| dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by curcumin suppresses coxsackievirus b3 replication. | curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a natural polyphenolic compound extracted from the spice turmeric, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties by modulating multiple cellular machineries. it inhibits several intracellular signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), casein kinase ii (ckii), and the cop9 signalosome (csn), in various cell types. it has also been recently demonstrated that exposure to curcumin leads to th ... | 2007 | 17229707 |
| molecular characterization of enteroviruses isolated from patients with aseptic meningitis in korea, 2005. | enteroviruses are the most common causative agents of aseptic meningitis. in 2005, an outbreak of aseptic meningitis occurred in seoul, korea, which appeared to be caused by certain enterovirus strains. this study analyzed the clinical isolates from 24 different aseptic meningitis patients at our center from january to september 2005. serotyping using type-specific antisera, rt-pcr, and direct sequencing of the 5' noncoding and vp1 regions were carried out. the serotyping study identified 15 cox ... | 2007 | 17238012 |
| exacerbated pathology of viral encephalitis in mice with central nervous system-specific autoantibodies. | we examine here the outcome of viral encephalomyelitis [mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) a59, theiler's encephalomyelitis virus, and coxsackievirus b3] in mice with autoantibodies to a central nervous system (cns)-specific antigen, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, that usually develop no clinical disease. morbidity and mortality of the acute viral cns disease was augmented by the presence of the autoantibodies in all three viral infections. transfer of serum containing the autoantibodies at the t ... | 2007 | 17255324 |
| complex genetic control of host susceptibility to coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis. | the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis is a multifactorial process involving host genetics, viral genetics and the environment in which they interact. we have used a model of infection with coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) to characterize the contribution of host genetics to viral myocarditis in mice of different genetic backgrounds but with a common h2 haplotype: a/j and b10.a-h2(a). here we have used evans blue dye as a quantitative biomarker for susceptibility to cvb3-induced myocarditis in addition t ... | 2007 | 17287827 |
| sequential trace element changes in serum and blood during a common viral infection in mice. | when trace elements are used as diagnostic tools during disease, it is important to know whether the balance is changed in free or bound elements. although acute infections are associated with changed trace element balance in serum/plasma, it is not known whether changes occur concomitantly in serum and blood. in the present study the human coxsackievirus b3 (cb3), here adapted to balb/c mice, was used to study whether infection alters the normal physiological trace element balance in blood and ... | 2007 | 17317523 |
| molecular determinants of the interaction between coxsackievirus protein 3a and guanine nucleotide exchange factor gbf1. | the 3a protein of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), a small membrane protein that forms homodimers, inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi complex transport. recently, we described the underlying mechanism by showing that the cvb3 3a protein binds to and inhibits the function of gbf1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for adp-ribosylation factor 1 (arf1), thereby interfering with arf1-mediated cop-i recruitment. this study was undertaken to gain more insight into the molecular determinants underlyin ... | 2007 | 17329336 |
| molecular mapping of autoimmune b cell responses in experimental myocarditis. | autoimmune responses directed against heart-specific antigens most likely play a key role in the pathogenesis of myocarditis. although autoantibodies against cardiac determinants are frequently detected both in human patients and mice suffering from myocarditis, the immunological mechanisms for their induction have not yet been fully explored. we used here the serex approach (serological identification of recombinantly expressed proteins) to molecularly dissect heart-specific autoimmune b cell r ... | 2007 | 17336498 |
| a phylogenetically conserved rna structure in the poliovirus open reading frame inhibits the antiviral endoribonuclease rnase l. | rnase l is an antiviral endoribonuclease that cleaves viral mrnas after single-stranded ua and uu dinucleotides. poliovirus (pv) mrna is surprisingly resistant to cleavage by rnase l due to an rna structure in the 3c(pro) open reading frame (orf). the rna structure associated with the inhibition of rnase l is phylogenetically conserved in group c enteroviruses, including pv type 1 (pv1), pv2, pv3, coxsackie a virus 11 (cav11), cav13, cav17, cav20, cav21, and cav24. the rna structure is not prese ... | 2007 | 17344297 |
| specific interaction of hela cell proteins with coxsackievirus b3 3'utr: la autoantigen binds the 3' and 5'utr independently of the poly(a) tail. | coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) is a positive, single-stranded rna virus. the secondary structure of the 3' untranslated region (3'utr) of cvb3 rna consists of three stem-loops and is followed by a poly(a) tail sequence. these stem-loop structures have been suggested to participate in the regulation of viral replication through interaction with cellular proteins that are yet to be identified. in this study, by competitive uv cross-linking using mutated 3'utr probes we have demonstrated that the poly(a) ... | 2007 | 17346312 |
| change in the cells that express connective tissue growth factor in acute coxsackievirus-induced myocardial fibrosis in mouse. | cardiac fibrosis and inflammation are major pathologic conditions that result from viral myocarditis. connective tissue growth factor (ctgf) stimulates fibroblast proliferation and induces production of extracellular matrix molecules. we studied the correlation between ctgf and cardiac fibrosis in an acute coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) myocarditis animal model. eight-week-old balb/c mice were infected intraperitoneally with 10(4) plaque forming units (pfu) of cvb3. myocardial inflammation peaked on d ... | 2007 | 17350707 |
| inhibitor of nf kappa b alpha is a host sensor of coxsackievirus infection. | apoptosis is a host response to viral infection: programmed cell death can limit viral replication. therefore, the knowledge of pathways by which cells detect viral infection and activate apoptosis may be of considerable interest when developing strategies against viral pathogens. we have shown that cells activate apoptosis in response to coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) infection. in an effort to discover how cells detect viral infections, we found that the viral protease 3c(pro) cleaves ikappabalpha. ... | 2007 | 17351338 |
| pdtc inhibits picornavirus polyprotein processing and rna replication by transporting zinc ions into cells. | previously, it was shown that pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (pdtc) inhibits proteolytic polyprotein processing and replication of human rhinovirus by transporting metal ions into cells. here, it is shown that pdtc also inhibits replication of two other picornaviruses: coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), a closely related virus that belongs to the genus enterovirus, and mengovirus, an encephalomyocarditis virus strain that belongs to the genus cardiovirus, and that this inhibition is due to the dithiocarbama ... | 2007 | 17374764 |
