| french multicenter study involving eight test sites for radiometric determination of activities of 10 antimicrobial agents against mycobacterium avium complex. | the radiometric bactec 460-tb methodology has filled an increased need in the screening of a wide range of antimicrobial agents against mycobacterium avium (mac) isolates on a patient-to-patient basis. in this context, a multicenter study involving eight test sites across france was performed to determine the mics of 10 antimicrobial agents for mac organisms. the aim of the investigation was to compare the in vitro activities of d-cycloserine, ethambutol, ethionamide, rifampin, amikacin, strepto ... | 1995 | 7793865 |
| in vitro and ex vivo activities of antimicrobial agents used in combination with clarithromycin, with or without amikacin, against mycobacterium avium. | mics of clarithromycin, amikacin, isoniazid, rifabutin, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, ethambutol, and clofazimine were determined for six isolates of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) from aids patients both by the radiometric method and by an ex vivo model of infection in human macrophages. the median mics in macrophages were similar or slightly lower than values found in broth, except for amikacin, which had slightly higher mics inside the cells. combinations of clarithromycin with other antimi ... | 1995 | 7793873 |
| therapy of mycobacterium avium complex infections in beige mice with streptomycin encapsulated in sterically stabilized liposomes. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) causes serious opportunistic infections in aids patients. previous studies with mac-infected beige mice have indicated that weekly administration of liposome-encapsulated streptomycin can reduce significantly the cfu in the liver and spleen. we examined whether streptomycin encapsulated in recently developed sterically stabilized liposomes with prolonged circulation times would have a therapeutic effect in this animal model. two liposome types with prolonged cir ... | 1995 | 7793880 |
| use of normal c57bl/6 mice with established mycobacterium avium infections as an alternative model for evaluation of antibiotic activity. | several murine models have been used to evaluate the activities of antimicrobial agents against mycobacterium avium infection. the main model used is the beige mouse model, but beige mice are expensive and not easily available. thus, we developed a model of infection in wild c57bl/6 mice. the drugs that exhibited some activity in a previous model of early infection were evaluated in a new model of established infection. sparfloxacin (50 mg/kg of body weight), ethambutol (50 mg/kg), minocycline ( ... | 1995 | 7793882 |
| bioluminescence method to evaluate antimicrobial agents against mycobacterium avium. | plasmid pluc10, carrying the firefly luciferase gene, was transformed by electroporation into mycobacterium avium a5. bioluminescence production by strain a5(pluc10), as measured in a microdilution plate luminometer, was approximately 1 relative light unit per 2 x 10(6) viable bacilli, whereas it was 0.0005 relative light unit for an equal number of parental cells. the susceptibility of strain a5(pluc10) to eight concentrations of each of eight antimicrobial agents was evaluated by the luciferas ... | 1995 | 7793886 |
| long-term resolution of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in a patient with aids. | | 1995 | 7795056 |
| fever of uncertain origin in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. | to assess the frequency and etiology of fever of uncertain origin (fuo) in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and to evaluate the yield of diagnostic procedures used in their evaluation, we reviewed the clinical charts of all patients admitted to an aids unit during a 15-month period. fuo was defined by the endurance of a fever (temperature, > 38.2 degrees c) for at least 4 weeks before admission and the uncertainty of diagnosis after 3 days, despite appropriate invest ... | 1995 | 7795088 |
| mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children: a prospective study of 105 nontuberculous cases with long-term follow-up. | cases of nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis were analyzed in a prospective study spanning 32 years, from 1958 to 1990. the results are based on personal observations and long-term follow-up. there were 105 cases, all of which occurred in children aged 9 1/2 months to 12 years (median age, 2.92 years). the patients were predominantly female, and the cases occurred more often in the winter and spring. the cervical or facial nodes were involved in 96 cases. an abrupt change in the predomina ... | 1995 | 7795100 |
| [efficacy of pcr-microwell plate hybridization method (amplicor mycobacterium) for detection of m. tuberculosis, m. avium and/or m. intracellulare in clinical specimens]. | recently, a new kit to detect and identify mycobacteria in clinical specimens was developed by japan roche co. limited. the new method is based on amplification of dna of mycobacteria in clinical specimens by pcr and hybridization of amplified dna by microwell plate hybridization method, which is the "amplicor mycobacteria, roche, (amp-m)". cooperative study was organized with 15 tuberculosis hospitals and institutions throughout japan, and 349 clinical specimens from newly admitted tuberculosis ... | 1994 | 7799570 |
| a case of rhombencephalitis with isolation of cytomegalovirus and mycobacterium avium complex in a woman with aids. | | 1994 | 7803001 |
