| a comparative summary of expression systems for the recombinant production of galactose oxidase. | the microbes escherichia coli and pichia pastoris are convenient prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts, respectively, for the recombinant production of proteins at laboratory scales. a comparative study was performed to evaluate a range of constructs and process parameters for the heterologous intra- and extracellular expression of genes encoding the industrially relevant enzyme galactose 6-oxidase (ec 1.1.3.9) from the fungus fusarium graminearum. in particular, the wild-type galox gene from f. gram ... | 2010 | 20836876 |
| identification and functional characterization of genes involved in the sexual reproduction of the ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae. | we previously reported that g protein alpha subunit 1 (gpa1) is essential for sexual reproduction in the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae. in this study we performed microarray analyses on a gpa1 deletion mutant of g. zeae (δgpa1) to identify genes involved in the sexual reproduction of this fungus. in the δgpa1 strain, 645 genes were down-regulated and 550 genes were up-regulated during sexual reproduction when compared to the wild-type strain. one hundred of the down-regulated gen ... | 2010 | 20836989 |
| in vitro cytotoxicity of fungi spoiling maize silage. | penicillium roqueforti, penicillium paneum, monascus ruber, alternaria tenuissima, fusarium graminearum, fusarium avenaceum, byssochlamys nivea and aspergillus fumigatus have previously been identified as major fungal contaminants of danish maize silage. in the present study their metabolite production and in vitro cytotoxicity have been determined for fungal agar and silage extracts. all 8 fungal species significantly affected caco-2 cell viability in the resazurin assay, with large variations ... | 2011 | 20837087 |
| the 3adon population of fusarium graminearum found in north dakota is more aggressive and produces a higher level of don than the prevalent 15adon population in spring wheat. | fusarium head blight (fhb) is primarily caused by fusarium graminearum in north america. isolates of f. graminearum can be identified as one of three chemotypes: 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3adon), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15adon), and nivalenol (niv). in this study, we characterized f. graminearum isolates collected in 1980 to 2000 (old collection) and in 2008 (new collection) from north dakota and found a 15-fold increase of 3adon isolates in the new collection. evaluation of randomly selected 3 ... | 2010 | 20839936 |
| an assessment of mixed-modeling approaches for characterizing profiles of time-varying response and predictor variables. | a general statistical modeling approach was tested for characterizing the relationship between pathogen inoculum density (or other biological response variables) and environmental variables when the data are collected as temporal profiles of observations within multiple locations or years. the approach, based on the use of linear mixed models, simultaneously accounts for serial correlations of the observations within each time profile, the random effects of location-year (or other grouping facto ... | 2010 | 20839937 |
| wheat crown rot pathogens fusarium graminearum and f. pseudograminearum lack specialization. | this article reports a lack of pathogenic specialization among australian fusarium graminearum and f. pseudograminearum causing crown rot (cr) of wheat using analysis of variance (anova), principal component and biplot analysis, kendall's coefficient of concordance (w), and κ statistics. overall, f. pseudograminearum was more aggressive than f. graminearum, supporting earlier delineation of the crown-infecting group as a new species. although significant wheat line-pathogen isolate interaction i ... | 2010 | 20839941 |
| fgsub: fusarium graminearum protein subcellular localizations predicted from primary structures. | the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum (telomorph gibberella zeae) is the causal agent of several destructive crop diseases, where a set of genes usually work in concert to cause diseases to crops. to function appropriately, the f. graminearum proteins inside one cell should be assigned to different compartments, i.e. subcellular localizations. therefore, the subcellular localizations of f. graminearum proteins can provide insights into protein functions and pathogenic mechanisms of this destr ... | 2010 | 20840726 |
| quantitative trait loci conferring resistance to fusarium head blight in barley respond differentially to fusarium graminearum infection. | fusarium head blight (fhb), primarily caused by fusarium graminearum, reduces grain yield and quality in barley. resistance to fhb is partial and quantitatively inherited. previously, major fhb resistant qtl were detected on barley chromosome 2h bin 8 and 2h bin 10, and another qtl for reduced deoxynivalenol (don) accumulation was identified on chromosome 3h bin 6. to develop an understanding of the molecular responses controlled by these loci, we examined don and fungal biomass levels and the t ... | 2010 | 20865292 |
| the transcription factor fgstuap influences spore development, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism in fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum is an important plant-pathogenic fungus and the major cause of cereal head blight. here, we report the functional analysis of fgstua, the gene for a transcription factor with homology to key developmental regulators in fungi. the deletion mutant was greatly reduced in pathogenicity on wheat heads and in production of secondary metabolites. spore production was significantly impaired in δfgstua, which did not develop perithecia and sexual ascospores, and lacked conidiophores ... | 2011 | 20879840 |
| variation in 8-ketotrichothecenes and zearalenone production by fusarium graminearum isolates from corn and barley in korea. | a total of 214 fusarium graminearum isolates were obtained from corn and barley which were collected from kangwon province and the southern part of korea, respectively, and were tested for 8-ketotrichothecenes and zearalenone (zea) production on rice grains. the incidences of trichothecene production by 105 isolates of f. graminearum from corn were 59.0% for deoxynivalenol (don), 37.1% for 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol(15-adon), 13.3% for 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-adon), 7.6% for 3,15-diacetyldeoxyniv ... | 1996 | 20882466 |
| antibacterial to antifungal conversion of neamine aminoglycosides through alkyl modification. strategy for reviving old drugs into agrofungicides. | many actinomycetes aminoglycosides are widely used antibiotics. although mainly antibacterials, a few known aminoglycosides also inhibit yeasts, protozoans and important crop pathogenic fungal oomycetes. here we show that attachment of a c8 alkyl chain to ring iii of a neamine-based aminoglycoside specifically at the 4″-o position yields a broad-spectrum fungicide (fg08) without the antibacterial properties typical for aminoglycosides. leaf infection assays and greenhouse studies show that fg08 ... | 2010 | 20924381 |
| analysis of early events in the interaction between fusarium graminearum and the susceptible barley (hordeum vulgare) cultivar scarlett. | a proteomic analysis was conducted to map the events during the initial stages of the interaction between the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum and the susceptible barley cultivar scarlett. quantification of fungal dna demonstrated a sharp increase in fungal biomass in barley spikelets at 3 days after inoculation. this coincided with the appearance of discrete f. graminearum-induced proteolytic fragments of β-amylase. based on these results, analysis of grain proteome changes prior to extensi ... | 2010 | 20925056 |
