| synthetic peptides define the fine specificity of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) gp160 humoral immune response in hiv type 1-infected chimpanzees. | the fine specificities of antibodies produced against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gp160 were examined in sera from 23 hiv-1-infected chimpanzees. these animals had been infected with one of six isolates of hiv-1. sera were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for reactivity against seven synthetic peptides corresponding to regions of gp160. chimpanzees appear to remain healthy after infection with hiv-1, suggesting that these animals may prevent extensive spread of the v ... | 1990 | 2404138 |
| riboprobe assay for hdv rna: a sensitive method for the detection of the hdv genome in clinical serum samples. | we have used a new hybridization assay for the detection of the genome of hepatitis delta virus (hdv) in serum using a strand-specific rna probe obtained by transcription of a recombinant riboprobe. this assay was tested on a panel of 30 sera from hbsag carriers with hepatitis delta antigen (hdag) in the liver. the riboprobe assay detected hdv rna in the serum of 83% of the patients, while 63% were positive using the dna hybridization assay. hdag was detected in 73% of the same sera by immunoblo ... | 1990 | 2406372 |
| cloning and expression of an immunodominant region of the hepatitis delta antigen. | a cdna clone prepared from hepatitis delta virus (hdv) rna extracted from human serum was subcloned in the bacterial expression vector ppl31 to produce a fusion protein consisting of the first 98 amino acids of ms2 polymerase and of 64 amino acids from near the n-terminal region of hepatitis delta antigen (hdag). the fusion protein was shown to be related to hdag by a commercial sandwich immunoassay (abbott) and immunoblotting with human anti-hdag serum. antiserum against the fusion protein was ... | 1990 | 2407805 |
| neutralization of hepatitis b virus infectivity by a murine monoclonal antibody: an experimental study in the chimpanzee. | two study chimpanzees were inoculated intravenously with approximately 1,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis b virus (hbv), one with subtype adr and one with subtype ayw, each previously incubated with 0.1 ml of a murine monoclonal antibody (igg 1(k) class) directed against a single epitope on hepatitis b surface antigen common to most or all hbv. two control chimpanzees received identical doses of hbv not incubated with the murine anti-hbs. neither study chimpanzee developed hbv infect ... | 1985 | 2413167 |
| aids-associated retroviruses (arv) can productively infect other cells besides human t helper cells. | we have examined the host range of aids-associated retroviruses (arv) that are known to infect human t cells of the helper subset. we have observed that the virus cannot infect fibroblast and epithelial cell lines of many different animal species. it is infectious and replicates efficiently in peripheral mononuclear cells (pmc) of chimpanzee and at low levels in baboon and rhesus monkey pmc. most importantly, it has been found to replicate in established lines of human b cells, monocytes, and pr ... | 1985 | 2416120 |
| antigen mimicry by anti-idiotype antibodies that recognize a common anti-hepatitis b surface antigen idiotype. | anti-idiotype antibodies that recognize a common human idiotype present on antibodies to hepatitis b surface antigen (anti-hbs) from individuals naturally infected by hepatitis b virus (hbv) and an interspecies idiotype on anti-hbs produced by active immunization with hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) were used in vivo to modulate idiotype networks in mice. injection of anti-idiotype antibodies without subsequent hbsag stimulation induced an anti-hbs response. the anti-idiotype-induced anti-hb ... | 1985 | 2416197 |
| steroid-binding proteins in primate plasma. | we used immunological techniques to compare the serum corticosteroid-binding globulins (cbg) and testosterone-estradiol-binding globulins (tebg) of old world primates (man, chimpanzee, cynomologus, and rhesus), new world monkeys (squirrel and owl), and prosimians (galago and lemur). four different antihuman tebg antisera could not differentiate human and chimpanzee tebg and recognized the galago and lemur tebg as similar as well as the rhesus and cynomologus tebg, as similar. western blots of se ... | 1986 | 2417823 |
| removal of hepatitis b virus infectivity from human gamma-globulin prepared by ion-exchange chromatography. | hepatitis b virus infectivity can be removed from human plasma used to prepare a gamma-globulin product by ion-exchange chromatography with commercially available resins. a pooled human plasma sample free of hepatitis markers was contaminated with 10,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis b virus per milliliter from a known infectious inoculum. the contaminated plasma was diluted to yield a weakly positive radioimmunoassay result for hbsag and then processed over a double-column chromatogr ... | 1985 | 2418590 |
| heterochromatin in the chromosomes of the gorilla: characterization with distamycin a/dapi, d287/170, chromomycin a3, quinacrine, and 5-azacytidine. | the chromosomes of the gorilla were extensively studied with various staining techniques labeling the different classes of heterochromatin. the chromosomal distribution of distamycin a/dapi-, d287/170-, quinacrine-, and chromomycin a3-positive heterochromatic regions, as well as the nucleolus organizer regions, is described and compared with the karyotypes of other hominoid species. lymphocyte cultures were treated with low doses of 5-azacytidine during the last hours of culture. this cytidine a ... | 1986 | 2420535 |
| lack of detectable reverse transcriptase activity in human and chimpanzee sera with a high infectivity for non-a, non-b hepatitis. | a serum sample from a patient with hepatitis and samples from two experimentally infected chimpanzees, all with a high infectivity for non-a, non-b hepatitis, were tested for reverse transcriptase. biopsy confirmed that the hepatocytes of the chimpanzees that received these sera contained the characteristic tubular structures associated with non-a, non-b hepatitis. none of these three sera revealed detectable enzyme activity. we have not been able to confirm the association of reverse transcript ... | 1986 | 2420926 |
| antibodies to a synthetic peptide from the pres 120-145 region of the hepatitis b virus envelope are virus neutralizing. | studies with synthetic peptides have provided evidence for the presence of pres coded sequences in the envelope (env) proteins of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and indicated that these sequences are involved in the specific attachment of hbv to liver cells. scanning of the pres sequence for immunodominant continuous epitopes identifies the sequence within residues pres (120-145) as the most immunogenic in eliciting antibodies recognizing hbv and as the most efficiently binding antibodies from sera of ... | 1986 | 2421497 |
| hla class i antigens on the hepatocyte membrane during recovery from acute hepatitis b virus infection and during interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis b virus infection. | in a chimpanzee model of acute type b hepatitis, at the time of onset of hepatitis b virus replication and before the development of immunity to hepatitis b virus, interferon is present in the plasma. this is followed by an increase in the display of hla class i, but not class ii proteins, on the hepatocyte membrane. in chronic hepatitis b virus infection, there is a low density of hla class i protein display on the infected hepatocyte. administration of alpha-interferon enhances hla display and ... | 1986 | 2423427 |
