| genetically divergent strains of feline immunodeficiency virus from the domestic cat (felis catus) and the african lion (panthera leo) share usage of cd134 and cxcr4 as entry receptors. | the env open reading frames of african lion (panthera leo) lentivirus (feline immunodeficiency virus [fiv(ple)]) subtypes b and e from geographically distinct regions of africa suggest two distinct ancestries, with fiv(ple)-e sharing a common ancestor with the domestic cat (felis catus) lentivirus (fiv(fca)). here we demonstrate that fiv(ple)-e and fiv(fca) share the use of cd134 (ox40) and cxcr4 as a primary receptor and coreceptor, respectively, and that both lion cd134 and cxcr4 are functiona ... | 2008 | 18715917 |
| the onchocerciasis elimination program for the americas (oepa). | human onchocerciasis (river blindness) occurs in 13 foci distributed among six countries in latin america (brazil, colombia, ecuador, guatemala, mexico and venezuela), where about 500,000 people are considered at risk. an effort to eliminate the disease from the region was launched in response to a specific resolution adopted by the panamerican health organization (paho) in 1991: to eliminate onchocerciasis from the region, as a public-health problem, by 2007. the effort took advantage of the do ... | 2008 | 18718151 |
| the htra1 promoter polymorphism, smoking, and age-related macular degeneration in multiple case-control samples. | to assess the association and combined effect on the risk of age-related macular degeneration (amd) by the htra1 and complement factor h (cfh) polymorphisms, smoking, and serum cholesterol. | 2008 | 18718667 |
| microsurgical scalp reconstruction after a mountain lion attack. | mountain lion attacks on humans are rare and potentially fatal. although few victims experience minor injuries, permanent disfigurement and disability is common among survivors of these assaults. since 1986, a steady number of mountain lion attacks have been noted in california. we report a recent attack of a cougar on a couple hiking in california's prairie creek redwoods state park. the victim sustained a significant scalp injury that led to a life-threatening soft-tissue infection. we present ... | 2008 | 18724125 |
| in utero domoic acid toxicity: a fetal basis to adult disease in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | california sea lions have been a repeated subject of investigation for early life toxicity, which has been documented to occur with increasing frequency from late february through mid-may in association with organochlorine (pcb and ddt) poisoning and infectious disease in the 1970's and domoic acid poisoning in the last decade. the mass early life mortality events result from the concentrated breeding grounds and synchronization of reproduction over a 28 day post partum estrus cycle and 11 month ... | 2008 | 18728728 |
| genomic characterization of novel marine vesiviruses from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) from alaska. | marine vesiviruses were isolated in cell culture from oral and rectal swabs and vesicular fluid from alaskan steller sea lions (ssl; eumetopias jubatus). further characterization by rt-pcr, complete genomic sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses indicated that these viruses are most closely related to the marine vesiviruses, but are distinct viruses and represent two novel genotypes. the complete genome of these two ssl isolates was sequenced after cloning their viral cdna. the genomes were found ... | 2008 | 18765261 |
| molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium bovis isolates from free-ranging wildlife in south african game reserves. | bovine tuberculosis is endemic in african buffalo and a number of other wildlife species in the kruger national park (knp) and hluhluwe-imfolozi park (hip) in south africa. it was thought that the infection had been introduced into the knp ecosystem through direct contact between cattle and buffalo, a hypothesis which was confirmed in this study by is6110 and pgrs restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) typing. the molecular characterisation of 189 mycobacterium bovis isolates from nine ... | 2009 | 18786785 |
| accumulation of perfluorinated compounds in captive bengal tigers (panthera tigris tigris) and african lions (panthera leo linnaeus) in china. | the accumulation of perfluorinated compounds (pfcs) in the sera of captive wildlife species bengal tigers (panthera tigris tigris) and african lions (panthera leo linnaeus) from harbin wildlife park, heilongjiang province, in china were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (hplc-ms/ms). perfluorooctanesulfonate (pfos) was the predominant contaminant with a mean serum concentration of 1.18 ng ml(-1) in tigers and 2.69 ng ml(-1) in lions. perfluorononanoic ac ... | 2008 | 18789477 |
| human-carnivore coexistence on communal land bordering the greater kruger area, south africa. | the aim of this study was to assess the potential for coexistence between rural people (living adjacent to a protected area) and predators (from the same area) ranging onto communal land. ninety members of local communities bordering manyeleti game reserve, which is contiguous with kruger national park, south africa were interviewed. respondents expressed diverging attitudes toward predators, which were more favorable among participants with higher education. negative views were particularly due ... | 2008 | 18810524 |
| prevalence and characterization of salmonella spp. among marine animals in the channel islands, california. | salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen that has been isolated from free-ranging marine mammals throughout the world, with animals in the channel islands of california (usa) showing the highest prevalence. the goal of this study was to determine prevalence, antimicrobial sensitivity and genetic similarity using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of salmonella in several non-domestic animal species on san miguel and san nicolas islands. fecal samples were collected from 90 california sea ... | 2008 | 18828559 |
| molecular characterization of giardia intestinalis haplotypes in marine animals: variation and zoonotic potential. | giardia intestinalis is a microbial eukaryotic parasite that causes diarrheal disease in humans and other vertebrates worldwide. the negative effect on quality of life and economics caused by g. intestinalis may be increased by its potential status as a zoonosis, or a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans. the zoonotic potential of g. intestinalis has been implied for over 2 decades, with human-infecting genotypes (belonging to the 2 major subgroups, assemblages a and b) occurri ... | 2008 | 18828561 |
| viral and bacterial serology of six free-ranging bearded seals erignathus barbatus. | serum or heparinized plasma samples were obtained from 3 male (2 adult and 1 weaned calf) and 3 adult female free-ranging bearded seals erignathus barbatus in may of 1994, 1995, or 1996. blood samples were obtained from animals taken in subsistence hunts near st. lawrence island, alaska and screened for antibodies to a suite of bacteria and viruses potentially pathogenic for pinnipeds and/or humans. no samples had detectable antibodies to brucella spp., phocine distemper virus, influenza a virus ... | 2008 | 18828565 |
