | a serological survey was carried out to detect specific (serotype 20) and a group bluetongue virus antibody in cattle and sheep serums collected in western australia during the period january 1 1978 to june 30 1979. of 18,849 cattle serums examined by the gel diffusion precipitin test (gdpt), 9.7% were positive and 6.1% gave doubtful results. all 1949 sheep serums tested were negative. precipitin antibody was demonstrated in 22.5% of serums from kimberley cattle and 3.6% of cattle serums from th ... | 1980 | 6261730 |
| the isolation of two bluetongue viruses from healthy cattle in australia. | | 1980 | 6264910 |
| antigenic types of bluetongue virus prevalent in egypt. | in an attempt to identify the antigenic types of bluetongue (bt) virus prevalent in egypt 31 selected sheep sera from different parts of egypt which had been screened by gel precipitation tests were examined by a plaque reduction test using 16 types of bt virus. dilutions 1:5 of those screened sera reduced more than 50% of plaques of at least 1 of 16 types of bt virus. two sera completely inhibited plaque formation with type 4 virus, 1 with type 13, another serum with type 15 and 2 other ser wit ... | 1981 | 6266091 |
| epizootiologic study of bluetongue: virologic and serologic results. | heparinized blood and serum samples were obtained from 1,295 ruminants in herds or flocks with bluetongue virus (btv) infection in 4 western states. submissions were from herds or flocks with clinical bluetongue (bt), as well as from animals on premises with no history of bt disease. insects, including culicoides variipennis, were collected in areas enzootic for bt disease. viral isolations were in 10-day-old embryonating chicken eggs that were then adapted to vero cells for serotyping. sera wer ... | 1981 | 6266296 |
| [brain teratology as a result of transplacental virus infection in ruminants]. | various viruses relating to congenital brain teratology in ruminants are discussed. these include: bluetongue which may be responsible for porencephaly and hydranencephaly; akabane disease, rift valley fever (mouse brain attenuated virus) and wesselsbron disease (wild-type and mouse brain attenuated viruses) which can give rise to porencephaly, hydranencephaly, micrencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia, and bovine viral diarrhoea-mucosal disease which results only in cerebellar hypoplasia. certain ... | 1980 | 6267276 |
| epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in montana: isolation and serologic survey. | epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was isolated in vero cell culture from the spleen and whole blood of a white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). a 10% spleen suspension caused acute hemorrhagic disease (hd) when inoculated into an experimental white-tailed deer and resulted in the recovery of ehdv from the blood of the experimental animal at 5 days after inoculation. the virus was identified as ehdv serotype 2 through indirect fluorescent antibody tests, electron microscopy, and rec ... | 1981 | 6267969 |
| analyses of the genomes of bluetongue viruses recovered in the united states. i. oligonucleotide fingerprint studies that indicate the existence of naturally occurring reassortant btv isolates. | | 1981 | 6269284 |
| bluetongue in cattle: a serologic survey of slaughter cattle in the united states. | serologic tests for bluetongue virus (btv) were done on 19,758 blood serum samples systematically collected at brucellosis laboratories throughout the united states from nov 28, 1977 to feb 20, 1978. prevalence of btv antibody varied from 0 to 79% of the samples collected in various states, with a national prevalence of 18.2%. the prevalence was generally low in the northern states and high in the southwestern states. the highest prevalence rates were found in puerto rico and the virgin islands. | 1981 | 6269469 |
| isolation of bluetongue virus serotype 20 from the semen of an experimentally-infected bull. | | 1981 | 6271114 |
| a serological survey for antibodies to bluetongue virus in papua new guinea. | | 1981 | 6271115 |
| identification of the serotype-specific and group-specific antigens of bluetongue virus. | the bluetongue virus (btv) core particle contains 2 major polypeptides, p3 and p7, and is surrounded by an outer capsid layer that is composed of the 2 major polypeptides, p2 and p5. analysis of the immune precipitates from soluble 14c-labelled btv polypeptides and hyper-immune rabbit and guinea-pig sera indicated that polypeptide p2 precipitates only with homologous btv sera. this would indicate that p2 is the main determinant of serotype specificity. it was also found that in sheep infected wi ... | 1981 | 6273773 |
| a comparison of an australian bluetongue virus isolate (csiro 19) with other bluetongue virus serotypes by cross-hybridization and cross-immune precipitation. | no major differences in size were observed when both the double-stranded rna and the polypeptides of the australian bluetongue virus (btv) isolate csiro 19 (btv-20) were compared with those of other btv serotypes such as btv-10 and btv-4. minor capsid polypeptide p6 of both btv-20 and btv-4, which electrophoreses as a single band on continuous phosphate buffered gels, in separated into 2 distinct bands on discontinuous glycine-buffered gels. this was not the case with btv-10. cross-immune precip ... | 1981 | 6273774 |