| coxsackievirus b3 and adenovirus infections of cardiac cells are efficiently inhibited by vector-mediated rna interference targeting their common receptor. | as coxsackievirus b3 (coxb3) and adenoviruses may cause acute myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy, isolation of the common coxsackievirus-adenovirus-receptor (car) has provided an interesting new target for molecular antiviral therapy. whereas many viruses show high mutation rates enabling them to develop escape mutants, mutations of their cellular virus receptors are far less likely. we report on antiviral efficacies of car gene silencing by short hairpin (sh)rnas in the cardiac-derived ... | 2007 | 17377597 |
| serologic prevalence of coxsackievirus group b in greece. | coxsackieviruses are human enteroviruses, which have been associated with myocarditis/pericarditis and sudden death. in one investigation (spanakis n, manolis en, tsakris a, tsiodras s, panagiotopoulos t, saroglou g, and legakis nj: j clin pathol 2005;58:357-360), a cluster of cases of fatal myocarditis in greece was linked to coxsackievirus b3. the information from this investigation prompted us to study serologically the prevalence of coxsackieviruses b throughout greece. sera were obtained fr ... | 2007 | 17425417 |
| roles of programmed death-1 (pd-1)/pd-1 ligands pathway in the development of murine acute myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus b3. | this study was designed to investigate the roles of programmed death-1 (pd-1) and pd-1 ligands (pd-l) in the development of murine acute myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus b3. pd-1/pd-l belong to the cd28/b7 superfamily, and the pd-1/pd-l pathway is known to transduce a negative immunoregulatory signal that antagonizes the t-cell receptor-cd28 signal and inhibits t-cell activation. | 2007 | 17434153 |
| antiviral and myocyte protective effects of murine interferon-beta and -{alpha}2 in coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis and epicarditis in balb/c mice. | the present study tested the hypothesis that murine (m)ifn-beta or mifn-alpha(2) can eliminate cardiac viral load and protect cardiomyocytes from injury in animals infected with coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3). cvb3-inoculated male balb/c mice exhibited signs of illness, including lethargy, progressive weight loss, and death (10% on day 3 and 100% on day 8). cardiac viral load was high [4,277 +/- 1,009 plaque-forming units and 25 +/- 5 copies cvb3/hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 mrna] ... | 2007 | 17434974 |
| coxsackievirus b3 proteins directionally complement each other to downregulate surface major histocompatibility complex class i. | picornaviruses carry a small number of proteins with diverse functions that subvert and exploit the host cell. we have previously shown that three coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) proteins (2b, 2bc, and 3a) target the golgi complex and inhibit protein transit. here we investigate these effects in more detail and evaluate the distribution of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules, which are critical mediators of the cd8(+) t-cell response. we report that concomitant with viral protein s ... | 2007 | 17442717 |
| viral load in blood is correlated with disease severity of neonatal coxsackievirus b3 infection: early diagnosis and predicting disease severity is possible in severe neonatal enterovirus infection. | we conducted a study during an outbreak of coxsackievirus b3 infection in 2005 and found that viral rna could be detected in patients' blood specimens soon after the onset of fever, and the level of viral rna was positively correlated with disease severity. timely diagnosis is possible in severe neonatal enterovirus infection. | 2007 | 17443457 |
| effect of astragaloside on cardiomyocyte apoptosis in murine coxsackievirus b3 myocarditis. | astragaloside is the major component of astragalus membranaceus, one of the chinese medical herbs, and has several pharmacological actions on cardiovascular system, including positive inotropic, anti-arrhythmia and anti-oxidant activities. we have investigated the effect of astragaloside on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and expression of apoptosis-associated genes in mice with coxsackievirus b(3) (cvb(3))-induced myocarditis, the former of which has been detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferas ... | 2007 | 17454311 |
| transplacental infection of coxsackievirus b3 pathological findings in the fetus. | coxsackievirus intrauterine infection has been documented mostly on the basis of indirect evidence of transplacental transmission, with neonatal manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infection to meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, and generalized sepsis. this is the first report of prenatal findings and fetoplacental pathology in a third trimester fetus with coxsackie b3 transplacental infection confirmed by molecular techniques. prenatal ultrasound detected severe reduction of fetal movements ... | 2007 | 17457913 |
| virus induces metal-binding proteins and changed trace element balance in the brain during the course of a common human infection (coxsackievirus b3) in mice. | autopsy of the brain has shown a change in trace element balance in some virus-infected individuals, but it is not known whether this event was a result of the infection. in the present study coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) adapted to balb/c mice was used to study whether infection induces gene expression of the metal-binding/transporting proteins metallothionein (mt1 and mt3) and divalent-metal transporter 1 (dmt1) and whether it changes the balance of trace elements in the brain. virus and mt1, mt3, ... | 2007 | 17467775 |
| neutralizing anti-4-1bbl treatment improves cardiac function in viral myocarditis. | coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) is the most common causative agent of infectious myocarditis. chronic inflammation, loss of contractile tissue, and maladaptive remodeling all contribute to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. the 4-1bb receptor is a costimulatory molecule expressed by t cells and cardiomyocytes. we infected mice with cvb3 to examine if virus infection triggers 4-1bb activation and whether inhibition of this pathway will reduce inflammation and improve heart function. echocardiogra ... | 2007 | 17468777 |
| development of potent inhibitors of the coxsackievirus 3c protease. | coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) 3c protease (3cp) plays essential roles in the viral replication cycle, and therefore, provides an attractive therapeutic target for treatment of human diseases caused by cvb3 infection. cvb3 3cp and human rhinovirus (hrv) 3cp have a high degree of amino acid sequence similarity. comparative modeling of these two 3cps revealed one prominent distinction; an asn residue delineating the s2' pocket in hrv 3cp is replaced by a tyr residue in cvb3 3cp. ag7088, a potent inhibit ... | 2007 | 17485072 |
| cutting edge: cross-regulation by tlr4 and t cell ig mucin-3 determines sex differences in inflammatory heart disease. | recent clinical studies have reinforced the importance of sex-related differences in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, with an increased incidence and mortality in men. similar to humans, male balb/c mice infected with coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) develop more severe inflammation in the heart even though viral replication is no greater than in females. we show that tlr4 and ifn-gamma levels are significantly elevated and regulatory t cell (treg) populations significantly reduced in the he ... | 2007 | 17513715 |
