| prevalence of mycoplasma haemolamae infection in peruvian and chilean llamas and alpacas. | mycoplasma haemolamae is a hemotropic mycoplasma that affects red blood cells of llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos). it is variably associated with anemia, and most infections are subclinical. development of a polymerase chain reaction assay has facilitated detection of this infection in llamas and alpacas in the united states and other countries. whether the infection occurs in camelids in south america has previously been unknown. the current study documents a 15.8% infection rate am ... | 2010 | 20807939 |
| mast cell tumors in a llama (lama glama). | a 9-year-old female llama (lama glama) that served as a blood donor at the ohio state university veterinary teaching hospital developed multiple small, raised, firm, non-haired cutaneous masses on the right hip, left cheek, and right and left shoulders. cytological evaluation of fine-needle aspirates from the cutaneous mass from the left shoulder and right hip comprised many well-differentiated, highly granulated mast cells with moderate numbers of eosinophils. occasional mast cells exhibited er ... | 2010 | 20807950 |
| tandem affinity depletion: a combination of affinity fractionation and immunoaffinity depletion allows the detection of low-abundance components in the complex proteomes of body fluids. | protein biomarker discovery in the low concentration range of human body fluids requires the enrichment of the proteins of interest. here we report on a tandem affinity strategy: in the first step, we isolated a human plasma glyco-subproteome of healthy individuals by wheat germ agglutinin (wga) lectin affinity chromatography. in the second step, the proteins of this subproteome were used to raise antibodies in llama (lama glama). the heavy-chain fraction of the llama antibodies was used to depl ... | 2010 | 20839810 |
| assessment of antemortem tests used in the control of an outbreak of tuberculosis in llamas (lama glama). | an outbreak of tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterium bovis in a llama herd is described. over a 25-month period, a total of 70 llamas were selected for postmortem examination using four distinct criteria: clinical suspicion of disease (15 animals), positive tuberculin skin test result (three animals), antibody positive using a novel serological test (rapid test, 54 animals) and elective cull (five animals). some animals qualified on more than one criterion. gross lesions of tb were detected ... | 2010 | 20871080 |
| ovarian function in south american camelids (alpacas, llamas, vicunas, guanacos). | ultrasound technology and hormone assays have provided a better understanding of folliculogenesis and ovulation in south american camelids in the last two decades. females exhibit waves of ovarian follicular growth and are induced ovulators and therefore do not exhibit oestrous cycles in the manner of spontaneously ovulating species such as sheep and cattle. there is much variation in inter-wave interval among camelid species (alpaca/llama 10-22 days, vicuna 4-11 days), within species and within ... | 2010 | 20875933 |
| single-domain llama antibodies as specific intracellular inhibitors of spvb, the actin adp-ribosylating toxin of salmonella typhimurium. | adp-ribosylation of host cell proteins is a common mode of cell intoxication by pathogenic bacterial toxins. antibodies induced by immunization with inactivated adp-ribosylating toxins provide efficient protection in case of some secreted toxins, e.g., diphtheria and pertussis toxins. however, other adp-ribosylating toxins, such as salmonella spvb toxin, are secreted directly from the salmonella-containing vacuole into the cytosol of target cells via the spi-2 encoded bacterial type iii secretio ... | 2010 | 20940265 |
| molecular imaging of glioblastoma multiforme using anti-insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7 single-domain antibodies. | insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (igfbp7) is an abundant, selective and accessible biomarker of glioblastoma multiforme (gbm) tumour vessels. in this study, an anti-igfbp7 single-domain antibody (sdab) was developed to target gbm vessels for molecular imaging applications. | 2010 | 20959824 |
| structures of a key interaction protein from the trypanosoma brucei editosome in complex with single domain antibodies. | several major global diseases are caused by single-cell parasites called trypanosomatids. these organisms exhibit many unusual features including a unique and essential u-insertion/deletion rna editing process in their single mitochondrion. many key rna editing steps occur in ∼20s editosomes, which have a core of 12 proteins. among these, the "interaction protein" krepa6 performs a central role in maintaining the integrity of the editosome core and also binds to ssrna. the use of llama single do ... | 2010 | 20969962 |
| chronic myositis in an australian alpaca (llama pacos) associated with sarcocystis spp. | an alpaca (llama pacos), born and raised in australia, was presented with multiple subcutaneous abscesses. histological findings indicated a severe necrotizing and histiocytic myositis and cellulitis associated with central caseation and multiple sarcocysts. ultrastructural examination supported the diagnosis; however, cyst wall characteristics were not consistent with the 2 known species found in alpacas. while seroconversion in camelids is reported to be near ubiquitous, myositis is rare, and ... | 2010 | 21088185 |
| evaluation of a postexposure rabies prophylaxis protocol for domestic animals in texas: 2000-2009. | to determine whether postexposure rabies prophylaxis (pep) in domestic animals, as mandated in texas, has continued to be effective and to evaluate preexposure or postexposure vaccination failures from 2000 through 2009. | 2010 | 21155679 |
| comparison of fixation methods for treatment of long bone fractures in llamas and alpacas. | to determine outcome after repair of long bone fractures in llamas and alpacas. | 2010 | 21175689 |
| granulosa theca cell tumor with erythrocytosis in a llama. | a 2.5-year-old, female llama with weight loss and lethargy had a packed cell volume (pcv) of 45% which increased to 57% over 3 wk. transrectal ultrasonography revealed a mass of mixed echogenicity involving the right ovary, which was removed. a histopathological diagnosis of granulosa theca cell tumor was made. this is the first report of its kind in a llama. | 2010 | 21197211 |
| neutralization of clostridium difficile toxin a with single-domain antibodies targeting the cell receptor binding domain. | clostridium difficile is a leading cause of nosocomial infection in north america and a considerable challenge to healthcare professionals in hospitals and nursing homes. the gram-positive bacterium produces two high molecular weight exotoxins, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb), which are the major virulence factors responsible for c. difficile-associated disease and are targets for c. difficile-associated disease therapy. here, recombinant single-domain antibody fragments (v(h)hs), which specif ... | 2011 | 21216961 |
| eastern equine encephalitis: an emerging arboviral disease threat, maine, 2009. | eastern equine encephalitis (eee) is one of the most severe arboviral encephalitides in north america. before 2009, limited nonhuman eee virus activity had been reported in maine, all from the southernmost area of the state. no human case has been reported in a maine resident. | 2011 | 21254938 |