| genome-wide prediction of g protein-coupled receptors in verticillium spp. | g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) are critical factors in regulating morphogenesis, mating, infection and virulence in fungi. in this study, various computational strategies were applied to identify gpcr-like proteins from the genomes of both verticillium dahliae and verticillium albo-atrum. the putative gpcrs were distributed over 13 classes, and significantly, three of those represented novel classes of gpcr-like proteins in fungi. the three novel gpcrs had high levels of identity to their c ... | 2010 | 20943146 |
| the infection biology of fusarium graminearum: defining the pathways of spikelet to spikelet colonisation in wheat ears. | fusarium graminearum is one of the main causal agents of fusarium ear blight on wheat. how the pathogen colonises the entire ear is not known. there is controversy over whether this mycotoxin producing pathogenic fungus invades wheat floral tissue using a necrotrophic or another mode of nutrition. a detailed microscopic investigation has revealed how wild-type fungal hyphae, of the sequenced strain ph-1, colonised susceptible wheat ears and spread from spikelet to spikelet. at the advancing infe ... | 2010 | 20943167 |
| fusarium culmorum is a single phylogenetic species based on multilocus sequence analysis. | fusarium culmorum is a major pathogen of wheat and barley causing head blight and crown rot in cooler temperate climates of australia, europe, west asia and north africa. to better understand its evolutionary history we partially sequenced single copy nuclear genes encoding translation elongation factor 1-α (tef), reductase (red) and phosphate permease (pho) in 100 f. culmorum isolates with 11 isolates of fusarium crookwellense, fusarium graminearum and fusarium pseudograminearum. phylogenetic a ... | 2010 | 20943185 |
| scanning electron microscopy observations of the interaction between trichoderma harzianum and perithecia of gibberella zeae. | chronological events associated with the interaction between a strain of trichoderma harzianum, t472, with known biological control activity against perithecial production of g. zeae, were studied with scanning electron microscopy to investigate the mechanisms of control. large clusters of perithecia consisting of 5-15 perithecia formed on the autoclaved, mulched wheat straw inoculated with g. zeae alone (control) with an average of 157 perithecia per plate. small clusters consisting of 3-6 and ... | 2010 | 20943563 |
| paralogous cyp51 genes in fusarium graminearum mediate differential sensitivity to sterol demethylation inhibitors. | analysis of the genome sequence of fusarium graminearum revealed three paralogous cyp51 genes (designated cyp51a, -b, and -c) encoding 14-α demethylases in this fungus. targeted gene disruption showed that the cyp51a, -b or -c disruption mutants were morphologically indistinguishable from the parent isolate on potato dextrose agar medium, which indicates that none of these genes is essential for mycelial growth. the sensitivity of cyp51a deletion mutants to seven sterol demethylation inhibitor ( ... | 2010 | 20955812 |
| a network approach to predict pathogenic genes for fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum is the pathogenic agent of fusarium head blight (fhb), which is a destructive disease on wheat and barley, thereby causing huge economic loss and health problems to human by contaminating foods. identifying pathogenic genes can shed light on pathogenesis underlying the interaction between f. graminearum and its plant host. however, it is difficult to detect pathogenic genes for this destructive pathogen by time-consuming and expensive molecular biological experiments in lab. ... | 2010 | 20957229 |
| a molecular based strategy for rapid diagnosis of toxigenic fusarium species associated to cereal grains from argentina. | fusarium species are worldwide causal agents of ear rot in cereals. their toxigenic potential is a health risk for both humans and animals. in argentina, most identification of these fungi has been based on morphological and cross-fertility criteria which are time consuming and require considerable expertise in fusarium taxonomy and physiology. dna based approaches have been reported as rapid, sensitive and specific alternatives to identify the main fumonisin and trichothecene-producing fusarium ... | 2010 | 20965064 |
| identification of an aliphatic epoxide and the corresponding dihydrodiol as novel congeners of zearalenone in cultures of fusarium graminearum. | the mycotoxin zearalenone (zen) is produced by various fusarium fungi and frequently found as a contaminant in food and feed. there are reports in the literature that several closely related analogues of zen are also formed in cultures of fusarium species. we have therefore analyzed the organic extract from a 40 day culture of fusarium graminearum by lc-dad-ms and detected 15 compounds, which could be congeners of zen because of their ultraviolet, mass spectroscopy, and tandem mass spectroscopy ... | 2010 | 20977187 |
| mass spectrometry-based metabolomics application to identify quantitative resistance-related metabolites in barley against fusarium head blight. | quantitative resistance is generally controlled by several genes. more than 100 resistance quantitative trait loci (qtls) have been identified in wheat and barley against fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum), implying the possible occurrence of several resistance mechanisms. the objective of this study was to apply metabolomics to identify the metabolites in barley that are related to resistance against fhb. barley genotypes, chevron and stander, ... | 2010 | 21029322 |
| indolyl-3-acetaldoxime dehydratase from the phytopathogenic fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum: purification, characterization, and substrate specificity. | the purification and characterization of indolyl-3-acetaldoxime dehydratase produced by the plant fungal pathogen sclerotinia sclerotiorum is described. the substrate specificity indicates that it is an indolyl-3-acetaldoxime dehydratase (iad, ec 4.99.1.6), which catalyzes transformation of indolyl-3-acetaldoxime to indolyl-3-acetonitrile. the enzyme showed michaelis-menten kinetics and had an apparent molecular mass of 44 kda. the amino acid sequence of iad, determined using lc-esi-ms/ms, ident ... | 2010 | 21036375 |
| histidine kinase two-component response regulator proteins regulate reproductive development, virulence, and stress responses of the fungal cereal pathogens cochliobolus heterostrophus and gibberella zeae. | histidine kinase (hk) phosphorelay signaling is a major mechanism by which fungi sense their environment. the maize pathogen cochliobolus heterostrophus has 21 hk genes, 4 candidate response regulator (rr) genes (ssk1, skn7, rim15, rec1), and 1 gene (hpt1) encoding a histidine phosphotransfer domain protein. because most hks are expected to signal through rrs, these were chosen for deletion. except for pigment and slight growth alterations for rim15 mutants, no measurable altered phenotypes were ... | 2010 | 21037181 |
| fgdb: revisiting the genome annotation of the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum. | the mips fusarium graminearum genome database (fgdb) was established as a comprehensive genome database on one of the most devastating fungal plant pathogens of wheat, barley and maize. the current version of fgdb v3.1 provides information on the full manually revised gene set based on the broad institute assembly fg3 genome sequence. the results of gene prediction tools were integrated with the help of comparative data on related species to result in a set of 13.718 annotated protein coding gen ... | 2010 | 21051345 |