| characterization of a resistance locus (pfs-1) to the spinach downy mildew pathogen (peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae) and development of a molecular marker linked to pfs-1. | downy mildew is a destructive disease of spinach worldwide. there have been 10 races described since 1824, six of which have been identified in the past 10 years. race identification is based on qualitative disease reactions on a set of diverse host differentials which include open-pollinated cultivars, contemporary hybrid cultivars, and older hybrid cultivars that are no longer produced. the development of a set of near-isogenic open-pollinated spinach lines (nils), having different resistance ... | 2008 | 18943207 |
| parallels between playbacks and pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, smilodon. | inferences concerning the lives of extinct animals are difficult to obtain from the fossil record. here we present a novel approach to the study of extinct carnivores, using a comparison between fossil records (n=3324) found in late pleistocene tar seeps at rancho la brea in north america and counts (n=4491) from playback experiments used to estimate carnivore abundance in africa. playbacks and tar seep deposits represent competitive, potentially dangerous encounters where multiple predators are ... | 2009 | 18957359 |
| risk factors for an outbreak of leptospirosis in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) in california, 2004. | leptospirosis has been reported in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) since 1970; however, the source of infection and mode of transmission remain unknown. to elucidate these features, demographic and environmental risk factors for leptospirosis were evaluated. california sea lion stranding records from northern california for 2004 were used to identify cases of leptospirosis (n = 316) and controls (n = 143). demographic characteristics (age class, sex) and environmental factors, repr ... | 2008 | 18957639 |
| the secondary structure of the 5' end of the fiv genome reveals a long-range interaction between r/u5 and gag sequences, and a large, stable stem-loop. | feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) is a lentivirus that infects cats and is related to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). although it is a common worldwide infection, and has potential uses as a human gene therapy vector and as a nonprimate model for hiv infection, little detail is known of the viral life cycle. previous experiments have shown that its packaging signal includes two or more regions within the first 511 nucleotides of the genomic rna. we have undertaken a secondary structural an ... | 2008 | 18974279 |
| the evolutionary dynamics of the lion panthera leo revealed by host and viral population genomics. | the lion panthera leo is one of the world's most charismatic carnivores and is one of africa's key predators. here, we used a large dataset from 357 lions comprehending 1.13 megabases of sequence data and genotypes from 22 microsatellite loci to characterize its recent evolutionary history. patterns of molecular genetic variation in multiple maternal (mtdna), paternal (y-chromosome), and biparental nuclear (ndna) genetic markers were compared with patterns of sequence and subtype variation of th ... | 2008 | 18989457 |
| transmission of mycobacterium pinnipedii to humans in a zoo with marine mammals. | an outbreak of tuberculosis (tb) in sea lions occurred recently in a zoo in the netherlands. the disease was detected in a captive colony consisting of 29 animals kept in an open air basin with an indoor night house. approximately 25 animal keepers were in close contact with the animals. | 2008 | 19017459 |
| trichinella nelsoni and trichinella t8 mixed infection in a lion (panthera leo) of the kruger national park (south africa). | in south africa, trichinella sp. was first discovered in 1966 in the wildlife of the kruger national park (knp). since then, both trichinella t8 and trichinella nelsoni have been detected in the knp, leading to a debate on the existence of a gene flow between the two taxa. in 2006-2008, four lions were killed in the manyeleti game reserve, the mthethomusha nature reserve, numbi gate, and skukuza, which border the knp. larvae were isolated from muscles by artificial digestion. the molecular ident ... | 2009 | 19041185 |
| fecal glucocorticoids reflect socio-ecological and anthropogenic stressors in the lives of wild spotted hyenas. | our aim was to identify natural and anthropogenic influences on the stress physiology of large african carnivores, using wild spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta) as model animals. with both longitudinal data from a single social group, and cross-sectional data from multiple groups, we used fecal glucocorticoids (fgc) to examine potential stressors among spotted hyenas. longitudinal data from adult members of a group living on the edge of the masai mara national reserve, kenya, revealed that fgc con ... | 2009 | 19056392 |
| patterns in age-seroprevalence consistent with acquired immunity against trypanosoma brucei in serengeti lions. | trypanosomes cause disease in humans and livestock throughout sub-saharan africa. although various species show evidence of clinical tolerance to trypanosomes, until now there has been no evidence of acquired immunity to natural infections. we discovered a distinct peak and decrease in age prevalence of t. brucei s.l. infection in wild african lions that is consistent with being driven by an exposure-dependent increase in cross-immunity following infections with the more genetically diverse spec ... | 2008 | 19065258 |
| ultraviolet radiation in the rhône river lenses of low salinity and in marine waters of the northwestern mediterranean sea: attenuation and effects on bacterial activities and net community production. | the high content in nutrients of freshwater outflows induces highly productive and buoyant plumes spreading over marine waters (mw). as a consequence, the growth of organisms developing in these low-salinity waters (lsw) might be potentially affected by uv-r (280-400 nm). this study investigated the penetration of uv-r and its impact on net community production (ncp) and bacterial protein (b(prot)s) and dna (b(dna)s) synthesis in mesotrophic-lsw formed from the rhône river and in oligotrophic mw ... | 2009 | 19067946 |
| home range utilisation and territorial behaviour of lions (panthera leo) on karongwe game reserve, south africa. | interventionist conservation management of territorial large carnivores has increased in recent years, especially in south africa. understanding of spatial ecology is an important component of predator conservation and management. spatial patterns are influenced by many, often interacting, factors making elucidation of key drivers difficult. we had the opportunity to study a simplified system, a single pride of lions (panthera leo) after reintroduction onto the 85 km(2) karongwe game reserve, fr ... | 2008 | 19098987 |
| lions and prions and deer demise. | contagious prion diseases--scrapie of sheep and chronic wasting disease of several species in the deer family--give rise to epidemics that seem capable of compromising host population viability. despite this prospect, the ecological consequences of prion disease epidemics in natural populations have received little consideration. | 2008 | 19107193 |
| yohimbine antagonizes the anaesthetic effects of ketamine-xylazine in captive indian wild felids. | to determine the effectiveness of yohimbine as an antagonist of ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia in captive asiatic lions (panthera leo persica), tigers (panthera tigris) and leopards (panthera pardus). | 2009 | 19121157 |