| integrative expression system for delivery of antibody fragments by lactobacilli. | a series of expression cassettes which mediate secretion or surface display of antibody fragments was stably integrated in the chromosome of lactobacillus paracasei. l. paracasei producing surface-anchored variable domain of llama heavy chain (vhh) (arp1) directed against rotavirus showed efficient binding to rotavirus and protection in the mouse model of rotavirus infection. | 2011 | 21257814 |
| fetal and postnatal pulmonary circulation in the alto andino. | lowland mammals at high altitude constrict the pulmonary vessels, augmenting vascular resistance and developing pulmonary arterial hypertension. in contrast, highland mammals, like the llama, do not present pulmonary arterial hypertension. using wire myography, we studied the sensitivity to norepinephrine (ne) and no of small pulmonary arteries of fetal llamas and sheep at high altitudes. the sensitivity of the contractile responses to ne was decreased whereas the relaxation sensitivity to no wa ... | 2011 | 21295346 |
| the rate of hemolysis in sickle cell disease correlates with the quantity of active von willebrand factor in the plasma. | vaso-occlusion, hemolysis, and oxidative stress are hallmarks of sickle cell disease (scd). this pathology is accompanied by systemic endothelial activation, rendering the endothelium more adhesive for blood cells, including sickle erythrocytes. activated endothelial cells display or secrete several adhesive molecules, including von willebrand factor (vwf). we assessed several vwf parameters in scd patients at baseline: multimer pattern, antigen concentration (vwf:ag), activation factor (vwf:af) ... | 2011 | 21300978 |
| biochemical isolation and purification of ovulation-inducing factor (oif) in seminal plasma of llamas. | the objective of the present study was to isolate and purify the protein fraction(s) of llama seminal plasma responsible for the ovulation-inducing effect of the ejaculate. | 2011 | 21310078 |
| measuring cooperative rev protein-protein interactions on rev responsive rna by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. | the export of viral rna from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cellular host is a crucial step in the life cycle of hiv-1 that is mediated by the viral rev protein. one aspect of the rev function, its multimerization, is still unexplored as a target for antiviral therapy. this is partly due to the lack of a fast and solid system to measure rev multimerization. we have developed a high throughput in vitro rev multimerization assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) in which ... | 2011 | 21358282 |
| llama-derived single domain antibodies to build multivalent, superpotent and broadened neutralizing anti-viral molecules. | for efficient prevention of viral infections and cross protection, simultaneous targeting of multiple viral epitopes is a powerful strategy. llama heavy chain antibody fragments (vhh) against the trimeric envelope proteins of respiratory syncytial virus (fusion protein), rabies virus (glycoprotein) and h5n1 influenza (hemagglutinin 5) were selected from llama derived immune libraries by phage display. neutralizing vhh recognizing different epitopes in the receptor binding sites on the spikes wit ... | 2011 | 21483777 |
| expression and localization of nerve growth factor (ngf) in the testis of alpaca (llama pacos). | during alpaca testis development and spermatogenesis, nerve growth factor (ngf) may play an important role. the main aim of this study was to determine the expression and localization of ngf in the alpaca testis, and to discuss the important role of ngf in alpaca reproductive characteristics. immunohistochemical staining technique and real-time pcr were used. the expression of ngf in the same cells one-month old (newborn) alpacas 12-month, and 24-month old alpacas showed significant differences ... | 2011 | 21526490 |
| intraocular nematodiasis in a llama (lama glama). | this report describes a unique case of presumed migration of parelaphastrongylus tenuis through the spinal cord into the eye of a llama where it survived and matured within the ocular environment. blindness of the eye was most likely attributable to migration of the parasite through the central nervous tissue. | 2011 | 21532827 |
| single-domain antibodies that compete with the natural ligand fibroblast growth factor block the internalization of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1. | single-domain antibodies in vhh format specific for fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (fgfr1) were isolated from a phage-display llama naïve library. in particular, phage elution in the presence of the natural receptor ligand fibroblast growth factor (fgf) allowed for the identification of recombinant antibodies that compete with fgf for the same region on the receptor surface. these antibodies posses a relatively low affinity for fgfr1 and were never identified when unspecific elution conditi ... | 2011 | 21539817 |
| characterization of the microanatomy and histopathology of placentas from aborted, stillborn, and normally delivered alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama). | from 2002 to 2007, 101 camelid abortions and stillbirths were submitted to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory at oregon state university (84 alpacas [vicugna pacos], 13 llamas [lama glama], 4 unknown). for most cases (n = 67), a cause was not determined by routine testing. eighty-five submissions included placenta for microscopic examination, of which 55 were from abortions to unknown causes (idiopathic). microscopic features of placentas from abortion/stillbirth were compared with those from ... | 2011 | 21551426 |
| lactobacilli producing bispecific llama-derived anti-rotavirus proteins in vivo for rotavirus-induced diarrhea. | aims: using genetically engineered lactobacilli, producing high avidity llama vhh domains (referred to as anti-rotavirus proteins; arps), to test the effect of multimeric antibody fragments as prophylaxis and therapy against rotavirus infection. methods: two arps, arp1 and arp3, shown to bind to different epitopes and act synergistically against rotavirus, were displayed on the surface of lactobacillus paracasei as monovalent or bivalent proteins (mono- or bi-specific). results: although a nonsi ... | 2011 | 21585264 |
| dose-response of female llamas to ovulation-inducing factor from seminal plasma. | the study was designed to determine if the dose of purified ovulation-inducing factor (oif) from llama seminal plasma required to provoke an ovulatory response is physiologically relevant in terms of the proportion present in a normal ejaculate, and to test the hypothesis that cl form and function are affected by oif in a dose-dependent manner. female llamas were assigned randomly to five groups (n = 10 per group) and given a single intramuscular dose of 500 µg, 250 µg, 125 µg, or 60 µg of purif ... | 2011 | 21593475 |
| cetrorelix suppresses the preovulatory lh surge and ovulation induced by ovulation-inducing factor (oif) present in llama seminal plasma. | abstract: background: the purpose of the study was to determine if the effect of llama oif on lh secretion is mediated by stimulation of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. methods: using a 2-by-2 factorial design to examine the effects of oif vs gnrh with or without a gnrh antagonist, llamas with a growing ovarian follicle greater than or equal to 8 mm were assigned randomly to four groups (n=7 per group) and a) pre-treated with 1.5 mg of gnrh antagonist (cetrorelix acetate) followed by 1 mg o ... | 2011 | 21624125 |
