| unexpected influence of a c-terminal-fused his-tag on the processing of an enzyme and on the kinetic and folding parameters. | the addition of a poly-his c-terminal extension, designed to facilitate the purification of the protein, to the beta-lactamase of a thermophilic bacillus licheniformis strain modified the site of action of the signal peptidase. this resulted in the secretion of a protein with a different n-terminus, showing that this type of protein engineering might not always be as 'neutral' as generally assumed. | 1997 | 9280280 |
| cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene encoding extracellular alpha-amylase from pyrococcus furiosus and biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme. | the gene encoding the hyperthermophilic extracellular alpha-amylase from pyrococcus furiosus was cloned by activity screening in escherichia coli. the gene encoded a single 460-residue polypeptide chain. the polypeptide contained a 26-residue signal peptide, indicating that this pyrococcus alpha-amylase was an extracellular enzyme. unlike the p. furiosus intracellular alpha-amylase, this extracellular enzyme showed 45 to 56% similarity and 20 to 35% identity to other amylolytic enzymes of the al ... | 1997 | 9293008 |
| effects of microfluidizer technology on bacillus licheniformis spores in ice cream mix. | we studied the effect of microfluidizer technology (sometimes referred to as "microfluidization"), a new ultra-high pressure homogenization process, on spores of bacillus licheniformis in ice cream mix. four batches of pasteurized ice cream mix were preheated to 33, 36, 44, or 50 degrees c, and spores of b. licheniformis were added to yield an inoculum of 2.0 x 10(4) spores/ ml of mix. samples were treated at 50,000, 100,000, 150,000, and 200,000 kpa. respective percentages of spore destruction ... | 1997 | 9313163 |
| glutamyl endopeptidase of bacillus intermedius strain 3-19. purification, properties, and crystallization. | a homogeneous glutamyl endopeptidase splitting peptide bonds of glutamic and, rarely, of aspartic acid residues in peptides and proteins was isolated from bacillus intermedius 3-19 culture filtrate using chromatography on cm-cellulose and mono s. the enzyme molecular mass is 29 kd and the pi is 8.4. the proteinase is inhibited by dfp. the enzyme, like other glutamyl endopeptidases, reveals two ph optima (ph 7.5 and 9.0) for casein and one (ph 8.0) for z-glu-pna hydrolysis. the k(m) for the hydro ... | 1997 | 9360302 |
| expression of the bacillus licheniformis pwd-1 keratinase gene in b. subtilis. | the kera gene which encodes the enzyme keratinase was isolated from the feather-degrading bacterium bacillus licheniformis pwd-1. the entire gene, including pre-, pro- and mature protein regions, was cloned with pker, its own promoter, p43, the vegetative growth promoter, or the combination of p43-pker into plasmid pub18. transformation of the protease-deficient strain b. subtilis db104 with these plasmids generated transformant strains fdb-3, fdb-108 and fdb-29 respectively. all transformants e ... | 1997 | 9366094 |
| pka calculations for class a beta-lactamases: methodological and mechanistic implications. | beta-lactamases are responsible for resistance to penicillins and related beta-lactam compounds. despite numerous studies, the identity of the general base involved in the acylation step is still unclear. it has been proposed, on the basis of a previous pka calculation and analysis of structural data, that the unprotonated lys73 in the active site could act as the general base. using a continuum electrostatic model with an improved treatment of the multiple titration site problem, we calculated ... | 1997 | 9370435 |
| mechanism of bacillus 1,3-1,4-beta-d-glucan 4-glucanohydrolases: kinetics and ph studies with 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-d-glucan oligosaccharides. | the carbohydrate binding site of bacillus licheniformis 1,3-1,4-beta-d-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase was probed with a series of synthetic 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-d-glucan oligosaccharides (1a-e). the title enzyme is a retaining endo-glycosidase that has an extended carbohydrate binding site composed of four glucopyranosyl binding subunits on the non-reducing end from the scissile glycosidic bond, plus two or three subsites on the reducing end. subsites -ii to -iv have a stabilizing effect on the ... | 1997 | 9374861 |
| heterodimeric aminopeptidase a from bacillus licheniformis ns115. | an aminopeptidase a (ec 3.4.11.7) was purified to homogeneity from bacillus licheniformis ns115 and its enzymatic properties were characterized. the enzyme had an apparent molecular mass of 64 kda, consisting of heterodimeric 42 kda and 22 kda subunits, and is a new enzyme from n-terminal analysis of heavy and light subunits. the light subunit had no catalytic activity against the substrate and apparent k(m) values of heavy and whole enzyme were 0.26 and 0.087 mm of gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide ... | 1997 | 9404075 |