| influence of pan-caspase inhibitors on coxsackievirus b3-infected cd19+ b lymphocytes. | coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), together with other enteroviruses of the picornavirus family, is associated with a wide variety of acute and chronic forms of human diseases. using the murine model of cvb3-caused myocarditis, this pathogen can be detected not only in solid organs but also in different types of immune cells, preferentially in b lymphocytes. therefore, these cells could represent a non-cardiac virus reservoir and may play an important role with regard to viral dissemination in the infect ... | 2007 | 17520192 |
| coxsackievirus b3 affects endothelial tight junctions: possible relationship to zo-1 and f-actin, as well as p38 mapk activity. | tight junction (tj) plays a pivotal role in preventing the invasion of pathogens from the blood to extracellular environment. however, the mechanisms by which group b coxsackievirus 3 (cvb(3)) can get through tj from the apical surface still remain obscure. in the present study, the human umbilical vein endothelial cell (huvec) was utilized to investigate the alterations in f-actin and zo-1 status, permeability as well as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activity in response to cvb(3) ... | 2007 | 17544707 |
| improved crystallization of the coxsackievirus b3 rna-dependent rna polymerase. | the picornaviridae virus family contains a large number of human pathogens such as poliovirus, hepatitis a virus and rhinoviruses. amongst the viruses belonging to the genus enterovirus, several serotypes of coxsackievirus coexist for which neither vaccine nor therapy is available. coxsackievirus b3 is involved in the development of acute myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy and is thought to be an important cause of sudden death in young adults. here, the first crystal of a coxsackievirus rna ... | 2007 | 17554171 |
| coxsackievirus b3 modulates cell death by downregulating activating transcription factor 3 in hela cells. | activating transcription factor 3 (atf3) is an early-induced gene involved in diverse cellular functions in response to various stresses including viral infection. here we observed marked reduction of atf3 by coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) infection and investigated the regulation and functional role of atf3 in hela cells for the understanding of biological significance of atf3 downregulation. cvb3 infection markedly reduced atf3 expression at mrna and protein levels in parallel with p53 degradation, ... | 2007 | 17599613 |
| the viral genetic background determines the outcome of coxsackievirus b3 infection in outbred nmri mice. | the reasons for the different outcome of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3)-induced heart disease in humans are not well understood. since there are no experimental data on the course of disease after infection with genetically different cvb3 in a natural variable population until now, we studied the outcome of virus infection in outbred nmri mice after inoculation of genetically different cvb3 variants. adult male mice were inoculated with seven closely related cvb3 variants. the histopathological change ... | 2007 | 17607777 |
| quantitative gamma-hcnch: determination of the glycosidic torsion angle chi in rna oligonucleotides from the analysis of ch dipolar cross-correlated relaxation by solution nmr spectroscopy. | a novel nmr pulse sequence is introduced to determine the glycosidic torsion angle chi in (13)c,(15)n-labeled oligonucleotides. the quantitative gamma-hcnch measures the dipolar cross-correlated relaxation rates gamma(dd,dd)(c8h8,c1'h1') (pyrimidines) and gamma(dd,dd)(c6h6,c1'h1') (purines). cross-correlated relaxation rates of a (13)c,(15)n-labeled rna 14mer containing a cuucgg tetraloop were determined and yielded chi-angles that agreed remarkably well with data derived from the x-ray structur ... | 2007 | 17641824 |
| poly(a)-binding protein is differentially required for translation mediated by viral internal ribosome entry sites. | the 3' poly(a) tail present on the majority of mature eukaryotic mrnas is an important regulator of protein synthesis and mrna stability. the poly(a) tail improves the efficiency of translation initiation through recruitment of pabp, enabling its interaction with eif4f located at the mrna 5'-end. recent evidence has also implicated a possible role for pabp and the poly(a) tract in translation control at steps beyond the initiation phase. similar to conventional mrnas, plus-strand rna virus genom ... | 2007 | 17652408 |
| [short interfering rna-mediated inhibition of coxsakievirus b3 infection in vitro]. | to evaluate feasibility of inhibiting coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) infection at cellular, protein and gene levels by using small interfering rna (sirna). | 2007 | 17653320 |
| the human fatty acid synthase: a new therapeutic target for coxsackievirus b3-induced diseases? | coxsackievirus is linked to a large variety of severe human and animal diseases such as myocarditis. the interplay between host factors and virus components is crucial for the fate of the infected cells. however, host proteins which may play a role in coxsackievirus-induced diseases are ill-defined. two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of protein extracts obtained from coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3)-infected and uninfected hela or hepg2 cells combined with spot analysis revealed several proteins which ... | 2007 | 17662476 |
| role of gnra motif mutations within stem-loop v of internal ribosome entry segment in coxsackievirus b3 molecular attenuation. | the lengthy 5' nontranslated region of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) forms a highly ordered secondary structure containing an internal ribosome entry segment (ires), which plays an important role in controlling viral translation and pathogenesis. the stem-loop v (sl-v) of this ires contains a large lateral bulge loop which encompasses two conserved gnra motifs. in this study, we analyzed the effects of point mutations within the gnra motifs of the cvb3 ires. we characterized in vitro virus production ... | 2008 | 17693702 |
| interaction of decay-accelerating factor with coxsackievirus b3. | many entero-, parecho-, and rhinoviruses use immunoglobulin (ig)-like receptors that bind into the viral canyon and are required to initiate viral uncoating during infection. however, some of these viruses use an alternative or additional receptor that binds outside the canyon. both the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (car), an ig-like molecule that binds into the viral canyon, and decay-accelerating factor (daf) have been identified as cellular receptors for coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3). a cryoe ... | 2007 | 17804498 |
| the substitution u475 --> c with sabin3-like mutation within the ires attenuate coxsackievirus b3 cardiovirulence. | the sabin3 mutation in the viral rna plays an important role in directing attenuation phenotype of sabin vaccine strain of poliovirus type 1 (pv1). we previously described that sabin3-like mutation introduced in coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) genome led to a defective mutant. however, this mutation do not led to destruction of secondary structure motif c within the stem-loop v of cvb3 rna because of the presence of one nucleotide difference (c --> u) in the region encompassing the sabin3 mutation at n ... | 2007 | 17827538 |
| connective tissue growth factor: a crucial cytokine-mediating cardiac fibrosis in ongoing enterovirus myocarditis. | dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm) as a consequence of viral myocarditis is a worldwide cause of morbidity and death. the deposition of matrix proteins, such as collagen, in the course of ongoing viral myocarditis results in cardiac remodeling and finally in cardiac fibrosis, the hallmark of dcm. to identify mediators of virus-induced cardiac fibrosis, microarray analysis was conducted in a murine model of chronic coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) myocarditis. by this attempt, we identified connective tissue g ... | 2008 | 17846733 |