| diagnosis of tuberculosis in camelids: old problems, current solutions and future challenges. | in spite of great efforts for its control and eradication, tuberculosis remains one of the most important zoonosis worldwide. its causative agents, the members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, have a wide host range that complicates the epidemiology of this disease. among susceptible species to these pathogens, camelids from the new world (llama, alpaca and vicuña) and old world (bactrian camel and dromedary) are acquiring an increasing importance in several european countries because ... | 2011 | 21635699 |
| evaluation of the effect of cooling and of the addition of collagenase on llama sperm dna using toluidine blue. | the effect cryopreservation has on sperm chromatin condensation has been studied in many species but not in south american camelids. the objectives of this study were to evaluate with toluidine blue (tb) the effects of cooling and of adding collagenase on llama sperm dna condensation. the optimum incubation time (30 s, 1.5 and 3 min) with a reducing agent (dithiothreitol) was also determined. when comparing cooled samples with the raw ejaculate, a significant increase in sperm showing a high deg ... | 2011 | 21651604 |
| evidence for the conservation of biological activity of ovulation-inducing factor in seminal plasma. | an ovulation-inducing factor (oif) in the seminal plasma of llamas and alpacas (induced ovulators) and cattle (spontaneous ovulators) suggests that oif is a conserved constituent of seminal plasma among mammals. in this study, three experiments were designed to determine the biological effects of oif in different species. in experiment 1, superstimulated prepubertal female cd-1 mice (n=36 per group) were given a single 0.1 ml i.p. dose of 1) phosphate-buffered saline (pbs), 2) 5 μg gonadotropin- ... | 2011 | 21652637 |
| cowpox virus in llama, italy. | cowpox virus (cpxv) was isolated from skin lesions of a llama on a farm in italy. transmission electron microscopy showed brick-shaped particles consistent with orthopoxviruses. cpxv-antibodies were detected in llama and human serum samples; a cpxv isolate had a hemagglutinin sequence identical to cpxv-monkre08/1-2-3 strains isolated from banded mongooses in germany. | 2011 | 21801638 |
| the role of the {alpha}-adrenergic system in femoral vascular reactivity in neonatal llamas and sheep: a comparative study between highland and lowland species. | using an integrative approach at the whole animal, isolated vessels and molecular levels, we tested the hypothesis that the llama, a species that undergoes pregnancy under the influence of the chronic hypoxia of high altitude, delivers offspring with an increased a-adrenergic peripheral vascular reactivity compared to neonates from lowland species. we studied the femoral vascular response to acute hypoxia in vivo, the reactivity of femoral vessels ex vivo, and the expression of femoral a(1)-adre ... | 2011 | 21795632 |
| single-domain antibody bioconjugated near-ir quantum dots for targeted cellular imaging of pancreatic cancer. | successful targeted imaging of bxpc3 human pancreatic cancer cells is feasible with near-ir cdtese/cds quantum dots (qds) functionalized with single-domain antibody (sdab) 2a3. for specific targeting, sdabs are superior to conventional antibodies, especially in terms of stability, aggregation, and production cost. the bright cdtese/cds qds were synthesized to emit in the diagnostic window of 650-900 nm with a narrow emission band. 2a3 was derived from llama and is small in size of 13 kda, but w ... | 2011 | 21780366 |
| {inverted question}como se llama? | | 2011 | 21778348 |
| selection and expression of recombinant single domain antibodies from a hyper-immunized library against the hapten azoxystrobin. | three v(h)hs against the model hapten, azoxystrobin (mw 403) were isolated from a hyper-immunized phage-displayed v(h)h library. this library was constructed by isolating the v(h)h-coding genes from the lymphocytes collected from a llama glama that was immunized with azoxystrobin conjugated to bovine serum albumin (bsa). six rounds of panning were performed against azoxystrobin conjugated to either ovalbumin (ova) or rabbit serum albumin (rsa) to enrich clones containing v(h)hs specific to the h ... | 2011 | 21777591 |
| single domain antibodies with vh hallmarks are positively selected during panning of llama (lama glama) naïve libraries. | independent variable domains with vh hallmarks have been repeatedly identified in immune and pre-immune vhh libraries. in some cases, stable independent vh domains have been also isolated in mouse and human recombinant antibody repertoires. however, we have come to realize that vhs were selected with a higher efficiency than vhhs during biopanning of a pre-immune (vhh) library. the biochemical and biophysical comparison did not indicate a presence of any feature that would favor the vh binders d ... | 2011 | 21767565 |
| morphometric analysis of llama (lama glama) sperm head. | llama production in argentina has increased, as the international interest in breeding this type of animals has grown in the last years. considering the great polymorphism that llama spermatozoa present at evaluation using light microscopy, the aim of this study was to objectively evaluate llama sperm head morphometry using digital morphometric analysis. five ejaculates from each of eight males were obtained to evaluate morphometric parameters of 8000 sperm heads stained with tinción 15(®) . the ... | 2011 | 21762194 |
| immunodiagnostic reagents using llama single domain antibody-alkaline phosphatase fusion proteins. | naive libraries of single domain antibodies (sdabs) enable rapid isolation of binders to nearly any target. these binders, however, lack the benefits bestowed by in vivo affinity maturation and typically have low affinity toward their targets. we expressed five low-affinity toxin binding sdabs, previously selected from a naive library derived from variable regions of llama heavy chain-only antibodies, as fusions with a hyperactive mutant escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (ap) and examined th ... | 2011 | 21756867 |
| controlling tuberculosis in a llama (lama glama) herd using clinical signs, tuberculin skin testing and serology. | an outbreak of tuberculosis (tb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, was investigated in a small herd of llamas (lama glama). based on three ante-mortem diagnostic methods (clinical signs, tuberculin skin test reactions, and 'rapid test' serology), 12 llamas were selected for examination post-mortem. grossly visible lesions suspicious of tb were observed in eight animals, four of which had exhibited clinical signs, one was a skin test 'reactor', and three had been seropositive. m. bovis was isolated ... | 2011 | 21704542 |
| oriented conjugates of single-domain antibodies and quantum dots: toward a new generation of ultrasmall diagnostic nanoprobes. | common strategy for diagnostics with quantum dots (qds) utilizes the specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) for targeting. however qd-mabs conjugates are not always well-suited for this purpose because of their large size. here, we engineered ultrasmall nanoprobes through oriented conjugation of qds with 13-kda single-domain antibodies (sdabs) derived from llama igg. monomeric sdabs are 12 times smaller than mabs and demonstrate excellent capacity for refolding. sdabs were tagged with qds t ... | 2011 | 21839049 |