| cross-disciplinary demands of multihost pathogens. | the dynamics of infectious disease spread depend on host population contact structure. heterogeneities in this contact structure can arise from various forms of demographic and spatial phenomena. craft et al. (this issue) have constructed an exploratory simulation model of the spread of canine distemper virus through a multispecies carnivore community. each species in this community is modelled with a contact structure reflecting host social organization, ranging behaviour, and likely interspeci ... | 2008 | 19161447 |
| the fishing area as a possible indicator of the infection by anisakids in anchovies (engraulis encrasicolus) from southwestern europe. | a study was conducted on the parasitization by anisakids of european anchovies (engraulis encrasicolus) from the eastern atlantic (gulf of cádiz and strait of gibraltar) and western mediterranean (ligurian sea, gulf of lion, catalonia coast and nw alborán sea) throughout 1998 and 1999. the anisakids detected were identified as third larval stages of anisakis larva type i and hysterothylacium aduncum. global prevalence was 9.4% for anisakis and 24.5% for h. aduncum. analysis of the origin of the ... | 2009 | 19162359 |
| geographical dissemination of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona during seasonal migration of california sea lions. | leptospirosis is one of the most widespread bacterial zoonoses in the world and affects most mammalian species. although leptospirosis is well documented and characterized in terrestrial species, less information is available regarding the distribution and impact of leptospirosis in marine mammals. additionally, the role of animal migrations on the geographical spread of leptospirosis has not been reported. periodic epizootic outbreaks of acute leptospirosis among california sea lions (zalophus ... | 2009 | 19186009 |
| variable nucleotide tandem-repeat analysis revealing a unique group of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona isolates associated with california sea lions. | leptospira interrogans serovar pomona isolates were compared by variable nucleotide tandem-repeat typing. most cattle isolates grouped together, while isolates from pigs and wildlife were distributed across several groups. significantly, california sea lion isolates formed a unique group, providing evidence that these animals are maintenance hosts of serovar pomona. | 2009 | 19204099 |
| isolation by distance among california sea lion populations in mexico: redefining management stocks. | understanding the spatial structure of a population is critical for effective assessment and management. however, direct observation of spatial dynamics is generally difficult, particularly for marine mammals. california sea lions (zalophus californianus) are polygynous pinnipeds distributed along the pacific coast of north america. the species' range has been subdivided into three management stocks based on differences in mitochondrial dna, but to date no studies have considered nuclear genetic ... | 2009 | 19226320 |
| heterogeneity in the capsid protein of bovine enteric caliciviruses belonging to a new genus. | some bovine enteric caliciviruses form a new genus in the family caliciviridae. in this study, bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 31 full length capsid sequences from europe, north america and asia revealed that this new genus had four currently circulating lineages that showed both temporal and geographical distribution. these groupings were supported by the distribution of the frequency of pair-wise distances. however, the nucleotide and amino acid heterogeneity was low, with a maximum nucleoti ... | 2009 | 19254803 |
| [felines: an alternative in genetic toxicology studies?]. | the micronuclei (mn) test carry out in peripheral blood is fast, simple, economic and it is used to detect genotoxic environmental agents. mn are fragments of chromosomes or complete chromosomes remaining in the cytoplasm after cell division, which increase when organisms are exposed to genotoxic agents. therefore, species with the highest values of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (mne) are the most suitable to be potentials biomonitor of micronucleogenic agents, using a drop of blood. n ... | 2008 | 19256458 |
| novel anellovirus discovered from a mortality event of captive california sea lions. | a viral metagenomic study was performed to investigate potential viral pathogens associated with a mortality event of three captive california sea lions (zalophus californianus). this study identified a novel california sea lion anellovirus (zcav), with 35 % amino acid identity in the orf1 region to feline anelloviruses. the double-stranded replicative form of zcav was detected in lung tissue, suggesting that zcav replicates in sea lion lungs. specific pcr revealed the presence of zcav in the lu ... | 2009 | 19264590 |
| evolution and survival of marine carnivores did not require a diversity of killer cell ig-like receptors or ly49 nk cell receptors. | ly49 lectin-like receptors and killer cell ig-like receptors (kir) are structurally unrelated cell surface glycoproteins that evolved independently to function as diverse nk cell receptors for mhc class i molecules. comparison of primates and various domesticated animals has shown that species have either a diverse ly49 or kir gene family, but not both. in four pinniped species of wild marine carnivore, three seals and one sea lion, we find that ly49 and kir are each represented by single, ortho ... | 2009 | 19265140 |
| a survey of echinococcus species in wild carnivores and livestock in east africa. | we examined 71 faecal samples of carnivores from queen elizabeth national park (qenp), uganda, for eggs of echinococcus species. thirty-nine faecal samples contained taeniid eggs. for species diagnosis, dna was isolated from a total of 1984 individual taeniid eggs. to differentiate eggs of echinococcus felidis from other taeniid taxa (including the closely related echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto), a restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp)-pcr of the mitochondrial nad1 gene was deve ... | 2009 | 19275902 |
| pheochromocytoma in six new world primates. | six new world primates, including 2 golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia), 2 cotton-top tamarins (saguinus o. oedipus), 1 black howler monkey (alouatta caraya), and 1 black-handed spider monkey (ateles g. geoffroyi), were diagnosed with unilateral (4/6) or bilateral (1/6) adrenal or extra-adrenal (1/6) pheochromocytoma by light microscopy and immunohistochemical staining for chromogranin a. overt invasive behavior or metastases were not observed in any primate, and thus these neoplasms w ... | 2009 | 19276065 |
| leptospirosis: risks during recreational activities. | summary rats, dogs, cattle, bats and sea lions, exemplify the diversity of mammalian species that can facilitate transmission of the zoonotic disease leptospirosis. the causative agent, pathogenic species of leptospira, is shed in urine of chronically infected hosts. direct contact with infected urine, or indirectly with water sources contaminated with infected urine, poses a risk of infection for humans exposed during water-related recreational and occupational activities. new serovars of lepto ... | 2009 | 19302325 |