| identification of new galactose oxidase genes in fusarium spp. | galactose oxidase (go) converts galactose to an aldehyde and has several biotechnological applications, including cancer diagnosis. it is mainly produced by fusarium austroamericanum but is also produced by fusarium acuminatum and by isolates of the fusarium graminearum and gibberella fujikuroi complexes. the f. austroamericanum go gaoa gene has been cloned, but the go genes from other secreting species have not been characterized. problems associated with the f. austroamericanum go such as high ... | 2010 | 21077113 |
| localisation of the benzimidazole fungicide binding site of gibberella zeae β2-tubulin studied by site-directed mutagenesis. | the efficacy of benzimidazole fungicides is often limited by resistance, and this is the case with the use of carbendazim for controlling fusarium head blight caused by gibberella zeae (schwein.) petch (anamorph fusarium graminearum). recent studies have shown that carbendazim resistance in field strains of g. zeae is associated with mutations in the β(2)-tubulin gene. the aims of the present study were to validate this mechanism and research the binding sites of carbendazim on β(2)-tubulin. | 2011 | 21077124 |
| autophagy-related lipase fgatg15 of fusarium graminearum is important for lipid turnover and plant infection. | autophagy is a non-selective degradation pathway in eukaryotic cells that is conserved from yeasts to humans. autophagy is involved in the virulence of several pathogenic fungi such as magnaporthe grisea or colletotrichum orbiculare. in the current study, we identified and disrupted an autophagy-like lipase fgatg15 in fusarium graminearum. we showed that fgatg15 exhibits lipase activity when heterologously expressed in p. pastoris. we used a gene deletion approach to characterize the function of ... | 2010 | 21094265 |
| the ph regulatory factor pac1 regulates tri gene expression and trichothecene production in fusarium graminearum. | fungi manage the adaptation to extra-cellular ph through the pacc transcription factor, a key component of the ph regulatory system. pacc regulates the production of various secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi. in the important cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum, the production of trichothecene is induced only under acidic ph conditions. here, we examined the role of the pacc homologue from f. graminearum, fgpac1, on the regulation of trichothecene production. an fgδpac1 deletion mutant ... | 2010 | 21126599 |
| the hdf1 histone deacetylase gene is important for conidiation, sexual reproduction, and pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum. | head blight caused by fusarium graminearum is an important disease of wheat and barley. its genome contains chromosomal regions with higher genetic variation and enriched for genes expressed in planta, suggesting a role of chromatin modification in the regulation of infection-related genes. in a previous study, the ftl1 gene was characterized as a novel virulence factor in the head blight fungus. ftl1 is homologous to yeast sif2, which is a component of the set3 complex. many members of the yeas ... | 2011 | 21138346 |
| a nitrogen response pathway regulates virulence in plant pathogenic fungi: role of tor and the bzip protein meab. | virulence in plant pathogenic fungi is controlled through a variety of cellular pathways in response to the host environment. nitrogen limitation has been proposed to act as a key signal to trigger the in planta expression of virulence genes. moreover, a conserved pathogenicity mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade is strictly required for plant infection in a wide range of pathogens. we investigated the relationship between nitrogen signaling and the pathogenicity mapk cascade in cont ... | 2010 | 21139428 |
| impact of osmotic and matric water stress on germination, growth, mycelial water potentials and endogenous accumulation of sugars and sugar alcohols in fusarium graminearum. | studies were conducted to determine the effect of osmotic (nacl, glycerol) and matric (peg 8000) water stress on temporal germination and growth of two f. graminearum strains over the water potential range of -0.7 to -14.0 mpa at 15 and 25 c. the effect on endogenous water potentials and accumulation of sugars and sugar alcohols also were measured. for both strains, germination occurred rapidly over the same range of osmotic or matric potential of -0.7 to -5.6 mpa after 4-6 h incubation. at lowe ... | 2004 | 21148870 |
| physiological and environmental aspects of ascospore discharge in gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum). | we investigated ascospore discharge in the perithecial fungus, gibberella zeae. in a wind tunnel study that simulated constant rain and varying day and night lengths, the rate of ascospore release was approximately 8-30% greater under light than in complete darkness. under constant light, ascospore discharge occurred at maximal rates at relative humidity levels greater than 92%. when perithecia were placed under conditions of high external osmolarity, ascospore discharge was significantly reduce ... | 2002 | 21156487 |
| early activation of wheat polyamine biosynthesis during fusarium head blight implicates putrescine as an inducer of trichothecene mycotoxin production. | the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (fhb) disease on wheat which can lead to trichothecene mycotoxin (e.g. deoxynivalenol, don) contamination of grain, harmful to mammalian health. don is produced at low levels under standard culture conditions when compared to plant infection but specific polyamines (e.g. putrescine and agmatine) and amino acids (e.g. arginine and ornithine) are potent inducers of don by f. graminearum in axenic culture. currently, host factors ... | 2010 | 21192794 |
| crystal structure of a secreted lipase from gibberella zeae reveals a novel "double-lock" mechanism. | fusarium graminearum (sexual stage: gibberella zeae) is the causative agent of fusarium head blight (fhb), which is one of the most destructive plant disease of cereals, accounting for high grain yield losses, especially for wheat and maize. like other fungal pathogens, several extracellular enzymes secreted by g. zeae are known to be involved in host infection. among these secreted lipases, g. zeae lipase (gzel), which is encoded by the fgl1 gene, was demonstrated to be crucial to g. zeae patho ... | 2010 | 21203917 |
| sphaerodes mycoparasitica biotrophic mycoparasite of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol-producing toxigenic fusarium graminearum chemotypes. | fusarium spp. are economically important crop pathogens and causal agents of fusarium head blight (fhb) of cereals worldwide. of the fhb pathogens, fusarium graminearum 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-adon) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-adon) are the most aggressive mycotoxigenic chemotypes, threatening food and feed quality as well as animal and human health. the objective of the study was to evaluate host specificity and fungal-fungal interactions of sphaerodes mycoparasitica- a recently described ... | 2011 | 21204935 |
| a novel double-stranded rna mycovirus from fusarium graminearum: nucleic acid sequence and genomic structure. | ten fusarium graminearum isolates from china were screened for dsrna mycoviruses. five dsrnas (2.4 to 3.5 kbp) were purified from isolate china 9, cloned, and sequenced. blast analysis showed that the proteins encoded by dsrna1 possess motifs that are conserved in rna-dependent rna polymerases, dsrna2 resembles the hypothetical protein encoded by dsrna3 of magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1, dsrna4 shares no significant similarity to any published protein, and dsrna5 has a c2h2 zinc finger domain. ... | 2011 | 21212996 |
| genetic diversity and trichothecene chemotypes of the fusarium graminearum clade isolated from maize in nepal and identification of a putative new lineage. | on smallholder farms in the foothills of the himalayan mountains in nepal, fungi of the fusarium graminearum clade cause gibberella ear rot of maize and contamination with the 8-ketotrichothecenes nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. previous dna marker analyses of the f. graminearum clade from maize in nepal found a high level of genetic diversity but were limited in detail or scope. the present study incorporated a collection of 251 field strains from a wide geographic distribution in nepal and utili ... | 2010 | 21215953 |
