| identification of trypanosomes isolated by kivi from wild mammals in côte d'ivoire: diagnostic, taxonomic and epidemiological considerations. | in côte d'ivoire, a comparative study was carried out on 122 wild mammals by parasitological and serological examination and by in vitro isolation of trypanosomes from fresh blood (kivi). thirteen isolated stocks were studied by isoenzymes and compared with trypanosoma congolense and t. brucei bouaflé group reference stocks. of the 122 animals, only 22 were positive on blood smears while 88 were kivi positive and 92 were catt/t. b. gambiense positive. for six stocks identified by isoenzymes as t ... | 1997 | 9241383 |
| a comparison of the enzymatic properties of the major cysteine proteinases from trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma cruzi. | congopain and cruzipain, the major cysteine proteinases from trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma cruzi, were compared for their activities towards a series of new, sensitive fluorogenic substrates of the papain family of cysteine proteinases and for their sensitivity to inhibition by cystatins and related biotinylated peptidyl diazomethanes. low ki values, in the 10 pm range, were found for the interaction of both proteinases with natural cystatin inhibitors. the kinetic constants for the hyd ... | 1997 | 9274870 |
| cytoskeletal architecture and components involved in the attachment of trypanosoma congolense epimastigotes. | scanning and transmission electron microscopy of trypanosoma congolense epimastigotes attached to a plastic substratum shows them to elaborate a complex flagellum filament system and plaque with a highly organized structure. non-ionic detergent extraction of these cells shows that the resulting cytoskeletons remain attached to the plaque. the subpellicular corset of microtubules can be removed by salt or ca2+ treatment leaving the axoneme, paraflagellar rod, associated filaments and the plaque. ... | 1997 | 9280895 |
| molecular characterization of trypanosome isolates from naturally infected domestic animals in burkina, faso. | a total of 33 trypanosome cryostabilates isolated from domestic animals (bovine and dogs) were analysed using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the pcr was undertaken on diluted and treated buffy coat solutions according to an easy protocol of purification, using primers specific to trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense of savannah, riverine-forest, kilifi and tsavo types, t. (n) simiae, t. (trypanozoon) brucei and t. (duttonella) vivax. the results showed a lack of pcr sensitivity when target ... | 1997 | 9299694 |
| modulation of mitochondrial electrical potential: a candidate mechanism for drug resistance in african trypanosomes. | bloodstream forms of four populations of the livestock pathogen trypanosoma congolense, isolated from different natural infections, have been shown to exhibit a wide range of sensitivities to the trypanocide isometamidium chloride (samorin(r)). in mice the 50% curative doses (cd50) for samorin range from 0.007 to 20 mg/kg body weight. uptake of isometamidium chloride demonstrated michaelis-menten-type kinetics in all the populations, with km values in the range 0.35-0.87 microm, and vmax varied ... | 1997 | 9307025 |
| comparison of the susceptibility of different glossina species to simple and mixed infections with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense savannah and riverine forest types. | teneral glossina morsitans mositans, g.m.submorsitans, g.palpalis gambiensis and g.tachinoides were allowed to feed on rabbits infected with trypanosoma congolense savannah type or on mice infected with t.congolense riverine-forest type. the four tsetse species and subspecies were also infected simultaneously in vitro on the blood of mice infected with the two clones of t.congolense via a silicone membrane. the infected tsetse were maintained on rabbits and from the day 25 after the infective fe ... | 1997 | 9330255 |
| expression of acquired immunity to heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice concurrently infected with trypanosoma congolense. | the effects of concurrent heligmosomoides polygyrus and trypanosoma congolense infection on the expression of acquired resistance to homologous nematode challenge were studied in female outbred to mice. mice were infected with 500 infective larvae (l3) of h. polygyrus and the infection was terminated by anthelminthic treatment on day 12, when the worms were adults. eight days later sub-groups of these pre-exposed mice, and of similar mice which had not experienced the previous infection with h. ... | 1997 | 9363495 |
| plasma luteinizing hormone levels in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and clonidine in trypanosoma congolense-infected female goats. | trypanosomiasis, a parasitic disease of humans and animals, occurs over a wide area of africa and imposes a large socioeconomic burden on the people. in the present study, we investigated whether trypanosomiasis-induced reproductive disorders were due to pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction by determining plasma luteinizing hormone (lh) response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) agonist or clonidine in trypanosoma congolense-infected female goats. with gnrh agonist administration, the to ... | 1997 | 9365802 |
| cd5+ b lymphocytes are the main source of antibodies reactive with non-parasite antigens in trypanosoma congolense-infected cattle. | mice infected with african trypanosomes produce exceptionally large amounts of serum igm, a major part of which binds to non-trypanosome antigens such as trinitrophenol and single-strand dna. in this paper, we describe that in cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense and t. vivax, similar antibodies are found, although they bind mainly to protein antigens, such as beta-galactosidase, ovalbumin and ferritin. the parasite non-specific igm antibodies appear around the same time as the parasite-s ... | 1997 | 9415031 |
| factors affecting trypanosome infection rate in tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) populations. | wide variations in trypanosome infection rate are observed in different tsetse fly (glossina spp.) populations environmental factors and features proper to the vector, mammalian host and infecting-trypanosome species acting in the acquisition and development of infective-trypanosome infection in tsetse are examined. | 1997 | 9419848 |
| long-term effects of an experimental infection with trypanosoma congolense on reproductive performance of trypanotolerant djallonké ewes and west african dwarf does. | ten west african dwarf (wad) does and 12 djallonké ewes were artificially infected with a west african strain of trypanosoma congolense and observed over two years. the infected animals showed a chronic anaemia together with a persistent parasitaemia but very low mortality and increase in body weights was not significantly different from the control. in the infected sheep significant differences were found in offspring production at three and five months due to a higher mortality among the lambs ... | 1997 | 9429253 |
| bovine stem cell factor: production of a biologically active protein and mrna analysis in cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense. | the cdna coding for the soluble form of bovine stem cell factor (boscfala165) was cloned and recombinant protein was produced in bacteria as a histidine tagged-protein. the protein was purified from the inclusion bodies in one step by metal chelation chromatography under denaturing conditions. recombinant bovine scf was shown to act synergistically with interleukin 3 (il-3) and erythropoietin (epo) in stimulating the growth of bone marrow progenitor cells such as colony forming units-granulocyte ... | 1997 | 9437826 |