| distinguishing epidemic waves from disease spillover in a wildlife population. | serengeti lions frequently experience viral outbreaks. in 1994, one-third of serengeti lions died from canine distemper virus (cdv). based on the limited epidemiological data available from this period, it has been unclear whether the 1994 outbreak was propagated by lion-to-lion transmission alone or involved multiple introductions from other sympatric carnivore species. more broadly, we do not know whether contacts between lions allow any pathogen with a relatively short infectious period to pe ... | 2009 | 19324800 |
| rickets in lion cubs at the london zoo in 1889: some new insights. | in 1889, when dr john bland-sutton, a prominent surgeon in london, england, was consulted concerning fatal rickets in more than 20 successive litters of lion cubs at the london zoo, he evaluated the role of diet relative to the development of rickets. he prescribed goat meat and bones and cod-liver oil to be added to the lean horse-meat diet of the cubs and their mothers. rickets reversed, the cubs survived, and litters were reared successfully. in classic controlled studies conducted in puppies ... | 2009 | 19349374 |
| comparison of several types of enrichment for captive felids. | enrichment can increase the complexity of the captive environment and possibly enhance captive animals' well-being by stimulating active behaviors and reducing stereotypical behaviors commonly seen in zoo felids. in this study, three different enrichment items were added to outdoor enclosures of felids at the montgomery zoo to test their effects on activity levels and stereotypic pacing. bones, frozen fish, and spices (cinnamon, chili powder, and cumin) were presented over a 3-month period to si ... | 2007 | 19360587 |
| anthelmintic resistant haemonchus contortus in a giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) in florida. | a young male giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) recently acquired by the lion country safari in loxahatchee, florida, was diagnosed and successfully treated for haemonchus infection while in quarantine. seven weeks after introduction into a group of resident giraffes, this giraffe presented with diarrhea. fecal evaluation revealed an extremely high count of 16,700 eggs/g, with larval identification of the parasite as haemonchus. a larval development assay showed resistance to the three classes of ... | 2009 | 19368252 |
| the search for symmetry: 25 years in review. | it has been 25 years since the publication of sidman et al.'s (1982) report on the search for symmetry in nonhuman animals. they attributed their nonhuman subjects' failure to the absence of some critical experiences (e.g., exemplar training, control of location variables, and generalized identity matching). since then, species ranging from rats to chimpanzees have been tested on symmetry, and the results have been equivocal. twenty-four investigations of symmetry in nonhumans are reviewed to de ... | 2009 | 19380896 |
| a capsid gene-based real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of marine vesiviruses in the caliciviridae. | a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtrt-pcr) assay was developed for the identification of marine vesiviruses. the primers were designed to target a 176-nucleotide fragment within a highly conserved region of the san miguel sea lion viruses (smsvs) capsid gene. the assay detected viral rna from nine marine vesivirus serotypes described previously, including two serotypes (smsv-8 and -12) not identified with presently available molecular assays, a highly related bovine v ... | 2009 | 19410604 |
| delayed onset of vocal recognition in australian sea lion pups (neophoca cinerea). | in pinnipeds, maternal care strategies and colony density may influence a species' individual recognition system. we examined the onset of vocal recognition of mothers by australian sea lion pups (neophoca cinerea). at 2 months of age, pups responded significantly more to the calls of their own mothers than alien female calls demonstrating a finely tuned recognition system. however, newborn pups did not respond differentially to the calls of their mother from alien female calls suggesting that v ... | 2009 | 19418037 |
| predator and heterospecific stimuli alter behaviour in cattle. | wild and domestic ungulates modify their behaviour in the presence of olfactory and visual cues of predators but investigations have not exposed a domestic species to a series of cues representing various predators and other ungulate herbivores. we used wolf (canis lupus), mountain lion (puma concolor), and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) stimuli (olfactory and visual), and a control (no stimuli) to experimentally test for differences in behaviour of cattle (bos taurus) raised in arizona. we mea ... | 2009 | 19429201 |
| pathological manifestations of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infection in wild african lions. | feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) causes aids in the domestic cat (felis catus) but has not been explicitly associated with aids pathology in any of the eight free-ranging species of felidae that are endemic with circulating fiv strains. african lion (panthera leo) populations are infected with lion-specific fiv strains (fivple), yet there remains uncertainty about the degree to which fiv infection impacts their health. reported cd4+ t-lymphocyte depletion in fivple-infected lions and anecdota ... | 2009 | 19464039 |
| oral examination and radiographic evaluation of the dentition in wild cats from namibia. | feline tooth resorption has been widely reported in domestic cats and sporadically described in other felidae. the goal of the present study was to determine the prevalence of tooth resorption and to report other dental problems in a population of wild felidae. observations of dental disorders and anomalies were made in skulls from 73 wild felidae (cheetahs, leopards, caracals, african wildcats, and lions) originating from namibia. in addition, radiographs were taken in 43 cases to determine sig ... | 2009 | 19476083 |
| validation of a homologous canine relaxin radioimmunoassay and application with pregnant and non-pregnant northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus). | the primary objectives of this study were to validate a canine relaxin ria for use in otariids and phocids and consider practical applications. for 6 captive northern fur seal females, serum samples were grouped and examined according to pregnancy (n=13), post-partum (n=8) and non-pregnancy (n=6), and, for 2 captive northern fur seal males, serum samples were grouped and examined together regardless of age (2 mo-15 yrs, n=6). placental tissue was available for examination from one northern fur s ... | 2010 | 19501094 |
| the need to rationalize and prioritize threatening processes used to determine threat status in the iucn red list. | thorough evaluation has made the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) red list the most widely used and accepted authority on the conservation status of biodiversity. although the system used to determine risk of extinction is rigorously and objectively applied, the list of threatening processes affecting a species is far more subjectively determined and has not had adequate review. i reviewed the threats listed in the iucn red list for randomly selected groups within the three ... | 2009 | 19508675 |
