| dental microwear texture analysis: technical considerations. | dental microwear analysis is commonly used to infer aspects of diet in extinct primates. conventional methods of microwear analysis have usually been limited to two-dimensional imaging studies using a scanning electron microscope and the identification of apparent individual features. these methods have proved time-consuming and prone to subjectivity and observer error. here we describe a new methodological approach to microwear: dental microwear texture analysis, based on three-dimensional surf ... | 2006 | 16908052 |
| comparing species decisions in a dichotomous choice task: adjusting task parameters improves performance in monkeys. | in comparative psychology, both similarities and differences among species are studied to better understand the evolution of their behavior. to do so, we first test species in tasks using similar procedures, but if differences are found, it is important to determine their underlying cause(s) (e.g., are they due to ecology, cognitive ability, an artifact of the study, and/or some other factor?). in our previous work, primates performed unexpectedly poorly on an apparently simple two-choice discri ... | 2016 | 27086302 |
| can old-world and new-world monkeys judge spatial above/below relations to be the same or different? some of them, but not all of them. | chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) with the aid of token training can achieve analogical reasoning, or the ability to understand relations-between-relations (e.g., premack, 1976; thompson, oden, & boysen, 1997). however, extraordinarily few numbers of old- and new-world monkeys have demonstrated this ability in variants of relational matching to sample tasks. moreover, the rarity of replications leaves open the question of whether the results are normative for other captive colonies of the same speci ... | 2016 | 26581319 |
| the elusive illusion: do children (homo sapiens) and capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) see the solitaire illusion? | one approach to gaining a better understanding of how we perceive the world is to assess the errors that human and nonhuman animals make in perceptual processing. developmental and comparative perspectives can contribute to identifying the mechanisms that underlie systematic perceptual errors often referred to as perceptual illusions. in the visual domain, some illusions appear to remain constant across the lifespan, whereas others change with age. from a comparative perspective, many of the ill ... | 2016 | 26513327 |
| do you see what i see? a comparative investigation of the delboeuf illusion in humans (homo sapiens), rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), and capuchin monkeys (cebus apella). | studying visual illusions is critical to understanding typical visual perception. we investigated whether rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) and capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) perceived the delboeuf illusion in a similar manner as human adults (homo sapiens). to test this, in experiment 1, we presented monkeys and humans with a relative discrimination task that required subjects to choose the larger of 2 central dots that were sometimes encircled by concentric rings. as predicted, humans demonstra ... | 2015 | 26322505 |
| looking ahead? computerized maze task performance by chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), capuchin monkeys (cebus apella), and human children (homo sapiens). | human and nonhuman primates are not mentally constrained to the present. they can remember the past and-at least to an extent-anticipate the future. anticipation of the future ranges from long-term prospection such as planning for retirement to more short-term future-oriented cognition such as planning a route through a maze. here we tested a great ape species (chimpanzees), an old world monkey species (rhesus macaques), a new world monkey species (capuchin monkeys), and human children on a comp ... | 2015 | 25798793 |
| information seeking in capuchins (cebus apella): a rudimentary form of metacognition? | in previous research, great apes and rhesus macaques have demonstrated multiple apparently metacognitive abilities, whereas capuchin monkeys have not. the present experiment investigated whether at least a rudimentary form of metacognition might be demonstrated in capuchins if a simplified metacognitive task was used. capuchins (cebus apella) were required to locate a food reward hidden beneath one of two inverted cups that sat on a plexiglas tray. in some conditions, the capuchins were shown wh ... | 2015 | 25588604 |
| what are my chances? closing the gap in uncertainty monitoring between rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) and capuchin monkeys (cebus apella). | previous studies have indicated that rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) but not capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) respond to difficult or ambiguous situations by choosing not to respond or by seeking more information. here we assessed whether a task with very low chance accuracy could diminish this species difference, presumably indicating that capuchins—compared to macaques—are less risk averse as opposed to less sensitive to signals of uncertainty. monkeys searched for the largest of 6 stimuli on a ... | 2014 | 25368870 |
| do primates see the solitaire illusion differently? a comparative assessment of humans (homo sapiens), chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), and capuchin monkeys (cebus apella). | an important question in comparative psychology is whether human and nonhuman animals share similar principles of perceptual organization. despite much empirical research, no firm conclusion has been drawn. the solitaire illusion is a numerosity illusion in humans that occurs when one misperceives the relative number of 2 types of items presented in intermingled sets. to date, no study has investigated whether nonhuman animals perceive the solitaire illusion as humans do. here, we compared the p ... | 2014 | 25133464 |
| working and waiting for better rewards: self-control in two monkey species (cebus apella and macaca mulatta). | self-control is typically defined as choosing a greater, delayed reward over a lesser, more immediate reward. however, in nature, there are other costs besides delay associated with obtaining the greatest outcome including increased effort, potential punishment, and low probability of reward. effort is an interesting case because it sometimes impairs self-control, by acting as an additional cost, and at other times facilitates self-control, by distracting one from impulsive options. additionally ... | 2014 | 24412729 |
| personality structure in brown capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella): comparisons with chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), orangutans (pongo spp.), and rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). | species comparisons of personality structure (i.e., how many personality dimensions and the characteristics of those dimensions) can facilitate questions about the adaptive function of personality in nonhuman primates. here we investigate personality structure in the brown capuchin monkey (sapajus apella), a new world primate species, and compare this structure to those of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), orangutans (pongo spp.), and rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). brown capuchins evolved behavi ... | 2013 | 23668695 |
| sequential responding and planning in capuchin monkeys (cebus apella). | previous experiments have assessed planning during sequential responding to computer generated stimuli by old world nonhuman primates including chimpanzees and rhesus macaques. however, no such assessment has been made with a new world primate species. capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) are an interesting test case for assessing the distribution of cognitive processes in the order primates because they sometimes show proficiency in tasks also mastered by apes and old world monkeys, but in other cas ... | 2012 | 22801861 |
| rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) and capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) remember future responses in a computerized task. | planning is an important aspect of many daily activities for humans. planning involves forming a strategy in anticipation of a future need. however, evidence that nonhuman animals can plan for future situations is limited, particularly in relation to the many other kinds of cognitive capacities that they appear to share with humans. one critical aspect of planning is the ability to remember future responses, or what is called prospective coding. two monkey species (macaca mulatta and cebus apell ... | 2012 | 22545901 |
| bipedal posture and hand preference in humans and other primates. | hand preference for quadrupedal and bipedal reaching in humans and rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) was examined, and the data were compared with postural reaching data that have been reported for 8 other primate species. population-level biases were found toward use of the right hand for quadrupedal and bipedal reaching in humans and use of the left hand for quadrupedal reaching in rhesus macaques. rhesus macaques showed a significant shift toward greater use of the right hand for bipedal vs. q ... | 1998 | 9528114 |
| inference by exclusion in lion-tailed macaques (macaca silenus), a hamadryas baboon (papio hamadryas), capuchins (sapajus apella), and squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | previous research has suggested that several primate species may be capable of reasoning by exclusion based on the finding that they can locate a hidden object when given information about where the object is not. the present research replicated and extended the literature by testing 2 old world monkey species, lion-tailed macaques (macaca silenus) and a hamadryas baboon (papio hamadryas), and 2 new world species, capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella) and squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). the new ... | 2015 | 26010194 |
| perseveration on a reversal-learning task correlates with rates of self-directed behavior in nonhuman primates. | in humans and several nonhuman animals, repetitive behavior is associated with deficits on executive function tasks involving response inhibition. we tested for this relationship in nonhuman primates by correlating rates of normative behavior to performance on a reversal-learning task in which animals were required to inhibit a previously learned rule. we focused on rates of self-directed behavior (scratch, autogroom, self touch and manipulation) because these responses are known indicators of a ... | 2011 | 21419808 |
| evidence that monkeys (macaca tonkeana and sapajus apella) read moves, but no evidence that they read goals. | whereas most experiments indicate that monkeys have no theory of mind, a study carried out by wood and collaborators (2007) claimed that they can make inferences about the intentions of another individual. we applied the experimental procedure devised by these authors to investigate whether monkeys can recognize goal-directed actions. we tested 16 tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) and 12 tufted capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella). each subject was submitted to 24 trials in randomized order. the e ... | 2015 | 26010197 |
| patterns of hemispheric specialization for a communicative gesture in different primate species. | we review four studies investigating hand preferences for grasping versus pointing to objects at several spatial positions in human infants and three species of nonhuman primates using the same experimental setup. we expected that human infants and nonhuman primates present a comparable difference in their pattern of laterality according to tasks. we tested 6 capuchins, 6 macaques, 12 baboons, and 10 human infants. those studies are the first of their kind to examine both human infants and nonhu ... | 2013 | 23852567 |
| are monkeys able to plan for future exchange? | whether or not non-human animals can plan for the future is a hotly debated issue. we investigate this question further and use a planning-to-exchange task to study future planning in the cooperative domain in two species of monkeys: the brown capuchin (cebus apella) and the tonkean macaque (macaca tonkeana). the rationale required subjects to plan for a future opportunity to exchange tokens for food by collecting tokens several minutes in advance. subjects who successfully planned for the excha ... | 2012 | 22532073 |
| face processing limitation to own species in primates: a comparative study in brown capuchins, tonkean macaques and humans. | most primates live in social groups which survival and stability depend on individuals' abilities to create strong social relationships with other group members. the existence of those groups requires to identify individuals and to assign to each of them a social status. individual recognition can be achieved through vocalizations but also through faces. in humans, an efficient system for the processing of own species faces exists. this specialization is achieved through experience with faces of ... | 2006 | 16690230 |
| do tufted capuchin monkeys play the odds? flexible risk preferences in sapajus spp. | as humans, several non-human animal species avoid risk, defined as "variability in rate of gain". however, non-human primate studies revealed a more complicated picture, with different species ranging from risk aversion to risk proneness. within an ecological rationality framework, a species' feeding ecology should influence its risk preferences, as it has been shown in bonobos and chimpanzees. although the feeding ecology hypothesis is promising, it has not been yet verified in species other th ... | 2015 | 24993065 |
| calculated reciprocity? a comparative test with six primate species. | little evidence of calculated reciprocity has been found in non-human primates so far. in this study, we used a simple experimental set-up to test whether partners pulled a sliding table to altruistically provide food to each other in short-term interactions. we tested 46 dyads of chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, brown capuchin monkeys and spider monkeys to examine whether a subject's tendency to provide food to a partner was directly affected by the partner's previous behaviour, by t ... | 2014 | 24760440 |
| review of in vivo bone strain studies and finite element models of the zygomatic complex in humans and nonhuman primates: implications for clinical research and practice. | the craniofacial skeleton is often described in the clinical literature as being comprised of vertical bony pillars, which transmit forces from the toothrow to the neurocranium as axial compressive stresses, reinforced transversely by buttresses. here, we review the literature on bony microarchitecture, in vivo bone strain, and finite-element modeling of the facial skeleton of humans and nonhuman primates to address questions regarding the structural and functional existence of facial pillars an ... | 2016 | 27870351 |
| can grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) succeed on a "complex" foraging task failed by nonhuman primates (pan troglodytes, pongo abelii, sapajus apella) but solved by wrasse fish (labroides dimidiatus)? | linking specific cognitive abilities of nonhuman species on a laboratory task to their evolutionary history-ecological niche can be a fruitful exercise in comparative psychology. crucial issues, however, are the choice of task, the specific conditions of the task, and possibly the subjects' understanding or interpretation of the task. salwiczek et al. (2012) compared cleaner wrasse fish (labroides dimidaitus) to several nonhuman primate species (capuchins, sapajus paella; chimpanzees, pan troglo ... | 2014 | 24798239 |