| molecular cloning and expression of a purine-specific n-ribohydrolase from trypanosoma brucei brucei. sequence, expression, and molecular analysis. | n-ribohydrolases, including the inosine-adenosine-guanosine-preferring (iag) nucleoside hydrolase, have been proposed to be involved in the nucleoside salvage pathway of protozoan parasites and may constitute rational therapeutic targets for the treatment of these diseases. reported is the complete sequence of the trypanosoma brucei brucei iagnh gene, which encodes iag-nucleoside hydrolase. the 1.4-kilobase iagnh cdna contains an open reading frame of 981 base pairs, corresponding to 327 amino a ... | 1998 | 9442052 |
| glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors of membrane glycoproteins are binding determinants for the channel-forming toxin aerolysin. | cells that are sensitive to the channel-forming toxin aerolysin contain surface glycoproteins that bind the toxin with high affinity. here we show that a common feature of aerolysin receptors is the presence of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, and we present evidence that the anchor itself is an essential part of the toxin binding determinant. the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored t-lymphocyte protein thy-1 is an example of a protein that acts as an aerolysin receptor. this prote ... | 1998 | 9442081 |
| lack of correlation of anaemia with splenomegaly and hepatomegaly in trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma congolense infections of rats. | isolates of trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma congolense from the blood of cattle were used to infect growing rats. despite the use of similar infective doses, t. brucei parasitaemia appeared earlier than t. congolense parasitaemia. after the same period of parasitaemia, the degrees of anaemia, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were similar in both infections. the percentage decrease in packed cell volume was not correlated with splenic and hepatic weights. neither infection significantly affected ... | 1997 | 9447486 |
| the interaction of trypanosoma congolense and haemonchus contortus in djallonké sheep. | the interaction between trypanosoma congolense and haemonchus contortus was studied in 5 groups of 8 djallonké sheep. two groups received a single infection with either h. contortus or t. congolense, and 2 groups were infected with t. congolense followed by h. contortus (th) or vice versa (ht). one group was kept as uninfected controls. mortality due to infection was observed only in the dual infection groups. in the th group, the effects were more acute whereas in the ht group they were more ch ... | 1997 | 9467745 |
| the influence of dietary protein on live bodyweight, degree of anaemia and erythropoietic responses of scottish blackface sheep infected experimentally with trypanosoma congolense. | the present study investigated the influence of dietary protein on the intensity of parasitaemia, degree of anaemia and erythropoietic responses, in sheep experimentally infected with trypanosoma congolense and given either a high protein diet (116 g digestible crude protein [dcp] per day) or a low protein diet (51.5 g dcp per day). it was observed that infected and control animals on the high protein diet grew at similar rates while infected animals on the low protein diet experienced marked re ... | 1997 | 9491456 |
| susceptibility of the namchi and kapsiki cattle of cameroon to trypanosome infection. | two indigenous cameroonian taurine cattle breeds (namchi and kapsiki) were evaluated for trypanosusceptibility following inoculation with trypanosoma congolense. the degree of zebu ancestry in the experimental animals was assessed using 6 microsatellite markers which are known to have certain unique alleles which are diagnostic of bos indicus genetic input. their response to the infection was compared to that of known trypanotolerant (n'dama) and trypanosusceptible (ngaoundere gudali) cattle. th ... | 1997 | 9493294 |
| organization, sequence and stage-specific expression of the phosphoglycerate kinase genes of leishmania mexicana mexicana. | in leishmania mexicana two genes were detected coding for different isoforms of the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. this situation contrasts with that observed in other trypanosomatidae (trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma congolense, crithidia fasciculata) analyzed previously, which all contain three different genes coding for isoenzymes a, b and c, respectively. all attempts to detect in l. mexicana a type a pgk, or a gene encoding it, proved unsuccesful. we have cloned and characterize ... | 1997 | 9497040 |
| characterisation of phosphoglycerate kinase genes in leishmania major and evidence for the absence of a third closely related gene or isoenzyme. | we have characterised the phosphoglycerate kinases (pgks) in l. major and studied their mrna and protein expression. interestingly we have found evidence for only two tandemly linked pgk genes which correspond to the pgk gene b and c homologue in trypanosoma and crithidia. the primary structure of the leishmanial pgk genes b and c are virtually identical and differed only by the presence of a 62 amino acid extension at the carboxyl terminal of the pgk gene c homologue which is therefore likely t ... | 1997 | 9497041 |
| on the interpretation of age-prevalence curves for trypanosome infections of tsetse flies. | epidemiological models are used to analyse 8 published data sets reporting age-prevalence curves for trypanosome infections of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes. a model assuming a fixed maturation period and a rate of infection which is independent of fly age is adequate for trypanosoma vivax-type infections, explaining 98% of observed variance in prevalence by site and age, allowing that the rate of infection may be site dependent. this model is not adequate for t. congolense-type infections ... | 1998 | 9509024 |
| immune responses of cattle to african trypanosomes: protective or pathogenic? | trypanosomosis in domestic livestock negatively impacts food production and economic growth in many parts of the world, particularly in sub-saharan africa. current methods of control are inadequate to prevent the enormous annual socio-economic losses resulting from this disease. hope for a vaccine based on the variant surface glycoprotein coat was abandoned several years ago when the complexity of the parasite's antigenic repertoire was appreciated. as a result, research is now focused on identi ... | 1998 | 9512986 |
| [imported arthropod-borne parasites and parasitic arthropods in dogs. species spectrum and epidemiologic analysis of the cases diagnosed in 1995/96]. | between january 1995 and december 1996 nonendemic or only regionally occurring arthropodborne parasites including ehrlichiae and parasitic arthropods in germany were detected in 484 dogs, whereby at least 15 species were involved. listed in decreasing order, leishmania infections occurred most frequently, followed by infections/infestations with babesia canis, ehrlichia canis, rhipicephalus sanguineus, dirofilaria immitis and dermacentor reticulatus. the other species, namely babesia gibsoni, tr ... | 1998 | 9531673 |
| unravelling the procyclin coat of trypanosoma brucei. | | 1998 | 9574930 |
| cloning of a cdc2-related protein kinase from trypanosoma cruzi that interacts with mammalian cyclins. | two cdc2-related protein kinases (crk), tzcrk3 and tzcrk1, from the protozoan parasite trypanosoma cruzi were cloned. tzcrk3 encodes a 35 kda protein sharing 51.5% amino acid identity with human cdc2 and 82% identity with trypanosoma brucei crk3. tzcrk1 encodes a 33 kda protein sharing 52.7% identity with human cdc2 and a high degree of identity (> 78%) with t. brucei crk1, leishmania mexicana crk1 and trypanosoma congolense crk1. a recombinant tzcrk1 protein was able to phosphorylate histone hi ... | 1998 | 9580532 |