| sport hunting, predator control and conservation of large carnivores. | sport hunting has provided important economic incentives for conserving large predators since the early 1970's, but wildlife managers also face substantial pressure to reduce depredation. sport hunting is an inherently risky strategy for controlling predators as carnivore populations are difficult to monitor and some species show a propensity for infanticide that is exacerbated by removing adult males. simulation models predict population declines from even moderate levels of hunting in infantic ... | 2009 | 19536277 |
| primary pneumonic plague contracted from a mountain lion carcass. | primary pneumonic plague is a rare but often fatal form of yersinia pestis infection that results from direct inhalation of bacteria and is potentially transmissible from person to person. we describe a case of primary pneumonic plague in a wildlife biologist who was found deceased in his residence 1 week after conducting a necropsy on a mountain lion. | 2009 | 19555287 |
| fatal infection with feline panleukopenia virus in two captive wild carnivores (panthera tigris and panthera leo). | two cases of fatal infection caused by parvovirus in a white tiger (panthera tigris) and an african lion (panthera leo) at the lisbon zoo (portugal) are described. gross findings at necropsy were catharral enteritis in the tiger and severe hemorrhagic enteritis in the lion. histopathologic examination revealed, in both animals, intestinal crypt necrosis and lymphocyte depletion in the germinal centers of the mesenteric lymph nodes. bacteriologic examination was negative for common bacterial path ... | 2009 | 19569486 |
| addressing the severe shortage of health care providers in ethiopia: bench model teaching of technical skills. | there is a severe shortage of health care workers in ethiopia. this situation must be addressed by the efficient training of mass cohorts of students. | 2009 | 19573184 |
| trichinella zimbabwensis in a naturally infected mammal. | trichinella zimbabwensis has been detected in wild and farmed nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) and in wild monitor lizards (varanus niloticus) of several african countries, but it has never been detected in mammals in nature, in spite of its infectivity to rodents, pigs, foxes and monkeys under laboratory conditions. the aim of this work was to describe the first detection of t. zimbabwensis in a naturally infected lion (panthera leo) of the kruger national park (knp) of south africa. the ... | 2010 | 19580688 |
| rotavirus infections in galapagos sea lions. | group a rotaviruses infect and cause diarrhea in the young of a broad range of terrestrial mammals, but it is unknown, to our knowledge, whether they infect marine mammals. during february and march of 2002 and 2003, we collected 125 serum samples and 18 rectal swab samples from galapagos sea lion pups (gsl, zalophus wollebaeki), and 22 serum samples from galapagos fur seal pups (gfs, arctocephalus galapagoensis) from nine islands of the galapagos archipelago, ecuador. sera were tested for antib ... | 2009 | 19617482 |
| echinococcus species in african wildlife. | cystic echinococcosis, caused by different species of the echinococcus granulosus complex, is an important zoonotic disease with a particular impact on pastoralist societies. in addition to the widespread taxa with synanthropic transmission, a number of echinococcus species were described from african wild carnivores early in the 20th century. for lack of study material, most of these were later tentatively synonymized with e. granulosus. early infection experiments with wildlife isolates gave a ... | 2009 | 19664322 |
| pleuritis and suppurative pneumonia associated with a hypermucoviscosity phenotype of klebsiella pneumoniae in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | the aim of this study is to document the isolation of a hypermucoviscosity (hmv) phenotype of klebsiella pneumoniae from 25 cases of suppurative pneumonia and pleuritis and two cases of abscesses in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) from the central california coast, representing the first report of this zoonotic pathogen from the marine environment and only the second report in non-humans. animals died 2h to 4 days after first being observed sick on beaches. clinical signs varied fr ... | 2010 | 19709820 |
| characterization of phylogenetically diverse astroviruses of marine mammals. | astroviruses are small, non-enveloped, positive-stranded rna viruses. previously studied mammalian astroviruses have been associated with diarrhoeal disease. knowledge of astrovirus diversity is very limited, with only six officially recognized astrovirus species from mammalian hosts and, in addition, one human and some bat astroviruses were recently described. we used consensus pcr techniques for initial identification of five astroviruses of marine mammals: three from california sea lions (zal ... | 2010 | 19759240 |
| rat kainic acid model provides unexpected insight into an emerging epilepsy syndrome in sea lions. | | 2009 | 19826507 |
| the impact of vascular comorbidities on qualitative error analysis of executive impairment in alzheimer's disease. | recent evidence suggests that patients with alzheimer's disease (ad) and vascular comorbidities (vc) perform worse across measures of verbal reasoning and abstraction when compared to patients with ad alone. we performed a qualitative error analysis of wechsler adult intelligence scale-iii similarities zero-point responses in 45 ad patients with varying numbers of vc, including diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. errors were scored in set if the answer was vaguely related to how th ... | 2010 | 19835657 |
| mountain lions prey selectively on prion-infected mule deer. | the possibility that predators choose prey selectively based on age or condition has been suggested but rarely tested. we examined whether mountain lions (puma concolor) selectively prey upon mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) infected with chronic wasting disease, a prion disease. we located kill sites of mountain lions in the northern front range of colorado, usa, and compared disease prevalence among lion-killed adult (> or =2 years old) deer with prevalence among sympatric deer taken by hunters ... | 2010 | 19864271 |
| cooperation and individuality among man-eating lions. | cooperation is the cornerstone of lion social behavior. in a notorious case, a coalition of two adult male lions from tsavo, southern kenya, cooperatively killed dozens of railway workers in 1898. the "man-eaters of tsavo" have since become the subject of numerous popular accounts, including three hollywood films. yet the full extent of the lions' man-eating behavior is unknown; estimates range widely from 28 to 135 victims. here we use stable isotope ratios to quantify increasing dietary specia ... | 2009 | 19884504 |
| hypoxic pulmonary vasodilation: a paradigm shift with a hydrogen sulfide mechanism. | hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (hvc), an intrinsic and assumed ubiquitous response of mammalian pulmonary blood vessels, matches regional ventilation to perfusion via an unknown o(2)-sensing mechanism. global pulmonary hypoxia experienced by individuals suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or numerous hypoventilation syndromes, including sleep apnea, often produces maladaptive pulmonary hypertension, but pulmonary hypertension is not observed in diving mammals, where profound ... | 2010 | 19889863 |