| coma-dependent transcriptional activation of lichenysin a synthetase promoter in bacillus subtilis cells. | coma is a dna-binding activator protein which is required for the transcription of several late-growth phase expressed genes including srfa, an operon needed for the development of genetic competence, efficient sporulation, and surfactin production in bacillus subtilis (b. subtilis). we show here that the coma protein can also recognize the promoter regulatory region of the lcha, lichenysin a synthetase operon, found in. bacillus licheniformis (b. licheniformis) when introduced into b. subtilis ... | 1997 | 9413133 |
| amplification of bacitracin transporter genes in the bacitracin producing bacillus licheniformis. | we have amplified the previously cloned and sequenced genes of the bacitracin exporter (bcr), a member of the atp-binding transport protein family, within the chromosome of the bacitracin producing bacillus licheniformis. amplification of the transporter genes was followed by greatly increased bacitracin resistance. antibiotic production was enhanced at a low level of bcr genes amplification. an enlarged increase in the copy number of the bcr genes negatively affects the overall growth of bacter ... | 1997 | 9418256 |
| the bacitracin biosynthesis operon of bacillus licheniformis atcc 10716: molecular characterization of three multi-modular peptide synthetases. | the branched cyclic dodecylpeptide antibiotic bacitracin, produced by special strains of bacillus, is synthesized nonribosomally by a large multienzyme complex composed of the three bacitracin synthetases ba1, ba2 and ba3. these enzymes activate and incorporate the constituent amino acids of bacitracin by a thiotemplate mechanism in a pathway driven by a protein template. the biochemical features of these enzymes have been studied intensively but little is known about the molecular organization ... | 1997 | 9427658 |
| purification and characterization of a bacillus licheniformis phosphatase specific for d-alpha-glycerophosphate. | bacillus licheniformis ("ford's type") was found to contain a novel enzyme, d-alpha-glycerophosphatase. the enzyme is highly specific for d-alpha-glycerophosphate, effecting little or no hydrolysis of l-alpha- or beta-glycerophosphate or other similar compounds. all other known alpha-glycerophosphatases preferentially hydrolyze the l isomer. the products of the d-alpha-glycerophosphatase reaction were identified as glycerol and inorganic phosphate. the enzyme is a monomer with an apparent molecu ... | 1998 | 9439579 |
| exploring hydrophobic sites in proteins with xenon or krypton. | x-ray diffraction is used to study the binding of xenon and krypton to a variety of crystallised proteins: porcine pancreatic elastase; subtilisin carlsberg from bacillus licheniformis; cutinase from fusarium solani; collagenase from hypoderma lineatum; hen egg lysozyme, the lipoamide dehydrogenase domain from the outer membrane protein p64k from neisseria meningitidis; urate-oxidase from aspergillus flavus, mosquitocidal delta-endotoxin cytb from bacillus thuringiensis and the ligand-binding do ... | 1998 | 9443341 |
| diagnostic studies of abortion in danish dairy herds. | diagnostic findings in 218 aborted bovine foetuses are reported. the materials were examined in a matched case-control study of 69 danish dairy herds with a sudden increase in the number of abortions and a corresponding 69 control herds. foetuses aborted during the subsequent 6-month period were examined to identify the cause of abortion if possible. a total of 186 specimens were submitted from case herds and 32 from control herds. a likely cause of abortion was diagnosed in 73 foetuses. the mos ... | 1997 | 9465775 |
| bacillus licheniformis mc14 alkaline phosphatase i gene with an extended cooh-terminus. | bacterial alkaline phosphatases (apases), except those isolated from bacillus licheniformis, are approximately 45-kda proteins while eucaryotic alkaline phosphatases are 60 kda. to answer the question of whether the apparent 60-kda alkaline phosphatase from bacillus licheniformis accurately reflected the size of the protein, the entire gene was analyzed. dna sequence analysis of the alkaline phosphatase i (apasei) gene of b. licheniformis mc14 indicated that the gene could code for a 60-kda prot ... | 1998 | 9485594 |
| crystal structures and properties of de novo circularly permuted 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanases. | the 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanases from bacillus macerans and bacillus licheniformis, as well as related hybrid enzymes, are stable proteins comprised of one compact jellyroll domain. their structures are studied in an effort to reveal the degree of redundancy to which the three-dimensional structure of protein domains is encoded by the amino acid sequence. for the hybrid 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanase h(a16-m), it could be shown recently that a circular permutation of the sequence giving rise to the variant c ... | 1998 | 9489923 |