| blood autograft in sheep for isolation of bluetongue virus from latently infected cattle. | | 1980 | 6273922 |
| the transmission of two new australian serotypes of bluetongue virus to sheep. | | 1981 | 6274289 |
| comparison of bluetongue type 20 with certain viruses of the bluetongue and eubenangee serological groups of orbiviruses. | the genome of bluetongue virus type 20 consists of 10 segments of double-stranded rna each of which contains unique sequences as determined by oligonucleotide mapping. the 10 polypeptide products of the virus genome were detected in virus-infected cells, and in pulse--chase experiments there was no secondary cleavage of the primary gene products. using stringent conditions for rna--rna reassociation, no significant homology could be detected between the genomes of bluetongue type 20 isolated in ... | 1981 | 6275025 |
| prevalence of bluetongue virus precipitating antibodies in sheep and goats of punjab, india. | | 1981 | 6275636 |
| the susceptibility of the sandfly, phlebotomus papatasi scopoli (diptera, psychodidae), to laboratory infection with bluetongue virus. brief report. | bluetongue virus multiplied to a low level in phlebotomus papatasi sandflies after intrathoracic inoculation but not after membrane feeding. it is considered unlikely that this sandfly species is a vector of bluetongue virus. | 1981 | 6275824 |
| preparation and characterization of bluetongue virus. | | 1981 | 6276657 |
| salt-dependent hemagglutination with bluetongue virus. | | 1981 | 6277285 |
| analysis of the genomes of bluetongue viruses recovered from different states of the united states and at different times. | the ribonucleic acid (rna) genomes of the original representatives of the four serotypes of bluetongue virus (btv) isolated from the united states (btv-10, btv-11, btv-13 and btv-17) have been analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ten double-stranded rna species were resolved for each virus and categorized into the size classes of large (l segments #1-3), medium (m segments #4-6) and small (s segments #7-10). minor electrophoretic mobility differences were observed for the m5 and s10 r ... | 1982 | 6278927 |
| prevalence of bluetongue viral antibodies in louisiana goats. | | 1981 | 6278995 |
| generation of cross-reactive cytotoxic t lymphocytes following immunization of mice with various bluetongue virus types. | mice immunized with a single bluetongue (bt) virus type were shown to produce cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl's) which cross-reactive with a number of bt virus types. these cross-reactive ctl's could be induced by both primary in vivo and secondary in vitro stimulation. a varying degree of cross-reactivity occurred with the six bt types examined. aspects of the character of this cross-reactivity were examined and its role in protection from disease and vaccination strategy is discussed. | 1982 | 6279488 |
| bluetongue virus in pregnant elk and their calves. | two pregnant north american elk (cervus canadensis), in the 3rd and 4th months of gestation, were inoculated with bluetongue (bt) virus (btv) serotype 11. the virus was not isolated from the blood of the cows beyond postinoculation day (pid) 8, but was isolated from bone marrow and spleen samples obtained at necropsy on pid 190. although neither cow had overt clinical signs of bt infection, fluctuations in specific neutralizing btv antibody titers indicated viral replication. however, in 2 attem ... | 1982 | 6280527 |
| inhibition of bluetongue and colorado tick fever orbiviruses by selected antiviral substances. | the effects of four ribonucleic acid virus inhibitors were evaluated in cell cultures and in mice to determine inhibitory effects against bluetongue virus and colorado tick fever virus (ctfv). test compounds included 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin), 3-deazaguanine, 3-deazauridine, and 9-(s)-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine. ribavirin-2',3',5'-triacetate (ribavirin triacetate) was evaluated in vivo against ctfv. inhibition of cytopathic effect and plaque reduction were ... | 1981 | 6282197 |
| antibody to more than one bluetongue virus serotype in western australia. | | 1981 | 6282246 |
| the clinico-pathological effect of bluetongue virus serotype 20 in sheep. | fifty-four merino crossbred sheep were inoculated with bluetongue virus serotype 20 (btv-20) by the intravenous, subcutaneous and intradermal routes. btv-20 was successfully transmitted by culicoides (avaritia) spp. no. 5 to two additional sheep. clinical and pathological effects were studied. in the artificially infected sheep, clinical signs were observed after an incubation period of 6 to 10 days and consisted of pyrexia, oral and subcutaneous hyperaemia mild oedema of the ears, face and lips ... | 1982 | 6282247 |
| bluetongue virus precipitating antibodies in dairy animals in the punjab. | | 1981 | 6283701 |