| coxsackievirus b3 activates nuclear factor kappa b transcription factor via a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase b-dependent pathway to improve host cell viability. | coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) is the most common viral infectant of heart muscle. cvb3 directly injures cardiomyocytes. we have previously reported on a regulatory role for the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (pi3k)/protein kinase b (akt) pathway during cvb3 infection. yet, the mechanism underlying this regulatory role has not been elucidated. the pi3k/akt pathway is involved in various cellular processes and exerts its function through the activation of several downstream effectors. among them, nuclea ... | 2007 | 17848167 |
| 1a and 3d gene sequences of coxsackievirus b3 strain cc: variation and phylogenetic analysis. | coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) was thought to be the most common causative agent of life-threatening viral myocarditis. coxsackievirus b3 strain cc (cvb3-cc) was isolated in china; however, no sequence data are available. the 1a and 3d regions of cvb3-cc were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was done with reference to ten other cvb3 strains and all 36 prototype strains of human enterovirus b (hev-b). sequence analysis showed that the 1a gene region of cvb3-cc consisted of 207 nucleotides, encoding ... | 2008 | 17852360 |
| tissue uptake of mercury is changed during the course of a common viral infection in mice. | mercury (hg) has been shown to have immunotoxic effects and to influence the severity of infection. however, the impact of infection on the normal hg homeostasis in different target organs involved in the disease process has not been studied. in this study, hg was measured through inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (icp-ms) in the intestine, serum, liver, and brain on days 3, 6, and 9 of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) infection in female balb/c mice. the severity of the infection was assesse ... | 2008 | 17888900 |
| [study on inhibition of coxsackievirus b3 infection in hela cell by short interfering rna targeting 2b protein]. | to study the inhibitory effect and function characteristics of small interfering rna (sirna) on cosxackievirus b3(cvb3) infection by rna interference technique, sirna-2b against the viral 2b region was synthesized and transfected into hela cell, which was then infected with cvb3. the efficiency of sirna transfection was examined by fcm, the cell toxicity of sirna-2b by mtt, and the antiviral ability of sirna-2b by cytopathic effect (cpe), plaque reduction assay and rt-pcr. the results showed tha ... | 2007 | 17894229 |
| coxsackievirus b3 infection affects metal-binding/transporting proteins and trace elements in the pancreas in mice. | the trigger of juvenile diabetes has been suggested to be an interaction between a virus and trace elements, where enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), have been discussed as potential initiators. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects in the pancreas on gene expressions of metallothionein 1 (mt1), divalent metal transporter 1 (dmt1), and zinc transporter 5 (znt-5) and concomitant changes in iron (fe), copper (cu), and zinc (zn) in serum and pancreas of balb/c mice on ... | 2007 | 17895834 |
| recombinant coxsackievirus vectors for prevention and therapy of virus-induced heart disease. | cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of human death and have been linked to many different risk factors. among them, coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), as a member of the enterovirus group, is one of the most important infectious agents of virus-induced myocarditis. despite the fact that the molecular structure of this pathogen has been characterized very precisely, there is no virus-specific preventive or therapeutic procedure against cvb3-induced heart disease in clinical use today. a promising ... | 2008 | 17897883 |
| using ifn-gamma as a biomarker for detecting exposure to viral pathogens. | to determine whether interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) can be used as a biomarker of exposure to viral pathogens, 12-week-old balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) or coxsackievirus b4 (cvb4) diluted in sterilized phosphate-buffered saline (pbs). control mice were injected with pbs only. four months after viral infection, mouse spleen cells were harvested and assayed for the release of ifn-gamma by memory t cells after in vitro stimulation with viral antigens, phyt ... | 2008 | 17926092 |
| endogenous low-level expression of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor enables coxsackievirus b3 infection of rd cells. | cells in which the appropriate viral receptor cannot be detected may paradoxically act as a host to the virus. for example, rd cells are often considered to be non-permissive for infection with coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (car)-dependent group b coxsackieviruses (cvb), insofar as inoculated cell monolayers show little or no cytopathic effect (cpe) and immunohistological assays for car have been consistently negative. supernatants recovered from rd cells exposed to cvb, however, contai ... | 2007 | 17947527 |
| evaluation of the presence of selected viral and bacterial nucleic acids in pericardial samples from dogs with or without idiopathic pericardial effusion. | many viruses have been identified in pericardial fluid and in tissue samples from humans with pericarditis by means of molecular diagnostics. in canine idiopathic pericardial effusion there is as yet no conclusive evidence to support the involvement of an infectious agent. this study was designed to investigate a possible relationship between idiopathic pericardial effusion in dogs and viruses most commonly encountered in humans affected with viral pericarditis. coxsackievirus b3 rna, influenza ... | 2009 | 17959400 |
| coxsackievirus b3 infection and pbde exposure causes organ-specific effects on cyp-gene expression in the mouse. | common viral infections have been shown to change the tissue distribution of xenobiotics, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes). in previous studies, it has been shown that cyp2b gene expression is induced after pbde exposure whereas coxsackievirus b3 (cbv3) infection suppresses the expression of cyp-gene expression in the liver. in the present study, cvb3 adapted to balb/c mice was used to study the combined effects of infection and exposure to pure bde-99 or the commercial mixture b ... | 2007 | 17964053 |
| viral infection and pbde exposure interact on cyp gene expression and enzyme activities in the mouse liver. | in the present study coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) adapted to balb/c mice was used to examine whether infection affects xenobiotic-metabolising cyp1a1 and cyp2b gene expression (measured by rt-pcr) and the corresponding enzyme activities of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (erod) and pentoxyresorufin-o-depentylase (prod), as observed on day 3 of infection. to study the simultaneous effects of xenobiotic exposure, mice were administered the polybrominated diphenyl ether (pbde) compounds bde-99 (single con ... | 2007 | 17964055 |
| [inhibitory effect of chinese herbal medicine xin-kang oral liquid on replication of cvb3 rna in coxsackievirus b3 infected mice]. | to investigate the cvb3 rna concentration in myocardial tissues and inhibitory effect of chinese herbal medicine xin-kang oral liquid on viral rna replication in coxsackievirus b3 infected myocardium. | 2007 | 17971932 |