| isolation of functional single domain antibody by whole cell immunization: implications for cancer treatment. | carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecule (ceacam) 6 is over-expressed in different types of cancer cells. in addition, it has also been implicated in some infectious diseases. targeting this molecule by an antibody might have applications in diverse tumor models. single domain antibody (sdab) is becoming very useful format in antibody engineering as potential tools for treating acute and chronic disease conditions such as cancer for both diagnostic as well as therapeutic applicati ... | 2011 | 21741385 |
| competitive selection from single domain antibody libraries allows isolation of high-affinity antihapten antibodies that are not favored in the llama immune response. | single-domain antibodies (sdabs) found in camelids lack a light chain, and their antigen-binding site sits completely in the heavy-chain variable domain (vhh). their simplicity, thermostability, and ease in expression have made vhhs highly attractive. although this has been successfully exploited for macromolecular antigens, their application to the detection of small molecules is still limited to a very few reports, mostly describing low-affinity vhhs. using triclocarban (tcc) as a model hapten ... | 2011 | 21827167 |
| evaluation of lama glama semen viscosity with a cone-plate rotational viscometer. | llama semen is highly viscous. this characteristic is usually evaluated subjectively by measuring the thread formed when carefully pippeting a sample of semen. the aims of this study were (i) to objectively determine and analyse llama semen viscosity, (ii) to compare semen viscosity between ejaculates of the same male as well as between different males, (iii) to study the correlation between viscosity and other semen characteristics and (iv) to evaluate the effect of collagenase on semen viscosi ... | 2011 | 21729143 |
| potent antimicrobial peptides with selectivity for bacillus anthracis over human erythrocytes. | in this study, 39 antimicrobial peptides, most with documented low haemolytic activity and potent efficacy against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, were evaluated for their haemolytic activity against human red blood cells as well as their antimicrobial activity against escherichia coli, burkholderia thailandensis, bacillus globigii and bacillus anthracis. the majority of the peptides had a minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of <10++m against b. globigii. however, only eight of thes ... | 2011 | 21741801 |
| Common functional correlates of head-strike behavior in the pachycephalosaur Stegoceras validum (Ornithischia, Dinosauria) and combative artiodactyls. | Pachycephalosaurs were bipedal herbivorous dinosaurs with bony domes on their heads, suggestive of head-butting as seen in bighorn sheep and musk oxen. Previous biomechanical studies indicate potential for pachycephalosaur head-butting, but bone histology appears to contradict the behavior in young and old individuals. Comparing pachycephalosaurs with fighting artiodactyls tests for common correlates of head-butting in their cranial structure and mechanics. | 2011 | 21738658 |
| identification of cattle, llama and horse meat by near infrared reflectance or transflectance spectroscopy. | visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (vis-nirs) was used to discriminate meat and meat juices from three livestock species. in a first trial, samples of longissimus lumborum muscle, corresponding to beef (31) llamas (21) and horses (27), were homogenised and their spectra collected in reflectance (nirsystems 6500 scanning monochromator, in the range of 400-2500 nm). in the second trial, samples of meat juice (same muscle) from the same species (20 beef, 19 llama and 19 horse) were ... | 2012 | 21889854 |
| Llama-derived single domain antibodies specific for abrus agglutinin. | Llama derived single domain antibodies (sdAb), the recombinantly expressed variable heavy domains from the unique heavy-chain only antibodies of camelids, were isolated from a library derived from llamas immunized with a commercial abrin toxoid preparation. Abrin is a potent toxin similar to ricin in structure, sequence and mechanism of action. The selected sdAb were evaluated for their ability to bind to commercial abrin as well as abrax (a recombinant abrin A-chain), purified abrin fractions, ... | 2011 | 22174977 |
| assessment of cooked alpaca and llama meats from the statistical analysis of data collected using an 'electronic nose'. | as part of an eu-funded project to assist in developing the production chain of meat from camelids in south america we have investigated the possibility of using an electronic nose to distinguish between the different types of meat of commercial interest. on-site monitoring of freshly cooked camelid meat using a bloodhound electronic nose has been carried out in peru and bolivia. sampling was carried out using inert, collapsible plastic bags. linear discriminant analysis of data generated by the ... | 2001 | 22061919 |
| Structural analysis of effector functions related motifs, complement activation and hemagglutinating activities in Lama glama heavy chain antibodies. | Heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs), devoid of the light chains and the CH(1) domain, are present in the serum of camelids. IgG(2) and IgG(3) are HCAbs; whereas IgG(1) has the conventional structure. In order to study the immunological properties of llama HCAbs, from which to date little is known, llamas (Lama glama) HCAbs cDNA were cloned, sequenced and compared with other mammalian Igs. The sequence analysis showed that llama HCAbs cDNA organization is similar to other mammalian Igs and the presenc ... | 2011 | 22197565 |
| In vitro Embryo Production in Llamas (Lama glama) from In vivo Matured Oocytes with Raw Semen Processed with Androcoll-E using Defined Embryo Culture Media. | The aim of this study was to carry out in vitro fertilization using spermatozoa selected with Androcoll-E™ and to evaluate the efficiency of the culture medium DMEM-F12 for in vitro embryo development in the llama. Twelve adult females from 18 superstimulated (67%) were used as oocyte donors. They were superstimulated with 1500 IU of eCG and after 5 days, received a single dose of buserelin. Twenty hours post-injection, follicular aspiration was conducted by flank laparotomy. Semen collections w ... | 2011 | 21988486 |
| the sda/gm2-glycan is a carbohydrate marker of porcine primordial germ cells and of a subpopulation of spermatogonia in cattle, pigs, horses and llama. | spermatogonia are a potential source of adult pluripotent stem cells and can be used for testis germ cell transplantation. markers for the isolation of these cells are of great importance for biomedical applications. primordial germ cells and prepubertal spermatogonia in many species can be identified by their binding of dolichos biflorus agglutinin (dba). this lectin binds to two different types of glycans, which are α-linked n-acetylgalactosamine (galnac) and β-linked galnac, if this is part o ... | 2011 | 21896636 |