| predicting mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a prospectively validated model. | in cases of advanced infection with human immunodeficiency virus, mycobacterial blood cultures are frequently used to diagnose disseminated infection with the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). however, no prospectively validated guidelines exist for the use of such cultures. in this study, a two-part model for predicting mac bacteremia was developed and then validated prospectively. first, a cd4+ cell count of < or = 50/microl was used to predict bacteremia. then, among patients with < or = 50 ... | 1994 | 7803630 |
| the clinical application of prediction models in medicine--predicting mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia. | | 1994 | 7803631 |
| paranasal sinus infection due to atypical mycobacteria in two patients with aids. | atypical mycobacteria, which are common opportunistic pathogens in patients with aids, have not been previously implicated in the pathogenesis of paranasal sinus infections; we describe two such patients. clinical and radiographic evidence of bilateral maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis was observed for one patient; his infection proved resistant to therapy with conventional antimicrobials and decongestants. endoscopic ethmoid sinus biopsy yielded a specimen containing acid-fast bacilli (afb) that ... | 1994 | 7803653 |
| immunomodulatory spectrum of lipids associated with mycobacterium avium serovar 8. | lipid fractions obtained from mycobacterium avium serovar 8 were assessed for the ability to affect various immune functions of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbm). lipids included a total lipid fraction and fractions eluted from silicic acid column separation of that total lipid fraction, using chloroform and chloroform-methanol combinations. lipid fractions were assayed for total carbohydrate and total 6-deoxyhexose content and were assessed for the ability to influence human macrop ... | 1995 | 7806348 |
| development of rapid techniques for identification of m. avium infections. | | 1994 | 7809469 |
| prevention and treatment of mycobacterium avium complex infection. | | 1994 | 7809470 |
| quantitative cultures and drug susceptibility testing of mycobacterium avium clinical isolates before and during the antimicrobial therapy. | | 1994 | 7809471 |
| contributions of animal and macrophage models to the understanding of host parasite interaction of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease. | | 1994 | 7809475 |
| immunomodulatory events in mycobacterium avium infections. | | 1994 | 7809476 |
| mycobacterium avium: pathogenicity in hiv1 infection. | | 1994 | 7809477 |
| molecular basis of colony morphology in mycobacterium avium. | | 1994 | 7809478 |
| cell envelope constituents and the multifaceted nature of mycobacterium avium pathogenicity and drug resistance. | | 1994 | 7809479 |
| low-dose dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infections in aids patients. | five human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection had progressive weight loss and persistent fever despite multidrug antimycobacterial therapy. these patients were given daily low-dose oral dexamethasone (typically 2 mg/day) as adjunctive therapy. all had substantial and sustained weight gain (12 to 50% of pre-steroid treatment body weight [p < 0.03]), reduction in fever, and an improved sense of well-being. the serum albumin level increa ... | 1994 | 7811052 |
| [utility of the direct culture examination (ziehl-neelsen) using the bactec system for the presumptive identification of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, mycobacterium avium complex, mycobacterium xenopi, and mycobacterium kansasii]. | the usefulness of the microscopic examination of bactec 12b and 13a growth medium as a method for the possible identification of m. tuberculosis complex, m. avium complex, m. xenopi, and m. kansasii was performed out to guide the selection of different genetic identification probes and, in the case of m. xenopi, the selection of the temperature of subcultures incubation. | 1994 | 7811323 |
| disseminated mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with aids. | disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is a common complication of advanced hiv disease that is associated with significant morbidity. after diagnosis of mac by recovery of organisms from blood or other normally sterile sites, specific treatment with multiple-drug regimens is appropriate and may reduce morbidity. multiple-drug regimens with agents active against mac should be employed to reduce the development of drug resistance. unfortunately, as most clinical trials of anti-m ... | 1994 | 7811542 |
| genetic dna probes for mycobacterium avium complex identification. | the acridinium ester labelled dna probe specific for m. avium complex (mac) was used for testing 30 strains of mac previously identified by conventional procedures. the hybridization was positive in 26 strains, negative in 3 strains and one strain seemed to be contaminated when subcultured. the specific dna probes allow to identify even the slow growing mycobacterial strains, in positive samples, within two hours while conventional methods usually take several weeks to show the result. a rapid c ... | 1994 | 7812237 |
| detection of serum antibodies in tuberculosis patients. | sera of 14 bacteriological confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis and 16 non-tuberculotic or healthy controls were sampled in ignace deen university hospital in conakry, quinea. samples were examined for igg and igm antibodies by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using sonicated m. bovis bcg and m. avium antigens and were tested for antibodies to hiv-1/hiv-2 as well. median of igg antibody titres to m. bovis bcg antigen was 1:445 and differed significantly from that of the control gro ... | 1994 | 7812252 |