| inactivation of plant infecting fungal and viral pathogens to achieve biological containment in drainage water using uv treatment. | to explore whether ultraviolet (uv) light treatment within a closed circulating and filtered water drainage system can kill plant pathogenic species. | 2011 | 21226796 |
| atp citrate lyase is required for normal sexual and asexual development in gibberella zeae. | adenosine triphosphate (atp) citrate lyase (acl) is a key enzyme in the production of cytosolic acetyl-coa, which is crucial for de novo lipid synthesis and histone acetylation in mammalian cells. in this study, we characterized the mechanistic roles of acl in the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae, which causes fusarium head blight in major cereal crops. deletion of acl in the fungus resulted in a complete loss of self and female fertility as well as a reduction in asexual reproducti ... | 2011 | 21237280 |
| trichothecene profiling and population genetic analysis of gibberella zeae from barley in north dakota and minnesota. | gibberella zeae, the principal cause of fusarium head blight (fhb) of barley, contaminates grains with several mycotoxins, which creates a serious problem for the malting barley industry in the united states, china, and europe. however, limited studies have been conducted on the trichothecene profiles and population genetic structure of g. zeae isolates collected from barley in the united states. trichothecene biosynthesis gene (tri)-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays and 10 variable n ... | 2011 | 21244225 |
| development of a novel multiplex dna microarray for fusarium graminearum and analysis of azole fungicide responses. | the toxigenic fungal plant pathogen fusarium graminearum compromises wheat production worldwide. azole fungicides play a prominent role in controlling this pathogen. sequencing of its genome stimulated the development of high-throughput technologies to study mechanisms of coping with fungicide stress and adaptation to fungicides at a previously unprecedented precision. dna-microarrays have been used to analyze genome-wide gene expression patterns and uncovered complex transcriptional responses. ... | 2011 | 21255412 |
| proteome analysis of fusarium head blight in grains of naked barley (hordeum vulgare subsp. nudum). | the effect of artificial fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum infection at the level of the proteome on grains of naked barley (hordeum vulgare subsp. nudum) was investigated in comparison to naturally infected samples. fusarium infection in barley led to numerous host-specific biochemical responses. nephge 2-d page and ms were used to identify proteins that were differentially expressed in response to fungal infection and growing location of the plants. moreover, the mycotoxin concentration of ... | 2011 | 21271677 |
| species diversity and toxigenic potential of fusarium graminearum complex isolates from maize fields in northwest argentina. | members of the fusarium graminearum species complex (fg complex) are the causal agents of ear rot in maize and fusarium head blight of wheat and other small grain cereals. the potential of these pathogens to contaminate cereals with trichothecene mycotoxins is a health risk for both humans and animals. a survey of ear rot isolates from maize collected in northwest argentina recovered 66 isolates belonging to the fg complex. a multilocus genotyping (mlgt) assay for determination of fg complex spe ... | 2011 | 21277035 |
| expression of a radish defensin in transgenic wheat confers increased resistance to fusarium graminearum and rhizoctonia cerealis. | fusarium head blight (scab), primarily caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) worldwide. wheat sharp eyespot, mainly caused by rhizoctonia cerealis, is one of the major diseases of wheat in china. the defensin rsafp2, a small cyteine-rich antifungal protein from radish (raphanus sativus), was shown to inhibit growth in vitro of agronomically important fungal pathogens, such as f. graminearum and r. cerealis. the rsafp2 gene was transformed into c ... | 2011 | 21279533 |
| analysis of the promoter region of the gene lip1 encoding triglyceride lipase from fusarium graminearum. | triglyceride lipases catalyze the reversible degradation of glycerol esters with long-chain fatty acids into fatty acids and glycerol. in silico analysis of 5'-end flanking sequence of the gene lip1 encoding a triglyceride lipase from the wheat head blight pathogen fusarium graminearum revealed the presence of several cis-regulatory elements. to delineate the function of these regulatory elements, we constructed a series of deletion mutants in the lip1 promoter region fused to the open reading f ... | 2011 | 21295455 |
| metabolic engineering of geranic acid in maize to achieve fungal resistance is compromised by novel glycosylation patterns. | many terpenoids are known to have antifungal properties and overexpression of these compounds in crops is a potential tool in disease control. in this study, 15 different mono- and sesquiterpenoids were tested in vitro against two major pathogenic fungi of maize (zea mays), colletotrichum graminicola and fusarium graminearum. among all tested terpenoids, geranic acid showed very strong inhibitory activity against both fungi (mic<46 µm). to evaluate the possibility of enhancing fungal resistance ... | 2011 | 21296182 |
| two novel classes of enzymes are required for the biosynthesis of aurofusarin in fusarium graminearum. | previous studies have reported the functional characterization of 9 out of 11 genes found in the gene cluster responsible for biosynthesis of the polyketide pigment aurofusarin in fusarium graminearum. here we reanalyze the function of a putative aurofusarin pump (aurt) and the two remaining orphan genes, aurz and aurs. targeted gene replacement of aurz resulted in the discovery that the compound ywa1, rather than nor-rubrofusarin, is the primary product of f. graminearum polyketide synthase 12 ... | 2011 | 21296881 |
| enhancement of trichothecene production in fusarium graminearum by cobalt chloride. | the effects of cobalt chloride on the production of trichothecene and ergosterol in fusarium graminearum were examined. incorporation experiments with (13)c-labeled acetate and leucine confirmed that both 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and ergosterol were biosynthesized via a mevalonate pathway by the fungus, although hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coa (hmg-coa) from intact leucine was able to be partially used for ergosterol production. addition of cobalt chloride at concentrations of 3-30 µm into liquid cultu ... | 2011 | 21299216 |
| found in translation: high-throughput chemical screening in arabidopsis thaliana identifies small molecules that reduce fusarium head blight disease in wheat. | despite the tremendous economic impact of cereal crop pathogens such as the fungus fusarium graminearum, the development of strategies for enhanced crop protection is hampered by complex host genetics and difficulties in performing high-throughput analyses. to bypass these challenges, we have developed an assay in which the interaction between f. graminearum and the model plant arabidopsis thaliana is monitored in liquid media in 96-well plates. in this assay, fungal infection is associated with ... | 2011 | 21303209 |
| trichothecene genotypes and chemotypes in fusarium graminearum strains isolated from wheat in argentina. | argentina is the fourth largest exporter of wheat in the world. the main pathogen associated with fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat in argentina is fusarium graminearum lineage 7 also termed f. graminearum sensu stricto in the f. graminearum species complex, which can produce the type b trichothecenes, usually deoxynivalenol (don) and its acetylated forms (3-adon and 15-adon) or nivalenol (niv). we used a multiplex pcr assay of tri3, tri7, and tri13 to determine the trichothecene genotype of 1 ... | 2011 | 21320729 |