| utilization of oligopeptides by listeria monocytogenes scott a. | for effective utilization of peptides, listeria monocytogenes possesses two different peptide transport systems. the first one is the previously described proton motive force (pmf)-driven di- and tripeptide transport system (a. verheul, a. hagting, m.-r. amezaga, i. r. booth, f. m. rombouts, and t. abee, appl. environ. microbiol, 61:226-233, 1995). the present results reveal that l. monocytogenes possesses an oligopeptide transport system, presumably requiring atp rather than the pmf as the driv ... | 1998 | 9501445 |
| bacterial proteases: production, isolation and utilization in animal nutrition. | under conditions of submerged fermentation of bacillus licheniformis strain l-3 in 15-l mbr-schulzer bioreactor, the maximum production of proteolytic enzymes was achieved in the nutrient medium which contained 1% milk powder, 0.3% yeast autolysate, 0.5% corn starch and malt (20 ml per 100 ml of the medium). the preparation obtained of extracellular alkaline bacterial ser-protease of the subtilisin type is characterized by optimum ph 9.8-10.2 good up to a temperature stability (65 degrees c) and ... | 1997 | 9505358 |
| pcr fingerprinting of whole genomes: the spacers between the 16s and 23s rrna genes and of intergenic trna gene regions reveal a different intraspecific genomic variability of bacillus cereus and bacillus licheniformis [corrected]. | genomic diversity in 21 strains of bacillus cereus and 10 strains of bacillus licheniformis was investigated by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis, which samples the whole genome, and by two pcr fingerprinting techniques sampling the hypervariable spacers between the conserved 16s and 23s rrna genes of the rrna gene operon (its-pcr) and regions between trna genes (tdna-pcr). rapd analysis showed a remarkable diversity among strains of b. cereus that was not observed with the rrna a ... | 1998 | 9542081 |
| activation of bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase through a disorder-->order transition of the substrate-binding site mediated by a calcium-sodium-calcium metal triad. | the structural basis as to how metals regulate the functional state of a protein by altering or stabilizing its conformation has been characterized in relatively few cases because the metal-free form of the protein is often partially disordered and unsuitable for crystallographic analysis. this is not the case, however, for bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase (bla) for which the structure of the metal-free form is available. bla is a hyperthermostable enzyme which is widely used in biotechnolog ... | 1998 | 9551551 |
| microbial production of hydrogen: an overview. | production of hydrogen by anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, aerobes, methylotrophs, and photosynthetic bacteria is possible. anaerobic clostridia are potential producers and immobilized c. butyricum produces 2 mol h2/mol glucose at 50% efficiency. spontaneous production of h2 from formate and glucose by immobilized escherichia coli showed 100% and 60% efficiencies, respectively. enterobactericiae produces h2 at similar efficiency from different monosaccharides during growth. among methylotrophs, ... | 1998 | 9561824 |
| improved cloning vectors for bifidobacterium spp. | the recombinant plasmids pdli41, pdga7 and pdco7 were constructed by cloning in pdg7, a vector based on bifidobacterium longum replicon pmb1, the following heterologous genes: pseudomonas fluorescens lipase, bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase and streptomyces sp. cholesterol oxidase. the hybrid plasmids efficiently transformed bifidobacterium belonging to five different species. a novel escherichia coli-bifidobacterium set of shuttle vectors based on the replicon pmb1 (plf5, pclj15, pspec1) fe ... | 1998 | 9569689 |
| molecular and enzymatic characterization of a maltogenic amylase that hydrolyzes and transglycosylates acarbose. | a gene encoding a maltogenic amylase of bacillus stearothermophilus et1 was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. dna sequence analysis indicated that the gene could encode a 69,627-da protein containing 590 amino acids. the predicted amino acid sequence of the enzyme shared 47-70% identity with the sequences of maltogenic amylase from bacillus licheniformis, neopullulanase from b. stearothermophilus, and cyclodextrin hydrolase (cdase) 1-5 from an alkalophilic bacillus 1-5 strain. in additio ... | 1998 | 9578484 |