| multifocal m. intracellulare osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent child. | we report the successful treatment of disseminated mycobacterium intracellulare osteomyelitis, without evidence of other visceral involvement, in a previously healthy, hiv-negative, 2-year-old female using a 23-month regimen of antimicrobial agents that included 18 months of oral therapy with azithromycin, rifabutin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx), and ethambutol. | 1994 | 7813141 |
| mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in women. | | 1995 | 7813301 |
| optimum recovery of mycobacterium avium complex from blood specimens of human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients by using small volumes of isolator concentrate inoculated into bactec 12b bottles. | recovery of mycobacterium avium complex organisms from 412 lysis-centrifugation (isolator) concentrates of blood specimens obtained from human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals was attempted with the following media (and isolator concentrate inoculum volumes): bactec 12b broth (0.2 and 1.0 ml), lowenstein-jensen slants (0.1 ml), and middlebrook 7h10/11 agar (0.1 ml). a total of 42 m. avium complex isolates were recovered. the highest rates of recovery and shortest detection times were ... | 1994 | 7814502 |
| [delayed detection of cystic fibrosis in a patient with mycobacterium avium complex infection]. | we report a case of pulmonary infection by mycobacterium avium complex revealing in a 21 years old patient a cystic fibrosis heterozygous for the delta f 508 deletion. the role of this bacteria in the lung infection is suggested by repeated isolation. this infection caused bronchitis, hypoxemia and pulmonary nodules at ct scan. the clinical and radiological signs improved after treatment with four antibiotics whereas only clarithromycin showed in vitro activity. an obstructive disease due to all ... | 1994 | 7816997 |
| etest for susceptibility testing of mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. | methods currently used for susceptibility testing of mycobacterium, including agar dilution and the bactec radiometric method, are based on the proportion technique using a single critical concentration of antibiotic. preliminary studies were conducted with mycobacterium species by using the etest method, a gradient minimum inhibitory concentration technique, well described for susceptibility testing of other fastidious and slow-growing organisms. excellent correlation was demonstrated between e ... | 1994 | 7821000 |
| response to stimulation with recombinant cytokines and synthesis of cytokines by murine intestinal macrophages infected with the mycobacterium avium complex. | current evidence suggests that the gut is the chief portal of entry for organisms of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in aids patients. bacterial invasion of intestinal mucosa presumably occurs through epithelial cells, and m cells in the peyer's patches, where the bacteria have contact with immunocompetent cells such as macrophages and t and b lymphocytes. as mucosal macrophages are probably the first line of defense against mac, we examined their ability to inhibit intracellular growth of ... | 1995 | 7822018 |
| mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection. | | 1995 | 7822387 |
| rifabutin prophylaxis against mycobacterium avium complex infection. | | 1995 | 7823751 |
| in-vitro activity of quinolones and macrolides against mycobacteria. | the activities of eight quinolones (ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, a-80556, sparfloxacin, temafloxacin and tosufloxacin) and three macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin) against 98 clinical isolates of mycobacterium tuberculosis and 120 isolates of five different atypical mycobacterial species including 20 mycobacterium kansasii, 25 mycobacterium scrofulaceum, 25 mycobacterium avium/intracellulare, 25 mycobacterium chelonae and 25 mycobacterium fortuit ... | 1994 | 7829409 |
| bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of paromomycin against mycobacterium avium complex isolates. | the mics and mbcs of paromomycin for 32 mycobacterium avium complex (mac) strains isolated from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were determined by a radiometric broth dilution method. the mics for the majority of strains were either 8 or 16 mg/l and the mbcs were four- to eight-fold higher. paromomycin merits further evaluation as oral prophylaxis against disseminated mac infection. | 1994 | 7829417 |
| disseminated mycobacterium avium infection among hiv-infected patients in kenya. | previous studies from africa have been unable to identify disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. we performed mycobacterial blood cultures and cd4 counts on 48 symptomatic adults with advanced hiv infection admitted to the hospital in nairobi, kenya over 4 weeks in 1992. fourteen patients had mycobacteremia; these patients had significantly lower cd4 counts than the patients with negative cultures (14/mm3 v ... | 1995 | 7834402 |
| [new drugs against tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections: a review]. | the number of cases with tuberculosis is again increasing in many countries, and recently several nosocomial outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis have occurred in the united states. the number of patients with disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections in aids population, and patients with mac pulmonary disease unassociated with hiv seem to be also increasing. it takes at least 6 to 9 months for an initial treatment of active tuberculosis due to drug-sensitive strains wit ... | 1994 | 7837725 |