| factors influencing weight changes in callitrichids at the bronx zoo. | callitrichids are small monkeys with high metabolic rates who appear to be susceptible to spontaneous diseases and possibly to environmental changes creating challenges in maintaining them in captivity. this study investigates whether life events (i.e. medical, social and housing changes) can influence weight. in previous research, body mass has been shown to be correlated with periods of illness, group composition changes and stress. weights of 56 individual callitrichid monkeys (20 marmosets, ... | 2010 | 19890903 |
| identity of diphyllobothrium spp. (cestoda: diphyllobothriidae) from sea lions and people along the pacific coast of south america. | host specificity evidently is not expressed by various species of diphyllobothrium that occur typically in marine mammals, and people become infected occasionally when dietary customs favor ingestion of plerocercoids. this report mainly concerns 2 species, diphyllobothrium pacificum and diphyllobothrium arctocephalinum, for which sea lions (otariidae) are final hosts. the taxonomic status of those cestodes has not been clearly discernible because of misinterpretation of relationships; complex sy ... | 2010 | 19891513 |
| restrictions to cross-species transmission of lentiviral infection gleaned from studies of fiv. | more than 40 species of primates and over 20 species of cats harbor antibodies that sero-react to lentiviral antigens. in nearly all cases where viral genetic analysis has been conducted, each host species is infected with a unique lentivirus. though lentivirus clades within a species can be substantially divergent, they are typically monophyletic within that species. a notable significant departure from this observation is apparent cross-species transmission of fiv between bobcats (lynx rufus) ... | 2010 | 19896218 |
| epidemiology, pathology, and genetic analysis of a canine distemper epidemic in namibia. | severe population declines have resulted from the spillover of canine distemper virus (cdv) into susceptible wildlife, with both domestic and wild canids being involved in the maintenance and transmission of the virus. this study (march 2001 to october 2003) collated case data, serologic, pathologic, and molecular data to describe the spillover of cdv from domestic dogs (canis familiaris) to black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas) during an epidemic on the namibian coast. antibody prevalence in j ... | 2009 | 19901377 |
| lion (panthera leo) and cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) ifn-gamma sequences. | cloning and sequencing of the full length lion and cheetah interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) transcript will enable the expression of the recombinant cytokine, to be used for production of monoclonal antibodies and to set up lion and cheetah-specific ifn-gamma elisas. these are relevant in blood-based diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, an important threat to lions in the kruger national park. alignment of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of lion and cheetah and that of domestic cats showed homologi ... | 2010 | 19913304 |
| expression and self-assembly of virus-like particles from two genotypes of marine vesiviruses and development of an elisa for the detection of antibodies. | sequences encoding the major and minor capsid proteins (vp1 and vp2) from two marine vesivirus isolates (steller sea lion viruses v810 and v1415) were engineered for expression of virus-like particles (vlps) in the baculovirus system. the resulting vlps were morphologically similar to native vesivirus virions. purified vlps were probed in immunoblots with pooled antisera specific for nine san miguel sea lion virus (smsv) types, and a predominant protein of approximately 60kda was detected. an en ... | 2010 | 19913368 |
| detection of antibodies against norovirus genogroup giv in carnivores. | noroviruses (novs) resembling human nov genotype giv (alphatron-like) have recently been detected in carnivores. by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on baculovirus-expressed capsid protein vp1 of lion strain ggiv.2/pistoia/387/06/ita, nov-specific antibodies were detected in cats (16.11%) and dogs (4.8%), demonstrating that these animals are exposed to infections caused by novs. | 2010 | 19923574 |
| characterization of san miguel sea lion virus populations using pyrosequencing-based methods. | san miguel sea lion virus (smsv) is a small rna virus in the genus vesivirus with an unusually broad host range. three populations of smsv were examined by pcr amplification of the capsid precursor and putative helicase genes, followed by pyrosequencing. the populations were nasal swabs from two smsv infected california sea lions (zalophus californianus) from two different years, and a virus isolate from the earlier swab that was passaged in cell culture five times. in the capsid precursor, exte ... | 2010 | 19931646 |
| fecal triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations change in response to thyroid stimulation in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | variation in concentrations of thyroid hormones shed in feces may help to identify physiological states of animals, but the efficacy of the technique needs to be validated for each species. we determined whether a known physiological alteration to thyroid hormone production was reflected in hormone concentrations in the feces of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). we quantified variation of triiodothyronine (t3) and thyroxine (t4) concentrations in feces following two intramuscular injection ... | 2010 | 19941866 |
| cultural innovations and demographic change. | demography plays a large role in cultural evolution through its effects on the effective rate of innovation. if we assume that useful inventions are rare, then small isolated societies will have low rates of invention. in small populations, complex technology will tend to be lost as a result of random loss or incomplete transmission (the tasmanian effect). large populations have more inventors and are more resistant to loss by chance. if human populations can grow freely, then a population-techn ... | 2009 | 19943744 |
| expression of mytilus immune genes in response to experimental challenges varied according to the site of collection. | mussels live in diverse coastal environments experience various physical, chemical and biological conditions, which they counteract with functional adjustments and heritable adaptive changes. in order to investigate possible differences in immune system capabilities, we analyzed by qpcr the expression levels of 4 immune genes (defensin, mytilin b, myticin b, lysozyme) and hsp70 in the mediterranean mussel, mytilus galloprovincialis collected in 3 european farming areas {atlantic ocean-ría de vig ... | 2010 | 20045066 |
| naturally acquired visceral leishmaniasis in non-human primates in brazil. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a chronic and often fatal protozoal disease that is endemic in belo horizonte (state of minas gerais, brazil). leishmania sp. is an intracellular obligatory parasite of macrophages that can naturally infect several mammalian species. non-human primates (nhp) have been used as experimental models for infection with leishmania of the donovani complex. the present report describes a case of visceral leishmaniasis in a black-fronted titi. among 41 primates kept in capt ... | 2010 | 20056328 |
| ethnic-specific prevalence of hepatitis b/c virus infection in pin-jen, taiwan. | the study aimed to estimate prevalence rate of hepatitis b/c virus infection by three ethnic groups including hakka, minnan, and mainlander in taiwan where there was a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. | 2009 | 20073137 |