| haematological changes in n'dama and gobra zebu bulls during trypanosoma congolense infection maintained under a controlled feeding regimen. | haematological changes were monitored in gobra-zebu and n'dama bulls following infection with trypanosoma congolense. the cattle were offered a diet which provided levels of protein and energy above maintenance requirement and a pair feeding regimen was used in order to eliminate the confounding anorexic effects of trypanosomosis on the traits studied. packed red cell volume (pcv), red blood cells (rbc) and haemoglobin (hb) were monitored weekly. mean corpuscular haemoglobin (mch), mean corpuscu ... | 1998 | 9638271 |
| immunoregulation in experimental murine trypanosoma congolense infection: anti-il-10 antibodies reverse trypanosome-mediated suppression of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and moderately prolong the lifespan of genetically susceptible balb/c mice. | we infected highly susceptible balb/c and relatively resistant c57bl/6 mice with cloned trypanosoma congolense and followed the effects of these infections on the circulating parasite numbers, mouse mortality and cytokine expression. c57bl/6 mice controlled their parasitaemia and survived for up to 163 +/- 12 days, while balb/c mice could not control their parasitaemia and succumbed to the infection within 8.4 +/- 0.5 days. susceptible balb/c mice had dramatically higher plasma levels of il-10 t ... | 1998 | 9651931 |
| functional and molecular characterization of a glycosomal ppi-dependent enzyme in trypanosomatids: pyruvate, phosphate dikinase. | trypanosomatids are parasitic protists that have an atp-dependent glycolysis with no indication of ppi-dependent metabolism. most of the glycolysis takes place in peroxisome-like organelles, the glycosomes. we characterized in trypanosoma brucei a single-copy gene encoding a ppi-dependent enzyme, pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (ppdk), which was expressed functionally in escherichia coli. specific antibodies detected a 100-kda protein in procyclic forms but not in mammalian forms of t. brucei, indi ... | 1998 | 9653123 |
| effects of trypanosoma congolense and nutritional supplements on establishment and outcome of pregnancy in trypanotolerant djallonké ewes. | interactions between trypanosoma congolense and nutritional statue were studied in 42 ewes, bred at the peak of parasitaemia after synchronisation of oestrus. as experimental design a randomised block design was used with four treatment combinations (2 x 2 factors), of which two were on restricted diet (l), the remainder on an unrestricted diet (h) and half of each nutritional group infected with t. congolense (li, hi) remainder serving as controls (lc, hc). severity of parasitaemia was not infl ... | 1998 | 9672672 |
| trypanosome infections and survival in tsetse. | the effect of trypanosome infection on vector survival was observed in a line of glossina morsitans selected for susceptibility to trypanosome infection. the differential effects of midgut and salivary gland infections on survival were examined by exposing flies to infection with either trypanosoma congolense which colonizes midgut and mouthparts or trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense which colonizes midgut and salivary glands. a comparison of the survival distributions of uninfected flies with those ... | 1998 | 9695107 |
| factors influencing the prevalence of trypanosome infection of glossina pallidipes on the ruvu flood plain of eastern tanzania. | we report the pattern of infection of glossina pallidipes with trypanosoma vivax and t. congolense at a site in the coast region of eastern tanzania, studied between november 1993 and december 1994. of the 2315 flies dissected 114 (4.9%) were t. congolense positive, 77 (3.3%) were t. vivax positive and 2 (0.1%) were t. brucei positive. fly age was determined by the pteridine fluorescence method. prevalence of infection was most strongly affected by month and the linear effect of age with the int ... | 1998 | 9698260 |
| detection and identification of trypanosomes by polymerase chain reaction in wild tsetse flies in cameroon. | the prevalence of various species and subgroups of trypanosomes in infected flies from three sleeping sickness foci in cameroon was determined by the use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the predominant tsetse species found were glossina palpalis palpalis. microscopical examination of 943 non-teneral tsetse flies revealed an average infection rate of 10.4%. a total of 90 flies were analyzed for trypanosome identification with primer sets specific for trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei s.l., t. ... | 1998 | 9707369 |
| inhibition of trypanosomal cysteine proteinases by their propeptides. | the ability of the prodomains of trypanosomal cysteine proteinases to inhibit their active form was studied using a set of 23 overlapping 15-mer peptides covering the whole prosequence of congopain, the major cysteine proteinase of trypanosoma congolense. three consecutive peptides with a common 5-mer sequence yhnga were competitive inhibitors of congopain. a shorter synthetic peptide consisting of this 5-mer sequence flanked by two ala residues (ayhngaa) also inhibited purified congopain. no re ... | 1998 | 9737969 |
| [vectorial competence of glossina palpalis palpalis, glossina p. gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans flies for a clone of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense il 1180]. | the authors report on the results of experimental infections of teneral (age < 32 hours) and non-teneral (age between 80 and 96 hours) glossina palpalis palpalis, g. p. gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans with trypanosoma congolense il 1180. flies were infected once on a parasitaemic rat. teneral flies, both sexes indiscriminate, showed a procyclic and metacyclic infection rate respectively of 0.0588 and 0.7272 for g. p. palpalis; 0.0525 and 0.0416 for g. p. gambiensis; 0.6493 and 0.7300 for g ... | 1998 | 9754312 |
| trypanosoma congolense infection of trypanotolerant n'dama (bos taurus) cattle is associated with decreased secretion of nitric oxide by interferon-gamma-activated monocytes and increased transcription of interleukin-10. | the mechanisms whereby trypanotolerant n'dama cattle control infection with trypanosoma congolense are unknown. previous studies have suggested that the monocytes of n'dama cattle are more highly activated during infection than those of trypanosusceptible boran cattle. however, we have recently reported that the monocytes of boran cattle have a reduced capacity to secrete nitric oxide during trypanosome infection. we therefore evaluated the production of nitric oxide by monocytes of trypanotoler ... | 1998 | 9767609 |
| effects of trypanosoma congolense and nutritional supplements in djallonké ewes on live weight during pregnancy, post partum weight, haematology parameters and lamb performance. | the effects of trypanosoma congolense infection and nutritional supplements on live weight changes during pregnancy, haematology traits and offspring performance were studied in 42 djallonké ewes. a randomised block design was used to allocate ewes to four treatment combinations, of which two were on a restricted diet (l) and the remainder on an unrestricted diet (h). half of each nutritional group were infected with t congolense (li, hi), the remainder serving as controls (lc, hc). the degree o ... | 1998 | 9769075 |