| [therapeutic efficacy of macrolide in pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteriosis]. | clarithromycin (cam) is semi-synthetic macrolide antimicrobial agent, differing from erythromycin by an o-methyl substitution at position 6 of the 14-membered lactate ring. cam is one of the very few antimicrobial agents that show activity against that mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in vivo, in vitro, and in aids patients with disseminated infections. the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of cam against mac in patients with chronic pulmonary mac infection. ... | 1994 | 7837727 |
| potential drug targets for mycobacterium avium defined by radiometric drug-inhibitor combination techniques. | previously established radiometric techniques were used to assess the effectiveness of combined antimicrobial drug-inhibitory drug (drug-inhibitor) treatment on two clinical isolates of the mycobacterium avium complex representing three colony variants: smooth opaque (dome) (smo), smooth transparent (smt), and rough (rg). all variants were identified as members of the m. avium complex; however, only the smt colony type of strain 373 possessed characteristic serovar-specific glycopeptidolipid (gp ... | 1994 | 7840559 |
| nontuberculous mycobacterial mastoiditis. | although nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) infections are recognized as an important cause of cervicofacial lymphadenopathy in children, ntm mastoiditis is rare. further, ntm mastoiditis may be difficult to distinguish clinically from tuberculous mastoiditis since both may present with chronic, painless otorrhea and exuberant middle ear granulation tissue. the treatment of tuberculous mastoiditis is antituberculosis chemotherapy; however, most ntm infections are resistant to antituberculous age ... | 1995 | 7840932 |
| quantitation of mycobacteria in blood specimens from patients with aids. | to determine the effect of a delay in processing blood specimens, that may occur by mailing them to a specialized laboratory, on the quantitation of the number of mycobacteria. | 1994 | 7841433 |
| [rapid identification of mycobacteria by combined method of polymerase chain reaction and the gen-probe dna hybridization system]. | we developed the rapid detection and identification method of mycobacteria, involving amplification of mycobacterial 16s rrna gene by nested pcr and identification of m. tuberculosis complex or m. avium-intracellulare complex (mac) by hybridization protection assay (hpa) using the acridinium-ester (ae) labeled dna probe. the specificity of the nested pcr combined with dna probe test was excellent in terms of detection of mycobacterial organisms and identification of m. tuberculosis or mac. the d ... | 1994 | 7844933 |
| [identification of mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare using dna probe test, and their ratio in niigata area]. | using gen-probe test, both the mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare strains were identified in the 76 disease-associated mycobacterium-avium complex (mac) strains isolated in the niigata area. the following results were obtained: 1) fifty-four mac strains (71.1%) reacted with m. avium-probe and 22 strains (28.9%) reacted with m. intracellulare-probe. 2) there were no significant differences between the ratio of two strains before and after 1991. 3) the ratio of female cases with ... | 1994 | 7844935 |
| fine needle aspiration cytology of mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor. a case report. | we report a case of mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor (msp) in a lymph node from an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (fna). the fna cytology was characterized by spindle cell proliferation without the typical foamy histiocytes usually seen in mycobacterial infections and mimicked a mesenchymal neoplasm, particularly kaposi's sarcoma. this case illustrates the importance of including msp in the differential diagnosis of lymph node fnas from immun ... | 1995 | 7847000 |
| clinical and epidemiologic features of infection with mycobacterium genavense. swiss hiv cohort study. | to characterize clinical and epidemiologic features of infections with mycobacterium genavense. | 1995 | 7848023 |
| rifabutin: a review with emphasis on its role in the prevention of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection. | to discuss the mechanism of action, in vitro and in vivo activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage guidelines of rifabutin. | 1994 | 7849340 |
| new macrolide antibiotics: usefulness in infections caused by mycobacteria other than mycobacterium tuberculosis. | to compare the pharmacology, in vitro activity, and clinical use of the new macrolide antibiotics, azithromycin and clarithromycin, in the treatment of infections caused by mycobacteria other than mycobacterium tuberculosis. | 1994 | 7849341 |
| serovars of mycobacterium avium complex isolated from patients in denmark. | danish isolates of mycobacterium avium complex were serotyped by the use of seroagglutination. the most prevalent serovars among patients with aids (n = 89) were 4 and 6, while among non-aids patients the most prevalent serovars were 1, 6, and 4, with no major differences between those in patients with pulmonary disease (n = 65) and those in patients with lymph node infection (n = 58). the results suggest a scandinavian distribution of serovars with a predominance of serovar 6 and fail to demons ... | 1994 | 7852596 |