| bluetongue infections in louisiana cattle. | bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 17 was isolated from cattle with clinical signs of bluetongue disease during 1978 and 1979 epizootics. bovine sera from 6 herds located in an epizootic region were examined in 1979 for antibodies, using an immunodiffusion (id) test. of 300 sera, 164 (54.7%) were seropositive. sera from statewide surveys of louisiana cattle in july to august 1980 and december 1980 to january 1981 were tested for btv antibodies, using the id test. fifty-eight of 70 herds (82.9%) and ... | 1982 | 6283967 |
| isolation of an exotic serotype of bluetongue virus from imported cattle in quarantine. | in 1980, 60 zebu cattle from brazil were admitted into quarantine in florida for 150 days. during the 30 days between their last test in brazil and their first test in florida, four animals developed antibody to bluetongue virus detectable by agar gel immunodiffusion test. within 62 days after arrival in florida, three more seroconverted and one more was positive by the 86th day. virus neutralizing titers of serums from the first four cattle were highest against bluetongue virus serotype 4 and 2 ... | 1982 | 6284326 |
| prevalence of antibodies of selected infectious disease agents in the peninsular desert bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis cremnobates) of the santa rosa mountains, california. | | 1982 | 6285010 |
| frequency of bluetongue and bovine parvovirus infection in cattle in south carolina dairy herds. | a survey of south carolina diary cattle in 12 commercial herds was conducted, using serologic testing to determine the frequency and impact on reproduction of bluetongue (bt) and bovine parvovirus (bfv) infections. results of the study of serum antibodies titers and dairy cattle health records indicated that the majority of the cattle surveyed was adequately protected against the major reproductive tract diseases through vaccination programs. the frequency of reproductive dysfunction was common ... | 1982 | 6285770 |
| inactivation by gamma irradiation of animal viruses in simulated laboratory effluent. | several animal viruses were treated with gamma radiation from a 60co source under conditions which might be found in effluent from an animal disease laboratory. swine vesicular disease virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and blue-tongue virus were irradiated in tissues from experimentally infected animals. pseudorabies virus, fowl plague virus, swine vesicular disease virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus were irradiated in liquid animal feces. all were tested in animals and in vitro. the d10 val ... | 1982 | 6285822 |
| the induction of murine cytotoxic t lymphocytes by bluetongue virus. | after inoculation with live bluetongue virus, mice produced cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) which showed virus and h-2 restriction. inactivated preparations failed to induce ctls. on secondary in vitro stimulation, specifically sensitised memory cells also produced high numbers of ctls. the need for replicating virus to induce primary ctls, evidence for partial type specificity and the role which cell-mediated immunity might play in the early stages of a bluetongue virus infection are discussed. | 1982 | 6285856 |
| the preparation of purified bluetongue virus group antigen for use as a diagnostic reagent. | soluble group antigen isolated from bluetongue virus infected bhk cells has been shown to be a single protein with a molecular weight of 38,000 and to comigrate on polyacrylamide gels with protein 7 isolated from virus particles. purification by exclusion chromatography and isoelectric focussing yields a protein that appears to be antigenicaly identical to the native group antigen found in virus harvests; it is non infectious for sheep and is thought to be largely free from host cell and other v ... | 1982 | 6285867 |
| a serological survey of bluetongue in mozambique. | | 1981 | 6286018 |
| a seroepidemiologic survey of antibody to bluetongue virus in alabama cattle. | bluetongue (bt) is an insect transmitted viral disease of sheep that often causes mild or inapparent disease but rarely causes severe disease in cattle. until recently, bluetongue viral infection was believed to be more prevalent in the western united states, as compared with other regions of the country. however, a national survey for bluetongue antibody and clinical evidence of the disease in the southeastern united states prompted the present investigation that was designed to determine the s ... | 1982 | 6286249 |
| bluetongue virus serotypes 20 and 17 infections in sheep: comparison of clinical and serological responses. | the clinical, virological and serological responses of sheep infected with an australian bluetongue virus (btv) isolate (serotype 20) were compared to responses in sheep inoculated with an american bluetongue isolate (serotype 17) with which it had shown cross-reactions in serum neutralization tests. in sheep inoculated with btv 20, clinical signs were very mild and viremia was first detected by day 5; virus was isolated intermittently for a further 2 to 3 days. neutralizing and precipitating an ... | 1982 | 6287703 |
| recovery of dual serotypes of bluetongue virus from infected sheep and cattle. | dual serotypes of bluetongue virus (btv) were recovered from field-collected samples of sheep and cattle blood. two sheep, each infected with both btv serotypes 10 and 17, were found in a flock with bluetongue disease associated with these two serotypes. one sheep infected with btv serotypes 11 and 17 was found in a second flock; it was the only viremic sheep detected and was clinically ill. dual serotype infections of one beef and two dairy cattle were found in three geographically separate her ... | 1982 | 6287704 |