| capuchins' (cebus apella) sensitivity to others' goal-directed actions in a helping context. | as humans, our ability to help others effectively is at least in part dependent upon our capacity to infer others' goals in a variety of different contexts. several species of nonhuman primate have demonstrated that they will also help others in some relatively simple situations, but it is not always clear whether this helping is based on an understanding of another agent's goals. although the results of a number of different studies support the hypothesis that chimpanzees represent others' goal ... | 2014 | 24146217 |
| how capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) behaviorally cope with increasing delay in a self-control task. | displacement activities are behavior patterns apparently irrelevant to the situation in which they are performed that facilitate transitions between behavioral states. scratching is one of the most commonly described displacement activities in primates and is related to frustration and anxiety. in chimpanzees scratching during cognitive tasks increases with task difficulty. we analyzed behavioral data obtained from video clips on nine capuchin monkeys tested in a delay choice task, a potentially ... | 2013 | 24056241 |
| what limits tool use in nonhuman primates? insights from tufted capuchin monkeys (sapajus spp.) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) aligning three-dimensional objects to a surface. | perceptuomotor functions that support using hand tools can be examined in other manipulation tasks, such as alignment of objects to surfaces. we examined tufted capuchin monkeys' and chimpanzees' performance at aligning objects to surfaces while managing one or two spatial relations to do so. we presented six subjects of each species with a single stick to place into a groove, two sticks of equal length to place into two grooves, or two sticks joined as a t to place into a t-shaped groove. tufte ... | 2014 | 23820935 |
| hand preference for tool-use in capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) is associated with asymmetry of the primary motor cortex. | skilled motor actions are associated with handedness and neuroanatomical specializations in humans. recent reports have documented similar neuroanatomical asymmetries and their relationship to hand preference in some nonhuman primate species, including chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys. we investigated whether capuchins displayed significant hand preferences for a tool-use task and whether such preferences were associated with motor-processing regions of the brain. handedness data on a dipping to ... | 2013 | 22987442 |
| understanding the functional properties of tools: chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) attend to tool features differently. | we examined whether eight capuchins and eight chimpanzees were able to retrieve a reward placed inside a tube, of varying length, by selecting the correct stick from different sets of three sticks differing in length (functional feature) and handle (non-functional feature). moreover, to investigate whether seeing the stick inside the tube (visual feedback) improves performance, half of the subjects were tested with a transparent apparatus and the other half with an opaque apparatus. phase 1 incl ... | 2012 | 22466753 |
| delaying gratification for food and tokens in capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes): when quantity is salient, symbolic stimuli do not improve performance. | capuchin monkeys have been tested for the capacity to delay gratification for accumulating rewards in recent studies and have exhibited variable results. meanwhile, chimpanzees have consistently excelled at this task. however, neither species have ever been tested at accumulating symbolic tokens instead of food items, even though previous reports indicate that tokens sometimes facilitate performance in other self-control tasks. thus, in the present study, we tested capuchin monkeys and chimpanze ... | 2012 | 22434403 |
| a proximate perspective on reciprocal altruism. | the study of reciprocal altruism, or the exchange of goods and services between individuals, requires attention to both evolutionary explanations and proximate mechanisms. evolutionary explanations have been debated at length, but far less is known about the proximate mechanisms of reciprocity. our own research has focused on the immediate causes and contingencies underlying services such as food sharing, grooming, and cooperation in brown capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees. employing both observa ... | 2002 | 26192598 |
| early lateral bias in tufted capuchins (cebus apella). | we investigated the development of lateral bias in infant tufted capuchins (cebus apella) by recording head orientation during the first 2 postnatal weeks and hand preference during weeks 23 to 24 and 47 to 48. we found that lateral bias for head orientation at 1 to 2 weeks was negatively related to hand preference at 23 to 24 weeks. further, we found population-level left-hand preferences at both 23 to 24 and 47 to 48 weeks, and that hand preference at 23 to 24 weeks is positively correlated wi ... | 1998 | 9452907 |
| impact of stimulus format and reward value on quantity discrimination in capuchin and squirrel monkeys. | quantity discrimination abilities are seen in a diverse range of species with similarities in performance patterns, suggesting common underlying cognitive mechanisms. however, methodological factors that impact performance make it difficult to draw broad phylogenetic comparisons of numerical cognition across studies. for example, some old world monkeys selected a higher quantity stimulus more frequently when choosing between inedible (pebbles) than edible (food) stimuli. in experiment 1 we prese ... | 2017 | 28840526 |
| social and personal information use by squirrel monkeys in assessing predation risk. | the threat of predation can significantly influence prey behaviors through altered perceptions of risk. prey risk perception is constantly updated via collection of personal and social information about predators. better understanding of the links between information availability, its use, and prey species' perception of risk will aid in explaining how animals adapt to predation. the goal of this study was to determine the environmental and social cues-available to prey via personal and social i ... | 2014 | 24809852 |
| deficient striatal adaptation in aminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission is associated with tardive dyskinesia in non-human primates exposed to antipsychotic drugs. | tardive dyskinesia (td) is a potentially disabling condition encompassing all delayed, persistent, and often irreversible abnormal involuntary movements arising in a fraction of subjects during long-term exposure to centrally acting dopamine receptor-blocking agents such as antipsychotic drugs and metoclopramide. however, the pathogenesis of td has proved complex and remains elusive. to investigate the mechanism underlying the development of td, we have chronically exposed 17 cebus apella monkey ... | 2017 | 28790021 |
| capuchin monkeys' use of human and conspecific cues to solve a hidden object-choice task. | learning by watching others can provide valuable information with adaptive consequences, such as identifying the presence of a predator or locating a food source. the extent to which nonhuman animals can gain information by reading the cues of others is often tested by evaluating responses to human gestures, such as a point, and less often evaluated by examining responses to conspecific cues. we tested whether ten brown capuchin monkeys (cebus [sapajus] apella) were able to use cues from monkeys ... | 2017 | 28741081 |