| junctional gating: the achilles' heel of epithelial cells in pathogen infection. | mucosal epithelial cells are a major barrier restricting pathogen entry and, paradoxically, an important entry port for respiratory and enteric viruses. elegant studies in this issue of cell host & microbe describe how coxsackievirus b3 (related to human poliovirus) infects polarized epithelial cells by engaging two transmembrane proteins of the tight junctions, occludin and car. a distinctive endocytic mechanism opens the junctions and gates infectious virus entry. | 2007 | 18005729 |
| molecular analysis of the role of ires stem-loop v in replicative capacities and translation efficiencies of coxsackievirus b3 mutants. | coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) is a principal viral cause of acute myocarditis in humans and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy. the natural genetic determinants of cardiovirulence for cvb3 have not been identified, although using strains engineered in the laboratory, it has been demonstrated elsewhere that, for several wild-type cb3 strains, the primary molecular determinant of cardiovirulence phenotype localizes to the 5' nontranslated region (5'ntr) and capsid. stable ... | 2009 | 18027104 |
| amiloride derivatives inhibit coxsackievirus b3 rna replication. | amiloride derivatives are known blockers of the cellular na(+)/h(+) exchanger and the epithelial na(+) channel. more recent studies demonstrate that they also inhibit ion channels formed by a number of viral proteins. we previously reported that 5-(n-ethyl-n-isopropyl)amiloride (eipa) modestly inhibits intracellular replication and, to a larger extent, release of human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2) (e. v. gazina, d. n. harrison, m. jefferies, h. tan, d. williams, d. a. anderson and s. petrou, antiviral re ... | 2008 | 18032495 |
| calpain 1 and 2 are required for rna replication of echovirus 1. | calpains are calcium-dependent cysteine proteases that degrade cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic proteins. we have studied the role of calpains in the life cycle of human echovirus 1 (ev1). the calpain inhibitors, including calpeptin, calpain inhibitor 1, and calpain inhibitor 2 as well as calpain 1 and calpain 2 short interfering rnas, completely blocked ev1 infection in the host cells. the effect of the inhibitors was not specific for ev1, because they also inhibited infection by other picornavirus ... | 2008 | 18032503 |
| molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis. | myocarditis is a cardiac disease associated with inflammation and injury of the myocardium. several viruses have been associated with myocarditis in humans. however, coxsackievirus b3 is still considered the dominant etiological agent. the observed pathology in viral myocarditis is a result of cooperation or teamwork between viral processes and host immune responses at various stages of disease. both innate and adaptive immune responses are crucial determinants of the severity of myocardial dama ... | 2008 | 18039131 |
| qihong prevents death in coxsackievirus b3 induced murine myocarditis through inhibition of virus attachment and penetration. | viral myocarditis affects about 5% to 20% of the population. so far, there are not many effective antiviral treatments available. qihong, the combination of the extracts from astragali (huangqi), rhadiola rosea (hongjingtian), and sophora flavescens (kushen), was developed based on laboratory research. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of qihong on coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3)-induced myocarditis. the antiviral activity of qihong in vitro was evaluated on hela and ver ... | 2007 | 18040068 |
| amelioration of coxsackievirus b3-mediated myocarditis by inhibition of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1. | coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) is a major cause of acute myocarditis, a serious condition that is refractory to treatment. myocardial damage results in tissue remodeling that, if too extensive, may contribute to disease. remodeling is achieved by extracellular proteolysis mediated by the matrix metalloproteinases (mmps), and mmp activity is counterbalanced by tissue inhibitors of mmps (timps). we show herein that timp-1 expression is induced in the myocardium by cvb3 infection. surprisingly, timp-1 kn ... | 2007 | 18055551 |
| replication of coxsackievirus b3 in primary cell cultures generates novel viral genome deletions. | coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) generates 5'-terminally deleted genomes (tds) during replication in murine hearts. we show here that cvb3 populations with tds can also be generated within two to three passages of cvb3 in primary, but not immortalized, cell cultures. deletions of less than 49 nucleotides increase in size during passage, while 5' tds of 49 nucleotides appear to be the maximum deletion size. the cellular environment of contact-inhibited primary cell cultures or the myocardium in vivo is s ... | 2008 | 18057248 |
| [rapamycin affects eif- 4e expression in rat myocardial fibroblasts infected by coxsackievirus b3]. | this study examined the effect of rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor), on eukaryotic initiation factor (eif- 4e) expression in rat myocardial fibroblasts infected by coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) in order to identify the drug target for treatment of viral myocarditis. | 2007 | 18082048 |
| poly(rc)-binding protein 2 interacts with the oligo(rc) tract of coxsackievirus b3. | the human poly(rc)-binding protein (pcbp) 2 is known to interact with enteroviral rna. here, the interaction of pcbp2 with rna target sequences at the 5' end of the coxsackievirus b3 genome was investigated. using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay and the yeast three-hybrid system, a short oligo(rc) tract connecting cloverleaf and ires is demonstrated to contribute to pcbp2 binding. this oligo(rc) tract is conserved among entero- and rhinoviruses. in absence of the viral 3c proteinase, an ... | 2008 | 18086560 |
| rapid routine detection of enterovirus rna in cerebrospinal fluid by a one-step real-time rt-pcr assay. | background and objectives: this study provides a one-step transcription/real-time (taqman probe) pcr assay (tm-pcr) with new consensus primer and probe sequences for generic detection of human pathogenic enteroviruses including difficult to detect ones like for instance echovirus 30. the amplicon included parts of domain iv and v of the highly conserved internal ribosomal entry site. generic detection was confirmed by testing a panel of 41 prototypes representing all five human enterovirus/polio ... | 2008 | 18164234 |
| recombinant lentivirus-delivered short hairpin rnas targeted to conserved coxsackievirus sequences protect against viral myocarditis and improve survival rate in an animal model. | coxsackieviruses are important human pathogens that induce myocarditis and pancreatitis. however, there are no vaccines or therapeutic reagents for their clinical treatment. although rna interference (rnai)-based approaches to the prevention of viral production have been developed recently, limitations to the in vivo delivery systems and variations in the viral target sequences still hamper the strategy. in this study, to overcome these limitations, we have constructed recombinant lentivirus-del ... | 2008 | 18172750 |
| the adjuvant effect in infection and autoimmunity. | infections are widely believed to serve as a trigger for initiating autoimmune disease in humans. an infectious agent may activate lymphocytes in an antigen-specific manner and can also provide the nonantigen-specific second signal necessary to induce a pathogenic adaptive immune response. collectively, the secondary signaling necessary for induction of an autoimmune disease has been referred to as the adjuvant effect. examples of an adjuvant effect have been described in the induction of experi ... | 2008 | 18175074 |