| effect of medium ph on the activity of dirithromycin and erythromycylamine in bactec broth against mycobacterium avium complex. | | 1994 | 7868412 |
| toxicity of clarithromycin in the treatment of mycobacterium avium complex infection in a patient with aids. | | 1994 | 7868416 |
| effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against mycobacterium avium complex in the beige mouse model. | the results of five chemotherapeutic experiments in beige mice infected with organisms of the mycobacterium avium complex are presented. after monotherapy with various antimicrobial agents for 4 weeks, only clarithromycin, amikacin, and ethambutol displayed definite bactericidal effects; sparfloxacin and clofazimine showed modest bacteriostatic effects; and rifampin and rifabutin were totally inactive against the isolate tested. after treatment for 4 weeks, the large quantities of clofazimine th ... | 1994 | 7872741 |
| potential role of cytokines in disseminated mycobacterial infections. | organisms belonging to the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) are common pathogens in immunosuppressed and aids patients. this paper reviews the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of mac infection. mac organisms mainly infect monocytes and macrophages, and the effect of hiv infection on susceptibility of macrophages to mac infection is largely unknown. both gm-csf and tumour necrosis factor-alpha can induce mycobacteriostatic/mycobactericidal activity in mac-infected macrophages. the activity ... | 1994 | 7875149 |
| reduced serum levels of clarithromycin in patients treated with multidrug regimens including rifampin or rifabutin for mycobacterium avium-m. intracellulare infection. | the newer macrolides and rifamycins (rifabutin) are major advances for treatment or prophylaxis of disease due to mycobacterium avium complex. although rifampin and rifabutin are known to induce the hepatic cytochrome p-450 system, their impact on the metabolism of clarithromycin is unknown. clarithromycin and its major metabolite, 14-oh clarithromycin, were measured in the sera of patients receiving 500 mg twice a day before and after the addition of antituberculous drugs, including 600 mg/day ... | 1995 | 7876634 |
| mycobacterium avium-intracellulare cervical lymphadenitis in siblings: a case report and review. | we report two cases of cervical mycobacterium avium-intracellulare lymphadenitis in siblings which developed within one month of each other. there was no underlying immunodeficiency but the children lived in close proximity to a pigeon loft. | 1995 | 7876746 |
| nontuberculous mycobacteria: an underappreciated cause of geriatric lung disease. | | 1995 | 7881697 |
| use of gen-probe accuprobes to identify mycobacterium avium complex, mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, mycobacterium kansasii, and mycobacterium gordonae directly from bactec tb broth cultures. | to evaluate the utility of gen-probe accuprobes for the identification of mycobacteria directly from bactec tb 12b vials containing acid-fast bacilli, culture results for 11,375 clinical specimens other than blood received from 1 january 1992 to 30 september 1993 were reviewed retrospectively. during this period, a total of 359 of 11,375 bactec vials were positive for acid-fast bacilli and were evaluated for mycobacteria with one or more probes: 224 were probed for mycobacterium tuberculosis com ... | 1994 | 7883888 |
| mycobacterium genavense infection presenting as a solitary brain mass in a patient with aids: case report and review. | patients with aids are prone to developing infections with opportunistic pathogens. recently, a new mycobacterium, mycobacterium genavense, has been found to cause infection in patients with aids. previously published reports indicate that patients who are infected with this organism present with the same clinical features as do patients with disseminated infection due to organisms of the mycobacterium avium complex. we describe an unusual case of a patient with aids who presented with grand mal ... | 1994 | 7888551 |
| evaluation of a pcr based method for identification of mycobacterial isolates. | in recent years an increasing number of mycobacterial species have been described as causing disease in humans. identification of isolates to the species level is essential for evaluation of the significance of an isolate. conventional methods for identification based on selective inhibitors of growth and biochemical reactions are slow. we have evaluated a novel method, pcr restriction enzyme pattern analysis (pra), for identification of mycobacterial isolates. fifty three cultures including a m ... | 1995 | 7890527 |
| [treatment and prevention of mycobacterium avium complex infection in aids]. | since mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infects most, if not all, hiv-positive patients, effective regimens for its treatment and prophylaxis are a necessity. we review here the available literature in an attempt to establish clear-cut criteria for the administration of antibiotics and immunotherapy and for the prophylactic treatment of mac infections. several antibiotics, chiefly in combination regimens, are active against mac. recent data indicate rifabutin as a first-line antibiotic for the t ... | 1994 | 7893576 |
| successful treatment of meningoencephalitis caused by mycobacterium avium intracellulare in aids. | a wide variety of pathologies afflicting the cns is see in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. we report the case of relapsing meningoencephalitis caused by mycobacterium avium intracellulare (mai) in a homosexual male with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in whom repeated use of polymerase chain reaction was required to detect mai-specific dna in the cerebrospinal fluid. successful responses to early empirical antibiotic combination treatment, including the drugs clar ... | 1994 | 7894210 |