| susceptibility to trypanosomosis of three bos indicus cattle breeds in areas of differing tsetse fly challenge. | studies to assess the differences in susceptibility to trypanosomosis among bos indicus cattle breeds (maasai zebu, orma boran and galana boran) were conducted under conditions of varying tsetse fly challenge at the nguruman escarpment in south-western kenya, for a period of 1 year. it was found that under tsetse challenge quantified as high, maasai zebu and orma boran were less susceptible than galana boran to trypanosome infections, as judged by the significantly lower incidence of infection, ... | 1998 | 9777722 |
| in vitro and in vivo activities of trybizine hydrochloride against various pathogenic trypanosome species. | trybizine hydrochloride [o,o'-bis(4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2, 2-tetramethylene-s-triazine-1-yl)-1,6-hexanediol dihydrochloride] was active in vitro against the sleeping sickness-causing agents trypanosoma brucei subsp. rhodesiense and t. brucei subsp. gambiense; against a multidrug-resistant organism, t. brucei subsp. brucei; and against animal-pathogenic organisms trypanosoma evansi, trypanosoma equiperdum, and trypanosoma congolense; but not against the intracellular parasites trypanosoma cruzi ... | 1998 | 9797216 |
| study of the effect of gamma-irradiation on bovine serum samples on the ability of monoclonal antibodies to detect invariant antigens of trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax and t. brucei in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. | samples of bovine serum from uninfected and african trypanosomes-infected animals were tested before and after gamma-irradiation, using three sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa). each test system utilized a different monoclonal antibody, reputedly allowing the specific detection of conserved-invariant cytoplasmic antigens of trypanonosomes, t. congolense, t. vivax, and t. brucei, respectively. results have identified two groups of samples. the first contained samples where there ... | 1998 | 9806491 |
| review of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis in south africa. | the history of tsetse flies and nagana (trypanosomosis) in south africa, and especially in zululand, is reviewed. four valid tsetse fly species have been recorded from south africa. glossina morsitans morsitans disappeared from the most northerly parts of south africa during the rinderpest epizootic between 1896-1897. of the three remaining species that occurred in zululand, now part of kwazulunatal province, g. pallidipes was the most common vector of nagana in cattle, but was eradicated from t ... | 1998 | 9809324 |
| experimental murine trypanosoma congolense infections. i. administration of anti-ifn-gamma antibodies alters trypanosome-susceptible mice to a resistant-like phenotype. | the mechanisms regulating resistance or susceptibility to african trypanosomes have been enigmatic. in this study, we assessed the production of several cytokines (il-4, ifn-gamma, and tnf-alpha) in vivo and in vitro using genetically susceptible (balb/c) or resistant (c57bl/6) mice infected with cloned trypanosoma congolense and the role of these cytokines in pathogenesis of this infection. plasma of infected balb/c mice contained higher levels of il-4 and ifn-gamma than the plasma of infected ... | 1998 | 9820527 |
| sensitivity and specificity of antigen-capture elisas for diagnosis of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax infections in cattle. | sensitivity and specificity of the fao/iaea antigen-elisa kits for diagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis were investigated using sera from experimental cattle infected by tsetse challenge with cloned populations of trypanosoma congolense (three populations) or t. vivax (one population). the kits are based on monoclonal antibodies that recognise internal antigens of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes. ten cattle were infected with each trypanosome population for at least 60 days, and in combination wit ... | 1998 | 9823059 |
| selection of susceptible and refractory lines of glossina morsitans centralis for trypanosoma congolense infection and their susceptibility to different pathogenic trypanosoma species. | in a single generation of selection, two lines of glossina morsitans centralis were established that differed significantly in susceptibility to trypanosoma congolense clone il 1180. reciprocal crosses demonstrated that susceptibility was a maternally inherited trait. differences between the lines, to all phases of the trypanosome infection, were maintained for eight generations, whereas differences in susceptibility to midgut infections were maintained for twenty-eight generations. thereafter, ... | 1998 | 9824823 |
| mechanical transmission of trypanosoma evansi and t. congolense by stomoxys niger and s. taeniatus in a laboratory mouse model. | mechanical transmission of trypanosoma evansi (south american origin) and t. congolense of kilifi dna type (kenyan origin) was studied in laboratory mice using the african stable flies stomoxys niger niger and s. taeniatus. altogether, 355 flies were interrupted after feeding on infected blood and then transferred immediately to an uninfected mouse to complete feeding. microscopy and subinoculation of triturated flies into uninfected mice demonstrated the survival of t. congolense in stomoxys fo ... | 1998 | 9824826 |
| determination of the disulfide bonds within a b domain variant surface glycoprotein from trypanosoma congolense. | the disulfide bonds within a variant surface glycoprotein from trypanosoma congolense have been determined. l-[35s]cysteine metabolically labeled protein was digested with trypsin, and radiolabeled peptides were separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and putative cystine-containing peptides were subdigested with other proteases and analyzed after further purification by amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry. all eight cysteine residues of the protein, located w ... | 1998 | 9829995 |
| haematological changes and antibody response in trypanotolerant sheep and goats following experimental trypanosoma congolense infection. | ten west african dwarf (wad) female goats and twelve djallonké ewes were artificially infected with a west african strain of trypanosoma congolense and monitored during 36 weeks over an acute phase (weeks 0-12) and chronic phase (weeks 13-36) to evaluate their haematological and immunological response. parasitaemia, packed cell volume, red blood cells, haemoglobin, white blood cells and trypanosomal antibodies were assessed. mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration ... | 1998 | 9831952 |
| experimental murine trypanosoma congolense infections. ii. role of splenic adherent cd3+thy1.2+ tcr-alpha beta- gamma delta- cd4+8- and cd3+thy1.2+ tcr-alpha beta- gamma delta- cd4-8- cells in the production of il-4, il-10, and ifn-gamma and in trypanosome-elicited immunosuppression. | trypanosome-induced suppression of t and b cell responses to parasite-related and -unrelated ags is considered a major mechanism of evasion of the host's immune defenses by the parasite. reduced t and b cell responses have been attributed to suppressor t cells, suppressor macrophages, or both. we have previously shown that endogenously produced il-10 and ifn-gamma mediate the suppression of t cell responses in trypanosoma congolense-infected mice. here, we show for the first time that splenic cd ... | 1998 | 9834105 |