| auditory sensitivity of the tufted capuchin (sapajus apella), a test of allometric predictions. | new world monkeys are a diverse primate group and a model for understanding hearing in mammals. however, comparable audiograms do not exist for the larger monkeys, making it difficult to test the hypothesized relationship between interaural distance and high-frequency hearing limit (i.e., the allometric model). here, the auditory brainstem response (abr) method is used to assess auditory sensitivity in four tufted capuchins (sapajus apella), a large monkey with a large interaural distance. a pri ... | 2017 | 28679259 |
| organic effects of associating paclitaxel with a lipid-based nanoparticle system on a nonhuman primate, cebus apella. | lipid-based nanoparticle systems have been used as vehicles for chemotherapeutic agents in experimental cancer treatments. those systems have generally been credited with attenuating the severe toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. this study aimed to investigate the effects of associating paclitaxel (ptx) with a lipid-based nanoparticle system on a nonhuman primate, cebus apella, documenting the toxicity as measured by serum biochemistry, which is a detailed analysis of blood and tissue. eightee ... | 2017 | 28572727 |
| visible spatial contiguity of social information and reward affects social learning in brown capuchins (sapajus apella) and children (homo sapiens). | animal social learning is typically studied experimentally by the presentation of artificial foraging tasks. although productive, results are often variable even for the same species. we present and test the hypothesis that one cause of variation is that spatial distance between rewards and the means of reward release causes conflicts for participants' attentional focus. we investigated whether spatial contiguity between a visible reward and the means of release would affect behavioral responses ... | 2017 | 28541056 |
| a novel nonsense mutation in the tyrosinase gene is related to the albinism in a capuchin monkey (sapajus apella). | oculocutaneous albinism (oca) is an autosomal recessive inherited condition that affects the pigmentation of eyes, hair and skin. the oca phenotype may be caused by mutations in the tyrosinase gene (tyr), which expresses the tyrosinase enzyme and has an important role in the synthesis of melanin pigment. the aim of this study was to identify the genetic mutation responsible for the albinism in a captive capuchin monkey, and to describe the tyr gene of normal phenotype individuals. in addition, w ... | 2017 | 28476152 |
| evidence of a conserved molecular response to selection for increased brain size in primates. | the adaptive significance of human brain evolution has been frequently studied through comparisons with other primates. however, the evolution of increased brain size is not restricted to the human lineage but is a general characteristic of primate evolution. whether or not these independent episodes of increased brain size share a common genetic basis is unclear. we sequenced and de novo assembled the transcriptome from the neocortical tissue of the most highly encephalized nonhuman primate, th ... | 2017 | 28391320 |
| insightful problem solving and emulation in brown capuchin monkeys. | we investigated problem solving abilities of capuchin monkeys via the "floating object problem," a task in which the subject must use creative problem solving to retrieve a favored food item from the bottom of a clear tube. some great apes have solved this problem by adding water to raise the object to a level at which it can be easily grabbed. we presented seven capuchins with the task over eight trials (four "dry" and four "wet"). none of the subjects solved the task, indicating that no capuch ... | 2017 | 28280939 |
| extender supplementation with catalase maintains the integrity of sperm plasma membrane after freezing-thawing of semen from capuchin monkey. | we aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of acp-118® extender with the antioxidant catalase (10 and 50 µg/ml) on sapajus apella sperm motility, vigour, and plasma membrane integrity during the processes of seminal liquefaction, cooling, and freezing. catalase did not affect any of the evaluated parameters after semen dilution or cooling. cryopreserved sperm in the presence of 50 µg/ml catalase presented a plasma membrane integrity similar to that fresh sperm, however. | 2017 | 28274301 |
| do capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella) prefer symmetrical face shapes? | in humans, facial symmetry has been linked to an individual's genetic quality, and facial symmetry has a small yet significant effect on ratings of facial attractiveness. the same evolutionary processes underlying these phenomena may also convey a selective advantage to symmetrical individuals of other primate species, yet to date, few studies have examined sensitivity to facial symmetry in nonhuman primates. here we presented images of symmetrical and asymmetrical human and monkey faces to tuft ... | 2017 | 28182489 |
| discrimination of emotional facial expressions by tufted capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella). | tufted or brown capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella) have been shown to recognize conspecific faces as well as categorize them according to group membership. little is known, though, about their capacity to differentiate between emotionally charged facial expressions or whether facial expressions are processed as a collection of features or configurally (i.e., as a whole). in 3 experiments, we examined whether tufted capuchins (a) differentiate photographs of neutral faces from either affiliative o ... | 2017 | 28182484 |
| seminal coagulation and sperm quality in different social contexts in captive tufted capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella). | in the present study, we aimed to assess the influence of different social contexts on the seminal coagulation and sperm quality in captive tufted capuchin monkeys. for this, males were housed either individually, in mixed-sex groups (with females), or in male-only groups. monkeys were housed in cages and each cage type (i.e., individual or group cage) was placed in a different room. forty-one males were subjected to semen collection by rectal electroejaculation. the degree of seminal coagulatio ... | 2017 | 28171687 |
| per3 expression in different tissues of cebus apella. | we present a study of per3 expression in six different tissues of the non-human primate cebus apella (capuchin monkey). the aim of this study was to verify whether the expression of the per3 gene in different tissues of capuchin monkey occurs in a circadian pattern, its phase and the phase relationships between these different tissues during the 24 h of a day. we observed that gene expression oscillated in all of the tissues studied during this time period, although only the liver and muscle pre ... | 2017 | 28154738 |
| total energy expenditure in captive capuchins (sapajus apella). | primates have markedly lower total energy expenditure (tee; kcal/day) than other placental mammals, expending approximately 50% less energy for their mass than non-primate eutherians. however, little is known regarding interspecific variation of energy expenditure within platyrrhine primates. we investigated tee in captive tufted capuchins (sapajus apella, n = 8, ages 7-36), a frugivorous platyrrhine, to compare tee with other placental mammals and primates. we tested the hypothesis that large-b ... | 2017 | 28118497 |