| inactivated bluetongue virus vaccine in lambs: differential serological responses related to breed. | a mixed breed flock of lambs, consisting of suffolks, hampshires, columbias and finnish breeds, were vaccinated with binary ethylenimine inactivated blue-tongue virus (btv) serotypes 11, 17 and a mixture of 11 and 17 in aluminum hydroxide. agar gel precipitin antibodies were used as an indicator of immunity. sero-conversion of hampshires and suffolk lambs was poor at 43% as compared to 84% in the columbia and finn lambs. these results indicate a breed difference in immunological response to inac ... | 1982 | 6287706 |
| bluetongue in western turkey. | in october 1977 clinical bluetongue broke out in aydin province, western turkey and spread to adjacent provinces in the autumn months of 1978 and 1979. the outbreak was caused by a virus of serotype 4 and appeared to occur in a totally susceptible population. it was eventually controlled by widespread use of attenuated type-specific vaccine. bluetongue virus was isolated from sheep on several occasions and also from a calf with congenital arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly. this latter finding i ... | 1982 | 6289510 |
| classification of the orbiviruses. confusion in the use of terms bluetongue virus, bluetongue-like virus, bluetongue-related virus and the overall nomenclature. | | 1982 | 6289792 |
| production of murine cytotoxic t lymphocytes by bluetongue virus following various immunisation procedures. | the induction of bluetongue virus specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) in c3h mice by various live and inactivated bluetongue virus preparations was studied. live virus preparations were shown to induce good levels of ctls; however, inactivation of virus preparations either by beta propriolactone or glutaraldehyde induced only a low level response. the use of freund's adjuvants and double immunisation procedures failed to improve the response of the inactivated preparations. these findings ar ... | 1982 | 6293026 |
| bluetongue virus serotype 20 infection in pregnant merino sheep. | eleven maiden merino ewes, free of antibody to bluetongue virus serotype 20 (btv-20) in agar gel immunodiffusion and serum neutralisation tests, were mated once with a ram. ten ewes were inoculated with btv-20 35 to 42 days after service, and one ewe was left as an uninoculated control. one of the inoculated ewes and the control ewe remained uninfected throughout the experiment. eight of the remaining 9 ewes showed clinical signs ranging from mild to moderate, and the other showed no clinical si ... | 1982 | 6293437 |
| laboratory evaluation of a living attenuated vaccine against bluetongue type 20 virus. | living attenuated bluetongue type 20 virus vaccine was tested in 9 to 12 month-old australian merino sheep, held in air conditioned, insect-free accommodation. the vaccine appeared avirulent and immunogenic and protected against infection with a second dose of homologous vaccine virus. no enhancement of virulence or significant change in immunogenicity was observed when the vaccine was passaged 3 times through sheep without antibody to bluetongue virus. | 1982 | 6293439 |
| evidence for bluetongue virus in canada: 1976-1979. | since the identification of approximately 1 400 bovine serological reactors to bluetongue virus in the okanagan valley of british columbia in 1976, there has been no evidence of virus establishment in canada. no clinical signs suggestive of bluetongue were observed. it was not possible to demonstrate viral activity at the time the seropositive animals were detected and subsequent serological testing supports the hypothesis that the virus has not become endemic or indeed survived in canadian catt ... | 1982 | 6293686 |
| electrophoretic comparison of the genomes of north american bluetongue viruses, one australian bluetongue virus, and three other related orbiviruses. | the genomes of u.s. bluetongue viruses, an australian bluetongue virus, and three other related orbiviruses were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the genomes were comprised of ten segments of double-stranded (ds) rna. estimates of the molecular weights of the dsrna segments revealed that the u.s. bluetongue serotypes were remarkably similar. although the dsrna profiles of the viruses exhibited common segments, each virus had a distinct dsrna profile. the usefulness of the genome a ... | 1982 | 6294962 |
| interaction of bluetongue virus with preimplantation embryos from mice and cattle. | preimplantation embryos from mice and cattle were exposed to bluetongue virus in vitro to determine whether the virus would replicate in these early embryos and, if so, what pathologic consequences would ensue. a high proportion of zona pellucida-free, 2-cell embryos and morulae from mice, and morulae from cattle became infected. the infection was rapidly cytopathic in embryos from both species. indirect immunofluorescence was used to demonstrate accumulation of virus antigen in the blastomeres ... | 1982 | 6295219 |