| comparison and evolutionary analysis of the glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from different kinetoplastida. | in this work, we present the sequences and a comparison of the glycosomal gapdhs from a number of kinetoplastida. the complete gene sequences have been determined for some species (crithidia fasciculata, herpetomonas samuelpessoai, leptomonas seymouri, and phytomonas sp), whereas for other species (trypanosoma brucei gambiense, trypanosoma congolense, trypanosoma vivax, and leishmania major), only partial sequences have been obtained by pcr amplification. the structure of all available glycosoma ... | 1998 | 9847415 |
| trypanosoma brucei ssp. and t congolense: mixed human infection in côte d'ivoire. | | 1998 | 9861372 |
| pcr primer evaluation for the detection of trypanosome dna in naturally infected goats. | the buffy coat of 76 roaming goats from the bansang and missira regions in gambia, was examined for the presence of trypanosomes. from these animals, extractions from dry blood samples on filter paper were subjected to pcr using three different primer sets, orphon5j, gol and tvw, specific for trypanosoma brucei/trypanosoma evansi, trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax, respectively. pcr results for t. congolense were 100% concordant with buffy coat examination. besides the three t. vivax ... | 1998 | 9870363 |
| discrimination of cruzipain, the major cysteine proteinase of trypanosoma cruzi, and mammalian cathepsins b and l, by a ph-inducible fluorogenic substrate of trypanosomal cysteine proteinases. | the substrate specificity of cruzipain, the major cysteine proteinase of trypanosoma cruzi, was investigated using a series of dansyl-peptides based on the putative autoproteolytic sequence of the proteinase (vvg-gp) located at the hinge region between the catalytic domain and the c-terminal extension. replacing val with pro at p2 in this sequence greatly improved the rate of cleavage by cruzipain. tyr and val residues are preferred at p3 by all cysteine proteinases whatever their origin, wherea ... | 1999 | 9914503 |
| analysis of erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor genes expression in cattle during acute infection with trypanosoma congolense. | acute trypanosoma congolense infection induced moderate, transient anemia in n'dama cattle (trypanotolerant) and severe anemia in boran cattle (trypanosusceptible). erythropoietin receptor (epor) was cloned and sequenced from the two breeds of cattle. a single position mutation of tyr in the boran to his in the n'dama predicted amino acid sequence was revealed. the mrna transcription of erythropoietin (epo) in kidneys and epor in the bone marrow of infected cattle was determined by competitive r ... | 1999 | 9923442 |
| a drug incubation glossina infectivity test (digit) to assess the susceptibility of trypanosoma congolense bloodstream forms to trypanocidal drugs (xenodiagnosis). | blood was collected from two sahelian goats, experimentally infected with either a drug-sensitive cloned population of trypanosoma congolense (il 1180) or a multiple drug-resistant t. congolense stock (samorogouan/89/crta/267) and incubated at 37 degrees c for 30 min and 12 h, respectively, in the presence of different drug concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 microg/ml blood) of diminazene aceturate or isometamidium chloride. after that, the trypanosome/blood/drug suspensions were offered t ... | 1999 | 9924966 |
| study on the sequential tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei brucei and t. vivax infections to african buffalo, eland, waterbuck, n'dama and boran cattle. | susceptibility of african buffalo, eland, waterbuck, n'dama and boran cattle to sequential glossina morsitans centralis-transmitted infections of trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei brucei and t. vivax was compared, and their possible role as reservoirs of these parasites for g. moristans centralis, g. pallidipes, g. austeni, g. brevipalpis and g. longipennis determined. the buffalo, eland, waterbuck and n'dama controlled t. congolense parasitaemias and were able to prevent anaemia. by contrast, o ... | 1999 | 9950344 |
| effects of trypanosoma congolense infection and diet on puberty, age at first lambing and haematology changes in djallonké ewe lambs. | the interactions between t. congolense infection and nutritional supplements on onset of puberty and age at first lambing were observed in 24 young djallonké ewes. as experimental design, a randomised complete block design was used with four treatment combinations, of which two were kept on a restricted diet (l), the remainder on an unrestricted diet (h) and half of each nutritional group being infected with t. congolense (li and hi), the remainder serving as controls (lc and hc). infection with ... | 1999 | 9950345 |
| glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein from trypanosoma congolense is the functional equivalent of 'ep' procyclin from trypanosoma brucei. | | 1999 | 10029317 |
| trypanosome infection rate in cattle at nguruman, kenya. | trypanosome infection rate in cattle at nguruman was investigated in a study conducted in 1984-1986. shifting pastoralism significantly reduced trypanosome infections in cattle. the cattle were more heavily infected with trypanosoma congolense (16.5%) than trypanosoma vivax (4.95%) and trypanosoma brucei (0.19%). trypanosoma theileri was observed only once among the cattle examined. mixed trypanosome infections in cattle were observed to be 2.75% and 0.014% for t. congolense/t. vivax and t. cong ... | 1999 | 10030753 |
| fasting hyperglycaemia with oral glucose tolerance in acute trypanosoma congolense infection of rats. | intraperitoneal inoculation of rats with trypanosoma congolense (federe strain) produced a sustained parasitaemia from days 7 to 23 post-infection (pi). the fasting tail-blood glucose (fbg) concentrations in the infected animals increased (p<0.05) from 3.8+/-0.2 mmol/l on day 0 pi to 4.6+/-0.2, 4.9+/-0.2 and 5.8+/-0.3 mmol/l on days 7, 10 and 17 pi and decreased (p<0.05) to 3.1+/-0.8 and 2.9+/-0.7 mmol/l on days 20 and 23 pi, but the values in the uninfected controls varied between 3.8+/-0.3 mmo ... | 1999 | 10030759 |
| cytokine mrna profiles in trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle infected with the protozoan parasite trypanosoma congolense: protective role for interleukin-4? | african trypanosomes are important pathogens of both humans and livestock. we investigated the association of cytokine responses with disease susceptibility in trypanosoma congolense-infected cattle. changes in interleukin (il)-1beta, il-2, il-4, il-5, il-6, il-12 p40, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tfn-alpha), cd40l, and transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) gene expression were compared in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of infected trypanotolerant n'dama (bos taurus) and trypanosuscepti ... | 1999 | 10048769 |
| cytokines and antibody responses during trypanosoma congolense infections in two inbred mouse strains that differ in resistance. | we studied il-4, il-10 and ifn-gamma secretion by splenocytes and the plasma levels of different isotypes of antibodies against various antigens of trypanosoma congolense in highly susceptible balb/c and relatively resistant c57bl/6 mice during the early course of infection with t. congolense. the patterns of appearance of cytokine spotforming cells in the spleens were essentially similar in the two mouse strains although higher numbers were detected in the spleens of balb/c than c57bl/6 mice on ... | 1999 | 10101716 |
| tsetse challenge, trypanosome and helminth infection in relation to productivity of village ndama cattle in senegal. | data on tsetse fly, and on village ndama cattle collected over a 4-year period in southern senegal, were analysed. a total of 431 ndama cattle in four herds of three villages in the upper casamance area of southern senegal were monitored monthly. glossina morsitans submorsitans and glossina palpalis gambiensis are present in the study area. mean tsetse apparent density was 5.4 flies/trap/day. trypanosome (trypanosoma congonlense and trypanosoma vivax) infection rate in flies was 2.4 (s.e. 0.37)% ... | 1999 | 10190867 |