| serial transmission of a human non a-non b hepatitis viral strain to hbv-protected chimpanzees: successive histological and ultrastructural studies. | a nanb agent of human origin was inoculated in hbv-immunized chimpanzees. infection was proven in two animals and serially passed to two others. the absence of anti-hbc in serum and the absence of hbsag and hbcag in liver are arguments against the hbv nature of the transmitted infection. moreover, the reproducible appearance of the nanbcag/ab system at each passage from man to chimpanzee and from chimpanzee to chimpanzee, a response not elicited in control animals, suggests that this reaction ma ... | 1986 | 2423837 |
| heterogeneity of human and murine fc gamma receptors. | human leucocytes express at least two different fc receptors specific for igg (fc gamma r). a low avidity receptor (fc gamma rlo) is found on tissue macrophages, neutrophils and nk cells. this receptor is recognized by monoclonal antibody 3g8, which does not react with a high avidity fc receptor (fc gamma rhi) found on blood monocytes and macrophages. we have been interested in the physiological function of these two receptors, which have been shown to differ by more than 200-fold in avidity. si ... | 1986 | 2426048 |
| epitope expression on primate lymphocyte surface antigens. | the cross-reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 28 nonhuman primates was investigated with ten kinds of leu series of monoclonal antibodies specific to human t-, natural killer/killer-, and b-cells. the chimpanzees possessed all ten epitopes examined but the orangutan lacked leu4 and leu7 epitopes and the gibbons lacked leu4, leu7, and leu12 epitopes. in addition to the above epitopes, the old world monkeys lacked leu1 and leu10 epitopes. the leu3a/leu2a cell ratios varied from 0 ... | 1986 | 2426451 |
| production and immunological analysis of recombinant hepatitis b vaccine. | the synthesis of the hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) in cells of saccharomyces cerevisiae and its subsequent isolation, purification and analysis is described. the final, purified hbsag particle exhibits close structural and biochemical similarities to particles derived from the plasma of chronically infected humans. particles of yeast and human origin have been found, by chimpanzee efficacy studies and by various in vitro analyses, to be immunologically equivalent. the antigenic expression ... | 1986 | 2427590 |
| non-a, non-b hepatitis related an6520 ag is a normal cellular protein mainly expressed in liver. ii. | detection of an6520 ag/ab in human sera had indicated a close association with non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanbh). in this study, we investigated the immunochemical nature of an6520 ag and measured the amounts in various human and chimpanzee organs in order to clarify the association with nanbh. an6520 ag was found to be composed of polypeptide(s) with an apparent molecular weight of 45,000 daltons (45 kd), which are noncovalently linked together. human antibodies in convalescent sera from nanbh pat ... | 1986 | 2428929 |
| structure and replication of the genome of the hepatitis delta virus. | the hepatitis delta virus can be found in the serum and liver of some hepatitis b virus patients. we now report that the rna genome of serum-derived delta virus is single-stranded and circular. livers of infected chimpanzees or woodchucks contained as many as 300,000 copies of genomic strand rna per average cell, and at least some of this rna had a circular conformation. also present in the livers were rna species complementary to the virion rna. the genomic rna was 5-22 times more abundant than ... | 1986 | 2430299 |
| characterization of a monoclonal antibody to a conserved epitope on human seminal vesicle-specific peptides: a novel probe/marker system for semen identification. | a novel sperm-coating antigen from the human seminal vesicles was discovered. we identified a monoclonal antibody mhs-5, recognizing an epitope with characteristics of a forensic semen marker: conservation in all vasectomized or normal semen samples tested (421); absence in all human tissues or biological fluids other than semen; and immunolocalization on the surface of ejaculated sperm. western blots of ejaculates allowed to liquefy for 5 min demonstrated the mhs-5 epitope to be located on pept ... | 1986 | 2431723 |
| shared epitopes between mycoplasma pneumoniae major adhesin protein p1 and a 140-kilodalton protein of mycoplasma genitalium. | previous serological data have demonstrated cross-reactive antigens between two pathogenic species of mycoplasmas, m. pneumoniae and m. genitalium. preliminary analysis of sera and monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to protein antigens of these species showed an immunodominance of adhesin p1 (165 kilodaltons [kda]) of m. pneumoniae in mice and hamsters and a 140-kda protein of m. genitalium in mice and experimentally infected chimpanzees. to further characterize these two proteins, we assayed multiple ... | 1987 | 2432017 |
| simultaneous isolation of simian foamy virus and htlv-iii/lav from chimpanzee lymphocytes following htlv-iii or lav inoculation. | re-isolation of virus from htlv-iii b and lav-infected chimpanzee also yielded a simian foamy virus. this virus, replicated in htlv-iii b and lav-producing h 9 cells, had identical reverse transcriptase activity and caused similar cytopathic effects in h 9 cells. | 1987 | 2432853 |
| a unique epitope on human serum albumin recognized by monoclonal antibody hsa-1: a probe for identification of the human origin of blood or tissue. | a panel of monoclonal antibodies was raised against human serum albumin from fusions of balb/c splenocytes and sp2/0-ag14 murine myeloma cells. this panel was screened against purified albumins from 21 species including chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. a monoclonal antibody (hsa-1) specific for human albumin was identified. the epitope recognized by hsa-1 was shown to be conserved in all human blood samples tested. a double antibody elisa assay was developed using biotinylated hsa-1 as the sp ... | 1987 | 2437011 |
| nuclear dna-binding proteins determined by the epstein-barr virus-related simian lymphotropic herpesviruses h. gorilla, h. pan, h. pongo and h. papio. | nuclear dna-binding proteins were extracted from lymphoblastoid cell lines transformed with epstein-barr virus (ebv) or with the related lymphotropic herpesviruses of gorilla (herpesvirus gorilla), chimpanzee (h. pan), baboon (h. papio) or orang-utan (h. pongo). they were immunoblotted with the sera of all four simian species in comparison with ebv antibody-positive human sera. eight nuclear proteins were identified, and were designated gona-1 and gona-2 for h. gorilla-determined nuclear antigen ... | 1987 | 2438377 |
| monoclonal anti-lwab and anti-d reagents recognize a number of different epitopes. use of red cells of non-human primates. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) which detect antigens on human red cells are also suitable for testing cells of other species. such studies may reveal previously unrecognized heterogeneity in antibodies which apparently detect the same antigen on the human red cell surface. information is also provided on specificities shared amongst several species. here three anti-lwab and a variety of rh-related antibodies have been tested against the red cells of various primates. one monoclonal anti-lwab antib ... | 1986 | 2442268 |
| a human monoclonal antibody that recognizes viral polypeptides and in vitro translation products of the genome of the hepatitis d virus. | peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient chronically infected with hepatitis d virus (hdv) were immortalized by epstein-barr virus transformation. two stable monoclonal cell lines, derived from the same parent culture, were established and produced antibodies of the igg isotype that were specific for the hepatitis delta antigen (hdag). both monoclonal antibodies (mabs) recognized the major hdag polypeptides of 24 kilodaltons and 27 kilodaltons that were previously detected by polyclonal antib ... | 1987 | 2442271 |