| genetic complexity of autoimmune myocarditis. | autoimmune myocarditis, a chronic stage of myocardial inflammation, occurs in a small subset of patients after acute cardiotropic viral infection and can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm). this disease can be recapitulated in susceptible mouse strains by infection with coxsackievirus b3, or by immunization with cardiac myosin or cardiac troponin i. the etiologies of myocarditis are multifactorial and genetically complex. genetic linkage between susceptibility to myocarditis/dcm and the major ... | 2008 | 18190873 |
| protective effects of carvedilol in murine model with the coxsackievirus b3-induced viral myocarditis. | carvedilol, a nonselective beta-blocker with additional alpha1-adrenergic blocking and antioxidant properties, has been shown to be cardioprotective in experimental myocarditis. however, the antioxidative effects of carvedilol have not been investigated in the setting of acute viral myocarditis. therefore, this study investigated whether carvedilol protects against viral myocarditis primarily by its antioxidant and/or antiinflammatory properties. in a coxsackievirus b3 murine myocarditis model ( ... | 2008 | 18209574 |
| mutation variants generated from nonvirulent coxsackievirus b3 acquire virulence phenotypes by active virus replication. | to understand coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) virulence at the molecular level. | 2008 | 18268408 |
| enumeration and functional evaluation of virus-specific cd4+ and cd8+ t cells in lymphoid and peripheral sites of coxsackievirus b3 infection. | previous studies have suggested that coxsackievirus b (cvb) activates cd8(+) t cells in vivo, but the extent of this activation and the antigen specificity of the cd8(+) t cells remain uncertain. furthermore, cvb-induced cd4(+) t-cell responses have not been carefully investigated. herein, we evaluate cd8(+) and cd4(+) t-cell responses both in a secondary lymphoid organ (spleen) and in peripheral tissues (heart and pancreas), using a recombinant cvb3 (rcvb3.6) that encodes well-characterized cd8 ... | 2008 | 18305030 |
| imatinib mesylate attenuates fibrosis in coxsackievirus b3-induced chronic myocarditis. | coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3)-induced chronic myocarditis in mice is accompanied by severe fibrosis and by sustained elevation of platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf)-a, -b, and -c levels in the cardiac tissue. to test if pdgf stimulation of resident fibroblasts causally contributes to fibrosis, we employed inhibition of pdgf receptor signalling with the orally available kinase inhibitor imatinib. | 2008 | 18326555 |
| ablation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 increases severity of viral myocarditis in mice. | coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) causes human myocarditis, which can result in cardiac damage, maladaptive remodeling, and heart failure. matrix metalloproteinases (mmp)-8 and -9 have been identified in virus-infected myocardium, but their particular roles and underlying mechanisms of effect are unknown. for the first time, we examine the severity of cvb3-induced myocarditis in mmp-8-and mmp-9-deficient mice. | 2008 | 18332263 |
| the thiazolobenzimidazole tbze-029 inhibits enterovirus replication by targeting a short region immediately downstream from motif c in the nonstructural protein 2c. | tbze-029 {1-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-1h,3h-thiazolo[3,4-a]benzimidazole} is a novel selective inhibitor of the replication of several enteroviruses. we show that tbze-029 exerts its antiviral activity through inhibition of viral rna replication, without affecting polyprotein processing. to identify the viral target of tbze-029, drug-resistant coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) was selected. genotyping of resistant clones led to the identification of three amino acid mutations in nonstructura ... | 2008 | 18337578 |
| characterization of the protective capability of a recombinant coxsackievirus b3 variant expressing interferon-gamma. | several different procedures have been developed to deliver essential genes to an organism by viral vectors. some reports have already been published demonstrating the potential to use enteroviruses as transfer vehicles. one application of these viral vectors is the organ-specific expression of immunoregulatory cytokines. it has been shown previously that local expression of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) by the recombinant coxsackievirus cvb3/ifn-gamma conferred protection against virus-caused di ... | 2008 | 18355121 |
| host immune responses to coxsackievirus b3. | group b coxsackieviruses are members of the picornavirus family of small nonenveloped rna viruses and have been associated with diseases of multiple organs including the heart, acinar and islet pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, central nervous system, and testes. damage to tissues occurs not only from the direct virus replication and infection of cells, but also from the host response to infection. however, without host immunity and response, the viruses are not appropriately cleared and chronic ... | 2008 | 18357771 |
| persistent coxsackievirus infection: enterovirus persistence in chronic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. | enteroviral infection of the heart has been noted in a significant proportion of cases of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. the presence of enterovirus rna at stages of disease after acute infection and correlation of enterovirus replication with worse clinical outcome suggests continued replication of the virus is involved in the progression of the disease. this finding is mirrored by the murine model of coxsackievirus b3 myocarditis, in which virus persists through the evolution of the v ... | 2008 | 18357775 |
| autoimmunity in coxsackievirus infection. | abstract viral infections frequently result in the production of autoantibodies. in most cases, these autoantibodies are low-affinity igms that exhibit extensive cross-reactions. sometimes these virus-triggered immune responses progress to a pathogenic autoimmunity to form autoimmune disease. to delineate the mechanisms determining induction of autoimmune disease, we have investigated in detail a model of autoimmune myocarditis induced in genetically susceptible mice by infection with a cardiotr ... | 2008 | 18357776 |
| interleukin-13 protects against experimental autoimmune myocarditis by regulating macrophage differentiation. | we report here that interleukin (il)-13 protects balb/c mice from myocarditis, whether induced by peptide immunization or by viral infection. in contrast to mild disease in il-4 knockout (ko) balb/c mice, il-13 ko balb/c mice developed severe coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3)-induced autoimmune myocarditis and myocarditogenic peptide-induced experimental autoimmune myocarditis. such severe disease was characterized by increased cardiac inflammation, increased total intracardiac cd45(+) leukocytes, elevat ... | 2008 | 18403598 |
| copper deficiency increases the virulence of amyocarditic and myocarditic strains of coxsackievirus b3 in mice. | deficiency in several trace elements, including copper and selenium, is associated with increased levels of oxidative stress. copper deficiency also has been shown to impair immune function. previous work by others demonstrated that passage of an amyocarditic or myocarditic strain of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) through selenium- or vitamin e-deficient mice led to increased cardiac pathology. to determine whether a copper deficiency would similarly alter the pathogenesis of cvb3 infections, swiss ou ... | 2008 | 18424590 |