| passive protection of mice and sheep against bluetongue virus by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. | a murine hybridoma antibody, 6c2a.4.2, previously characterized as an immunoglobulin g class 2a that binds in radioimmunoassay to bluetongue virus serotype 17 (btv-17) but not the other 19 btv serotypes, neutralizes btv-17, inhibits hemagglutination with btv-17, and precipitates viral polypeptides 2 and 3 from btv-17-infected cells, was produced as an ascites in the peritoneal cavities of hybridoma-inoculated mice. this ascitic fluid, but not those containing other, non-neutralizing anti-btv-17 ... | 1983 | 6295956 |
| experimental bluetongue infections in gnotobiotic lambs and kids. | ten gnotobiotic lambs and 4 gnotobiotic kids inoculated with virulent bluetongue virus (btv) including btv international types 10, 11, 13, and 17 did not show clinical signs of bluetongue. seroconversion was observed in all gnotobiotes and conventional control sheep inoculated with the appropriate challenge btv. viremia was detected in 1 btv-infected gnotobiote. conventional control sheep inoculated with a given btv international serotype showed a marked febrile response with hyperemia of the na ... | 1983 | 6297338 |
| notes on culicoides (diptera, ceratopogonidae) from the sudan in relation to the epidemiology of bluetongue virus disease. | | 1982 | 6298913 |
| comparative studies on the growth of australian bluetongue virus serotypes in continuous cell lines and embryonated chicken eggs. | the replication of cell culture passaged australian bluetongue virus (btv) isolates, serotypes 20 (csiro19) and 1 (csiro156), and an untyped btv (csiro154) was assessed in eight continuous cell lines (one derived from baby hamster kidney cells, bhk-21; three derived from monkey kidney cells, vero, llc-mk2 and cv-1p; a foetal ovine lung and a mouse fibroblast cell line, csl503 and l929, respectively, a super-vero-porcine stable cell line, svp; and a mosquito cell line, aedes albopictus cells) and ... | 1982 | 6298990 |
| analysis of the genomes of bluetongue virus serotype 10 vaccines and a recent btv-10 isolate from washington. | the 10 double-stranded rna gene segments of 2 vaccinal strains of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 10 that are used in the united states (btv ca8 california and bt-8 colorado), and a btv-10 isolate recently obtained from infected sheep in washington (state) were characterized by oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses. it was determined that although the 2 btv-10 vaccinal strains are genotypically distinct, they are closely related both to each other and to the united states prototype btv-10 virus. ... | 1983 | 6299144 |
| bluetongue virus in a nigerian dairy cattle herd. 1. serological studies and correlation of virus activity to vector population. | newborn calves were bled at monthly intervals and examined for serum antibodies to blue tongue virus (btv). maternal immunity persisted for 3 months and it was possible to calculate decay rates for virus neutralizing antibody. calves were subclinically infected with btv within a few months of becoming susceptible and neutralization tests were used to deduce the serotype responsible. a profile of virus activity was built up over a 12 month period. frequent light trap catches were used to examine ... | 1983 | 6300228 |
| homologous terminal sequences of the genome double-stranded rnas of bluetongue virus. | the 3'-terminal sequences of the 10 double-stranded rna genome segments of bluetongue virus (serotypes 10 and 11) were determined. the double-stranded rnas were 3' labeled with [5'-32p]pcp and resolved into 10 segments by electrophoresis. after denaturation, the two complementary strands of segments 4 through 10 were resolved into fast- and slow-migrating species by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their 3' end sequences were determined. complete rnase t1 digestion of the individual 3'-la ... | 1983 | 6302309 |
| clinical and serological response of sheep to serial challenge with different bluetongue virus types. | a group of british sheep was infected with bluetongue virus 5 (btv5) and subsequently challenged with the same virus type. protection from this challenge and a homotypic btv neutralising antibody response were observed. a second group of sheep was infected serially with three different btv types. animals previously exposed to btv4 and btv3 were found to be resistant to challenge by btv6. animals infected with btv4 and challenged with btv3 were shown to produce a transient heterotypic neutralisin ... | 1983 | 6304836 |
| seroprevalence of bluetongue virus in indian buffalo (bubalus bubalis). | | 1983 | 6304984 |
| bluetongue--an analysis of current problems, with particular reference to importation of ruminants to the united states. | | 1983 | 6305899 |
| purification of the group-specific antigen of bluetongue virus by chromatofocusing. | a method for the purification of the precipitating antigen of bluetongue virus (btv) is described. the results obtained indicate that the precipitating antigen is identical with a core protein of btv having a molecular weight of 39,000 (p7). so far all bluetongue virus serotypes have been shown to possess this protein. it is evident therefore that a group-specific reaction could be based on the presence of antibodies against this core protein. the purification of this protein by chromatofocusing ... | 1983 | 6306033 |