| genetics of tuberculosis. | molecular methods for identifying organisms, strain typing, and determining drug susceptibilities are extremely valuable for pathogens that are impossible to grow on artificial media, slow growing on artificial media, or exceptionally hazardous to grow in a clinical microbiology laboratory. dna hybridization probes and rflp analysis are currently being used to facilitate the diagnosis and evaluation of mycobacterial disease. pcr is rapidly progressing to the point at which it will become routine ... | 1993 | 7901461 |
| epidemiology and infectious complications of human immunodeficiency virus antibody positive patients. | from july 1, 1991 to march 31, 1992, 156 patients (pts) with positive antibody titers to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were seen in our clinic. a retrospective review of the epidemiology and infectious complications of these patients is presented. there were 129 males and 27 females (4.8:1, ratio). only 10/156 (12.8%) were non-whites (13 blacks and 7 hispanics). the majority, 126 (80.7%), were 25 to 44 years old. the most common risk factor was homosexuality or bisexuality 100 (64.1%), ... | 1993 | 7901972 |
| clinical manifestations of aids in the era of pneumocystis prophylaxis. multicenter aids cohort study. | among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), early and widespread use of prophylactic regimens against pneumocystis carinii is changing the pattern of illnesses related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). | 1993 | 7902536 |
| rifabutin prophylaxis against mycobacterium avium complex infection. | | 1994 | 7904328 |
| rifabutin prophylaxis against mycobacterium avium complex infection. | | 1994 | 7904329 |
| mycobacterium avium complex in the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract and the risk of m. avium complex bacteremia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is frequently isolated from the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract of patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. whether they are at increased risk of mac bacteremia and whether culture of respiratory tract or stool specimens is useful for predicting bacteremia are unclear. hiv-infected patients with < or = 50 cd4+ cells/microl were prospectively studied. the risk of mac bacteremia was approximately 60% within 1 year for patients wit ... | 1994 | 7906290 |
| re: antimycobacterial activity of 'virkon'. | | 1993 | 7907629 |
| rifabutin prophylaxis against mycobacterium avium complex disease. | | 1994 | 7907837 |
| treatment of refractory disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection with interferon gamma. a preliminary report. | studies conducted in vitro and in animals suggest that cytokine signals to monocytes or macrophages by interferon gamma are important in the containment and clearance of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. | 1994 | 7908719 |
| potable water and mycobacterium avium complex in hiv patients: is prevention possible? | | 1994 | 7910225 |
| persistent colonisation of potable water as a source of mycobacterium avium infection in aids. | the source of mycobacterium avium infection in aids has not been identified and it is not known whether most patients with aids acquire the organism from recent infection or by reactivation of previous infection. as part of a prospective epidemiological study, we isolated multiple colonies of m avium from patients with aids and from potable water to which they had been exposed. all isolates were analysed with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge). as judged by pfge, 29 (81%) of 36 patients wer ... | 1994 | 7910236 |
| management of mycobacterium avium complex in patients with hiv infection. proceedings of a satellite symposium to the ix international conference on aids. berlin, germany, 8 june 1993. | | 1994 | 7911338 |
| false-positive mycobacterium avium-intracellulare cultures with the bactec 460 tb system. | isolation of mycobacterium avium-intracellulare from a number of specimens cultured with the bactec 460 tb system was suspected to be due to carry-over contamination. the analysis of culture records and of the typing results confirmed this hypothesis. the problem seems to have been eliminated after replacement of the needle heater and increase of the needle temperature. we recommend that a number of precautions should be taken to reduce the risk of reporting false positive mycobacterial cultures ... | 1994 | 7911486 |
| colonisation of potable water with mycobacterium avium complex in homes of hiv-infected patients. | | 1994 | 7911943 |
| prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in persons with hiv infection. | morbidity and mortality associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is most often related to associated opportunistic infections. | 1994 | 7913002 |
| [the stakes in preventing opportunistic mai infections in aids. from an interview with dr. patrick philibert]. | development of hiv infection is littered with many pathological episodes of which the physical and psychological repercussions on the patient are full of consequences. in this context, full co-operation between the hospital services and general practitioners is fundamental, from the moment of the announcement of seropositivity, to place under anti-retroviral treatment and to follow the pathological events. opportunistic infections that threaten the life of the patient are severe because of the f ... | 1994 | 7913323 |