| persistent infection of chimpanzees with human immunodeficiency virus: serological responses and properties of reisolated viruses. | persistent infection by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) in the chimpanzee may be valuable for immunopathologic and potential vaccine evaluation. two hiv strains, the tissue culture-derived human t-cell lymphotropic virus type iiib (htlv-iiib) and in vivo serially passaged lymphadenopathy-associated virus type 1 (lav-1), were injected intravenously into chimpanzees. two animals received htlv-iiib as either virus-infected h9 cells or cell-free virus. a third animal received chimpanzee-passage ... | 1987 | 2442411 |
| three distinct epitopes of the human msk20 cell surface antigen are expressed on human and nonhuman primate cells. | five monoclonal antibodies which indirectly agglutinate human rbc were isolated and designated 2d8, 4e12, 4h10, 5a8, and 5h5. expression of the antigen defined by 2d8 was 100% concordant with the presence of human chromosome 19 in a panel of human-chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. secondary clones isolated from antigen positive hybrids exposed to antibody 2d8 and complement were shown to have lost both the cell surface antigen and chromosome 19. small terminal deletions of 19p were observed ... | 1987 | 2443846 |
| molecular characterization of mycoplasma genitalium species-specific and cross-reactive determinants: identification of an immunodominant protein of m. genitalium. | species-specific proteins of mycoplasma genitalium as well as proteins cross-reactive with m. pneumoniae have been identified using monoclonal antibodies generated against these mycoplasmas in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) and western blot analyses. specificity of the antibodies was examined using m. hominis, m. orale m. salivarium and acholeplasma laidlawii. a 140-kda (kilodalton) protein of m. genitalium that appeared to be immunodominant in mice was also shown by radioimmunopreci ... | 1987 | 2444561 |
| primate involucrins: antigenic relatedness and detection of multiple forms. | hominoid apes (gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon), old world monkeys (rhesus, cynomolgus), new world monkeys (owl, cebus), and a prosimian (lemur) express involucrin-like proteins in cultured keratinocytes. primate involucrins can be precipitated with trichloroacetic acid, resolubilized at ph 8, and subsequently retain aqueous solubility in 67% ethanol. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of keratinocyte extracts after this rapid partial purification has revealed in each species tested one ( ... | 1987 | 2444982 |
| monoclonal antibodies to human erythrocyte membrane ca++-mg++ adenosine triphosphatase pump recognize an epitope in the basolateral membrane of human kidney distal tubule cells. | human calcium transporting tissues were examined to determine whether they contained a protein similar to the ca++-mg++ adenosine triphosphatase (ca++-mg++atpase) pump of the human erythrocyte membrane. tissues were processed for immunoperoxidase staining using monoclonal antibodies against purified ca++-mg++atpase. in human kidneys, specific staining was found only along the basolateral membrane of the distal convoluted tubules. glomeruli and other segments of the nephron did not stain. stainin ... | 1987 | 2445778 |
| protective immunisation against hepatitis b with an internal antigen of the virus. | preparations of hepatitis b virus (hbv) core antigen (hbcag) synthesised in escherichia coli have been shown previously to confer partial immunity against infection by the virus [murray, bruce, hinnen, wingfield, van eerd, de reus, and schellekens: embo journal 3:645-650, 1984]. in a further experiment reported here, immunisation of chimpanzees with a similar preparation of hbcag that had been treated with sodium dodecyl sulphate in order to expose e antigen epitopes was found to protect one ani ... | 1987 | 2445909 |
| superinfection of a chimpanzee with a second strain of human immunodeficiency virus. | two chimpanzees, one (c-499) infected with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated retrovirus type 2 (arv-2) strain of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and one (c-560) infected with the lymphadenopathy-associated virus type 1 (lav-1) strain of hiv, were inoculated with approximately 10(4) tissue culture infective doses of the reciprocal strain. at the time of the second inoculation, both chimpanzees had high titers of hiv-specific antibodies, including antibodies that neutralized bot ... | 1987 | 2446009 |
| immunological properties of recombinant hbsag produced in yeast. | although currently available plasma-derived vaccines (pdv) against hepatitis b based on the surface antigen of the virus (hbsag) are well-tolerated and effective, their supply is limited and time-consuming controls are necessary to assess their safety. it is therefore desirable that an alternative source of hbsag be found. recombinant dna technology has provided the possibility of obtaining hbsag in large quantities. however, it is important that a recombinant dna hepatitis b vaccine be not only ... | 1987 | 2446304 |
| antigenic properties of human and animal bloodstains studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using various antisera against specific plasma proteins. | antigenic properties of bloodstains of human and non-human primates as well as other animal bloodstains were investigated by the inhibition elisa using commercially available anti-human albumin (alb), alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-m), fibrinogen, transferrin, and immunoglobulin g. in general, chimpanzee bloodstains showed strong cross-reactions with these antisera, and the extent of the cross-reactions of other animal bloodstains decreased largely with the phylogenic order, i.e., agile gibbon ( ... | 1987 | 2448970 |
| antibodies that inhibit fusion of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells bind a 24-amino acid sequence of the viral envelope, gp120. | antisera to recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) proteins containing the entire envelope, gp160, or the central portion of the envelope, pb1, can inhibit fusion of virally infected cells in culture. this fusion inhibition is hiv-variant specific--that is, anti-gp160-iiib inhibits fusion of isolate htlv-iiib-infected cells but not of isolate htlv-iiirf-infected cells. both anti-gp160 and anti-pb1 are completely blocked in fusion inhibition activity by the addition of pb1 protein. a 24-a ... | 1988 | 2452447 |
| monoclonal antibodies to human transferrin: epitopic and phylogenetic analysis. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are useful reagents for the study of the structure and evolution of specific epitopes. two mabs of igg1 isotype, tf-1 and tf-2, which bind human transferrin have been produced and characterized. both specifically recognize transferrin on immunoblots of serum. proteolytic digestion with papain or chymotrypsin destroys the epitope recognized by tf-1 but not tf-2, demonstrating that the mabs recognize distinct epitopes. both epitopes are not recognized after treatment w ... | 1988 | 2453450 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralization epitope with conserved architecture elicits early type-specific antibodies in experimentally infected chimpanzees. | chimpanzees are susceptible to infection by divergent strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), none of which cause clinical or immunological abnormalities. chimpanzees were inoculated with one of four strains of hiv-1: human t-lymphotropic virus (htlv) type iiib, lymphadenopathy virus (lav) type 1, htlv type iiirf, or an isolate from the brain of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. within 6 months after inoculation with the closely related strains htlv-iiib or lav-1 ... | 1988 | 2454471 |