| fusarium head blight of cereals in denmark: species complex and related mycotoxins. | quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction differentiating 10 fusarium spp. and microdochium nivale or m. majus was applied to a total of 396 grain samples of wheat, barley, triticale, oat, and rye sampled across denmark from 2003 to 2007, along with selected samples of wheat and barley from 1957 to 2000, to determine incidence and abundance of individual fusarium spp. the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (don), nivalenol, zearalenone, t-2, and ht-2 were quantified using liquid chromatography-dou ... | 2011 | 21323468 |
| construction and characterization of a cdna library from wheat infected with fusarium graminearum fg 2. | total rna from wheat spikes infected with f. graminearum fg2 was extracted and the mrna was purified. switching mechanism at 5' end of the rna transcript (smart) technique and cds ill/3' primer were used for first-strand cdna synthesis using reverse transcriptase by rt-pcr. primer extension polymerase chain reaction was used to construct the double-strand cdna that was digested by proteinase k, then by sfi i and fractionated. cdnas longer than 0.5 kb were collected and ligated to ?triplex2 vecto ... | 2011 | 21340003 |
| milk kefir: ultrastructure, antimicrobial activity and efficacy on aflatoxin b1 production by aspergillus flavus. | the association of kefir microbiota was observed by electron microscopic examination. scanning electron microscopic (sem) observations revealed that kefir grain surface is very rough and the inner portions had scattered irregular holes on its surface. the interior of the grain comprised fibrillar materials which were interpreted as protein, lipid and a soluble polysaccharide, the kefiran complex that surrounds yeast and bacteria in the grain. yeast was observed more clearly than bacteria on the ... | 2011 | 21350802 |
| design, synthesis and antifungal activities of novel pyrrole alkaloid analogs. | a series of novel analogs of pyrrole alkaloid were designed and synthesized by a facile method and their structures were characterized by 1h nmr, 13c nmr and high-resolution mass spectrometry (hrms). the structure of compound 2a was identified by 2d nmr including heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (hmqc), heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (hmbc) and h-h correlation spectrometry (h-h cosy) spectra. their antifungal activities against five fungi were evaluated, and the results indicate ... | 2011 | 21356570 |
| mid1, a mechanosensitive calcium ion channel, affects growth, development, and ascospore discharge in the filamentous fungus gibberella zeae. | the role of mid1, a stretch-activated ion channel capable of being permeated by calcium, in ascospore development and forcible discharge from asci was examined in the pathogenic fungus gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum). the ?mid1 mutants exhibited a >12-fold reduction in ascospore discharge activity and produced predominately abnormal two-celled ascospores with constricted and fragile septae. the vegetative growth rate of the mutants was ~50% of the wild-type rate, and production o ... | 2011 | 21357477 |
| production of the antifungal compounds phenazine and pyrrolnitrin from pseudomonas chlororaphis o6 is differentially regulated by glucose. | to determine whether glucose in growth medium affects secondary metabolite production and biocontrol efficacy of pseudomonas chlororaphis o6. | 2011 | 21362001 |
| nmr solution structure of a cyanovirin homolog from wheat head blight fungus. | members of the cyanovirin-n homolog (cvnh) lectin family are found in bacteria, fungi and plants. as part of our ongoing work on cvnh structure-function studies, we determined the high-resolution nmr solution structure of the homolog from the wheat head blight disease causing ascomycetous fungus gibberella zeae (or fusarium graminearum), hereafter called gzcvnh. like cyanovirin-n (cv-n), gzcvnh comprises two tandem sequence repeats and the protein sequence exhibits 30% identity with cv-n. the ov ... | 2011 | 21365681 |
| npc1 is involved in sterol trafficking in the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum. | the ortholog of the human gene npc1 was identified in the plant pathogenic, filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum by shared amino acid sequence, protein domain structure and cellular localization of the mature fungal protein. the fusariumnpc1 gene shares 34% amino acid sequence identity and 51% similarity to the human gene, has similar domain structure and is constitutively expressed, although up-regulated in ungerminated macroconidia and ascospores. gfp-tagged npc1p localizes to the fungal va ... | 2011 | 21397712 |
| cinnamic-derived acids significantly affect fusarium graminearum growth and in vitro synthesis of type b trichothecenes. | the impact of five phenolic acids (ferulic, coumaric, caffeic, syringic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids) on fungal growth and type b trichothecene production by four strains of fusarium graminearum was investigated. all five phenolic acids inhibited growth but the degree of inhibition varied between strains. our results suggested that the more lipophilic phenolic acids are, the higher is the effect they have on growth. toxin accumulation in phenolic acid-supplemented liquid glucose, yeast extract, a ... | 2011 | 21405995 |
| combined metabonomic and quantitative real-time pcr analyses reveal systems metabolic changes of fusarium graminearum induced by tri5 gene deletion. | fusarium graminearum (fg) is a serious plant pathogen causing huge losses in global production of wheat and other cereals. tri5-gene encoded trichodiene synthase is the first key enzyme for biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins in fg. to further our understandings of fg metabolism which is essential for developing novel strategies for controlling fg, we conducted a comprehensive investigation on the metabolic changes caused by tri5-deletion by comparing metabolic differences between the wild- ... | 2011 | 21413710 |
| analysis of simple sequence repeats (ssrs)dynamics in fungus fusarium graminearum. | the abundance and inherent potential for variations in simple sequence repeats (ssrs) or microsatellites resulted in valuable source for genetic markers in eukaryotes. we describe the organization and abundance of ssrs in fungus fusarium graminearum (causative agent for fusarium head blight or head scab of wheat). we identified 1705 ssrs of various nucleotide repeat motifs in the sequence database of f. graminearum. it is observed that mononucleotide repeats (62%) were most abundant followed by ... | 2011 | 21423884 |
| a sterol c-14 reductase encoded by fgerg24b is responsible for the intrinsic resistance of fusarium graminearum to amine fungicides. | fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of wheat head blight, shows intrinsic resistance to amine fungicides. it is commonly accepted that the amines target sterol c-14 reductase and sterol +ö(8)-+ö(7) isomerase of ergosterol biosynthesis, encoded by the genes erg24 and erg2, respectively. analysis of the genome sequence of f. graminearum revealed that the fungus contains two paralogous fgerg24 genes (fgerg24a and fgerg24b), which are homologous to the erg24 of saccharomyces cerevisiae. in this s ... | 2011 | 21436218 |