| innate resistance to experimental trypanosoma congolense infection: differences in il-10 synthesis by macrophage cell lines from resistant and susceptible inbred mice. | balb/c and c57bl/6 mice differ in resistance to t. congolense infections. we investigated the production of various cytokines (il-10, il-6, tnf-alpha and tgf-beta) by macrophages from these mice. macrophage cell lines (balb.bm cells) of balb/c mice but not (ana-i cells)of c57bl/6 mice constitutively produced il-10. challenge of these cells with trypanosomes induced the production of 50-100 times more il-10 in balb.bm cells than in ana-1 cells. pre-incubation of the cell lines with ifn-gamma. pri ... | 1999 | 10205792 |
| isolation of trypanosoma brucei from the monitor lizard (varanus niloticus) in an endemic focus of rhodesian sleeping sickness in kenya. | monitor lizards were sampled along the shores of lake victoria to detect natural infections of potentially human-infective trypanosomes. in an area with endemic rhodesian sleeping sickness, one of 19 lizards was infected (busia, kenya). six of ten lizards also showed indirect evidence of infection with trypanosoma brucei (antibody elisa). in an area with no recent history of human disease (rusinga island), no parasites were found and no antibodies to t. brucei were detected. the isolate was iden ... | 1999 | 10206114 |
| laboratory and field evaluation of biodegradable polyesters for sustained release of isometamidium and ethidium. | an overview is presented of the results obtained with biodegradable sustained release devices (srds) containing a mixture of polymers and either isometamidium (ismm) or ethidium. under controlled laboratory conditions (monthly challenge with tsetse flies infected with trypanosoma congolense) the protection period in srd treated cattle could be extended by a factor 2.8 (for ethidium) up to 4.2 (for ismm) as compared to animals treated intramuscularly with the same drugs. using a competitive drug ... | 1999 | 10224530 |
| immune response of cattle infected with african trypanosomes. | trypanosomosis is the most economically important disease constraint to livestock productivity in sub-saharan africa and has significant negative impact in other parts of the world. livestock are an integral component of farming systems and thus contribute significantly to food and economic security in developing countries. current methods of control for trypanosomosis are inadequate to prevent the enormous socioeconomic losses resulting from this disease. a vaccine has been viewed as the most d ... | 1999 | 10224536 |
| improved methods for the diagnosis of african trypanosomosis. | the diagnosis of trypanosomosis in animals with low parasitaemia is hampered by low diagnostic sensitivity of traditional detection methods. an immunodiagnostic method based on a direct sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using monoclonal antibodies, has been examined in a number of african laboratories for its suitability for monitoring tsetse control and eradication programmes. generally, the direct sandwich elisas for the detection of trypanosomal antigens in serum samples hav ... | 1999 | 10224538 |
| [effect of the intensity of host parasitemia on the vectorial competence of glossina morsitans westwood, 1850 (mall) infected by trypanosoma (nannonmonas) congolense il 1180]. | two groups of teneral flies (aged less than 32 hours) of glossina morsitans morsitans (mall) were fed separately on two rats that had been infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense il 1180, among which one had a low parasitaemia (antilog 5.4-5.7) and the other a high parasitaemia (antilog 7.8-8.1). following to the two modes of parasitaemia, variations of the procyclic indexes were found between males and females. when both sexes were considered, it was found that the intestinal infectio ... | 1999 | 10229938 |
| health and productivity of traditionally managed djallonke sheep and west african dwarf goats under high and moderate trypanosomosis risk. | trypanosome infections, packed red cell volume levels (pcv), body weight and nematode faecal egg counts of village-based small ruminants were monitored in two areas in the gambia with either moderate or high trypanosomosis risk for 24 and 30 months respectively. outflows from the flock and new-born animals were recorded and data on housing and management were compiled. reported mortality rates were higher in goats than in sheep, but for both species highest in the moderate risk area. the peak of ... | 1999 | 10321582 |
| infection-associated decline of cape buffalo blood catalase augments serum trypanocidal activity. | clearance of trypanosomes from the blood of infected cape buffalo was associated with the development of two responses: (i) complement-dependent and clone-specific lytic activity and (ii) complement-independent trypanocidal activity that was not restricted by trypanosome clone or species. this latter activity was mediated by h2o2 and required the presence of xanthine oxidase in serum but not the addition of purine substrates. expression of the xanthine oxidase-dependent trypanocidal activity in ... | 1999 | 10338483 |
| aggregation and distribution of strains in microparasites. | recent research has shown that many parasite populations are made up of a number of epidemiologically distinct strains or genotypes. the implications of strain structure or genetic diversity for parasite population dynamics are still uncertain, partly because there is no coherent framework for the interpretation of field data. here, we present an analysis of four published data sets for vector-borne microparasite infections where strains or genotypes have been distinguished: serotypes of african ... | 1999 | 10365405 |
| innate resistance to trypanosoma congolense infections: differential production of nitric oxide by macrophages from susceptible balb/c and resistant c57bl/6 mice. | balb/c and c57b1/6 mice differ in resistance to trypanosoma congolense infections. evidence suggests that macrophages play a central role in the resistance to trypanosomiasis. nitric oxide (no) produced by macrophages in response to various stimuli or pathogens is one of the important arms of nonspecific immunity. we investigated the production of no by the peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages (bmdm) from trypanosome-resistant c57b1/6 and -susceptible balb/c mice following ... | 1999 | 10366538 |
| rinderpest vaccination and the incidence and development of trypanosomosis in cattle. | an investigation was made into whether recent vaccination of cattle with tissue culture rinderpest virus would cause immunosuppression and lead to more frequent or more severe infection with trypanosomes in animals grazing in tsetse-infested areas. herds of cattle on galana ranch in kenya were divided, with approximately half of each herd being vaccinated with tissue culture rinderpest virus strain kabete 'o', while the rest remained unvaccinated. the herds were then exposed to the risk of natur ... | 1999 | 10371005 |
| prevalence and distribution of animal trypanosomosis on buvuma islands in lake victoria, uganda. | | 1999 | 10371007 |
| extension of the prophylactic effect of isometamidium against trypanosome infections in cattle using a biodegradable copolymer. | two trials were carried out in order to compare the prophylactic effect of a subcutaneously implanted sustained release device (srd) containing a mixture of a biodegradable copolymer, poly(caprolactone-co-l-lactide), and isometamidium (ismm) with that obtained after intramuscular injection of the drug. in a first experiment under controlled conditions, two groups of cattle were treated with 0.5 mg/kg isometamidium either as a srd or intramuscularly (i.m.), and exposed at monthly intervals to glo ... | 1999 | 10379816 |