| morphology and immunohistochemistry of experimental and human non-a, non-b hepatitis. | the diagnosis of non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanbh) presently depends on the exclusion of hepatitis a, b and other causes of hepatitis, because no specific tests are available for diagnosis. different approaches were used in order to detect nanbh infection in human and chimpanzee tissue. endogenous interferon production was not detected in the weekly serum samples of 6 chimpanzees inoculated with a human agent of nanbh in contrast to the 5 hbv-infected animals. an antibody raised against a glycoprot ... | 1986 | 2454517 |
| symbolic cross-modal transfer in two species of chimpanzees. | 2 common chimpanzees and 1 pygmy chimpanzee, all of whom were proficient lexigram symbol users, were tested on symbolic cross-modal tasks. previous cross-modal work with nonhuman primates has been limited to nonsymbolic matching tasks. none of these chimpanzees received any advance training on cross-modal tasks prior to the testing reported here. the common chimpanzees, sherman and austin, were tested on visual to haptic, visual-symbolic to haptic, haptic to visual-symbolic, and olfactory to vis ... | 1988 | 2454784 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 challenge of chimpanzees immunized with recombinant envelope glycoprotein gp120. | the major envelope glycoprotein, gp120, of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) was purified from a chinese hamster ovary cell line transfected with a truncated form of the hiv-1 env gene. the recombinant glycoprotein (rgp120) was formulated with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and was used to immunize chimpanzees. the recombinant preparation was effective in eliciting cellular and humoral immunity as well as immunologic memory. anti-rgp 120 antibodies reacted with authentic viral gp120 in im ... | 1988 | 2455898 |
| complexity of the rh antigen demonstrated by comparative tests using antisera of human and primate origins. | comparative analysis of two antisera, one produced in chimpanzee and another of human origin, demonstrates the existence of a spectrum of antibodies directed against at least four antigenic determinants connected with rh reactivity. some of the determinants are shared by chimpanzee and human red cells, while others are restricted to one species only. based on this study, it is suggested that both the human rh(d)-positive type and its chimpanzee counterpart, the rc-positive type, could be of comm ... | 1987 | 2457629 |
| mature liver stages of cloned plasmodium falciparum share epitopes with proteins from sporozoites and asexual blood stages. | the liver merozoites of malaria parasites are of paramount importance, as they initiate the parasite invasion of red blood cells and start the cycle associated with the clinical features of malaria. investigating liver merozoite antigen is difficult because of the lack of a rodent model of human malaria. in addition, only a low proportion of cells are obtained in vivo, the parasites from cebus and aotus monkeys are immature, and in-vitro experiments with liver cells are often confounded by conta ... | 1988 | 2457864 |
| nucleotide sequences of chimpanzee mhc class i alleles: evidence for trans-species mode of evolution. | to obtain an insight into the evolutionary origin of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i polymorphism, a cdna library was prepared from a heterozygous chimpanzee cell line expressing mhc class i molecules crossreacting with allele-specific hla-a11 antibodies. the library was screened with human class i locus-specific dna probes, and clones encoding both alleles at the a and b loci have been identified and sequenced. in addition, the sequences of two hla-a11 subtypes differing by a ... | 1988 | 2460344 |
| clinical experience with a recombinant dna hepatitis b vaccine. | the clinical testing of engerixr-b, the hepatitis b vaccine produced by smithkline biologicals using recombinant dna technology, started in february 1984. since extensive pre-clinical laboratory work had established that the polypeptide (hbsag) expressed in genetically engineered yeast cells was after purification--physically, chemically and antigenically similar to the viral surface antigen particles found in the blood of chronic carriers, the aims of the clinical trials were to compare the saf ... | 1988 | 2464196 |
| nih conference. development and evaluation of a vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. | the development of a safe and effective vaccine for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is complicated by several unique scientific, logistic, and ethical issues. these issues include a lack of understanding of protective immunity to hiv and disease development, the absence of an adequate and convenient animal model for studying hiv infection, and difficulties in phase iii evaluation of candidate vaccines. because hiv can be transmitted as either a cell-free or cell-associated viru ... | 1989 | 2464961 |
| cell-mediated immune proliferative responses to hiv-1 of chimpanzees vaccinated with different vaccinia recombinant viruses. | the only animal that can be reproducibly infected with hiv, and that thus provides an experimental system for testing the effectiveness of prototype vaccines, is the chimpanzee. we compared proliferative responses to hiv and to vaccinia virus (vv) antigens of lymphocytes taken at various times from chimpanzees vaccinated with recombinant vv expressing different hiv genes. animals were immunized with the original vv strain, as control, or with constructs expressing gp160 (vv160) given exclusively ... | 1989 | 2470398 |
| enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis: identification of virus-associated antigen in experimentally infected cynomolgus macaques. | an antigen (hevag) associated with enterically transmitted non-a, non-b (et-nanb) hepatitis virus has been identified in hepatocytes of cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) infected with et-nanb hepatitis by using an immunofluorescent probe prepared from serum previously shown by immune electron microscopy to react with et-nanb viruslike particles. hevag was observed in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in 27 of 29 infected macaques in five passages of the diseases but not in uninoculated macaqu ... | 1989 | 2470832 |
| specificity and function of the individual amino acids of an important determinant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 that induces neutralizing activity. | an important antigenic determinant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 that induces neutralizing activity in infected humans and chimpanzees was previously mapped with nonapeptides between amino acids 307 and 320 on the external envelope glycoprotein (gp 120) of strain htlv-iiib (molecular clone bh10) and amino acids 320 to 330 of strain htlv-iiirf. using different sera we found different reactive nonapeptides that overlapped and shared a tetrapeptide, gpgr. this tetrapeptide, which is the sa ... | 1989 | 2471813 |
| antibody-dependent enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection in vitro by serum from hiv-1-infected and passively immunized chimpanzees. | based on recent reports of antibody-dependent enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection in vitro by serum from hiv-1-infected humans, sera from hiv-1 antibody-positive chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) was evaluated for enhancing activity in an in vitro infection assay that uses mt-2 cells (a human lymphoblastoid cell line). although fresh chimpanzee serum was found to have pronounced infection-enhancing properties in the absence of antibody to hiv-1, this effect was aboli ... | 1989 | 2471977 |
| specificity of chimpanzee antibodies binding a strain-specific hiv-1 neutralization epitope of the external envelope. | sera from three chimpanzees infected with a primary lymphadenopathy-associated virus (lav-1) or human t-lymphotropic virus type iii (htlv-iiib) passage, from two chimpanzees infected with blood from the primary infected chimpanzees, and from one chimpanzee infected with blood from a secondary passage animal all bound the peptides 3b and 3b/rf, sharing the sequence iqrgpgr, with equally high titers. pepscan analysis confirmed the amino acids q, r, g, p, and g as irreplaceable in order to retain a ... | 1989 | 2474656 |