| the interlaminar glia: from serendipity to hypothesis. | an account of work performed at the una laboratories since 1992 on the detection and description of interlaminar glial processes, is presented. the incidental observation (serendipity) of longer than expected glial processes in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex in hemiparkinsonian cebus apella monkeys, was expanded afterwards to cover the largest possible sampling of representatives of mammalian orders and species, as well as in experimental and pathological conditions, in human and ... | 2017 | 27864630 |
| global/local processing of hierarchical visual stimuli in a conflict-choice task by capuchin monkeys (sapajus spp.). | in the last two decades, comparative research has addressed the issue of how the global and local levels of structure of visual stimuli are processed by different species, using navon-type hierarchical figures, i.e. smaller local elements that form larger global configurations. determining whether or not the variety of procedures adopted to test different species with hierarchical figures are equivalent is of crucial importance to ensure comparability of results. among non-human species, global/ ... | 2017 | 27858168 |
| capuchins (cebus apella) fail to show an asymmetric dominance effect. | the asymmetric dominance effect (ade) occurs when the introduction of a partially dominated decoy option increases the choice share of its dominating alternative. the ade is a violation of regularity and the constant-ratio rule, which are two derivations of the independence of irrelevant alternatives axiom, a core tenant of rational choice. the ade is one of the most widely reported human choice phenomena, leading researchers to probe its origins by studying a variety of non-human species. we ex ... | 2017 | 27853864 |
| preference and consequences: a preliminary look at whether preference impacts oral processing in non-human primates. | non-human primates demonstrate food preferences much like humans. we have little insight, however, into how those preferences impact oral processing in primates. to begin describing this relationship, we conducted a preliminary analysis measuring food preference in two tufted capuchins (cebus apella) and comparing ranked preference to physiological variables during chewing of these foods. food preference was assessed for each monkey across 12 foods, including monkey biscuits and 11 foods consume ... | 2016 | 27522640 |
| modulatory effects of the ipsi and contralateral ventral premotor cortex (pmv) on the primary motor cortex (m1) outputs to intrinsic hand and forearm muscles in cebus apella. | the ventral premotor cortex (pmv) is a key node in the neural network involved in grasping. one way pmv can carry out this function is by modulating the outputs of the primary motor cortex (m1) to intrinsic hand and forearm muscles. as many pmv neurons discharge when grasping with either arm, both pmv within the same hemisphere (ipsilateral; ipmv) and in the opposite hemisphere (contralateral; cpmv) could modulate m1 outputs. our objective was to compare modulatory effects of ipmv and cpmv on m1 ... | 2016 | 27473318 |
| eye preferences in capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella). | this study explored whether capuchin monkey eye preferences differ systematically in response to stimuli of positive and negative valence. the 'valence hypothesis' proposes that the right hemisphere is more dominant for negative emotional processing and the left hemisphere is more dominant for positive emotional processing. visual information from each eye is thought to be transferred faster to and primarily processed by the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. therefore, it was predicted capuchin ... | 2016 | 27083927 |
| short-term memory effects on visual global/local processing in tufted capuchin monkeys (sapajus spp.). | nonhuman primates, differently from humans, are less proficient at processing global properties of visual compound stimuli. it has been suggested that humans preferentially process stimuli globally because this enables a more economical encoding of the stimuli. in this study we assessed the role of short-term memory (stm) in global/local processing by presenting tufted capuchin monkeys with navon-type hierarchical figures in both simultaneous and delayed matching-to-sample tasks. capuchins' abil ... | 2016 | 27078080 |
| different patterns of cortical inputs to subregions of the primary motor cortex hand representation in cebus apella. | the primary motor cortex (m1) plays an essential role in the control of hand movements in primates and is part of a complex cortical sensorimotor network involving multiple premotor and parietal areas. in a previous study in squirrel monkeys, we found that the ventral premotor cortex (pmv) projected mainly to 3 regions within the m1 forearm representation [rostro-medial (rm), rostro-lateral (rl), and caudo-lateral (cl)] with very few caudo-medial (cm) projections. these results suggest that proj ... | 2016 | 26966266 |
| stronger uricosuric effects of the novel selective urat1 inhibitor ur-1102 lowered plasma urate in tufted capuchin monkeys to a greater extent than benzbromarone. | urate-lowering therapy is indispensable for the treatment of gout, but available drugs do not control serum urate levels tightly enough. although the uricosurics benzbromarone and probenecid inhibit a urate reabsorption transporter known as renal urate transporter 1 (urat1) and thus lower serum urate levels, they also inhibit other transporters responsible for secretion of urate into urine, which suggests that inhibiting urat1 selectively would lower serum urate more effectively. we identified a ... | 2016 | 26907620 |
| inactivation of the dorsal premotor area disrupts internally generated, but not visually guided, sequential movements. | as skill on a sequence of movements is acquired through practice, each movement in the sequence becomes seamlessly associated with another. to study the neural basis of acquired skills, we trained two monkeys (cebus apella) to perform two sequential reaching tasks. in one task, sequential movements were instructed by visual cues, whereas in the other task, movements were generated from memory after extended practice. then, we examined neural activity in the dorsal premotor area (pmd) and the eff ... | 2016 | 26865620 |
| renal evaluation with b-mode and doppler ultrasound in captive tufted capuchins (sapajus apella). | this study aimed to evaluate, by b-mode ultrasound and doppler ultrasound, the kidneys of one neotropical primate maintained in captivity. | 2016 | 26813189 |
| capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) treat small and large numbers of items similarly during a relative quantity judgment task. | a key issue in understanding the evolutionary and developmental emergence of numerical cognition is to learn what mechanism(s) support perception and representation of quantitative information. two such systems have been proposed, one for dealing with approximate representation of sets of items across an extended numerical range and another for highly precise representation of only small numbers of items. evidence for the first system is abundant across species and in many tests with human adult ... | 2016 | 26689808 |
| capuchins (cebus apella) are limited in their ability to infer others' goals based on context. | recent research suggests that many primate species understand others' actions not only in terms of their physical movements, but also in terms of the actor's underlying goals and intentions. impressively, apes also have the capacity to incorporate previously acquired contextual information into their goal representations. to date, little work has tested whether other primates demonstrate this level of flexibility when inferring others' goals. to help address this question, we tested capuchin mon ... | 2016 | 26654574 |
| capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) modulate their use of an uncertainty response depending on risk. | metacognition refers to thinking about thinking, and there has been a great deal of interest in how this ability manifests across primates. based on much of the work to date, a tentative division has been drawn with new world monkeys on 1 side and old world monkeys and apes on the other. specifically, old world monkeys, apes, and humans often show patterns reflecting metacognition, but new world monkeys typically do not, or show less convincing behavioral patterns. however, recent data suggest t ... | 2016 | 26551351 |
| using photographs to study animal social cognition and behaviour: do capuchins' responses to photos reflect reality? | behavioural responses to photos are often used to infer what animals understand about their social environment, but are rarely validated against the same stimuli in real life. if subjects' responses to photos do not reflect responses to the same live stimuli, it is difficult to conclude what happens in reality based on photo responses alone. we compared capuchins' responses to photos versus live stimuli in an identical scenario within research cubicles. subjects had the opportunity to approach f ... | 2016 | 26476153 |
| inference in a social context: a comparative study of capuchin monkeys (cebus apella), tree shrews (tupaia belangeri), hamsters (mesocricetus auratus), and rats (rattus norvegicus). | four species (capuchin monkeys, tree shrews, rats, and hamsters) performed an inference task situated in a social context. in experiment 1, capuchin monkeys first explored food sites under 1 of 2 conditions: in 1 condition, food was refilled after it was eaten (replenished condition), whereas it was not refilled (depleted condition) in the other condition. two food sites were presented for each condition. in the test phase, a subject watched a conspecific demonstrator visit 1 of the food sites i ... | 2015 | 26460855 |
| visual categorization of surface qualities of materials by capuchin monkeys and humans. | visually identifying and categorizing the material composition of objects before actually interacting with them is an important skill for operating smoothly and safely in the world. this ability is assumed to have been shaped by evolution; therefore, non-human animals should share similar categorization abilities. little is known, however, about how non-human animals do this. we tested whether tufted capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) were able to visually categorize images that represented nine di ... | 2015 | 26325391 |
| self-control depletion in tufted capuchin monkeys (sapajus spp.): does delay of gratification rely on a limited resource? | self-control failure has enormous personal and societal consequences. one of the most debated models explaining why self-control breaks down is the strength model, according to which self-control depends on a limited resource. either previous acts of self-control or taking part in highly demanding cognitive tasks have been shown to reduce self-control, possibly due to a reduction in blood glucose levels. however, several studies yielded negative findings, and recent meta-analyses questioned the ... | 2015 | 26322001 |
| versatile grasping ability in power-grip actions by tufted capuchin monkeys (sapajus spp.). | capuchin monkeys are well known to have a high degree of manual dexterity. in this study, we assessed the variability of capuchin grasping actions involving power grips, i.e., manual actions in which the object is grasped between the palm and one or several parts of the fingers and that do not necessarily involve individually controlled finger movements. planning abilities in executing actions were also evaluated. | 2016 | 26301957 |
| the effects of individual cubicle research on the social interactions and individual behavior of brown capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella). | primates are increasingly being tested individually in purpose-built research centers within zoos. the voluntary nature of research testing indicates that participation is enriching for the primate subjects, but previous studies have generally focused only on stress-related behavior, indicating that the research does not have a negative effect. few data are available on the effects that individual research may have on social behavior, yet given primates' complex social lives and their responses ... | 2015 | 26173706 |
| efficacious long-term cooling and freezing of sapajus apella semen in acp-118(®). | the objectives of the present study were to test the effect of coconut water solution (cws), tes-tris and acp-118(®) on the seminal cooling and cryopreservation of semen from capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella). semen was collected from six males by electro-ejaculation, diluted in tes-tris, cws or acp-118(®), and maintained at 4°c for 28h. semen was subsequently evaluated (experiment i) or cryopreserved in the presence of different glycerol concentrations (3%, 5% or 7%) (experiment ii). acp-118(®) ... | 2015 | 26071650 |
| does presentation format influence visual size discrimination in tufted capuchin monkeys (sapajus spp.)? | most experimental paradigms to study visual cognition in humans and non-human species are based on discrimination tasks involving the choice between two or more visual stimuli. to this end, different types of stimuli and procedures for stimuli presentation are used, which highlights the necessity to compare data obtained with different methods. the present study assessed whether, and to what extent, capuchin monkeys' ability to solve a size discrimination problem is influenced by the type of pro ... | 2015 | 25927363 |
| when is it worth waiting for? food quantity, but not food quality, affects delay tolerance in tufted capuchin monkeys. | when faced with choices between smaller sooner options and larger later options (i.e. intertemporal choices), both humans and non-human animals discount future rewards. apparently, only humans consistently show the magnitude effect, according to which larger options are discounted over time at a lower rate than smaller options. most of the studies carried out in non-human animals led instead to negative results. here, we tested ten tufted capuchin monkeys (sapajus spp.) in a delay choice task to ... | 2015 | 25894673 |
| equal care for own versus adopted infant in tufted capuchins (sapajus spp.). | this study describes a case of adoption by a female tufted capuchin (sapajus spp.) who spontaneously adopted a newborn immediately after he was abandoned, then raised him successfully with her own infant. for 7 weeks, we observed the adoptive mother, the adoptee (3 days old at the time of adoption) and the biological infant (4 days old) in order to compare the behavior of the female towards each infant. we focused our attention on different maternal behavioral patterns: grooming, carrying and cu ... | 2015 | 25773728 |
| brown capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella) plan their movements on a grasping task. | motor planning is a relatively complex cognitive skill in which an actor modifies a behavior to anticipate the future consequences of the action. studying motor planning in nonhuman primates may provide a better understanding of the roots of human planning abilities. in this study we presented capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella) with a horizontal dowel baited on either the left or right end. a radial grasp on the dowel with the thumb facing toward the baited end would be the most efficient grip se ... | 2015 | 25729926 |
| electromyography of crural and pedal muscles in tufted capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella): implications for hallucal grasping behavior and first metatarsal morphology in euprimates. | a hypertrophied peroneal process of the hallucal metatarsal, as seen in prosimians, has been linked to a powerful hallucal grasp via the contraction of the peroneus longus (pl) muscle causing adduction of the big toe. electromyography (emg) studies of lemurs and lorises, however, have concluded that pl is not substantially recruited during small branch locomotion when powerful hallucal grasping is needed most, and have suggested that there is no link between pl activity and peroneal process size ... | 2015 | 25693754 |