| microbial transformation of deoxyandrographolide by fusarium graminearum as 3.4598. | biotransformation of deoxyandrographolide (1) by fusarium graminearum as 3.4598 was investigated in this paper. and five transformed products of 1 by f. graminearum as 3.4598 were obtained. their chemical structures were characterized as 3-oxo-8a,17ß-epoxy-14-deoxyandrographolide (2), 3-oxo-14-deoxyandrographolide (3), 3-oxo-17,19-dihydroxyl-8,13-ent-labdadien-15,16-olide (4), 1ß-hydroxyl-14-deoxyandrographolide (5), and 7ß-hydroxyl-14-deoxyandrographolide (6) by spectral methods including 2d nm ... | 2011 | 21462039 |
| preventing fusarium head blight of wheat and cob rot of maize by inhibition of fungal deoxyhypusine synthase. | upon posttranslational activation, the eukaryotic initiation factor-5a (eif-5a) transports a subset of mrnas out of the nucleus to the ribosomes for translation. activation of the protein is an evolutionary highly conserved process that is unique to eif-5a, the conversion of a lysine to a hypusine. instrumental for the synthesis of hypusine is the first of two enzymatic reactions mediated by deoxyhypusine synthase (dhs). we show that dhs of wheat and the pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum, w ... | 2011 | 21463208 |
| application of cycleave pcr to the detection of a point mutation (f167y) in the β(2) -tubulin gene of fusarium graminearum. | background: resistance of fusarium graminearum to the benzimidazole fungicide carbendazim is caused by point mutations in the β(2) -tubulin gene (fgsg_06611.3). the point mutation at codon 167 (ttt → tat, f167y) occurs in more than 90% of field isolates in china. it is important to find a suitable method for rapid detection and quantification of this point mutation in the f. graminearum populations. results: a pair of primers, codon167f/codon167r, were designed to amplify a fragment containing t ... | 2011 | 21495153 |
| asymmetric total synthesis of 6-tuliposide b and its biological activities against tulip pathogenic fungi. | the structure-activity relationship was investigated to evaluate the antifungal activities of tuliposides and tulipalins against tulip pathogenic fungi. 6-tuliposide b was effectively synthesized via the asymmetric baylis-hillman reaction. tuliposides and tulipalins showed antifungal activities against most of the strains tested at high concentrations (2.5 mm), while botrytis tulipae was resistant to tuliposides. tulipalin formation was involved in the antifungal activity, tulipalin a showed hig ... | 2011 | 21512240 |
| deoxynivalenol biosynthesis-related gene expression during wheat kernel colonization by fusarium graminearum. | deoxynivalenol (don) is a potent mycotoxin and virulence factor produced by fusarium graminearum. we examined the expression of the core don biosynthetic gene tri5 during wheat head infection of susceptible and resistant cultivars and susceptible cultivars treated with strobilurin fungicides, e.g. azoxystrobin. don was quantified to correlate expression with toxin accumulation. the highest tri5 expression relative to housekeeping genes occurred at the infection front. as infection progressed, ea ... | 2011 | 21521001 |
| structure-activity determinants in antifungal plant defensins msdef1 and mtdef4 with different modes of action against fusarium graminearum. | plant defensins are small cysteine-rich antimicrobial proteins. their three-dimensional structures are similar in that they consist of an α-helix and three anti-parallel β-strands stabilized by four disulfide bonds. plant defensins msdef1 and mtdef4 are potent inhibitors of the growth of several filamentous fungi including fusarium graminearum. however, they differ markedly in their antifungal properties as well as modes of antifungal action. msdef1 induces prolific hyperbranching of fungal hyph ... | 2011 | 21533249 |
| involvement of a putative response regulator fgrrg-1 in osmotic stress response, fungicide resistance and virulence in fusarium graminearum. | response regulator (rr) proteins are core elements of the high-osmolarity glycerol (hog) pathway, which plays an important role in the adaptation of fungi to a variety of environmental stresses. in this study, we constructed deletion mutants of two putative rr genes, fgrrg-1 and fgrrg-2, which are orthologues of neurospora crassa rrg-1 and rrg-2, respectively. the fgrrg-1 deletion mutant (δfgrrg1-6) showed increased sensitivity to osmotic stress mediated by nacl, kcl, sorbitol or glucose, and to ... | 2011 | 21535349 |
| control of glucosylceramide production and morphogenesis by the bar1 ceramide synthase in fusarium graminearum. | the contribution of plasma membrane proteins to the virulence of plant pathogenic fungi is poorly understood. accordingly, the objective of this study was to characterize the acyl-coa dependent ceramide synthase bar1 (previously implicated in plasma membrane organization) in the wheat pathogen fusarium graminearum. the role of bar1 in mediating cell membrane organization was confirmed as δbar1 mutants failed to display a distinct sterol-rich domain at the hyphal tip. the δbar1 mutants were non-p ... | 2011 | 21559419 |
| pseudomonas fluorescens cha0 maintains carbon delivery to fusarium graminearum-infected roots and prevents reduction in biomass of barley shoots through systemic interactions. | soil bacteria such as pseudomonads may reduce pathogen pressure for plants, both by activating plant defence mechanisms and by inhibiting pathogens directly due to the production of antibiotics. these effects are hard to distinguish under field conditions, impairing estimations of their relative contributions to plant health. a split-root system was set up with barley to quantify systemic and local effects of pre-inoculation with pseudomonas fluorescens on the subsequent infection process by the ... | 2011 | 21561952 |
| the transcriptome of fusarium graminearum during the infection of wheat. | fusarium graminearum causes head blight disease in wheat and barley. to help understand the infection process on wheat we studied global gene expression of f. graminearum in a time series from 24 to 196 hours after inoculation, compared to a non-inoculated control. the infection was rapid and after 48h over 4,000 fungal genes were expressed. the number of genes expressed increased over time up to 96h (>8,000 genes), and then declined at the 144h and 192h post inoculation time points. after subtr ... | 2011 | 21585270 |
| the ectopic expression of a pectin methyl esterase inhibitor increases pectin methyl esterification and limits fungal diseases in wheat. | cell wall pectin methyl esterification can influence plant resistance because highly methyl esterified pectin can be less susceptible to the hydrolysis by pectic enzymes such as fungal endopolygalacturonases (pgs). pectin is secreted into the cell wall in a highly methyl esterified form and here is de-methyl esterified by pectin methyl esterase (pme). the activity of pme is controlled by specific protein inhibitors called pmeis, consequently an increased inhibition of pme by pmei might modify th ... | 2011 | 21585271 |
| fusarium graminearum from expression analysis to functional assays. | fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of head blight of wheat, was the third filamentous fungus to have a completed genome sequence. since the release of the genome sequence in 2003, f. graminearum has become a model for studies of genomics and transcriptomics, mycotoxins, fungal population genetics, gene function, and sexual development. herein we present the techniques we have used in our laboratory to perform expression analyses on life cycle stages of f. graminearum and techniques to functi ... | 2011 | 21590414 |
| antifungal properties of wheat histones (h1-h4) and purified wheat histone h1. | wheat ( triticum spp.) histones h1, h2, h3, and h4 were extracted, and h1 was further purified. the effect of these histones on specific fungi that may or may not be pathogenic to wheat was determined. these fungi included aspergillus flavus , aspergillus fumigatus , aspergillus niger , fusarium oxysporum , fusarium verticillioides , fusarium solani , fusarium graminearum , penicillium digitatum , penicillium italicum , and greeneria uvicola . non-germinated and germinating conidia of these fung ... | 2011 | 21595494 |