| antibodies to synthetic peptides from the pres1 region of the hepatitis b virus (hbv) envelope (env) protein are virus-neutralizing and protective. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) envelope (env) proteins contain three antigenic domains designated s, pres2 and pres1. studies with synthetic peptide immunogens demonstrated the role of pres2 epitopes in protection against hbv infection. the pres1 domain is implicated in virus-cell receptor interactions suggesting that anti-pres1-specific antibodies should neutralize the infectivity of hbv by blocking virus attachment to cells. we present here evidence that an antiserum to a peptide from the pres1 seque ... | 1989 | 2476893 |
| cytoplasmic antigen in hepatocytes of chimpanzees infected with non-a, non-b hepatitis virus or hepatitis delta virus: relationship to interferon. | we previously described a cytoplasmic antigen, detected by monoclonal antibodies, in hepatocytes of chimpanzees experimentally infected with the parenterally transmitted form of non-a, non-b hepatitis virus or with the hepatitis delta virus. the expression of this antigen appears to be a host-specified response to infection with these two hepatitis viruses but not with hepatitis a virus, hepatitis b virus or enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis virus. to determine whether this antigen, ... | 1989 | 2478436 |
| hepatitis delta antigen. antigenic structure and humoral immune response. | hepatitis delta virus (hdv) is a small rna virus that is dependent on helper functions provided by hepatitis b virus. the hepatitis delta ag (hdag) is the only protein known to be made from the viral genome, from an orf with a coding capacity of 214 amino acids. the immunogenic epitopes of hdag and the immune response to it were mapped by the use of synthetic peptides, antipeptide antibodies, and human mab. antipeptide sera covering approximately 60% of the linear sequence reacted with liver-der ... | 1989 | 2479687 |
| immunodominant b-cell clones responsive to an hiv-1 neutralization and cell fusion inhibition epitope in chimpanzee-to-chimpanzee passages of htlv-iiib and lav-1. | chimpanzees infected with the hiv-1 strains htlv-iiib or lav-1 in primary, secondary or tertiary passages developed neutralizing antibodies binding to variable domain v3 in the carboxyl terminal half of the external envelope (amino acids 309-317). nonapeptide antigens reflecting either the htlv-iiib/lav-1 neutralization epitope (iqrgpgraf, designated 3b) or peptide analogues (itkgpgrvi, designated rf; iqrgpgrvi, designated 3b/rf; itkgpgraf, designated rf/3b) were previously shown to be able to d ... | 1989 | 2479965 |
| antibody recognition of amino acid divergence within an hiv-1 neutralization epitope. | antibodies elicited by hiv-1 strains, and which neutralize such strains in vitro, bind to synthetic peptides of 5-8 amino acids in length. these amino acids, although variable, have a fixed location between two cysteines in the carboxyl terminus of the hiv-1 external envelope. nine peptides of 9 amino acids corresponding to the gp120 domains of european and american (lav-1, ny5, cdc4, sf2), haitian (rf) and african (eli, mal, z3, z6) hiv-1 strains, were synthesized using lav-1 and rf neutralizat ... | 1989 | 2479966 |
| [virus safety of labile plasma products from the german viewpoint]. | unstable plasma derivatives are sterilized in germany according to three methods. combined treatment with beta-propiolactone + uv irradiation: in use at biotest since 1968; pasteurisation in sulution, 10 h at 60 degrees c in the presence of a maltose-glycin stabilizer; in use at behring werke since 1980; treatment with solvent + detergent (tri-n-butyl phosphate + tween 80 (sodium cholate]: in use at drk hagen and biotest since 1987/88. the safety of unstable plasma derivatives sterilized accordi ... | 1989 | 2481547 |
| complexity of the rh antigen demonstrated by comparative tests using antisera of human and primate origins. | comparative analysis of two antisera, one produced in chimpanzee and another of human origin, demonstrates the existence of the whole spectrum of antibodies directed against at least four, and possibly five, antigenic determinants connected with the rh reactivity. some of the determinants are shared by chimpanzee and human red cells, while others are restricted to one species only. based on this study, it is suggested that both the human rh(d)-positive type and its chimpanzee counterpart, the rc ... | 1989 | 2483521 |
| a molecular view of primate phylogeny and important systematic and evolutionary questions. | phylogenetic analysis of extensive nucleotide sequence data from primate beta-globin gene clusters elucidates the systematics and evolution of the order primates and reveals that rates of accumulation of mutations vary by as much as a factor of seven among different primate lineages. the picture of primate phylogeny from dna sequences clarifies many ambiguities of the morphological picture. in the molecular picture, dwarf and brown lemurs group together into superfamily lemuroidea, lemuroidea an ... | 1989 | 2488474 |
| inhibition of human hemopoiesis by non-a, non-b hepatitis virus. | all etiologies of acute viral hepatitis are associated with a transient suppression of hemopoiesis and, rarely, with the development of aplastic anemia. both hepatitis a and hepatitis b viruses directly inhibit the growth and differentiation of human bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro. we now report a similar effect of a non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis agent on human bone marrow progenitor cells. three chimpanzees were inoculated with a putative nanb agent. coded sera were blindly evaluated for ... | 1989 | 2493512 |
| species identification of blood and bloodstains by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using anti-human immunoglobulin kappa light chain monoclonal antibody. | a series of experiments was conducted to establish a species identification method by means of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using monoclonal antibody with high specificity, the result of which is reported. the limit of human igg detection by inhibition elisa using mouse anti-human immunoglobulin kappa light chain (ig kappa) monoclonal antibody is 0.01 microgram. using this method it was possible to detect human ig kappa from bloodstains in dilutions up to 1:100,000 (dilution mul ... | 1989 | 2494103 |
| appropriate conditions for maintenance of chimpanzees in studies with blood-borne viruses: an epidemiologic and psychosocial perspective. | based on the know epidemiology of the viruses that account for the bulk of the need for chimpanzees in biomedical research--hepatitis b virus (hbv), non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)--as well as the psychosocial needs of this species, requirements for appropriate isolation conditions for these animals have been reviewed. we believe that animals should generally be housed in groups of at least two in the same cage, and that cages encased in solid-walled i ... | 1989 | 2496232 |
| an assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-a, non-b hepatitis. | a specific assay has been developed for a blood-borne non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanbh) virus in which a polypeptide synthesized in recombinant yeast clones of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) is used to capture circulating viral antibodies. hcv antibodies were detected in six of seven human sera that were shown previously to transmit nanbh to chimpanzees. assays of ten blood transfusions in the united states that resulted in chronic nanbh revealed that there was at least one positive blood donor in nin ... | 1989 | 2496467 |