| antibody engineering reveals the important role of j segments in the production efficiency of llama single-domain antibodies in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | variable domains of llama heavy-chain antibodies (vhh) are becoming a potent tool for a wide range of biotechnological and medical applications. because of structural features typical of their single-domain nature, they are relatively easy to produce in lower eukaryotes, but it is not uncommon that some molecules have poor secretion efficiency. we therefore set out to study the production yield of vhh. we computationally identified five key residues that are crucial for folding and secretion, an ... | 2012 | 22143875 |
| nef surfaces: where to interfere with function. | the hiv-1 nef protein is an accessory protein of 24-27 kda mass that mediates a multitude of effector functions in infected cells. although not essentially required for viral replication, hiv-1 nef exhibits stimulating potential towards disease progression to aids and is therefore considered a pathogenic factor in retroviridae. here we correlate sequence conservation in hiv-1 nef with surface hydrophobicity and functionality in protein-protein interaction to identify accessible substructures on ... | 2011 | 22103838 |
| Computed tomographic features of the osseous structures of the external acoustic meatus, tympanic cavity, and tympanic bulla of llamas (Lama glama). | Objective-To evaluate the osseous structures of the external acoustic meatus, tympanic cavity, and tympanic bulla of llamas (Lama glama) by use of computed tomography (CT) and establish measurement values for use in detection of abnormalities associated with the external or middle ear in llamas. Animals-10 adult llama heads without any evidence of ear disease. Procedures-Heads of 10 healthy llamas euthanized by use of a captive bolt striking the dorsal aspect of the skull were collected. Tra ... | 2012 | 22204287 |
| combining lectin affinity chromatography and immunodepletion - a novel method for the enrichment of disease-specific glycoproteins in human plasma. | drastic enrichment of potential disease-specific glycoprotein markers in human plasma can be achieved by the combination of affinity- and immuno-depletion. in the affinity-fractionation step all glycoproteins carrying a certain glycostructure are isolated by lectin affinity chromatography, thus depleting other components. against the respective glycoprotein fraction isolated from the plasma of healthy individuals antibodies are raised in llamas. the llama heavy chain antibodies (which are partic ... | 2011 | 22209749 |
| a broad set of different llama antibodies specific for a 16 kda heat shock protein of mycobacterium tuberculosis. | recombinant antibodies are powerful tools in engineering of novel diagnostics. due to the small size and stable nature of llama antibody domains selected antibodies can serve as a detection reagent in multiplexed and sensitive assays for m. tuberculosis. | 2011 | 22046343 |
| south american camelid illegal traffic detection by means of molecular markers. | south american camelids comprise the wild species guanaco and vicuña and their respective domestic relatives llama and alpaca. the aim of the present study was to determine by dna analysis to which of these species belong a herd of camelids confiscated from a llama breeder but alleged to be alpacas by the prosecution, and to evaluate the usefulness of mitochondrial and autosomal dna markers to solve judicial cases involving camelid taxa. cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase i mitochondrial genes ... | 2011 | 21982877 |
| Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after oral administration to healthy llamas (Lama glama). | To determine the pharmacokinetics after oral administration of a single dose of ponazuril to healthy llamas. | 2011 | 21962282 |
| Experimental infection of South American camelids with bluetongue virus serotype 8. | Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, non-contagious disease of wild and domestic ruminants. It is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Since 1998, BT has been emerging throughout Europe, threatening not only the naïve ruminant population. Historically, South American camelids (SAC) were considered to be resistant to BT disease. However, recent fatalities related to BTV in captive SAC have raised questions about their role in BTV epidemiology. Data on the sus ... | 2012 | 21862245 |
| meat fatty acid composition of llama (lama glama) reared in the andean highlands. | this study reports the results of the chemical analysis of the longissimus thoracis and lumborum taken from 20 llama males, reared in the andean highlands. the animals were slaughtered at 25 months and had a mean final body weight of 63kg. llama meat shows a low fat (3.51%) and cholesterol content (56.29mg/100g). the fatty acid composition in llama meat contains 50.34% saturated fatty acids, 42.48% monounsaturated fatty acids and 7.18% polyunsaturated fatty acids. llama meat appears to be a heal ... | 2007 | 22063670 |
| tenderness evaluation and mineral levels of llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos) meat. | tenderness and mineral levels were determined in the longissimus thoracis taken from 20 llama and 30 alpaca males reared in peru and slaughtered at 25 months of age. mineral contents were determined using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. tenderness evaluation was determined two and seven days post slaughter using a warner-bratzler shear force device. potassium is the mineral with the highest content, with a significant difference (p<0.05) between the two species of camelids. ... | 2007 | 22061947 |
| is an ovulation-inducing factor (oif) present in the seminal plasma of rabbits? | the objectives of this study were (1) to determine the effect of rabbit seminal plasma on lh secretion and ovulation using the llama animal model as an in vivo ovulation bioassay and (2) to determine the effect of llama or rabbit seminal plasma on ovulation induction in the rabbit model. in experiment 1, llamas with a growing follicle ≥8mm in diameter were assigned randomly to one of three groups (n=5 per group) and given an intramuscular dose of 1ml of: (a) llama seminal plasma, (b) rabbit semi ... | 2011 | 21899964 |
| llama antibody fragments have good potential for application as hiv type 1 topical microbicides. | abstract there is an urgent global need for preventive strategies against hiv-1 infections. llama heavy-chain antibody fragments (vhh) are a class of molecules recently described as potent cross-clade hiv-1 entry inhibitors. we studied the potential of a vhh-based microbicide in an application-oriented fashion. we show that vhh can be inexpensively produced in high amounts in the gras organism saccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting in a very pure and endotoxin free product. vhh are very stable un ... | 2011 | 21864083 |
| meat and carcass quality from peruvian llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos). | an experiment based on 20 llama males and 40 alpaca males reared in peru has been carried out with the aim to evaluate the live growth performances, carcass quality, the nutritional characteristics of meat from animals slaughtered at 25 months of age, and to determine the physical and chemical parameters of meat obtained from these animals. the live body weights registered during the 25 months of the experiment were significantly lower in alpaca compared with llama. in llama carcasses were signi ... | 2004 | 22060868 |
| Composition of milk from minor dairy animals and buffalo breeds: a biodiversity perspective. | A comprehensive review is presented of the nutrient composition for buffalo, mare, and dromedary camel milks at the level of breed, and species-level data for yak, mithun, musk ox, donkey, Bactrian camel, llama, alpaca, reindeer and moose milks. Average values of nutrients were calculated and compared. Interspecies values (g 100 g(-1) ) were 0.7-16.1 for total fat, 1.6-10.5 for protein, 2.6-6.6 for lactose, and 67.9-90.8 for water. Reindeer and moose milks had the highest fat and protein concent ... | 2011 | 22083874 |