| focal adhesion kinase mediates the interferon-gamma-inducible gtpase-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt survival pathway and further initiates a positive feedback loop of nf-kappab activation. | interferon-gamma-inducible gtpase (igtp) expression is upregulated in coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3)-infected murine heart and inhibits cvb3-induced apoptosis through activation of the pi3 kinase/akt pathway. however, the mechanism of this pathway activation is unknown. in this study, using doxcycycline-inducible tet-on hela cells that overexpress igtp, we have demonstrated that focal adhesion kinase (fak) is phosphorylated in response to igtp expression and that transfection of the tet-on hela cells ... | 2008 | 18452580 |
| remission of cvb3-induced viral myocarditis by in vivo th2 polarization via hydrodynamics-based interleukin-4 gene transfer. | regulation of th polarization was critical for the prevention of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) induced myocarditis. in the present study, interleukin (il)-4 was over-expressed by hydrodynamics-based gene transfection (hgt) to induce the in vivo th2 bias and evaluate the influence of th polarization on the pathogenesis of cvb3-myocaditis. | 2008 | 18512734 |
| proteasome inhibition attenuates coxsackievirus-induced myocardial damage in mice. | coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) is one of the most prevalent pathogens of viral myocarditis, which may persist chronically and progress to dilated cardiomyopathy. we previously demonstrated a critical role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (ups) in the regulation of coxsackievirus replication in mouse cardiomyocytes. in the present study, we extend our interest to an in vivo animal model to examine the regulation and role of the ups in cvb3-induced murine myocarditis. male myocarditis-susceptible a/j ... | 2008 | 18515649 |
| the structure and function of a cis-acting element located upstream of the ires that influences coxsackievirus b3 rna translation. | we have investigated the importance of a conserved hexa-nucleotide stretch in the apical loop within stem-loop c (sl c, nt 104-180), upstream of the ribosome landing site, on cvb3 ires function. the deletion or substitution mutation at this apical loop resulted in significant decrease in ires activity. both the mutant ires rnas failed to interact with certain trans-acting factors. furthermore, expression of cvb3 2a protease significantly enhanced ires activity of the wild type, but the effect wa ... | 2008 | 18533219 |
| fatal neonatal myocarditis caused by a recombinant human enterovirus-b variant. | we report a case of fatal myocarditis in a newborn infant who was infected with a human enterovirus detected by throat culture and rt-pcr for viral rna in plasma. whole genome sequence analysis revealed the virus to be a genomic chimera that likely arose from recombination between coxsackievirus b3 and two recently identified enteroviruses, ev 86 and ev97. | 2008 | 18536618 |
| the cis-acting replication elements define human enterovirus and rhinovirus species. | replication of picornaviruses is dependent on vpg uridylylation, which is linked to the presence of the internal cis-acting replication element (cre). cre are located within the sequence encoding polyprotein, yet at distinct positions as demonstrated for poliovirus and coxsackievirus-b3, cardiovirus, and human rhinovirus (hrv-a and hrv-b), overlapping proteins 2c, vp2, 2a, and vp1, respectively. here we report a novel distinct cre element located in the vp2 region of the recently reported hrv-a2 ... | 2008 | 18541697 |
| cardiac-targeted rna interference mediated by an aav9 vector improves cardiac function in coxsackievirus b3 cardiomyopathy. | rna interference (rnai) has potential to be a novel therapeutic strategy in diverse areas of medicine. in this paper, we report on targeted rnai for the treatment of a viral cardiomyopathy, which is a major cause of sudden cardiac death or terminal heart failure in children and young adults. rnai therapy employs small regulatory rnas to achieve its effect, but in vivo use of synthetic small interfering rnas is limited by instability in plasma and low transfer into target cells. we instead evalua ... | 2008 | 18548221 |
| effective chemokine secretion by dendritic cells and expansion of cross-presenting cd4-/cd8+ dendritic cells define a protective phenotype in the mouse model of coxsackievirus myocarditis. | enteroviruses such as coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) are able to induce lethal acute and chronic myocarditis. in resistant c57bl/6 mice, cvb3 myocarditis is abrogated by t-cell-dependent mechanisms, whereas major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-matched permissive a.by/snj mice develop chronic myocarditis based on virus persistence. to define the role of t-cell-priming dendritic cells (dcs) in the outcome of cvb3 myocarditis, dcs were analyzed in this animal model in the course of cvb3 infection. in b ... | 2008 | 18550677 |
| sequence-specific cleavage of hepatitis c virus rna by dnazymes: inhibition of viral rna translation and replication. | dnazyme (dz) molecules have been shown to be highly efficient inhibitors of virus replication. hepatitis c virus rna translation is mediated by an internal ribosome entry site (ires) element located mostly in the 5' untranslated region (utr), the mechanism of which is fundamentally different from cap-dependent translation of cellular mrnas, and thus an attractive target for designing antiviral drugs. inhibition of hcv ires-mediated translation has drastic consequences for the replication of vira ... | 2008 | 18559927 |
| gastrointestinal uptake of trace elements are changed during the course of a common human viral (coxsackievirus b3) infection in mice. | most infectious diseases are accompanied by a change in levels of several trace elements in the blood. however, it is not known whether changes in the gastrointestinal uptake of trace elements contribute to this event. coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), adapted to balb/c mice, was used to study whether infection induces gene expression of metallothionein (mt1) and divalent-metal transporter 1 (dmt1) in the intestine and liver and hepcidin in the liver, as well as whether trace elements in these tissues a ... | 2008 | 18565424 |
| coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis: infection of females during the estrus phase of the ovarian cycle leads to activation of t regulatory cells. | transgenic female mice expressing the tnfalpha gene under the cardiac myosin promoter (tnf1.6) develop substantially increased myocarditis and increased numbers of cd4+th1 (interferon gamma+) cells when infected with coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) during the diestrus and proestrus phases of the estrus cycle compared to females infected during the estrus and metestrus phases. cardiac virus titers were increased in females infected in estrus compared to females infected during the other phases. t regula ... | 2008 | 18586295 |
| purification and partial characterization of coxsackievirus b3 2a protease expressed in escherichia coli. | reported here is the overexpression, purification and partial characterization of recombinant coxsakievirus b3 2a protease (cvb3 2apro) from bacterial cells transformed with a plasmid containing the cvb3 2apro cdna sequences. the structural investigation showed that the protein contains mostly beta-strand elements and requires zn2+ ions as a structural component which appeared to be inhibitory if added exogenously. the purified enzyme activity was optimal at 4 degrees c and had a short half-life ... | 2008 | 18590760 |