| virus hepatitis b, a, non-a, non-b. | hepatitis b vaccine is safe and effective. its impact on the prevention of the disease, however, has been limited. in high risk areas, such as the far east, mass vaccination of all babies is recommended. even in low risk areas, such as northern europe and the united states, vaccination as part of a routine childhood immunisation programme might be effective so that protection is given before the adult becomes at risk of drug abuse or becoming a promiscuous homosexual or has joined the health car ... | 1989 | 2497172 |
| production of antibodies directed against microtubular aggregates in hepatocytes of chimpanzees with non-a, non-b hepatitis. | we have previously used epstein-barr virus transformation to established two clonal lymphoblastoid cell lines (48-1 and s-1) producing monoclonal antibodies against microtubular aggregates that appear in the hepatocytes of chimpanzees with non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanbh). to obtain additional antibodies directed against the same structure, the mouse hybridoma method was employed. partially purified microtubular aggregates were prepared from liver homogenates of a chimpanzee with nanbh and used as ... | 1989 | 2499661 |
| [intranuclear particles in chronic non-a, non-b hepatitis: what diagnostic significance?]. | intranuclear particles of 23-27 nm diameter have been repeatedly demonstrated in the nuclei of hepatocytes of patients with non-a, non-b hepatitis and of experimentally infected chimpanzees; however, their specificity has been challenged since they have also been observed in other pathological conditions and in healthy volunteers. we have conducted an ultrastructural study of liver biopsies from 10 patients with chronic active non-a, non-b hepatitis. the intranuclear particles, which were observ ... | 1989 | 2501715 |
| functional analysis of the biceps femoris muscle during locomotor behavior in some primates. | in order to investigate a correlation between morphological variations of the biceps femoris muscle and its homologues in four primate species (japanese macaque, spider monkey, white-handed gibbon, and chimpanzee) and each type of species-specific locomotor behavior, i carried out both morphological and functional analyses of these muscles. the description of the level of insertion reveals interspecific variation is in the level of crural attachment, especially in species with a bicipital biceps ... | 1989 | 2504047 |
| polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in hiv-1-infected chimpanzees. | the chemiluminescent characteristics of enriched populations of neutrophils from control and hiv-infected chimpanzees were assessed. neutrophils from hiv-infected chimpanzees were suppressed in their ability to generate a normal response to particulate and soluble stimuli when compared to normal and hepatitis non-a, non b-infected controls. particulate (latex beads) stimulation of neutrophils resulted in an aberrant response when contrasted with controls. normal control responses were characteri ... | 1989 | 2505439 |
| ancestry of a human endogenous retrovirus family. | the human endogenous retrovirus type ii (hervii) family of herv genomes has been found by southern blot analysis to be characteristic of humans, apes, and old world monkeys. new world monkeys and prosimians lack hervii proviral genomes. cellular dnas of humans, common chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans, but not lesser ape lar gibbons, appear to contain the hervii-related hlm-2 proviral genome integrated at the same site (hlm-2 maps to human chromosome 1). this suggests that the ancestral herv ... | 1989 | 2507793 |
| evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from dna sequence data, and the branching order in hominoidea. | a maximum likelihood method for inferring evolutionary trees from dna sequence data was developed by felsenstein (1981). in evaluating the extent to which the maximum likelihood tree is a significantly better representation of the true tree, it is important to estimate the variance of the difference between log likelihood of different tree topologies. bootstrap resampling can be used for this purpose (hasegawa et al. 1988; hasegawa and kishino 1989), but it imposes a great computation burden. to ... | 1989 | 2509717 |
| shared class ii mhc polymorphisms between humans and chimpanzees. | to gain an insight into the evolution of the major histocompatibility complex alleles, three drb and one dra genes were isolated from chimpanzee cdna libraries. the nucleotide sequences of the chimpanzee drb (chla-drb) genes were then compared with those of the available hla-drb alleles by constructing unrooted phylogenetic trees. all three chla-drb genes were found to be more closely related to certain hla-drb alleles than unrelated hla-drb alleles are to each other. since available evidence do ... | 1989 | 2511168 |
| ape-like endocast of "ape-man" taung. | i have identified and illustrated a spherical "dimple" or "depression" on the taung endocast as indicating the most likely position of the medial end of the lunate sulcus but have not drawn an actual lunate sulcus on taung because one is not visible. in a recent paper, r. l. holloway (am. j. phys. anthropol. 77:27-33, 1988) drew a lunate sulcus on his copy of the taung endocast, incorrectly attributed this sulcus to me, and used it to obtain a ratio of 0.254 to describe "falk's" position of the ... | 1989 | 2511763 |
| isolation and partial characterization of an hiv-related virus occurring naturally in chimpanzees in gabon. | two cases of wild-born chimpanzees which were positive for hiv-1 antibodies were observed in gabon. these animals were never experimentally exposed to hiv-1 and had no history of inoculation with human blood products. a retrovirus was isolated from one of these chimpanzees. several of the viral proteins from this virus, designated sivcpz-gab-1 (simian immunodeficiency virus from chimpanzee), differed in molecular weight from the known corresponding hiv/siv proteins. the major gag protein of sivc ... | 1989 | 2512955 |
| a cdna fragment of hepatitis c virus isolated from an implicated donor of post-transfusion non-a, non-b hepatitis in japan. | recently, a cdna from the hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna genome has been isolated in the usa from a chronically infected chimpanzee. in order to isolate hcv cdna derived from human material, rna was extracted from plasma of a japanese blood donor implicated in post-transfusion non-a, non-b hepatitis and hcv cdna was synthesized and amplified by the pcr method using hcv-specific oligonucleotide primers. the cdna fragment, 583 nucleotides long, showed 79.8% homology at the nucleotide level and 92.2% ... | 1989 | 2513560 |
| ancient roots for polymorphism at the hla-dq alpha locus in primates. | the genes encoding the human histocompatibility antigens (hla) exhibit a remarkable degree of polymorphism as revealed by immunologic and molecular analyses. this extensive sequence polymorphism either may have been generated during the lifetime of the human species or could have arisen before speciation and been maintained in the contemporary human population by selection or, possibly, by genetic drift. these two hypotheses were examined using the polymerase chain reaction method to amplify pol ... | 1989 | 2513578 |
| concerted evolution of alpha satellite dna: evidence for species specificity and a general lack of sequence conservation among alphoid sequences of higher primates. | we investigated relationships among alpha satellite dna families in the human, gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan genomes by filter hybridization with cloned probes which correspond to chromosome-specific alpha satellite dnas from at least 12 different human chromosomes. these include representatives of both the dimer-based and pentamer-based subfamilies, the two major subfamilies of human alpha satellite. in addition, we evaluated several high-copy dimer-based probes isolated from gorilla genom ... | 1989 | 2515043 |