| a review of the nutritional content and technological parameters of indigenous sources of meat in south america. | meat yields, proximate compositions, fatty acids compositions and technological parameters are reviewed for species which might be further developed as indigenous sources of meat in south america. these include the alpaca (lama pacos), capybara (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), guanaco (lama guanicoe), llama (lama glama), nutria (myocastor coypus), collared peccary (tayassu tajacu), greater rhea (rhea americana), lesser rhea (rhea pennata), yacare (caiman crocodilus yacare), tegu lizard (tupinambis m ... | 2008 | 22063568 |
| anaplasma infection of bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus) and ticks in xinjiang, china. | to date, anaplasmosis has been reported to be a subclinical disease in indian and arabian one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) and llamas (lama glama). however, no information on anaplasma infection in two-humped bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus) in china has been published to date. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anaplasma spp. in domestic bactrian camels and ticks in xinjiang, china. | 2015 | 26055661 |
| methane emission by camelids. | methane emissions from ruminant livestock have been intensively studied in order to reduce contribution to the greenhouse effect. ruminants were found to produce more enteric methane than other mammalian herbivores. as camelids share some features of their digestive anatomy and physiology with ruminants, it has been proposed that they produce similar amounts of methane per unit of body mass. this is of special relevance for countrywide greenhouse gas budgets of countries that harbor large popula ... | 2014 | 24718604 |
| pastoralism in northern peru during pre-hispanic times: insights from the mochica period (100-800 ad) based on stable isotopic analysis of domestic camelids. | llama (lama glama) and alpaca (vicugna pacos) are the only large domesticated animals indigenous to the americas. pastoralism occupies a fundamental economic, social and religious role in andean life. today, camelid livestock are confined to the ecozone of the puna (above 3,500 masl), while their presence on the pacific coast during pre-hispanic times is attested by archaeological skeletal remains. this study aims to document herding practices on the northern peruvian coast during the early inte ... | 2014 | 24498136 |
| identification of lama glama as reservoirs for acinetobacter lwoffii. | south american camelids have an increasing relevance in local economies, worldwide. these animals are bred for their meat, fur and as companion and therapy animals. thus, their sanitary status should be well-established. according to the oie (world organization for animal health), respiratory infections mainly produced by pasteurella spp. have been reported for camelids. it has been stated that this microorganism causes a mild disease, although many authors report it is an important cause of mor ... | 2017 | 28303121 |
| bluetongue disease and seroprevalence in south american camelids from the northwestern region of the united states. | in late summer/early fall of 2013, 2 south american camelids from central washington were diagnosed with fatal bluetongue viral disease, an event which is rarely reported. a 9-year-old intact male llama (lama glama), with a 1-day history of anorexia, recumbency, and dyspnea before death. abundant foam discharged from the mouth and nostrils, and the lungs were severely edematous on postmortem examination. histologically, there was abundant intra-alveolar edema with fibrin. hemorrhage and edema di ... | 2015 | 25680921 |
| a serologic survey of viral infections in captive ungulates in turkish zoos. | zoos and zoologic gardens make optimal environments for interspecies transmission of viral infections. there are seven zoos and several small zoologic collections in turkey. this study aimed to determine the current status of viral infections in captive ungulates living in these environments. blood samples were taken from 163 captive animals from two zoos. there were 39 cameroon sheep (ovis ammon f aries), 11 barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia), 57 pygmy goats (capra hircus), 9 angora goats (capra ... | 2011 | 22946369 |
| [serological survey of antibodies against viral diseases of public health interest in llamas (lama glama) from jujuy province, argentina]. | llama population from argentina is mainly concentrated in the andean puna, jujuy. llamas represent an important economic resource for the andean communities. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against viral antigens associated to viral diseases of economic impact (neonatal diarrhea, reproductive and respiratory syndromes). a total of 349 serum samples from adult llamas were analyzed. the obtained antibody prevalence was 100 % for rotavirus a and 70 % for bovine ... | 2014 | 24721276 |
| antigenic variability in bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) isolates from alpaca (vicugna pacos), llama (lama glama) and bovines in chile. | llamas and alpacas are domesticated south american camelids (sacs) important to ancestral population in the altiplano region, and to different communities where they have been introduced worldwide. these ungulates have shown to be susceptible to several livestock viral pathogens such as members of the pestivirus genus and mainly to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). seventeen chilean bvdv isolates were analyzed by serum cross neutralization with samples obtained from five llama, six alpacas, th ... | 2014 | 24388627 |
| complete genome sequence of the orange-red pigmented, radioresistant deinococcus proteolyticus type strain (mrp(t)). | deinococcus proteolyticus (ex kobatake et al. 1973) brook and murray 1981 is one of currently 47 species in the genus deinococcus within the family deinococcaceae. strain mrp(t) was isolated from feces of lama glama and possesses extreme radiation resistance, a trait is shares with various other species of the genus deinococcus, with d. proteolyticus being resistant up to 1.5 mrad of gamma radiation. strain mrp(t) is of further interest for its carotenoid pigment. the genome presented here is on ... | 2012 | 22768367 |
| serology and longevity of immunity against echinococcus granulosus in sheep and llama induced by an oil-based eg95 vaccine. | an oil-based formulation of the eg95 vaccine to protect grazing animals against infection with echinococcus granulosus was formulated in argentina. the efficacy of the vaccine was monitored by serology in sheep and llama (lama glama) and was compared to the serology in sheep previously published using a quila-adjuvanted vaccine. long-term efficacy was also tested in sheep by challenging with e. granulosus eggs of the g1 strain 4 years after the beginning of the trial. the serological results for ... | 2016 | 27104482 |