| natural deoxynivalenol occurrence and genotype and chemotype determination of a field population of the fusarium graminearum complex associated with soybean in argentina. | soybean (glycine max l.), the main source of protein throughout the world, is used both as a food and a feedstuff. currently, limited information about the occurrence of fusarium species and mycotoxins in soybean grain and by-products is available. the aims of the present study were: (1) to identify toxigenic fusarium species associated with soybean during crop reproductive stages; (2) to determine the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (don) and nivalenol (niv) in soybean seeds; (3) to determine the ... | 2011 | 21598133 |
| analysis of the fusariumgraminearum species complex from wheat, barley and maize in south africa provides evidence of species-specific differences in host preference. | species identity and trichothecene toxin potential of 560 members of the fusarium graminearum species complex (fgsc) collected from diseased wheat, barley and maize in south africa was determined using a microsphere-based multilocus genotyping assay. although three trichothecene types (3-adon, 15-adon and niv) were represented among these isolates, strains with the 15-adon type predominated on all three hosts. a significant difference, however, was identified in the composition of fgsc pathogens ... | 2011 | 21601644 |
| identification of 11 polymorphic simple sequence repeat loci in the phytopathogenic fungus fusarium pseudograminearum as a tool for genetic studies. | simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers for fusarium pseudograminearum with 2 to 3 bp repeat motifs were identified by screening the genome database of the related species fusarium graminearum. twelve ssrs amplified single loci in both f. graminearum and f. pseudograminearum. forty f. pseudograminearum and six f. graminearum individual isolates were screened to determine levels of polymorphism, with all ssrs displaying three to 14 alleles across all isolates. eleven ssrs were polymorphic across f. ... | 2008 | 21585853 |
| role of hydroxycinnamic acids in the infection of maize silks by fusarium graminearum schwabe. | in the current study, the hydroxycinnamic acids in silks of diverse maize inbred lines differing in fusarium resistance were determined at several times after inoculation with f. graminearum or sterile water as control. the main objective was to determine the possible relationship between the hydroxycinnamic acid changes in silks and the ear rot resistance. several changes in the cell wall bound hydroxycinnamic acid concentrations were observed after inoculation with f. graminearum, although the ... | 2011 | 21635140 |
| pathogenicity, symptom development, and mycotoxin formation in wheat by fusarium species frequently isolated from sugar beet. | crop rotations with putative non-host crops like sugar beet are often recommended to reduce fusarium head blight (fhb) in cereals. however, recent observations have shown pathogenic, endophytic, and saprotrophic colonization of sugar beet with various fusarium species. therefore, strains of seven species frequently isolated from sugar beet were tested for pathogenicity on wheat. species-specific symptoms on heads and kernels were evaluated and the grains were analyzed for 17 mycotoxins with lc-m ... | 2011 | 21635142 |
| brachypodium distachyon: a new pathosystem to study fusarium head blight and other fusarium diseases of wheat. | abstract: background: fusarium species cause fusarium head blight (fhb) and other important diseases of cereals. the causal agents produce trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don). the dicotyledonous model species arabidopsis thaliana has been used to study fusarium-host interactions but it is not ideal for model-to-crop translation. brachypodium distachyon (bd) has been proposed as a new monocotyledonous model species for functional genomic studies in grass species. this study aims ... | 2011 | 21639892 |
| a real-time qpcr assay to quantify fusarium graminearum biomass in wheat kernels. | aims: to develop a real-time pcr assay to quantify fusarium graminearum biomass in blighted wheat kernels. methods and results: primers designed to amplify a gene in the trichothecene biosynthetic cluster (tri6) were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. primer pair tri6_10f/tri6_4r specifically and consistently amplified a 245-bp dna fragment from f. graminearum. a workflow was developed and validated to extract dna from infested grain. the assay detected as little as 10 μg of f. gramine ... | 2011 | 21645182 |
| molecular survey of trichothecene genotypes of fusarium graminearum species complex from barley in southern brazil. | fusarium head blight is a disease of primary concern to small-grain cereals of brazil, including barley. its main causal agent, fusarium graminearum species complex (fg complex)-© is able to produce mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol (don) and nivalenol (niv), that usually contaminate grain. strains that produce don may also produce its acetylated derivatives: 3-acetyl-don (3-adon) and 15-acetyl-don (15-adon). ninety two isolates were obtained from samplings of barley grain during three years ... | 2011 | 21665312 |
| functional analyses of two acetyl coenzyme a synthetases in the ascomycete gibberella zeae. | acetyl coenzyme a (acetyl-coa) is a crucial metabolite for energy metabolism and biosynthetic pathways and is produced in various cellular compartments with spatial and temporal precision. our previous study on atp citrate lyase (acl) in gibberella zeae revealed that acl-dependent acetyl-coa production is important for histone acetylation, especially in sexual development, but is not involved in lipid synthesis. in this study, we deleted additional acetyl-coa synthetic genes, the acetyl-coa synt ... | 2011 | 21666077 |
| lactic acid bacteria in the inhibition of fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol detoxification. | aims:ôçé considering the agronomic and industrial damage that is caused by the fungus fusarium graminearum, as well as the serious health risks it poses to humans and animals exposed to f.-ágraminearum-produced mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don), this study evaluated the ability of different lactic acid bacteria (lab) strains to inhibit fungal development and remove don in vitro. methods and results:ôçé the antagonistic effects of strains and commercial cultures of lab were evaluated against f.-ágra ... | 2011 | 21672097 |
| response of germinating barley seeds to fusarium graminearum: the first molecular insight into fusarium seedling blight. | fusarium seedling blight in cereals can result in significant reductions in plant establishment but has not received much attention. the disease often starts during seed germination due to sowing of the seeds infected by fusarium spp. including fusarium graminearum. in order to gain the first molecular insights into the response of the germinating barley seeds to f. graminearum for controlling the disease, germinating seeds were treated with water as control or inoculated with f. graminearum con ... | 2011 | 21798752 |
| fusarium graminearum forms mycotoxin producing infection structures on wheat. | abstract: background: the mycotoxin producing fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) of small grain cereals in fields worldwide. although f. graminearum is highly investigated by means of molecular genetics, detailed studies about hyphal development during initial infection stages are rare. in addition, the role of mycotoxins during initial infection stages of fhb is still unknown. therefore, we investigated the infection strategy of the fungus on ... | 2011 | 21798058 |