| animal models of human immunodeficiency virus infection. public health service animal models committee. | the search for a model of hiv infection continues. while much of the initial work focussed on animal models of aids, more recent efforts have sought animal models of hiv infection in which one or more signs of aids may be reproduced. most initial small animal modelling efforts were negative and many such efforts remain unpublished. in 1988, the public health service (phs) aids animal model committee conducted a survey among phs agencies to identify published and unpublished data on animal models ... | 1989 | 2517468 |
| non-a, non-b hepatitis. | diagnosis of non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanb) is made after exclusion of other known causes of hepatitis. parenterally spread non-a, non-b hepatitis (pnanb) and enterally transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis (enanb) almost certainly appear to be two different diseases. the definite causative agents have not hitherto been identified. much of our knowledge of nanb is based on (i) experimental studies on chimpanzees; and (ii) epidemiological studies. parenterally spread non-a non-b hepatitis caused by w ... | 1989 | 2518092 |
| dissociated antibody responses to the s and pre-s2 regions of the hepatitis b virus after vaccination in hemophiliacs. | the membranes of hepatocytes and the pre-s2 envelope protein of the hepatitis b virus (hbv) contain binding sites for polymerized human albumin, which is thought to act as a link between hbv and hepatocytes. hence, anti-pre-s2 antibodies should prevent hbv uptake by the liver, and there is indeed preliminary evidence that they protect chimpanzees from hbv infection. to evaluate whether a plasma-derived vaccine containing the pre-s2 sequence induced an anti-pre-s2 response in 105 vaccinated hemop ... | 1989 | 2526861 |
| lipoprotein(a) in nonhuman primates. presence and characteristics of lp(a) immunoreactive materials using anti-human lp(a) serum. | lipoprotein(a) (lp(a] immunoreactive materials were examined in serum samples from 77 nonhuman primates of 24 species by ouchterlony's double diffusion procedure and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using rabbit antisera to human lp(a). the precipitates obtained with sera from orang-utan and chimpanzee formed reactions of complete identity with the lp(a) precipitate with human serum. when sera from old world monkeys and human subjects were tested in wells next to each other, spurs de ... | 1989 | 2527036 |
| the application of molecular biology to the development of novel vaccines. | in summary, we have shown that yeast is the preferred host for the expression of recombinant-derived hepatitis b vaccines, and that a yeast expression system which is productive, stable and scaleable can be developed for each of the three hbv envelope proteins. the versatility of regulated and integrated yeast expression systems in the production of foreign polypeptides with biomedical utility also has been highlighted. we also have shown that careful attention to the development of recombinant ... | 1989 | 2532858 |
| non-a, non-b hepatitis: visualization of virus-like particles from chimpanzee and human sera. | virus-like particles (vlp), morphologically similar to togavirus particles, were detected in the sera of chimpanzees and humans with chronic non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis. particles resembling the virus were also found in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes obtained from nanb hepatitis infected chimpanzees. furthermore, two chimpanzees inoculated with materials containing the vlp developed nanb hepatitis. these results strongly suggest that the vlp may be closely associated with the agent of nanb hepat ... | 1989 | 2539800 |
| hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees in the taï national park. | hunting is often considered one of the major behaviors that shaped early hominids' evolution, along with the shift toward a drier and more open habitat. we suggest that a precise comparison of the hunting behavior of a species closely related to man might help us understand which aspects of hunting could be affected by environmental conditions. the hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees is discussed, and new observations on a population living in the tropical rain forest of the taï national park, ... | 1989 | 2540662 |
| nonhuman primates and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a union of necessity. | because of the close phylogenetic relationship, nonhuman primates are highly susceptible to human pathogens, including infection of chimpanzees by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), the causative agent of aids. this, and the existence of a highly related simian virus, siv, which causes an aids-like disease in macaques, emphasizes the continued importance of using nonhuman primates as model systems for identifying and developing prophylaxis and therapy for infectious agents and, in particula ... | 1989 | 2541246 |
| serological evidence for variation in the incidence of herpesvirus infections in different species of apes. | sera from captive lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and gibbons were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for antibody to herpesviruses serologically related to human herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2), a baboon virus (sa8), and a macaque herpesvirus (b virus). the incidence of herpesvirus antibodies varied considerably among the different species, gorillas having the highest incidence of seropositivity (65.4%) and orangutans the lowest. the virus specifi ... | 1989 | 2546978 |
| proliferative t-cell response to hiv envelope glycoprotein in immunized and infected primates and human beings. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-specific helper t-cell response was studied in human subjects and nonhuman primates either infected with hiv or immunized with different hiv protein preparations. a strong group-specific t-cell response involving t-cell proliferation and lymphokine secretion was observed in immunized chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys as well as hiv-infected chimpanzees and gibbons. hiv-infected people demonstrated a low or no hiv-specific t-cell response. in contrast, five of 14 h ... | 1989 | 2547967 |
| immune response to immunostimulatory complexes (iscoms) prepared from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) or the hiv-1 external envelope glycoprotein (gp120). | in mice, immunostimulatory complexes (iscoms) prepared from hiv-1 b external envelope glycoprotein (gp120) induced 10-fold higher antibody titres than gp120 emulsified in depot adjuvant, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). rhesus monkeys immunized with gp120 iscoms produced precipitating and virus neutralizing antibody titres equivalent to those seen in hiv-infected chimpanzees and humans. after multiple immunizations with hiv-1 b gp120 iscoms, a rhesus monkey developed a n ... | 1989 | 2554608 |
| challenge of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) immunized with human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, infects humans and chimpanzees. to determine the efficacy of immunization for preventing infection, chimpanzees were immunized with gp120 purified from human t-cell lymphotrophic virus type iiib (htlv-iiib)-infected cell membranes and challenged with the homologous virus, htlv-iiib. a challenge stock of htlv-iiib was prepared by using unconcentrated htlv-iiib produced in h9 cells. the tite ... | 1989 | 2555541 |