| pharmacokinetics of immediate and sustained release cephalexin administered by different routes to llamas (lama glama). | we investigate the pharmacokinetics of two different cephalexin formulations administered to llamas by the intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), and subcutaneous (sc) routes, the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of cephalexin against some escherichia coli and staphylococci isolated from llamas, and we apply the pk/pd modelling approach, so that effective dosage recommendations for this species could be made. six llamas received immediate (10 mg/kg, iv, im, and sc) and sustained (8 mg/kg im ... | 2016 | 27051418 |
| ciliate protozoa of the forestomach of llamas (lama glama) from locations <br />at different altitude in argentina. | this study describes the diversity and concentration of the protozoal population from the forestomach of llamas in argentina at three altitudinal locations. protozoal diversity was studied in samples from eight llamas from hurlingham (buenos aires, 43 m altitude), four from tilcara (jujuy, 2465 m altitude) and six llamas from cieneguillas (jujuy, 3800 m altitude). the total concentrations of protozoa in the forestomach contents were 7.9, 9.1 and 4.1 cells x 10<sup>4</sup> ml<sup>-1</sup> in hurl ... | 2016 | 27395861 |
| detection of fiber-digesting bacteria in the forestomach contents of llamas (lama glama) by pcr. | the high fibrolytic activity and large biomass of strictly-anaerobic bacteria that inhabit the rumen makes them primarily responsible for the degradation of the forage consumed by ruminants. llamas feed mainly on low quality fibrous roughages that are digested by an active and diverse microflora. the products of this fermentation are volatile fatty acids and microbial biomass, which will be used by the animals. the aim of this study was to detect the three major fiber-digesting anaerobic bacteri ... | 2013 | 24165135 |
| characterization of fusobacterium necrophorum isolated from llama and alpaca. | fusobacterium necrophorum, a gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium, is an opportunistic animal and human pathogen that causes a variety of infections termed necrobacillosis. there are 2 subspecies of f. necrophorum (subsp. necrophorum and subsp. funduliforme) that differ morphologically and biochemically and in virulence. leukotoxin, a secreted protein, is considered to be the major virulence factor. in camelids, f. necrophorum causes a variety of infections, generally involving the lips, tongue, p ... | 2013 | 23780933 |
| heterobilharzia americana infection and congestive heart failure in a llama (lama glama). | the schistosome heterobilharzia americana infects several mammalian species in the southeastern united states, including horses, but infections have not been reported in camelids. this is a report of h. americana infection in a 6-year-old llama with extensive cardiac pathology and congestive heart failure. parasite-induced granulomas were widely disseminated and included overwhelming involvement of the lungs and liver. microscopic lesions in the heart included myofiber degeneration and necrosis, ... | 2015 | 24964922 |
| identification of lamanema chavezi becklund 1963 infection in a llama (lama glama) in the united states. | infection with lamanema chavezi, a parasitic nematode of new world camelids, was diagnosed by examination of feces and formalin-fixed liver from a 14-month-old female llama (lama glama) that died after a 6-week illness. infection with l. chavezi was initially suspected when a granuloma containing an unidentified nematode was detected microscopically in the hepatic parenchyma from a necropsy specimen. the subsequent diagnosis of l. chavezi infection was based on the morphologic features of 2 imma ... | 2014 | 24398908 |
| amblyomma parvitarsum (acari: ixodidae): localities, hosts and host-parasite ecology. | only a few aspects of the biology of amblyomma parvitarsum neumann are known. adults of this hard tick species are parasites of south american camelids in the andean plateau of argentina, bolivia, peru and chile and also in the argentine patagonia, but they have been also rarely found on other artyodactils and two species of birds. the larva has been collected from reptiles in northern chile, whereas the hosts for the nymph remain unknown. on nine localities included within altitude tropical and ... | 2014 | 23979654 |
| mortality of a captive axis deer (axis axis) and a llama (lama glama) due to ingestion of wedelia glauca. | the current study describes a naturally occurring cluster of cases of wedelia glauca intoxication. seven of 14 axis deer (axis axis) and 1 of 8 llamas (lama glama) in a zoo of buenos aires province, argentina, died suddenly after ingestion of a new batch of alfalfa (medicago sativa) hay bales contaminated with the hepatotoxic plant w. glauca. necropsies of 1 deer and 1 llama were performed. pathological findings in both animals included severe diffuse acute centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis ... | 2012 | 22977113 |
| genotypic characterization of chilean llama (lama glama) and alpaca (vicugna pacos) pestivirus isolates. | llamas and alpacas are domesticated south american camelids (sacs) important to ancestral population in the altiplano region, and to different communities worldwide where they have been introduced. these ungulates have shown to be susceptible to several livestock viral pathogens such as members of the pestivirus genus, in particular bovine viral diarrhea (bvdv), but there is little data available on pestivirus infections in sacs. in this study we aimed to detect and identify pestivirus genotypes ... | 2014 | 24388633 |
| generation and characterization of cd1d-specific single-domain antibodies with distinct functional features. | ligation of the cd1d antigen-presenting molecule by monoclonal antibodies (mabs) can trigger important biological functions. for therapeutic purposes camelid-derived variable domain of heavy-chain-only antibodies (vhh) have multiple advantages over mabs because they are small, stable and have low immunogenicity. here, we generated 21 human cd1d-specific vhh by immunizing lama glama and subsequent phage display. two clones induced maturation of dendritic cells, one clone induced early apoptosis i ... | 2016 | 27312006 |
| camelid heavy chain only antibody fragment domain against β-site of amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 inhibits β-secretase activity in vitro and in vivo. | accumulation and aggregation of the amyloid-β (aβ) peptide is associated with alzheimer's disease (ad). aβ is generated from the amyloid precursor protein by the successive action of two membrane-associated processing enzymes: β-secretase or β-site of amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (bace1) and γ-secretase. inhibition of one or both of these enzymes prevents aβ generation and the accompanying aβ accumulation. antigen binding fragments from camelid heavy chain only antibodies (vhhs) w ... | 2015 | 26147692 |
| camelid ig v genes reveal significant human homology not seen in therapeutic target genes, providing for a powerful therapeutic antibody platform. | camelid immunoglobulin variable (igv) regions were found homologous to their human counterparts; however, the germline v repertoires of camelid heavy and light chains are still incomplete and their therapeutic potential is only beginning to be appreciated. we therefore leveraged the publicly available htg and wgs databases of lama pacos and camelus ferus to retrieve the germline repertoire of v genes using human igv genes as reference. in addition, we amplified igkv and iglv genes to uncover the ... | 2015 | 26018625 |