| when the zebra loses its stripes: semantic priming in early alzheimer's disease and semantic dementia. | patients suffering from alzheimer's disease (ad) or semantic dementia (sd) both exhibit deficits on explicit tasks of semantic memory. semantic priming (sp) paradigms provide a very pure and precise implicit measurement of semantic memory impairment, and a previous study of ad (giffard et al., 2002) using one such paradigm revealed that ad patients in the initial stages of semantic deterioration presented an abnormally large priming effect (hyperpriming) in a category-coordinate condition, compa ... | 2011 | 20089250 |
| fusion as an evolutionary principle of the vertebrate labyrinth. | this study was undertaken to demonstrate changes in the innervation of vestibular and auditory sense organs with the evolutionary ascent of the vertebrate labyrinth. | 2009 | 20112518 |
| of lion manes and human beards: some unusual effects of the interaction between aggression and sociality. | the function of manes in lions has been a topic of scientific interest since darwin (1871) suggested that it provides protection in intraspecific fights. recent experimental studies on wild lions have emphasized the role of female selection, but analyses of specific attack behaviors and targets, and the social consequences of manelessness for lions living in very hot climates suggest that male manes may indeed mitigate the outcomes of intraspecific male attack and thus serve a permissive functio ... | 2010 | 20126434 |
| supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, panthera (carnivora: felidae). | the pantherine lineage of cats diverged from the remainder of modern felidae less than 11 million years ago and consists of the five big cats of the genus panthera, the lion, tiger, jaguar, leopard, and snow leopard, as well as the closely related clouded leopard. a significant problem exists with respect to the precise phylogeny of these highly threatened great cats. despite multiple publications on the subject, no two molecular studies have reconstructed panthera with the same topology. these ... | 2010 | 20138224 |
| the impact of concomitant infections by trypanosoma cruzi and intestinal helminths on the health of wild golden and golden-headed lion tamarins. | a 4-year longitudinal epidemiological study was carried out to evaluate the effect of infection by trypanosoma cruzi and three intestinal helminth species on the health of golden and golden-headed lion tamarins. we evaluated health using analysis of blood counts, serum proteins, electrophoretograms, electrocardiograms and a health ranking based on physiological parameters. among the helminths, trichostrongylidae was demonstrated as the most pathogenic, followed by prosthenorchis sp.; concomitant ... | 2010 | 20149919 |
| the epidemiology of lion lentivirus infection among a population of free-ranging lions (panthera leo) in the kruger national park, south africa. | feline immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus of domestic cats that causes significant lifelong infection. infection with this or similar lentiviruses has been detected in several nondomestic feline species, including african lions (panthera leo). although lion lentivirus (fivple) infection is endemic in certain lion populations in eastern and southern africa, little is known about its pathogenic effects or its epidemiological impact in free-ranging lions. this report describes the epidemiologic ... | 2009 | 20169747 |
| identification of three novel snps and association with carcass traits in porcine tnni1 and tnni2. | in this study, two novel snps (eu743939:g.5174t>c in intron 4 and eu743939:g.8350c>a in intron 7) in tnni1 and one snp (eu696779:g.1167c>t in intron 3) in tnni2 were identified by pcr-rflp (pcr restriction fragment length polymorphism) using xbai, mspi and smai restriction enzyme, respectively. the allele frequencies of three novel snps were determined in the genetically diverse pig breeds including ten chinese indigenous pigs and three western commercial pig breeds. association analysis of the ... | 2010 | 20182806 |
| intradermal tuberculin testing of wild african lions (panthera leo) naturally exposed to infection with mycobacterium bovis. | african lions in the southern half of kruger national park (knp) are infected with mycobacterium bovis. historically, reliable detection of mycobacteriosis in lions was limited to necropsy and microbiological analysis of lesion material collected from emaciated and ailing or repeat-offender lions. we report on a method of cervical intradermal tuberculin testing of lions and its interpretation capable of identifying natural exposure to m. bovis. infected lions (n=52/95) were identified by detaile ... | 2010 | 20188497 |
| mycophagy and its influence on habitat use and ranging patterns in callimico goeldii. | mycophagy has been documented in a number of species of marmosets and lion tamarins (callitrichinae) but its effect on ranging behavior is not known. we present the results of 10 years of research on five groups of goeldi's monkey (callimico goeldii) at a field site in northwestern bolivia. we studied the diet and ranging behavior of two of the groups. on average, groups contained 4.5 individuals (range 2.0-9.0), but they gradually decreased in size until only the breeding female remained in the ... | 2010 | 20209492 |
| the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium in steller sea lion lung fibroblasts compared to human lung fibroblasts. | in this study we directly compared soluble and particulate chromate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human (homo sapiens) and sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) lung fibroblasts. our results show that hexavalent chromium induces increased cell death and chromosome damage in both human and sea lion cells with increasing intracellular chromium ion levels. the data further indicate that both sodium chromate and lead chromate are less cytotoxic and genotoxic to sea lion cells than human cells, based on a ... | 2010 | 20211760 |
| an empirical case study examining effectiveness of environmental enrichment in two captive australian sea lions (neophoca cinerea). | this case study examined the effect of environmental enrichment on the activity budgets of a male and female australian sea lion (neophoca cinerea) housed together at adelaide zoo. using non-food-related (intrinsic) and food-related (extrinsic) enrichment objects, the study conducted an ababa (withdrawal) experimental design over a 30-day period (180 hr). the study expected extrinsically reinforcing objects to be more effective than intrinsically reinforcing objects in reducing pattern swimming. ... | 2010 | 20349377 |
| helminths found in marmosets (callithrix penicillata and callithrixjacchus) introduced to the region of occurrence of golden lion tamarins (leontopithecusrosalia) in brazil. | the introduction of exotic species can increase the risk of extinction of native species through the introduction of new diseases, predation or resource competition. the marmosets callithrix penicillata and callithrix jacchus and hybrids of these two species have been introduced to privately owned forests in the lowland atlantic forest of the rio de janeiro state in brazil, the region of occurrence of the endangered golden lion tamarin, leontopithecus rosalia. because the ecology and biology of ... | 2010 | 20378249 |