| diversity of nutcracking tool sites used by sapajus libidinosus in brazilian cerrado. | cracking nuts with tools is a behavior documented in a small number of populations of tufted capuchins, mainly in semi-arid caatinga and caatinga-cerrado transitional environments of northeastern brazil. only one of these populations inhabits the less arid cerrado in central brazil, where environments are composed of a heterogeneous mosaic of fields, savannas and forest formations. we conducted surveys in 10 of 20 localities where nutcracking by capuchins was reported by the local inhabitants in ... | 2015 | 25676549 |
| tufted capuchins (cebus apella) adapt their communicative behaviour to human's attentional states. | animal communication has become a widely studied field of research, especially because of the associated debates on the origin of human language. due to their phylogenetic proximity with humans, non-human primates represent a suitable model to investigate the precursors of language. this study focuses on the perception of the attentional states of others, an important prerequisite to intentional communication. we investigated whether capuchins (cebus apella) produce a learnt pointing gesture tow ... | 2015 | 25630371 |
| capuchin monkeys do not show human-like pricing effects. | recent work in judgment and decision-making has shown that a good's price can have irrational effects on people's preferences. people tend to prefer goods that cost more money and assume that such expensive goods will be more effective, even in cases where the price of the good is itself arbitrary. although much work has documented the existence of these pricing effects, unfortunately little work has addressed where these price effects come from in the first place. here we use a comparative appr ... | 2014 | 25520677 |
| parvalbumin expression and distribution in the hippocampal formation of cebus apella. | new world primates play an important role in biomedical research. however, the literature still lacks information on many structural features of the brain in these species, particularly structures of the hippocampal formation that are related to long-term memory storage. this study was designed to provide information, for the first time, about the distribution and number of neurons expressing parvalbumin-immunoreactivity (pv-i) in the subregions of the hippocampal formation in cebus apella, a ne ... | 2015 | 25472893 |
| visuospatial learning and memory in the cebus apella and microglial morphology in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and ca1 lacunosum molecular layer. | we investigated whether the morphology of microglia in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (dg-mol) or in the lacunosum molecular layer of ca1 (ca1-lmol) was correlated with spatial learning and memory in the capuchin monkey (cebus apella). learning and memory was tested in 4 monkeys with visuo-spatial, paired associated learning (pal) tasks from the cambridge battery of neuropsychological tests. after testing, monkeys were sacrificed, and hippocampi were sectioned. we specifically immunola ... | 2014 | 25462387 |
| sexual bias in probe tool manufacture and use by wild bearded capuchin monkeys. | here we examine data from a two-year research on the use of sticks as probes by two groups of wild capuchin monkeys (sapajus libidinosus) in serra da capivara national park (pi), brazil. the use of sticks as probes is not usually observed among wild tufted capuchin (sapajus spp.) populations, having been reported as a customary behavior only in scnp groups. probe tools are used to access small prey (insects or lizards) in rock cracks or tree trunks, or honey from wasps' nests, and also to poke t ... | 2014 | 25446625 |
| insights into intraspecies variation in primate prosocial behavior: capuchins (cebus apella) fail to show prosociality on a touchscreen task. | over the past decade, many researchers have used food donation tasks to test whether nonhuman primates show human-like patterns of prosocial behavior in experimental settings. although these tasks are elegant in their simplicity, performance within and across species is difficult to explain under a unified theoretical framework. here, we attempt to better understand variation in prosociality by examining the circumstances that promote and hinder the expression of prosocial preferences. to this e ... | 2014 | 25379271 |
| the effects of ecology and evolutionary history on robust capuchin morphological diversity. | recent molecular work has confirmed the long-standing morphological hypothesis that capuchins are comprised of two distinct clades, the gracile (untufted) capuchins (genus cebus, erxleben, 1777) and the robust (tufted) capuchins (genus sapajus kerr, 1792). in the past, the robust group was treated as a single, undifferentiated and cosmopolitan species, with data from all populations lumped together in morphological and ecological studies, obscuring morphological differences that might exist acro ... | 2015 | 25194323 |
| evaluation of the immunological cellular response of cebus apella exposed to the carcinogen n-methyl-n-nitrosourea and treated with canova®. | the immune response modifier canova® is a homeopathic remedy indicated for patients with depressed immune system, since this drug appears to increase adaptive immunity and induce an immune response against multiple and severe pathological conditions, including cancer. we evaluated the pattern of immune cellular response in non-human primates of the species cebus apella exposed to n-methyl-n-nitrosourea (mnu) with and without canova®. twelve animals were divided into four groups, with three anima ... | 2014 | 25189897 |
| claustrum projections to prefrontal cortex in the capuchin monkey (cebus apella). | we examined the pattern of retrograde tracer distribution in the claustrum following intracortical injections into the frontal pole (area 10), and in dorsal (area 9), and ventral lateral (area 12) regions of the rostral prefrontal cortex in the tufted capuchin monkey (cebus apella). the resulting pattern of labeled cells was assessed in relation to the three-dimensional geometry of the claustrum, as well as recent reports of claustrum-prefrontal connections in other primates. claustrum-prefronta ... | 2014 | 25071475 |
| social status, facial structure, and assertiveness in brown capuchin monkeys. | | 2014 | 24966843 |
| effects of brief time delays on matching-to-sample abilities in capuchin monkeys (sapajus spp.). | traditionally, studies of delayed matching-to-sample (dmts) tasks in nonhuman species have focused on the assessment of the limits of the retrieval of information stored in short- and long-term memory systems. however, it is still unclear if visual recognition in these tasks is affected by very brief delay intervals, which are typically used to study rapidly decaying types of visual memory. this study aimed at evaluating if tufted capuchin monkeys' ability to recognise visual stimuli in a dmts t ... | 2014 | 24861708 |
| does own experience affect perception of others' actions in capuchin monkeys (cebus apella)? | anticipating another's actions is an important ability in social animals. recent research suggests that in human adults and infants one's own action experience facilitates understanding and anticipation of others' actions. we investigated the link between first-person experience and perception of another's action in adult tufted capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella spp., formerly cebus apella spp.). in experiment 1, the monkeys observed a familiar human (actor) trying to open a container using eithe ... | 2014 | 24844666 |