| salt-dependent hemagglutination with ibaraki virus and its inhibition by specific antisera. | | 1983 | 6306320 |
| serological studies of australian and papua new guinean cattle and australian sheep for the presence of antibodies against bluetongue group viruses. | following isolation of a virus (csiro19) from insects in australia and its identification as bluetongue virus serotype 20 (btv20), a nationwide survey of antibodies in cattle and sheep sera was undertaken. initial studies using the serum neutralization (sn) test showed that the distribution of btv20 antibodies in cattle was confined to the northern part of australia. group-reactive antibody tests (agar gel diffusion precipitin, agdp, and complement-fixation, cf) showed group-reactive cattle sera ... | 1983 | 6306901 |
| genetic variation of bluetongue virus serotype 11 isolated from host (sheep) and vector (culicoides variipennis) at the same site. | genetic relatedness of 2 strains of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 11 that were isolated from the same geographic site--one from host (sheep) and the other from the vector culicoides variipennis during an enzootic of bluetongue at bruneau, idaho, in august 1973--was determined by comparing the oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses of the individual double-stranded rna segments of the genomes. it was observed that the 2 strains of btv-11 exhibit considerable differences in their genotypes, the pe ... | 1983 | 6307090 |
| the effect of temperature on the in vitro transcriptase reaction of bluetongue virus, epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus and african horsesickness virus. | virions of bluetongue virus (btv), epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) and african horsesickness virus (ahsv) can be converted to core particles by treatment with chymotrypsin and magnesium. the conversion is characterized by the removal of the 2 outer capsid polypeptides of the virion. the loss of these 2 proteins results in an increase in density from 1,36 g/ml to 1,40 g/ml on cscl gradients. the btv, ehdv and ahsv core particles have an associated double-stranded rna dependent rna tra ... | 1982 | 6308533 |
| the evolution of bluetongue virus serotype 17. | four serotypes of bluetongue virus (btv-10, 11, 13 and 17) have been identified in the united states. analyses of the genome rna segments and viral induced polypeptides of u.s. prototype btv-17 virus by comparison with the corresponding macromolecules of earlier isolates of btv-11 serotype support the hypothesis that btv-17 originated by genotypic and antigenic drift from a btv-11 serotype virus. | 1983 | 6309028 |
| a survey of electropherotype relationships of bluetongue virus isolates from the western united states. | the genome profiles of 200 field isolates of bluetongue virus were obtained by extracting the double-stranded rna genome from each isolate and separating the ten genome segments by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. these virus isolates, consisting of representatives of the four bluetongue virus serotypes existing in the u.s.a., were obtained during an epidemiological study commencing in 1979 in four western states of the united states. analysis of the migration patterns of the ten double-stran ... | 1983 | 6311948 |
| seroepizootiological survey on bluetongue virus infection in cattle in japan. | bovine sera collected in various parts of japan were subjected to seroepizootiological tests with bluetongue virus type 1 (btv1), type 12 (btv12), and type 20 (btv20). all these viruses have been widely disseminated among cattle in the southern part of japan in 1974. relatively high incidences of neutralizing (nt) antibody against the three viruses were shown among cattle in the kyushu district, including okinawa prefecture, or the southern part of japan, but extremely low or incidences in hokka ... | 1982 | 6312332 |
| embryo transfer from cattle infected with bluetongue virus. | embryos recovered nonsurgically from donor cattle during the peak of bluetongue viremia were surgically transferred to seronegative recipients 7 to 8 or 10 to 11 days after the onset of donor estrus. virus was isolated from the uterine flushing medium recovered from 11 of the 20 donors. bluetongue virus was not isolated from the blood of any of 39 recipients, nor did any recipient seroconvert to the virus following transfer. the number of recipients that became pregnant after transfer of embryos ... | 1983 | 6312854 |
| bluetongue virus serotype 20 infections in cattle of breeding age. | ten cattle (6 heifers and 4 bulls) were inoculated with bluetongue virus (btv) type 20. clinical signs, antibody responses, and capabilities of these animals to replicate and maintain virus were assessed. the cattle showed no clinical signs of disease, although they did develop antibodies to btv which showed long-term increasing titers. virus was intermittently isolated from samples of blood, but not beyond day 21. virus was not detected in the semen of the bulls, nor isolated from the tissues o ... | 1983 | 6312855 |