| autophagosome supports coxsackievirus b3 replication in host cells. | recent studies suggest a possible takeover of host antimicrobial autophagy machinery by positive-stranded rna viruses to facilitate their own replication. in the present study, we investigated the role of autophagy in coxsackievirus replication. coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), a picornavirus associated with viral myocarditis, causes pronounced intracellular membrane reorganization after infection. we demonstrate that cvb3 infection induces an increased number of double-membrane vesicles, accompanied b ... | 2008 | 18596087 |
| ubiquitination is required for effective replication of coxsackievirus b3. | protein ubiquitination and/or degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasome system (ups) have been recognized as critical mechanisms in the regulation of numerous essential cellular functions. the importance of the ups in viral pathogenesis has become increasingly apparent. using murine cardiomyocytes, we have previously demonstrated that the ups plays a key role in the replication of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), an important human pathogen associated with various diseases. to further elucidate the under ... | 2008 | 18612413 |
| the crystal structure of coxsackievirus b3 rna-dependent rna polymerase in complex with its protein primer vpg confirms the existence of a second vpg binding site on picornaviridae polymerases. | the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is a central piece in the replication machinery of rna viruses. in picornaviruses this essential rdrp activity also uridylates the vpg peptide, which then serves as a primer for rna synthesis. previous genetic, binding, and biochemical data have identified a vpg binding site on poliovirus rdrp and have shown that is was implicated in vpg uridylation. more recent structural studies have identified a topologically distinct site on the closely related foot-an ... | 2008 | 18632861 |
| crystal structure of coxsackievirus b3 3dpol highlights the functional importance of residue 5 in picornavirus polymerases. | the crystal structure of the coxsackievirus b3 polymerase has been solved at 2.25-a resolution and is shown to be highly homologous to polymerases from poliovirus, rhinovirus, and foot-and-mouth disease viruses. together, these structures highlight several conserved structural elements in picornaviral polymerases, including a proteolytic activation-dependent n-terminal structure that is essential for full activity. interestingly, a comparison of all of the picornaviral polymerase structures show ... | 2008 | 18632862 |
| [effeet of rapamycin on mtor and eif-4e expression in coxsackievirus b3-induced rat myocardial cells]. | to observe the effeet of rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor), on mtor and eukaryotic initiation factor-4e(eif-4e)expression in coxsac-kievirus b3 (cvb3)-induced rat myocardial cells and to investigate the role of mtor/eif-4e signal pathway in viral myocarditis. | 2008 | 18667775 |
| design of lna-modified sirnas against the highly structured 5' utr of coxsackievirus b3. | this study describes a strategy to develop lna-modified small interfering rna (sirnas) against the highly structured 5' utr of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb-3), which is an attractive target site due to its high degree of conservation. accessible sites were identified based on structural models and rnase h assays with dna oligonucleotides. subsequently, lna gapmers, sirnas, silnas and small internally segmented interfering rna (sisilnas) were designed against sites, which were found to be accessible in ... | 2008 | 18691577 |
| synthesis and anti-cvb 3 evaluation of substituted 5-nitro-2-phenoxybenzonitriles. | the synthesis and sar of a series of 60 substituted 2-phenoxy-5-nitrobenzonitriles (analogues of mdl-860) as inhibitors of enterovirus replication (in particular of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb 3)) are reported. several of the analogues inhibited cvb 3 and other enteroviruses at low-micromolar concentrations. | 2008 | 18710805 |
| inhibition of picornaviruses by means of rna interference. | picornaviruses are a class of rna viruses with a single-stranded genome in positive orientation. since the prospects of treatment are limited, we employ rna interference (rnai) as an antiviral tool to inhibit different picornaviruses. we identified small interfering rnas (sirnas) against the 3d rna dependent rna polymerase of coxsackievirus b3 that were capable of efficiently inhibiting the virus. targeting of the conserved 5' utr of the virus turned out to be a challenging task since stable str ... | 2008 | 18776254 |
| [isolation and identification of coxsackievirus in sichuan golden monkey]. | a coxsackievirus b strain was successfully isolated by cells culture from cardiac muscle tissues of a dead sichuan golden monkey with myocarditis from a zoo of changchun in china. the isolate was consistent with cvb by morphology, physicochemistry test, animal regression test and rt-pcr. analysis of vp1 partial gene sequence and detection of mice specific serum igg showed that the strain isolated was a coxsackievirus b3. it was the first cvb case report in sichuan golden monkey and the strain is ... | 2008 | 18780636 |
| the in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects of salidroside from rhodiola rosea l. against coxsackievirus b3. | the aim of this study was to investigate the antiviral effects of salidroside, a major component of rhodiola rosea l. first, the antiviral effects of salidroside against coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) were determined in vitro and in vivo. then, the effect of salidroside on the mrna expression of some important cytokines was measured in hearts of infected balb/c mice by rt-pcr. salidroside exhibited obvious antiviral effects both in in vitro and in vivo experiments. salidroside was found to modulate th ... | 2009 | 18818064 |
| coxsackievirus b3 induction of nfat: requirement for myocarditis susceptibility. | ultraviolet (u.v.) inactivated coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) induces rapid calcium flux in naïve balb/c cd4+ t cells. cd4+ cells lacking decay accelerating factor (daf-/-) show little calcium flux indicating that virus cross-linking of this virus receptor protein is necessary for calcium signaling in cvb3 infection. interaction of cvb3 with cd4+ cells also activates nfat dna binding. to show that nfat activation is crucial to cvb3 induced disease, wild-type mice and transgenic mice expressing dominan ... | 2008 | 18829062 |
| new pleconaril and [(biphenyloxy)propyl]isoxazole derivatives with substitutions in the central ring exhibit antiviral activity against pleconaril-resistant coxsackievirus b3. | amino acid 1092 (aa1092) in capsid protein 1 of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) is located in close vicinity to the central phenoxy group of capsid binders (i.e. pleconaril). whereas isoleucine is associated with drug susceptibility, leucine and methionine confer resistance to pleconaril. in the present study, novel analogues with different substitutions in the central phenoxy group were synthesized to study their influence on anti-cvb3 activity with the aim to overcome pleconaril resistance. two [(bip ... | 2009 | 18840470 |
| sewage workers: risk of acquiring enteric virus infections including hepatitis a. | to determine if sewage workers have an increased risk of acquiring viral infections, 66 workers at a small wastewater plant in north-eastern italy and 72 control subjects recruited from blood donors were enrolled in a seroprevalence study to determine whether sewage workers are at increased risk of acquiring viral infections. in order to evaluate various risk factors, a questionnaire was filled out by each worker whereas seropositivity to hepatitis a virus, coxsackievirus b2 - b3 - b4 - b5, and ... | 2008 | 18843887 |