| facial width-to-height ratio relates to alpha status and assertive personality in capuchin monkeys. | social dominance hierarchies play a pivotal role in shaping the behaviour of many species, and sex differences within these hierarchies often exist. to date, however, few physical markers of dominance have been identified. such markers would be valuable in terms of understanding the etiology of dominant behaviour and changes in social hierarchies over time. animals may also use such traits to evaluate the potential dominance of others relative to themselves (i.e. a physical "cue"). facial width- ... | 2014 | 24705247 |
| capuchin monkey research priorities and urgent issues. | the "capuchin research community roundtable: working together towards a comparative biology of cebus and sapajus" was held at the international primatological society congress in cancún, mexico, august 2012. goals of the roundtable were to strengthen interactions among the capuchin research community, and to prioritize and coordinate research and training in a more systematic and interactive way in light of increasing conservation urgency. new phylogenetic and biogeographic evidence highlights t ... | 2014 | 24668460 |
| on the early mechanisms of bone formation after maxillary sinus membrane elevation: an experimental histological and immunohistochemical study. | previous studies have shown predictable bone formation in the maxillary sinus after membrane elevation. however, how and where the bone is formed is not well understood. | 2015 | 24629171 |
| do capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) diagnose causal relations in the absence of a direct reward? | we adapted a method from developmental psychology to explore whether capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) would place objects on a "blicket detector" machine to diagnose causal relations in the absence of a direct reward. across five experiments, monkeys could place different objects on the machine and obtain evidence about the objects' causal properties based on whether each object "activated" the machine. in experiments 1-3, monkeys received both audiovisual cues and a food reward whenever the mach ... | 2014 | 24586347 |
| feedforward and feedback connections and their relation to the cytox modules of v2 in cebus monkeys. | to study the circuitry related to the ventral stream of visual information processing and its relation to the cytochrome oxidase (cytox) modules in visual area v2, we injected anterograde and retrograde cholera toxin subunit b (ctb) tracer into nine sites in area v4 in five cebus apella monkeys. the injection site locations ranged from 2° to 10° eccentricity in the lower visual field representation of v4. alternate cortical sections, cut tangentially to the pial surface or in the coronal plane, ... | 2014 | 24585707 |
| give what you get: capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) and 4-year-old children pay forward positive and negative outcomes to conspecifics. | the breadth of human generosity is unparalleled in the natural world, and much research has explored the mechanisms underlying and motivating human prosocial behavior. recent work has focused on the spread of prosocial behavior within groups through paying-it-forward, a case of human prosociality in which a recipient of generosity pays a good deed forward to a third individual, rather than back to the original source of generosity. while research shows that human adults do indeed pay forward gen ... | 2014 | 24489830 |
| vitamin e-analog trolox prevents endoplasmic reticulum stress in frozen-thawed ovarian tissue of capuchin monkey (sapajus apella). | ovarian fragments were exposed to 0.5 m sucrose and 1 m ethylene glycol (freezing solution; fs) with or without selenium or trolox. histological and ultrastructural analyses showed that the percentages of normal follicles in control tissue and in tissue after exposure to fs + 50 μm trolox were similar. trolox prevented endoplasmic reticulum (er)-related vacuolization, which is commonly observed in oocytes and stromal tissue after exposure to fs. from the evaluated stress markers, superoxide dism ... | 2014 | 24362491 |
| personality and facial morphology: links to assertiveness and neuroticism in capuchins (sapajus [cebus] apella). | personality has important links to health, social status, and life history outcomes (e.g. longevity and reproductive success). human facial morphology appears to signal aspects of one's personality to others, raising questions about the evolutionary origins of such associations (e.g. signals of mate quality). studies in non-human primates may help to achieve this goal: for instance, facial width-to-height ratio (fwhr) in the male face has been associated with dominance not only in humans but als ... | 2014 | 24347756 |
| antagonism of the adenosine a2a receptor attenuates akathisia-like behavior induced with mp-10 or aripiprazole in a novel non-human primate model. | akathisia is a subset of the larger antipsychotic side effect profile known as extrapyramidal syndrome (eps). it is associated with antipsychotic treatment and is characterized as a feeling of inner restlessness that results in a compulsion to move. there are currently no primate models available to assess drug-induced akathisia; the present research was designed to address this shortcoming. we developed a novel rating scale based on both the barnes akathisia rating scale (bars) and the hillside ... | 2014 | 24211858 |
| methodological considerations in the analysis of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in tufted capuchins (cebus apella). | analysis of fecal glucocorticoid (gc) metabolites has recently become the standard method to monitor adrenocortical activity in primates noninvasively. however, given variation in the production, metabolism, and excretion of gcs across species and even between sexes, there are no standard methods that are universally applicable. in particular, it is important to validate assays intended to measure gc production, test extraction and storage procedures, and consider the time course of gc metabolit ... | 2013 | 24098064 |
| gaba-induced inactivation of cebus apella v2 neurons: effects on orientation tuning and direction selectivity. | we investigated the gaba-induced inactivation of v2 neurons and terminals on the receptive field properties of this area in an anesthetized and paralyzed cebus apella monkey. extracellular single-unit activity was recorded using tungsten microelectrodes in a monkey before and after pressure-injection of a 0.25 or 0.5 m gaba solution. the visual stimulus consisted of a bar moving in 8 possible directions. in total, 24 v2 neurons were studied before and after blocker injections in 4 experimental s ... | 2013 | 23903679 |
| color discrimination in the tufted capuchin monkey, sapajus spp. | the present study evaluated the efficacy of an adapted version of the mollon-reffin test for the behavioral investigation of color vision in capuchin monkeys. ten tufted capuchin monkeys (sapajus spp., formerly referred to as cebus apella) had their dna analyzed and were characterized as the following: one trichromat female, seven deuteranope dichromats (six males and one female), and two protanope males, one of which was identified as an "ml protanope." for their behavioral characterization, al ... | 2013 | 23620819 |
| haloperidol-induced striatal nur77 expression in a non-human primate model of tardive dyskinesia. | tardive dyskinesia (td) is a delayed and potentially irreversible motor complication arising in patients chronically exposed to antipsychotic drugs. as several modern (so-called atypical) antipsychotic drugs are common offenders, combined with the widening clinical indications for prescription as well as exposure of vulnerable individuals, td will remain a significant drug-induced unwanted side effect. in addition, the pathophysiology of td remains elusive and therapeutics are difficult. based o ... | 2013 | 23551242 |