| bluetongue virus: comparative evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunodiffusion, and serum neutralization for detection of viral antibodies. | comparative studies on the detection of bovine serum immunoglobulin g antibodies to bluetongue virus with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, an immunodiffusion method, and a serum neutralization assay demonstrated complete concordance between the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the serum neutralization assay results. however, the immunodiffusion method failed to detect bluetongue virus antibody in a substantial number of sera found to possess bluetongue virus immunoglobulin g with the e ... | 1982 | 6313740 |
| molecular basis of bluetongue virus neutralization. | molecular and serological analyses of bluetongue virus serotypes 10 and 11 and their intertype reassortants indicate that the viral rna segment l2 codes for the serotype-specific antigen. individual rna segments of parental and reassortant viruses were characterized by oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses. analyses of their virion polypeptides by cleveland peptide mapping (cleveland et al., j. biol. chem. 252:1102-1106, 1977) demonstrated that the l2 gene segregated colinearly with the viral p2 ... | 1983 | 6313962 |
| bluetongue virus-induced hydranencephaly in cattle. | direct inoculation of bluetongue virus into 125-day bovine fetuses resulted in development of hydranencephaly. the earliest lesions after virus inoculation were a severe necrotizing encephalitis, which was most prominent in the cerebrum, and an associated nonsuppurative meningitis. at birth, the brains of infected fetuses had thin-walled cerebral hemispheres, dilated lateral ventricles, and cerebral cysts. no gross lesions were observed in the brain stem or cerebellum. two morphologically differ ... | 1983 | 6314630 |
| immunodiffusion test antigen from bluetongue virus-infected newborn mouse brains. | three methods of extracting bluetongue virus (btv)-infected newborn mouse brains to prepare immunodiffusion (id) test antigen were used. the most readily readable and reproducible results were obtained with fluorocarbon-extracted brains homogenized in 8.5% sucrose. mouse brain- and reference cell culture-derived antigens gave a line of identity with anti-btv serum. extracts of noninfected brains were nonreactive. id tests on field-collected bovine sera, comparing the two types of antigen, result ... | 1983 | 6314637 |
| prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3, bovine rotavirus, bovine viral diarrhea, bovine adenovirus-7, bovine leukemia virus and bluetongue virus antibodies in cattle in mexico. | | 1983 | 6316006 |
| serological survey of ruminant livestock in some countries of the caribbean region and south america for antibody to bluetongue virus. | a serological survey of 6250 sera from cattle, sheep and goats in seven caribbean and two south american countries showed that antibody to bluetongue virus was widely distributed in each species throughout the survey area. overall prevalences of antibody were 70 per cent in cattle, 67 per cent in sheep and 76 per cent in goats as assessed by an immunodiffusion test. within countries the percentage prevalences were jamaica 77, st kitts/nevis 70, antigua 76, st lucia 82, barbados 61, grenada 88, t ... | 1983 | 6316623 |
| [epidemiologic aspects of blue tongue]. | | 1983 | 6318384 |
| identification of bluetongue virus type 17 genome segments coding for polypeptides associated with virus neutralization and intergroup reactivity. | double-stranded (ds) rna was isolated from either partially purified bluetongue virus (btv) type 17 or btv-17 infected cells. the rna was denatured with either methylmercury hydroxide or dimethyl sulfoxide and translated in a reticulocyte cell-free system. the translation products were found to be similar to btv-17 specific polypeptides in infected cells when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation with btv-17 specific polyclonal mouse ascitic fluid. the 10 dsrna b ... | 1983 | 6318436 |
| isolation of bluetongue virus serotype 2 from cattle in florida: serotype of bluetongue virus hitherto unrecognized in the western hemisphere. | a serotype of bluetongue virus (btv) hitherto unrecognized in the western hemisphere was isolated from cattle in the united states. clinical disease was not seen in the cattle which were part of a sentinel herd system in florida designed for studying the epizootiology of btv. the isolation of serotype 2 was the first recovery of a different serotype of btv in the united states since 1967. at least 21 serotypes of btv have been reported worldwide; the 5 serotypes of btv now recognized in the unit ... | 1983 | 6318609 |
| seminal shedding of bluetongue virus in experimentally infected mature bulls. | sixteen bulls ranging in age from 2 to 11 years were experimentally inoculated with bluetongue virus to investigate the frequency and duration of seminal shedding of the virus. all bulls developed typical viremia, lasting 21 to 58 days, and they seroconverted 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation. virus isolation was attempted from a total of 232 ejaculates, 163 (70%) of which were collected during the period of viremia. bluetongue virus was not isolated from any of the ejaculates collected from 11 of ... | 1983 | 6318611 |