| environmental risk factors for acquisition of mycobacterium avium complex in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | a case-control study was done to determine risk factors for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) with < 50 cd4+ cells/mm3. in univariate analysis, cases (n = 83) had lower cd4+ cell counts than controls (n = 177) (median, 10 vs. 17/mm3; p < .001) and were more likely to have consumed hard cheese (odds ratio [or], 5.44; 95% confidence interval [ci], 1.61-18.4) but were less likely to have taken daily showers (or, 0.55; 95% ci, 0.33- ... | 1994 | 7913481 |
| the impact of mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia and its treatment on survival of aids patients--a prospective study. | it is currently recommended that patients with aids and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia receive antimycobacterial treatment. however, no study has prospectively evaluated the impact of this infection and its treatment on survival. this study prospectively followed a cohort of 367 aids patients with < or = 50 cd4+ cells/microl and found that mac bacteremia was independently associated with an increased risk of death (relative hazard [rh] = 1.8, 95% confidence interval [ci] = 1.3-2.4, ... | 1994 | 7915749 |
| a comparative study of transfusion-acquired human immunodeficiency virus-infected children with and without disseminated mycobacterium avium complex. | for identification of the features of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (dmac) in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected children, a retrospective medical record review of 31 long-term survivors with transfusion-acquired hiv was conducted. nine patients developed dmac defined as positive isolation of m. avium complex from peripheral blood. dmac was diagnosed in patients 51 to 132 months of age (mean, 101). the time from hiv-infecting transfusion to dmac diagnosis ranged from 37 to 13 ... | 1994 | 7915834 |
| [sinusitis in hiv infection]. | | 1994 | 7917486 |
| in vitro and in vivo synergistic effect of isoniazid with streptomycin and clofazimine against mycobacterium avium complex (mac). | isoniazid (inh), the powerful antituberculosis drug, has also been used in regimens for treating disease caused by mycobacterium avium complex (mac), an important opportunistic pathogen encountered in aids patients. its use for treatment of mac disease has also been endorsed by the american thoracic society. however some controversy has emerged recently in medical literature, discounting its role and even implying that its use is contraindicated in chemotherapy of mac disease. | 1994 | 7919314 |
| clinical application of microplate dna-dna hybridization procedure for rapid diagnosis of mycobacterial infections. | as an alternative to biochemical analysis, microplate dna-dna hybridization was applied for rapid diagnosis of mycobacterial infection. | 1994 | 7919315 |
| clarification: controversies in the management of mycobacterium avium complex infection in aids. | | 1994 | 7919579 |
| envelope glycoprotein (gp120) from hiv-1 enhances mycobacterium avium growth in human bronchoalveolar macrophages; an effect mediated by enhanced prostaglandin synthesis. | human bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) macrophages were obtained from normal human volunteers and infected with an aids-associated strain of mycobacterium avium. infected cells were exposed to purified envelope glycoprotein (gp120) from hiv-1 or to the recombinant non-glycosylated gp120 fragments pbi-rf and pbi-iiib. native gp120 increased myco. avium growth in human cells from six separate donors, whereas the non-glycosylated fragments of gp120 had no such effect. moreover, gp120 induced a substant ... | 1994 | 7923870 |
| recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) activate human alveolar macrophages to inhibit growth of mycobacterium avium complex. | we investigated the effects of certain macrophage-active cytokines on the phagocytosis and growth inhibition of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) by human alveolar macrophages (am). we also evaluated the effects of pretreatment with each cytokine on the superoxide anion release (o2-) from am. the cytokines that we used were recombinant gm-csf, natural type tnf-alpha, recombinant interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), and recombinant il-2. we found that phagocytosis by the various cytokine-stimulated am w ... | 1994 | 7923877 |
| use of acridinium-ester-labeled dna probes for identification of mycobacteria in bactec 13a blood cultures. | accuprobe tests for mycobacteria (gen-probe) cannot be performed directly on bactec 13a cultures because of interfering substances. this problem can be circumvented by subculturing to bactec 12b media. artifactual chemiluminescence greater than the positive cutoff was seen in 15 of 19 13a cultures containing mycobacterium avium complex compared with 0 of 19 in 12b subcultures. of the subcultures, 89% were tested after overnight incubation. | 1994 | 7924203 |
| in vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of mycobacterium avium and m. intracellulare to folate antagonists. | an agar dilution method against trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was used to test clinical isolates of mycobacterium intracellulare (mi) and m. avium (ma) from both hiv-infected and non-infected patients. mi and ma isolates demonstrated similar susceptibility data and were inhibited by concentrations of sulfamethoxazole achievable in serum. | 1994 | 7924214 |