| animal models of aids. | animal models of aids are essential for understanding the pathogenesis of retrovirus-induced immune deficiency and encephalopathy and for development and testing of new therapies and vaccines. aids and related disorders are etiologically linked to members of the lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses; these lymphocytopathic lentiviruses are designated human immuno-deficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and human immuno-deficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). the only animals susceptible to experimental hiv-1 in ... | 1989 | 2556312 |
| nonhuman primate models for non-a, non-b hepatitis. | the three epidemiological forms of human non-a, non-b hepatitis have been studied by experimentally infecting non-human primates. the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) has been widely studied as a model for the epidemiological forms referred to as "blood-transmitted" and "coagulation-factor-transmitted" non-a, non-b hepatitis. transmission of the "enteric" epidemiological form of non-a, non-b hepatitis to chimpanzees has been reported by one laboratory but remains to be confirmed. two marmoset (tamar ... | 1989 | 2559798 |
| primate evolution of a human chromosome 1 hypervariable repetitive element. | the clone designated hmf #1 represents a clustered dna family, located on chromosome 1, consisting of tandem arrays displaying a monomeric length of 40 bp and a repetition frequency of approximately 7 x 10(3) copies per haploid genome. the sequence hmf #1 reveals multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) when human genomic dna is digested with a variety of 4-6-bp recognition sequence restriction enzymes (i.e., taq i, eco ri, pst i, etc.). when hamster and mouse genomic dna was d ... | 1989 | 2564437 |
| the propeptide of preprosomatostatin mediates intracellular transport and secretion of alpha-globin from mammalian cells. | we have investigated the role of the somatostatin propeptide in mediating intracellular transport and sorting to the regulated secretory pathway. using a retroviral expression vector, two fusion proteins were expressed in rat pituitary (gh3) cells: a control protein consisting of the beta-lactamase signal peptide fused to chimpanzee alpha-globin (142 amino acids); and a chimera of the somatostatin signal peptide and proregion (82 amino acids) fused to alpha-globin. control globin was translocate ... | 1989 | 2565905 |
| absence of perinatal transmission of blood-borne non-a, non-b hepatitis virus by chimpanzees with acute and chronic infection. | two chimpanzees were born to parents with chronic non-a, non-b hepatitis and remained with their mothers until 12 and 18 months, respectively. the infants were followed from 7 to 8 weeks of age with biweekly or monthly blood samples and with monthly liver biopsies from 4 to 7 months after birth. another chimpanzee, along with both of its parents, was held throughout the parents' acute infection with non-a, non-b hepatitis; at this time the infant was 14-16 months of age, and it was followed with ... | 1989 | 2566645 |
| immunogenicity and efficacy testing in chimpanzees of an oral hepatitis b vaccine based on live recombinant adenovirus. | as a major cause of acute and chronic liver disease as well as hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatitis b virus (hbv) continues to pose significant health problems world-wide. recombinant hepatitis b vaccines based on adenovirus vectors have been developed to address global needs for effective control of hepatitis b infection. although considerable progress has been made in the construction of recombinant adenoviruses that express large amounts of hbv gene products, preclinical immunogenicity and eff ... | 1989 | 2570422 |
| molecular heterogeneity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase a-. | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) deficiency is probably the most common disease-producing genetic polymorphism of humans. virtually all g6pd-deficient africans show the g6pd a- phenotype, an electrophoretically rapid, deficient enzyme. the recently acquired ability to identify the point mutations producing the different variants has given us new insights into the population genetics of g6pd variants. twenty-nine males with the g6pd a- phenotype were studied. they were of african, mexican ... | 1989 | 2572288 |
| hepatitis a virus infection in a chimpanzee: duration of viremia and detection of virus in saliva and throat swabs. | the pathogenesis of hepatitis a virus was studied by orally inoculating a chimpanzee with wild-type virus. the virus was initially detected in the animal's serum (day 14 after inoculation); then viral antigen was detected in the tonsils (day 16), virus in the saliva and throat swabs (day 18), and viral antigen in the liver (day 21). the animal was viremic for 2 w. while this study involved a single animal, the presence of hepatitis a virus in saliva and throat swabs suggests a possible oropharyn ... | 1989 | 2572653 |
| rflp analysis of the hla-, chla-, and rhla-dq alpha chain gene regions: conservation of restriction sites during evolution. | genomic dna samples, derived from a panel of 60 chimpanzees and 45 rhesus monkeys, were digested with the restriction enzymes taq i and bgl ii and hybridized with an hla-dq alpha chain cdna probe. the results were compared with the data available on a human reference panel. use of the restriction enzyme taq i and the dq alpha chain probe allows the detection of five hla-dqa1 and two hla-dqa2 gene-associated fragments within the human population. for the chla and rhla systems, 3 and 7 different d ... | 1989 | 2574158 |
| sites in myelin basic protein that react with monoclonal antibodies. | the epitopes (antigenic sites) for seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) evoked in rats or mice by guinea pig or monkey myelin basic protein (bp) have been located in four different sequences of the bps extracted from various species. six of the mabs were evoked by guinea pig bp. (1) one epitope, possibly a pair, is included within residues 1-14 of all bps tested and reacts with two rat igg mabs. (2) a definite pair of overlapping epitopes includes the central phe91-phe92 sequence. one epitope is c ... | 1985 | 2578184 |
| visual evoked potentials in the great apes. | visual evoked potentials (veps) in response to flash stimuli were recorded from occipital and central-scalp electrodes in the chimpanzee and gorilla. the most notable occipital component of the vep was a surface-positive wave (p90), the latency of which decreased with development. central scalp responses, apparent only in older animals, included a characteristic long-latency 'vertex wave' (n125-p225). observed responses are similar to those reported for humans and monkeys, but appear to share mo ... | 1985 | 2578945 |
| isolation of simian retroviruses closely related to human t-cell leukemia virus by establishment of lymphoid cell lines from various non-human primates. | simian retroviruses closely related to human t-cell leukemia virus (htlv) were isolated by establishing virus-producing lymphoid cell lines from 7 species of non-human primates. by co-cultivation with human umbilical cord-blood cells and/or in the presence of interleukin-2, lymphoid cell lines were successfully established from the chimpanzee. african green monkey, pig-tailed macaque, red-faced macaque, formosan monkey, japanese monkey and bonnet monkey that had antibodies against htlv antigens. ... | 1985 | 2579038 |
| rheumatoid factor-like reactants in sera proven to transmit non-a, non-b hepatitis: a potential source of false-positive reactions in non-a, non-b assays. | convalescent phase non-a, non-b (nanb) human and chimpanzee sera were utilized in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (ria) in an attempt to identify a specific nanb antigen in human plasma, plasma-derived pellets and np-40 disrupted pellets proven to transmit nanb infection to chimpanzees. ria reactivity was noted in 5 of 8 pedigreed nanb infectious plasmas, but did not appear to be virus-specific. the ria reactive fraction: (i) had a density of 1.27 to 1.32 gm per cm3 in cesium chloride; (ii) showe ... | 1985 | 2579881 |