| pitfalls in the application of enzyme-linked immunoassays for the detection of circulating trypanosomal antigens in serum samples. | the experimental infection of two goats with trypanosoma vivax trypanosomes provided samples for analysis using parasitology techniques and antigen-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for t. vivax, t. congolense and t. brucei. clinical, parasitological and serological findings were monitored during the course of infection to identify problems in the application of these elisas. the data clearly showed that the elisas examined were entirely unsuitable for the reliable detection ... | 1999 | 10382604 |
| catabolism of proline by procyclic culture forms of trypanosoma congolense. | the effect of various metabolic inhibitors on the rate of oxygen consumption by procyclic culture forms of trypanosoma congolense utilizing proline as substrate was investigated. cyanide inhibited the rate of oxygen consumption by 81.0 +/- 6.7%, malonate inhibited the rate by 51.6 +/- 1.6% and antimycin a by 73.1 +/- 5.9%. a combination of cyanide and malonate inhibited the rate of oxygen consumption by 84.9 +/- 6.7% while a combination of antimycin a and malonate inhibited the rate by 81.6 +/- ... | 1999 | 10425713 |
| the influence of energy intake on some blood biochemical parameters in scottish blackface sheep infected with trypanosoma congolense. | the intensity of parasitaemia, degree of anaemia, live body weight gains and blood biochemical changes were measured in two groups of scottish blackface sheep infected experimentally with trypanosoma congolense and allowed either a high (9.9 mj metabolisable energy (me) per day) or a low (6.1 mj me per day) energy intake. it was observed that infected animals on the low energy intake had a longer mean prepatent period, but following patency they developed more severe anaemia and greater growth r ... | 1999 | 10435787 |
| the area-wide epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis and its impact on mixed farming in subhumid west africa; a case study in togo. | this paper reports on an area wide study of all major variables determining the expression of trypanosomosis in cattle in the subhumid eco-zone of west africa, taking togo as an example. to enable systematic area-wide sampling, the country was divided in 311 grid-squares of 0.125 x 0.125 sides. cross-sectional surveys were then conducted to generate maps or digital layers on cattle density, herd structure, ownership and breed. these data layers, except for the breed data, were subjected to a clu ... | 1999 | 10435788 |
| heligmosomoides polygyrus and trypanosoma congolense infections in mice: effect of immunisation by abbreviated larval infection. | concurrent african trypanosome and gastrointestinal helminth infections are prevalent in sub-humid savannah where they are endemic. however, acquired resistance in animals varies with their responder status and exposure. as a guide to study in the definitive hosts, the effects of trypanosoma congolense infection on the development and maintenance of homologous heligmosomoides polygyrus resistance were investigated in outbred to mice. these mice were immunised by abbreviation of larval infection. ... | 1999 | 10447189 |
| the susceptibility of djallonké and djallonké-sahelian crossbred sheep to trypanosoma congolense and helminth infection under different diet levels. | forty two djallonké and 27 djallonké-sahelian crossbred sheep were compared during 34 weeks for their disease resistance and productivity in a multifactorial experiment including trypanosome infection, helminth infections and dietary level. eight treatment combinations were formed in which the two breeds were balanced. pyrexia was observed following trypanosome infection and was not different between the two breeds. however, a significant higher parasitaemia level, a shorter prepatent period and ... | 1999 | 10447190 |
| purification and characterisation of a trypsin-like serine oligopeptidase from trypanosoma congolense. | trypanosoma brucei contain a serine oligopeptidase (op-tb) that is released into (and remains active in) the blood of trypanosome-infected animals. here a similar enzyme from trypanosoma congolense is described. this oligopeptidase, called op-tc, was purified using three-phase partitioning, and ion-exchange and affinity chromatography. op-tc is inhibited by alkylating agents, by serine peptidase-specific inhibitors including 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin, 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride and di ... | 1999 | 10477183 |
| [effect of the number of health meals before an infectious meal on the vectorial competence of glossina morsitans morsitans infected by trypanosoma congolense il 1180]. | the purpose of this work was to assess the influence of several healthy meals (0, 1 and 2) prior to the infectious one on the vectorial competence of glossina morsitans morsitans (mall). the teneral flies (< 32 h old) of this line were divided into three groups. the tsetse flies of group a received no meal. the ones of group b received one healthy meal on day 1, whereas those from group c were given two consecutive healthy meals on days 1 and 2. all the flies were experimentally infected with tr ... | 1999 | 10478424 |
| the parasitological and serological prevalence of tsetse-transmitted bovine trypanosomosis in the eastern caprivi (caprivi district, namibia). | between august 1995 and june 1997 a survey to determine the distribution of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis was conducted in the eastern caprivi (caprivi district, namibia). a total of 1,481 adult cattle was examined at 33 sampling sites. direct parasitological diagnostic tests were used and eluted blood spots were screened for the presence of anti-trypanosomal antibodies. tsetse-transmitted trypanosomal infections were detected in 66 animals (4.5%) from 14 different locations. the parasitolog ... | 1999 | 10486826 |
| trypanosome non-specific igm antibodies detected in serum of trypanosoma congolense-infected cattle are polyreactive. | serum ig from trypanosoma congolense-infected cattle were affinity-purified using immobilised trypanosome or non-trypanosome antigens (beta-galactosidase, cytochrome c and ferritin). the bound and unbound igg and igm fractions were collected and tested in elisa for reactivity to each antigen. the results indicated that the presence of reactivity to non-parasite antigens in serum of infected cattle is due to polyreactive igm antibodies. however, the igg fraction only bound to trypanosome antigens ... | 1999 | 10490230 |
| susceptibility of n'dama cattle to experimental challenge and cross-species superchallenges with bloodstream forms of trypanosoma congolense and t. vivax. | susceptibility to trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax challenge and cross species-superchallenges, and related effects on health and productivity were assessed in n'dama cattle. twenty-five n'dama bulls aged 3-4 years and previously primed with trypanosome infections through natural tsetse exposure over more than one year were used. the experimental herd was divided in five groups each composed of five randomly selected animals. group 1 was challenged with t. congolense, group 2 with t. vivax, grou ... | 1999 | 10496692 |