| rapid detection of bluetongue virus antigen in the sera and plasma of camels, sheep and cattle in the sudan, using the gel immunodiffusion test. brief report. | using the gel immunodiffusion (gid) test, rapid detection of bluetongue virus antigen could be done in sera and plasma of naturally or experimentally infected animals. discernible precipitation lines could be detected in less than 24 hours. the procedure is most suitable for bt diagnosis in endemic areas. | 1984 | 6320771 |
| in vivo antineoplastic activity of various biological response modifiers for tumors of the ovary and breast. | fourteen pharmacologic agents reported to have biological activities which are directly or indirectly antineoplastic, were assayed for their ability to inhibit the growth of a mouse neoplasia (m5076) and a rat mammary adenocarcinoma (13762) implanted beneath the renal capsule of the host. ascorbic acid, cimetidine hydrochloride. corynebacterium parvum, dimethylsulfoxide, naloxone hydrochloride, indomethacin, muramyl-dipeptide, protein a from staphylococcus aureus, theophylline, tilorone (analog ... | 1983 | 6321738 |
| [epidemiological status of catarrhal fever of sheep (blue tongue) in senegal]. | | 1983 | 6324302 |
| role of neutralising antibody in passive immunity to bluetongue infection. | a group of sheep inoculated with serum obtained from sheep which had recovered from bluetongue virus type 3 infection were protected from challenge with the homologous virus type but not from heterologous challenge. twin lambs which had received colostrum containing virus antibodies were shown to be only partially protected against homologous challenge. a monoclonal antibody directed against the type-determining protein of the virus was also shown to give partial protection against challenge. fr ... | 1984 | 6324311 |
| comparison of some storage and isolation methods to recover bluetongue virus from bovine blood. | bovine blood containing bluetongue virus was stored as whole blood with edta (4 degrees c), as washed cellular components (4 degrees c), and as washed cellular components with 10% dmso (-70 degrees c). periodic isolation attempts were made over a period of 330 days in four cell lines and embryonating chicken eggs (intravenous inoculation). bluetongue virus was successfully isolated in all systems from most samples throughout the test period. there appeared to be more variation amongst days of at ... | 1984 | 6324972 |
| age structure and survivorship of culicoides variipennis (diptera: ceratopogonidae) in central new york state, usa. | | 1984 | 6327985 |
| assignment of the genome segments of bluetongue virus type 1 to the proteins which they encode. | the purified genomic dsrna of bluetongue virus type 1 (btv 1) was separated into 10 size classes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. these genome segments were recovered individually from the gel, denatured with methylmercuric hydroxide and translated in vitro in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. the virus-specific proteins synthesised in vitro were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with proteins from purified virus particles and cores and with virus-specified proteins synthes ... | 1984 | 6328750 |
| the preparation of an inactivated antigen for bluetongue serology. | | 1984 | 6328801 |
| prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea, parainfluenza-3, goat respiratory syncytial, bovine leukemia, and bluetongue viral antibodies in sheep. | sera from healthy sheep were collected in january and march 1982 from flocks of sheep located in southwestern and southeastern louisiana. these sera were tested for bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus, and goat respiratory syncytial virus (grsv) antibodies by microtitration virus-neutralization test. the sera were tested also for bovine leukemia virus (blv) and bluetongue virus (btv) antibodies by immunodiffusion tests. the number of flo ... | 1984 | 6329044 |
| the isolation of a bluetongue virus from culicoides brevitarsis. | | 1984 | 6331360 |
| a preliminary serological survey of viral antibodies in peruvian sheep. | this study reports the sero-prevalence of viral infections in sheep in peru. serum samples were collected from 34 mature healthy rams located in 3 different geographic regions of the country (north, central and south). the sera were tested for antibodies to the following viruses: respiratory syncytial virus (rsv); parainfluenza 3 (pi-3) virus; bovine viral diarrhea/border disease (bvd/bd) virus; bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1); bluetongue (bt) virus; ovine progressive pneumoniae (opp) virus; bovine ... | 1984 | 6528458 |
| hematologic, serum chemistry and serologic values of dall's sheep (ovis dalli dalli) in alaska. | in june 1979, 73 dall's sheep were captured near tok, alaska to determine selected hematologic and serum metabolite parameters and to determine the presence of antibodies to selected pathogens. hematology and serum metabolite values were compared with values for domestic sheep and bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis). antibodies were detected against brucella sp. (4%), campylobacter feti (30%), contagious ecthyma virus (23%) and bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (1%). antibodies were not detected aga ... | 1983 | 6887435 |