| identification and characterization of gushing-active hydrophobins from fusarium graminearum and related species. | fungal infection of barley and malt, particularly by the fusarium species, is a direct cause of spontaneous overfoaming of beer, referred to as gushing. we have shown previously that small fungal proteins, hydrophobins, act as gushing-inducing factors in beer. the aim of our present study was to isolate and characterize hydrophobins from a gushing-active fungus, fusarium graminearum (teleomorph gibberella zeae) and related species. we generated profile hidden markov models (profile hmms) for the ... | 2011 | 21780148 |
| molecular characterization of a fus3/kss1 type mapk from puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, psmapk1. | puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst) is an obligate biotrophic fungus that causes the destructive wheat stripe rust disease worldwide. due to the lack of reliable transformation and gene disruption method, knowledge about the function of pst genes involved in pathogenesis is limited. mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) genes have been shown in a number of plant pathogenic fungi to play critical roles in regulating various infection processes. in the present study, we identified and char ... | 2011 | 21779350 |
| a-l-arabinofuranosylated pyrrolidines as arabinanase inhibitors. | as part of continued efforts to understand the mechanisms of 1,5-a-l-arabinanases better, some arabinan-like iminosugar oligosaccharides were synthesized. an iminosugar analogue of arabinobiose was found to be a good inhibitor of the arabinanase arb93a from fusarium graminearum. structures were determined for complexes of this inhibitor with wild-type arb93a and a catalytically inactive mutant. | 2011 | 21773614 |
| proteomic profiling of two maize inbreds during early gibberella ear rot infection. | fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of gibberella ear rot in maize ears, resulting in yield losses due to mouldy and mycotoxin-contaminated grain. this study represents a global proteomic approach to document the early infection by f. graminearum of two maize inbreds, b73 and co441, which differ in disease susceptibility. mock- and f. graminearum-treated developing kernels were sampled 48 hours post-inoculation over three field seasons. infected b73 kernels consistently contained higher con ... | 2011 | 21751381 |
| toxicity assay for deoxynivalenol using caenorhabditis elegans. | the progeny production and development rates of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans when treated with deoxynivalenol (don) were examined. both purified don and a crude extract from fusarium graminearum cultured on rice were tested on c. elegans wild-type (bristol n2) and a mutant strain (au1). significant effects (tukey-hsd, p?<?0.05) on brood size and the rate of larval development from egg to adulthood were observed. both n2 and au1 strains showed lower rates of development and smaller brood s ... | 2011 | 21749231 |
| an optimized protocol for dna extraction from wheat seeds and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) to detect fusarium graminearum contamination of wheat grain. | a simple, rapid, and efficient method for isolating genomic dna from germinated seeds of wheat that is free from polysaccharides and polyphenols is reported. dna was extracted, treated with rnase, measured and tested for completeness using agarose gel electrophoresis. dna purification from wheat grains yielded abundant, amplifiable dna with yields typically between 100 and 200 ng dna/mg. the effectiveness and reliability of the method was tested by assessing quantity and quality of the isolated ... | 2011 | 21747688 |
| antimicrobial activities of phenethyl isothiocyanate isolated from horseradish. | phenethyl isothiocyanate (peitc) was obtained from horseradish. the preparation procedure was as follows: the horseradish powder was hydrolysed in the water first, and then, after filtration, the residue was extracted by petroleum ether; finally, peitc was isolated by silica gel column. the structure of peitc was identified by ir, ms, (1)h-nmr and (13)c-nmr chromatography methods. the inhibitory activities of peitc against gibberella zeae, xanthomonas axonopodis pv . citri, cytospora sp . and ph ... | 2011 | 21815843 |
| precise mapping fhb5, a major qtl conditioning resistance to fusarium infection in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.). | qfhi.nau-5a is a major quantitative trait locus (qtl) against fusarium graminearum infection in the resistant wheat germplasm wangshuibai. genetic analysis using bc(3)f(2) and bc(4)f(2) populations, derived from selfing two near-isogenic lines (nil) heterozygous at qfhi.nau-5a that were developed, respectively, with mianyang 99-323 and ph691 as the recurrent parent, showed that qfhi.nau-5a inherited like a single dominant gene. this qtl was thus designated as fhb5. to fine map it, these two back ... | 2011 | 21739138 |
| novel acidic sesquiterpenoids constitute a dominant class of pathogen-induced phytoalexins in maize. | nonvolatile terpenoid phytoalexins occur throughout the plant kingdom, but until recently were not known constituents of chemical defense in maize (zea mays). we describe a novel family of ubiquitous maize sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins, termed zealexins, which were discovered through characterization of fusarium graminearum-induced responses. zealexins accumulate to levels greater than 800 ++g g(-1) fresh weight in f. graminearum-infected tissue. their production is also elicited by a wide variet ... | 2011 | 21690302 |
| ebr1, a novel zn2cys6 transcription factor, affects virulence and apical dominance of hyphal tip in fusarium graminearum. | zn2cys6 transcription factors are unique to fungi and have been reported to be involved in different regulatory functions. here we characterized ebr1 (enhanced branching 1), a novel zn2cys6 transcription factor of fusarium graminearum. knocking out ebr1 in f. graminearum strain ph-1 caused reduction of both radial growth and virulence. the conidia of knock-out strain ph-1+öebr1 germinated faster than those of wild-type ph-1, but the conidiation of the mutant was significantly reduced. detailed a ... | 2011 | 21830952 |
| a putative abc transporter gene, zra1, is required for zearalenone production in gibberella zeae. | zearalenone (zea) is a secondary metabolite produced by various fusarium species and causes estrogenic disorders in humans and animals. recent studies have identified the zea biosynthesis gene cluster in f. graminearum, but other genes such as transporters responsible for zea export have not been identified in the cluster. in this study, we performed microarray analyses from the wild-type strain with and without zea supplementation and zea-nonproducing strain zeb2 to discover other genes respons ... | 2011 | 21833740 |
| mass spectrometry based metabolomics to identify potential biomarkers for resistance in barley against fusarium head blight (fusarium graminearum). | resistance in triticeae to fusarium head blight (fhb) is quantitatively inherited. metabolomics as a tool was used to better understand the mechanisms of resistance and to identify potential fhb resistance biomarker metabolites in barley. five fhb-resistant two-row barley genotypes (ciho 4196, zhedar-1, zhedar-2, fredrickson, and harbin-2r) and one fhb-susceptible genotype (ch 9520-30) were each inoculated with either pathogen-suspension or mock-solution. disease severity, quantified as the prop ... | 2011 | 21701847 |
| synthesis and biological activity of novel 1-substituted phenyl-4-[n-[(2'-morpholinothoxy)phenyl]aminomethyl]-1h-1,2,3-triazoles. | in an attempt to search for potent antifungal agents, a series of novel 1-substituted phenyl-4-[n-[(2'-morpholinothoxy)phenyl]aminomethyl]-1h-1,2,3-triazoles 5a-m was designed and synthesized via huisgen cycloaddition reaction between various (2-morpholinoethoxy)-n-(prop-2-ynyl)aniline and different azidobenzene. their chemical structures were characterized by (1) h nmr and elemental analysis. a cleaner reaction with milder conditions and satisfactory yields was observed in the micorwave-assiste ... | 2011 | 21736703 |