| revisited indications for bone marrow examinations in hiv-infected patients. | we reviewed the indications for and the results of bone marrow examination (bme) from hiv-infected patients as an attempt to improve its diagnostic yield. one-hundred-and-eight bone marrow specimens from 90 patients during a 3-year period were examined. a cytological, histological and microbiological study was carried out on the specimens. forty-three evaluable examinations (40% of total) performed for cytopenia showed normo- or hypercellularity in 33 (77%). fifty bone marrow specimens were cult ... | 1994 | 7925860 |
| [avian mycobacteria]. | the avian mycobacteria have been identified first in relation to their virulence for hens. but this property was not definitely to correlate with serovars. furthermore, this heterogenicity was to confirm on molecular level. therefore it was necessary to introduce a m.avium complex beside true m.avium. m.avium has special relevance to aids patients. this fact shows that the reasons for infections by these facultatively pathogenic mycobacteria are more complicated as accepted. | 1994 | 7927475 |
| polyclonal infections due to mycobacterium avium complex in patients with aids detected by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of sequential clinical isolates. | invasive infection with organisms of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is common among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. in previous studies, we analyzed multiple individual colonies of mac isolated from specimens obtained at the same time and observed that 14 to 20% of patients are simultaneously infected with more than one strain. in this study, we examined sequential isolates from 12 patients with aids who had two or more mac isolates available from clinical s ... | 1994 | 7929773 |
| efficacy of selected disinfectants against mycobacteria and cryptosporidia. | we have tested the in-vitro efficacy of various disinfectants against clinical isolates of mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, and against the protozoon cryptosporidium parvum. the disinfectants were tested both with and without an organic load. 'sactimed sinald' (a quaternary ammonium compound), 'steris 20' (a peracetic acid compound) and 'pentapon dc1' (a beta-ene compound) were all equally as effective as 'cidex' (glutaraldehyde) against all the mycobacteria tested ... | 1994 | 7930537 |
| antibodies to 68, 52, and 48 kd proteins of mycobacterium avium in serum samples from patients with mycobacterium avium infection. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is responsible for the highest incidence of disseminated bacterial infection in patients with aids. disease caused by this organism was originally thought to be rare in nonimmunocompromised individuals, but it is now being encountered more frequently. relatively little is known about the components that play a role in the immunopathology of infection caused by mac. to identify the immunoreactive antigens of this organism that are important targets of the humoral ... | 1994 | 7930878 |
| treatment of experimental toxoplasma gondii infection by clarithromycin-based combination therapy with minocycline or pyrimethamine. | the efficacy of clarithromycin combined with either pyrimethamine or minocycline for treatment of experimental toxoplasma gondii infection was investigated. mice were infected intraperitoneally with 2 x 10(3) to 2 x 10(4) t. gondii strain rh or ts4 tachyzoites. mortality was recorded for 35 days postinfection. latency was evaluated by inoculation of brain homogenates from surviving mice into naive untreated mice. the combination of clarithromycin and pyrimethamine therapy caused a significantly ... | 1994 | 7932081 |
| identification of mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare isolated in puerto rico from clinical samples by the use of a non-radioactive dna probe. | the mycobacterium avium complex (mac), especially m. avium, is an important opportunistic pathogen of aids patients in the united states. in puerto rico, the incidence of infections caused by mac has not been determined. this is due, in part, to the difficulties associated to the microbiological identification of the microorganisms. in this work, a commercially available kit (accuprobe, gen-probe, inc., san diego, ca) utilizing a dna probe complementary to rrna of m. avium and m. intracellulare ... | 1994 | 7938399 |
| severe opportunistic infections in aids patients with late-stage disease. | clinicians caring for patients who have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) need to be aware of the wide variety of infectious diseases that can occur. although pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common aids-defining infection, other opportunistic infections associated with advanced immunodeficiency can develop after an initial diagnosis. | 1994 | 7942097 |
| prophylaxis of mycobacterium avium complex infection. | | 1994 | 7942110 |
| dual skin testing with mycobacterium avium sensitin and purified protein derivative: an open study of patients with m. avium complex infection or tuberculosis. | the sensitivity and specificity of dual mycobacterial skin testing were assessed in an unblinded study of 22 patients with culture-confirmed mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection and 20 patients with culture-confirmed mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. intradermal skin tests were performed with 0.1 ml of m. avium sensitin, 0.1 ml of ppd (purified protein derivative), and two control antigens (mumps and candida). all patients with m. tuberculosis infection reacted to the skin tests; the ... | 1994 | 7948519 |
| prophylactic effect of co-trimoxazole for mycobacterium avium complex infection: a previously unreported benefit. | | 1994 | 7948540 |