| pcr-based diagnosis of surra-targeting vsg gene: experimental studies in small laboratory rodents and buffalo. | trypanosoma evansi, the causative organism of 'surra' expresses its variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) at early, middle and late stages of infection in animals. the variable antigenic nature of vsg caused by switching its expression type favours evasion from the host immune response and leads to chronic and persistent infection. developing a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based diagnostic tool targeting the vsg gene is expected to be highly specific and sensitive for diagnosis of surra. hence, ... | 2010 | 20388585 |
| non-invasive measurement of thyroid hormone in feces of a diverse array of avian and mammalian species. | we developed and validated a non-invasive thyroid hormone measure in feces of a diverse array of birds and mammals. an i(131) radiolabel ingestion study in domestic dogs coupled with high pressure liquid chromatography (hplc) analysis, showed that peak excretion in feces occurred at 24-48h post-ingestion, with i(131)-labelled thyroid hormone metabolites excreted primarily as triiodothyronine (t3) and relatively little thyroxine (t4), at all excretion times examined. the immunoreactive t3 profile ... | 2010 | 20412809 |
| development of feline microsatellites and snps for evaluating primary cataract candidate genes as cause for cataract in angolan lions (panthera leo bleyenberghi). | primary cataracts (cat) are characterized as any form of opacities of the eye lenses and are not accompanied by other diseases. cat may impair vision depending on their size, location, and their state of progression. in order to investigate the cause of congenital or juvenile cat in inbred angolan lions kept in german zoos, we analyzed the genomic sequences of 4 crystalline genes cryaa, cryab, crybb2, and crybb1. in addition, 10 cat candidate genes (gja3, lim2, cryga, crygb, crygc, crygd crygs, ... | 2010 | 20423916 |
| vif of feline immunodeficiency virus from domestic cats protects against apobec3 restriction factors from many felids. | to get more insight into the role of apobec3 (a3) cytidine deaminases in the species-specific restriction of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) of the domestic cat, we tested the a3 proteins present in big cats (puma, lion, tiger, and lynx). these a3 proteins were analyzed for expression and sensitivity to the vif protein of fiv. while a3z3s and a3z2-z3s inhibited deltavif fiv, felid a3z2s did not show any antiviral activity against deltavif fiv or wild-type (wt) fiv. all felid a3z3s and a3z2-z ... | 2010 | 20444897 |
| [unilateral lachrymal gland enlargement revealing sarcoidosis in an 85-year-old man]. | we present a case of an 85-year-old caribbean man initially presenting with lachrymal gland enlargement and a large subcutaneous extension responsible for a hemifacial "lion-like" deformation. the most important diagnoses to suggest are adenocarcinoma of the lachrymal gland, lymphoma, leprosy, tuberculosis, and sarcoidosis. based on the clinical, biological, and radiological findings, sarcoidosis was suspected with lachrymal gland and pulmonary lesions. biopsy of the enlarged lachrymal gland rev ... | 2010 | 20452097 |
| domoic acid as a developmental neurotoxin. | domoic acid (doma) is an excitatory amino acid which can accumulate in shellfish and finfish under certain environmental conditions. doma is a potent neurotoxin. in humans and in non-human primates, oral exposure to a few mg/kg doma elicits gastrointestinal effects, while slightly higher doses cause neurological symptoms, seizures, memory impairment, and limbic system degeneration. in rodents, which appear to be less sensitive than humans or non-human primates, oral doses cause behavioral abnorm ... | 2010 | 20471419 |
| canine schistosomiasis in north america: an underdiagnosed disease with an expanding distribution. | heterobilharzia americana, a digenean trematode in the family schistosomatidae, is the etiologic agent of canine schistosomiasis in the southeastern united states.1 a few cases of canine schistosomiasis have been reported in florida, louisiana, north carolina, texas, and, recently, kansas.1-6 the natural definitive host for the fluke is the raccoon1; however, infections have been detected in nutrias, bobcats, mountain lions, opossums, white-tailed deer, swamp rabbits, armadillos, coyotes, red wo ... | 2010 | 20473851 |
| male reproductive success and its behavioural correlates in a polygynous mammal, the galápagos sea lion (zalophus wollebaeki). | sexual selection theory predicts competitive males and choosy females. nevertheless, since molecular marker-based studies, paternity outside the expected mating patterns has increasingly been described. even in highly polygynous systems, where paternity is expected to be strongly skewed towards large, dominant males, alternative mating tactics have been suggested. we examined reproductive success in the polygynous galápagos sea lion (zalophus wollebaeki). semiaquatic territoriality allows female ... | 2010 | 20497325 |
| identification of the expressed mhc class ii dqb gene of the asiatic black bear, ursus thibetanus, in japan. | genetic diversity estimation of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) gene may be an important tool in the assessment of immune response ability against infectious disease. we were able to identify a near full-length expressed dqb sequence by race-pcr method from the asiatic black bear, ursus thibetanus in japan. this is the first such full length expression in the ursidae. the bear had at least one functional dqb locus. in phylogenetic tree analysis its dqb amino acid sequence formed a mon ... | 2010 | 20558901 |
| cloning and characterization of glutamate receptors in californian sea lions (zalophus californianus). | domoic acid produced by marine algae has been shown to cause acute and chronic neurologic sequelae in californian sea lions following acute or low-dose exposure. histological findings in affected animals included a degenerative cardiomyopathy that was hypothesized to be caused by over-excitation of the glutamate receptors (glurs) speculated to be present in the sea lion heart. thus tissues from five sea lions without lesions associated with domoic acid toxicity and one animal with domoic acid-in ... | 2010 | 20559490 |
| biting midges of the genus culicoides in south carolina zoos. | biting midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) were collected during the summer of 2007 at the greenville and riverbanks zoos in south carolina with centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) traps equipped with ultraviolet or incandescent lights and baited with carbon dioxide. sixteen species of culicoides were collected, four of which represented more than 80%. they were culicoides guttipennis (coquillett), culicoides mulrenanni beck, culicoides obsoletus (meigen), and ... | 2010 | 20569132 |
| prefrontal cortex activity during flexible categorization. | items are categorized differently depending on the behavioral context. for instance, a lion can be categorized as an african animal or a type of cat. we recorded lateral prefrontal cortex (pfc) neural activity while monkeys switched between categorizing the same image set along two different category schemes with orthogonal boundaries. we found that each category scheme was largely represented by independent pfc neuronal populations and that activity reflecting a category distinction was weaker, ... | 2010 | 20573899 |