| molecular characterization of the llamas (lama glama) casein cluster genes transcripts (csn1s1, csn2, csn1s2, csn3) and regulatory regions. | in the present paper, we report for the first time the characterization of llama (lama glama) caseins at transcriptomic and genetic level. a total of 288 casein clones transcripts were analysed from two lactating llamas. the most represented mrna populations were those correctly assembled (85.07%) and they encoded for mature proteins of 215, 217, 187 and 162 amino acids respectively for the csn1s1, csn2, csn1s2 and csn3 genes. the exonic subdivision evidenced a structure made of 21, 9, 17 and 6 ... | 2015 | 25923814 |
| novel camelid antibody fragments targeting recombinant nucleoprotein of araucaria hantavirus: a prototype for an early diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. | in addition to conventional antibodies, camelids produce immunoglobulins g composed exclusively of heavy chains in which the antigen binding site is formed only by single domains called vhh. their particular characteristics make vhhs interesting tools for drug-delivery, passive immunotherapy and high-throughput diagnosis. hantaviruses are rodent-borne viruses of the bunyaviridae family. two clinical forms of the infection are known. hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) is present in the ... | 2014 | 25243411 |
| pituitary null cell adenoma in a domestic llama (lama glama). | pituitary gland neoplasia has been reported rarely in camelids. a 12-year-old neutered male llama (lama glama) presented with lethargy, inappetence and neurological signs. on physical examination, the llama was mentally dull and exhibited compulsive pacing and circling to the left. complete blood count and serum biochemistry revealed haemoconcentration, mild hypophosphataemia, hyperglycaemia, hypercreatininaemia and hyperalbuminaemia. humane destruction was elected due to rapid clinical deterior ... | 2014 | 24720914 |
| combining proteomic tools to characterize the protein fraction of llama (lama glama) milk. | llamas belong to the camelidae family along with camels. while dromedary camel milk has been broadly characterized, data on llama milk proteins are scarce. the objective of this study was thus to investigate the protein composition of llama milk. skimmed llama milk proteins were first characterized by a 2d separation technique coupling rp-hplc in the first dimension with sds-page in the second dimension (rp-hplc/sds-page). llama milk proteins, namely caseins (αs1 -, αs2 -, β-, and κ-caseins), α- ... | 2014 | 24519815 |
| development and application of camelid molecular cytogenetic tools. | cytogenetic chromosome maps offer molecular tools for genome analysis and clinical cytogenetics and are of particular importance for species with difficult karyotypes, such as camelids (2n = 74). building on the available human-camel zoo-fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) data, we developed the first cytogenetic map for the alpaca (lama pacos, lpa) genome by isolating and identifying 151 alpaca bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clones corresponding to 44 specific genes. the genes were ... | 2016 | 23109720 |
| adaptive functional specialisation of architectural design and fibre type characteristics in agonist shoulder flexor muscles of the llama, lama glama. | like other camelids, llamas (lama glama) have the natural ability to pace (moving ipsilateral limbs in near synchronicity). but unlike the old world camelids (bactrian and dromedary camels), they are well adapted for pacing at slower or moderate speeds in high-altitude habitats, having been described as good climbers and used as pack animals for centuries. in order to gain insight into skeletal muscle design and to ascertain its relationship with the llama's characteristic locomotor behaviour, t ... | 2012 | 22625659 |
| comparison of two cooling protocols for llama semen: with and without collagenase and seminal plasma in the medium. | seminal plasma (sp) of south american camelids could interfere with the interaction of spermatozoa with the extenders; therefore it becomes necessary to improve semen management using enzymatic treatment. our objective was to compare two cooling protocols for llama semen. twelve ejaculates were incubated in 0.1% collagenase and then were divided into two aliquots. one was extended in lactose and egg yolk (ley) (protocol a: collagenase and sp present). the other aliquot was centrifuged, and the p ... | 2016 | 27561901 |
| sarcocystis masoni, n. sp. (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae), and redescription of sarcocystis aucheniae from llama (lama glama), guanaco (lama guanicoe) and alpaca (vicugna pacos). | there is considerable confusion concerning the species of sarcocystis in south american camelids (sac). several species names have been used; however, proper descriptions are lacking. in the present paper, we redescribe the macroscopic sarcocyst forming sarcocystis aucheniae and describe and propose a new name, sarcocystis masoni for the microscopic sarcocyst forming species. muscles samples were obtained from llamas (lama glama) and guanacos (lama guanicoe) from argentina and from alpacas (vicu ... | 2016 | 26932444 |
| potent and broad neutralization of hiv-1 by a llama antibody elicited by immunization. | llamas (lama glama) naturally produce heavy chain-only antibodies (abs) in addition to conventional abs. the variable regions (vhh) in these heavy chain-only abs demonstrate comparable affinity and specificity for antigens to conventional immunoglobulins despite their much smaller size. to date, immunizations in humans and animal models have yielded only abs with limited ability to neutralize hiv-1. in this study, a vhh phagemid library generated from a llama that was multiply immunized with rec ... | 2012 | 22641382 |
| [the occurrence of "candidatus mycoplasma haemolamae" infections in clinically asymptomatic south american camelids in austria]. | reports of cmhl infections in south american camelids in europe are only available from the united kingdom and switzerland. knowing that cmhl infections can lead to severe disease resulting in death if combined with other diseases or stress, it was the aim of this study to assess prevalence data from camelids in austria. in comparison to the previous studies a representative number of camelids was investigated nationwide. data were assessed due to differences in geographical region, age, sex, sp ... | 2016 | 27529994 |
| genome sequence of "candidatus mycoplasma haemolamae" strain purdue, a red blood cell pathogen of alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama). | we report the complete genome sequence of "candidatus mycoplasma haemolamae," an endemic red-cell pathogen of camelids. the single, circular chromosome has 756,845 bp, a 39.3% g+c content, and 925 coding sequences (cdss). a great proportion (49.1%) of these cdss are organized into paralogous gene families, which can now be further explored with regard to antigenic variation. | 2012 | 23105057 |
| molecular identification of sarcocystis aucheniae as the macrocyst-forming parasite of llamas. | the domestic south american camelids (sacs), llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama paco), are frequently found to be infected with sarcocystis parasites. infections give rise in skeletal muscle to macroscopic cysts (1-5mm long) that resemble rice seeds, each containing several million living bradyzoites. the finding of cysts prevents commercialization of sac meat, an important source of income for rural families in the andean flatlands. thus, development of diagnostic methods to facilitate the con ... | 2013 | 24129069 |