| polymerase chain reaction as a diagnosis tool for detecting trypanosomes in naturally infected cattle in burkina faso. | african animal trypanosomoses constitute the most important vector-borne cattle diseases in sub-saharan africa. generally it is considered that there is a great lack of accurate tools for the diagnosis of the disease. during a trypanosomosis survey in the agro-pastoral zone of sideradougou, burkina faso, 1036 cattle were examined for trypanosomes using microscopy. the pcr was applied on a subset of 260 buffy-coat samples using primers specific for trypanosoma congolense savannah and riverine-for ... | 1999 | 10496693 |
| host influence on adaptation of trypanosoma congolense metacyclics to vertebrate hosts. | | 1999 | 10514061 |
| molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics of leischmania parasites. | in order to illustrate the relevance of the concepts and methods of evolutionary genetics in the understanding of the epidemiology of pathogenic agents, we develop in this paper the case of the leishmania, a genus of parasitic protozoa. an extensive study of various natural populations of leishmania in different countries (old and new world) was carried out by using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee) and random amplified polymorphic dna fingerprinting (rapd) as genetic markers. the data ha ... | 1999 | 10576566 |
| search for promoters for the garp and rrna genes of trypanosoma congolense. | a search was conducted for transcriptional promoters in trypanosoma congolense. a promoter test plasmid was constructed utilising the luciferase coding region flanked by the intergenic regions of a t. congolense gene encoding garp, the glutamic acid and alanine rich protein on the surface of procyclic organisms. using this plasmid, sequences located upstream of an 18s rrna gene were tested in transient transfection assays for their ability to promote luciferase expression. a rrna promoter fragme ... | 1999 | 10589979 |
| expression of foreign proteins in trypanosoma congolense. | an expression vector was constructed to express foreign genes in trypanosoma congolense. the foreign gene and a neomycin phosphotransferase (npt) gene are flanked by glutamate and alanine rich protein (garp) gene processing signals and their expression is driven by a ribosomal rna gene promoter. the plasmid is not maintained as an episome in t. congolense, but the npt gene permits selection of cells in which the plasmid has integrated into the genome. we used this plasmid to express luciferase, ... | 1999 | 10589980 |
| study on the mechanical transmission by tsetse fly glossina morsitans centralis of trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei brucei to goats. | | 2000 | 10643915 |
| characterization of a novel alanine-rich protein located in surface microdomains in trypanosoma brucei. | heterologous expression in cos cells followed by orientation-specific polymerase chain reaction to select and amplify cdnas encoding surface proteins in trypanosoma brucei resulted in the isolation of a cdna ( approximately 1.4 kilobase) which encodes an acidic, alanine-rich polypeptide that is expressed only in bloodstream forms of the parasite and has been termed bloodstream stage alanine-rich protein (barp). analysis of the amino acid sequence predicted the presence of a typical nh(2)-termina ... | 2000 | 10660566 |
| characterisation of the loci encoding the glutamic acid and alanine rich protein of trypanosoma congolense. | we have characterised the organisation of genes encoding the glutamate and alanine rich protein (garp) surface coat of the procyclic and epimastigote stages of trypanosoma congolense in the tsetse fly. the garp genes are arranged at two, possibly physically linked, loci, one of which exhibits allelic variation. one locus contains a single garp gene, whilst both alleles of the other have a large tandem array of polycistronically transcribed garp genes. sequence analysis has revealed that there ar ... | 2000 | 10693750 |
| garp is highly conserved among trypanosoma congolense savannah, forest and kilifi subgroups. | | 2000 | 10699260 |
| some biochemical changes following trypanosoma congolense infection in djallonké ewe lambs and breeding ewes fed on two levels of nutrition. | the effects of artificial trypanosoma congolense infection and dietary level on biochemical changes were observed in 24 ewe lambs (experiment 1) and 42 breeding ewes (experiment 2). all animals belonged to the djallonké breed which is known to be trypanotolerant. for both experiments, there were four treatment combinations, of which two were kept on a restricted diet (l), the other two on an at libitum diet (h). half of each dietary group was infected with t. congolense (li, hi), while the remai ... | 2000 | 10708663 |
| the distribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in malawi. | a survey to update the distribution and clarify the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in malawi was conducted between 1995-97. use was made of parasitological and serological (anti-trypanosomal antibody-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) diagnostic methods. trypanosomal infections were detected in cattle sampled adjacent to known tsetse foci. the distribution of cattle with anti-trypanosomal antibodies indicated that the distribution of bovine trypanosomosis was more widespr ... | 2000 | 10714455 |
| experimental african trypanosomiasis: differences in cytokine and nitric oxide production by macrophages from resistant and susceptible mice. | immunosuppression in experimental infections with trypanosoma congolense is mediated by the synergistic action of macrophages and a novel lymphocyte(s), which involves the activity of ifn-gamma as well as il-10. balb/c mice are highly susceptible while c57bl/6 mice are relatively resistant to t. congolense infections. plasma and/or supernatants of spleen cell cultures of infected susceptible balb/c mice have more il-10 but less il-12 than those of infected relatively resistant c57bl/6 mice. cell ... | 1999 | 10725801 |
| characterization of trypanosome isolates from naturally infected horses on a farm in kenya. | following an outbreak of trypanosomosis in horses on a farm in kenya, 18 trypanosome isolates were collected from the infected animals over a period of one and a half years and cryopreserved for characterization. the characterization was done on the basis of morphology using giemsa-stained blood and buffy coat smears, infectivity to mice, recombinant dna hybridization, and chromosome separation by orthogonal field alternation gel electrophoresis (ofage). morphologically, all the trypanosome isol ... | 2000 | 10760408 |
| detection of trypanosoma congolense antibodies with indirect elisas using antigen-precoated microtitre plates. | the study reports the performance of four indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for antibody (ab) detection using microtitre plates which were precoated with native or heat/detergent denatured antigens (ags) from trypanosoma congolense (t.c.) and t. vivax (t.v.), and stored for between 1 to 206 days at +37 degrees c. bovine serum samples were obtained by sequential bleeding of 3-months old t.c.-infected bulls and their uninfected cohorts, as well as by a single bleeding of uninfec ... | 2000 | 10760409 |
| evidence for genomic imprinting of the major qtl controlling susceptibility to trypanosomiasis in mice. | inbred strains of laboratory mice exhibit marked differences in survival time following infection with trypanosoma congolense, the principal cause of trypanosomiasis in african livestock. the difference in survival time between the relatively resistant c57bl/6 j and more susceptible balb/c inbred strains has been attributed to three quantitative trait loci (qtls), tir1, tir2 and tir3. in order to determine whether there was a parent-of-origin effect on this trait, four backcross populations deri ... | 2000 | 10792765 |