| characterization of plasmid paw63, a second self-transmissible plasmid in bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd73. | bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki hd73, toxic for lepidopteran larvae, contains two large self-transmissible plasmids of approximately 75 kb, pht73 and paw63. the conjugative plasmid pht73 has been studied extensively and has been shown to harbour the toxin gene cry1ac, the transposon tn4430 and several insertion sequences. in this study it was demonstrated that the minor plasmid paw63 is also self-transmissible and about 10-30 times more efficient in mobilizing plasmid pbc16. to facili ... | 1998 | 9611801 |
| isolation of a beta-galactosidase-encoding gene from bacillus licheniformis: purification and characterization of the recombinant enzyme expressed in escherichia coli. | the bacillus licheniformis beta-galactosidase gene, lacbl, was cloned on a 5.8-kb hindiii fragment into pbr322 and expressed by its own promoter in escherichia coli. deletion and complementation analysis showed that the enzyme-encoding region was located on a 4. 1-kb hindiii-clai fragment. the transcription region for the lacbl was identified on this fragment with promoter- and terminator-probe plasmids. the deduced sequence of 149 aa of the n-terminal part of lacbl showed aa sequence homology w ... | 1998 | 9625788 |
| reasoning enantioselectivity and kinetics of seleno-subtilisin from the subtilisin template. | the active-site serine (ser221) of subtilisin carlsberg(from bacillus licheniformis) and subtilisin bpn' (frombacillus amyloliquefaciens) was chemically converted into a selenocystein. contrary to subtilisin's protease activity the semisynthetic seleno-subtilisin catalyzed the reduction of hydroperoxides. enantioselectivity and kinetics of this reaction were studied by kinetic resolution of five racemic alkyl aryl hydroperoxides catalyzed by the seleno-subtilisin variants. due to the identical t ... | 1998 | 9637735 |
| the fnr gene of bacillus licheniformis and the cysteine ligands of the c-terminal fes cluster. | in the facultatively anaerobic bacterium bacillus licheniformis a gene encoding a protein of the fumarate nitrate reductase family of transcriptional regulators (fnr) was isolated. unlike fnr proteins from gram-negative bacteria, but like fnr from bacillus subtilis, the protein contained a c-terminal cluster of cysteine residues. unlike in fnr from b. subtilis, this cluster (cys226-x2-cys229-x4-cys234) is composed of only three cys residues, which are supposed to serve together with an internal ... | 1998 | 9642208 |
| bacillus licheniformis sigb operon encoding the general stress transcription factor sigma b. | the general stress response of the gram-positive soil bacterium bacillus subtilis is controlled by the sigma b transcription factor. sigma b activity is regulated by the newly discovered partner switching mechanism of signal transduction, which integrates the two different classes of challenges which posttranslationally activate sigma b: environmental stress and energy stress. our investigation of a possible sigma b homologue in the related soil bacterium b. licheniformis had two goals. first, t ... | 1998 | 9661670 |
| improved thermostability of a bacillus alpha-amylase by deletion of an arginine-glycine residue is caused by enhanced calcium binding. | alpha-amylase from alkaliphilic bacillus ksm-1378 (lamy) is a novel semi-alkaline enzyme which has a high specific activity, a value 5-fold higher than that of a bacillus licheniformis enzyme at alkaline ph. thermostability of this enzyme could be improved by deletion of the arg181-gly182 residue by means of site-directed mutagenesis. the wild-type and engineered lamys were very similar with respect to specific activity, ph-activity curve, temperature-activity curve, susceptibility to inhibitors ... | 1998 | 9675143 |
| influence of a cell-wall-associated protease on production of alpha-amylase by bacillus subtilis. | amyl, an extracellular alpha-amylase from bacillus licheniformis, is resistant to extracellular proteases secreted by bacillus subtilis during growth. nevertheless, when amyl is produced and secreted by b. subtilis, it is subject to considerable cell-associated proteolysis. cell-wall-bound proteins cwbp52 and cwbp23 are the processed products of the b. subtilis wpra gene. although no activity has been ascribed to cwbp23, cwbp52 exhibits serine protease activity. using a strain encoding an induci ... | 1998 | 9687444 |
| the influence of protein folding on late stages of the secretion of alpha-amylases from bacillus subtilis. | a derivative of the alpha-amylase from bacillus licheniformis (amyl) engineered to give an active enzyme with increased net positive charge is secreted by bacillus subtilis with a yield that is significantly lower than that of the native enzyme. this reduction in yield is the result of increased proteolysis during or shortly after translocation through the cytoplasmic membrane. when we compared the overall rate of folding of the engineered derivative (amylqs50.5) with that of amyl it exhibited a ... | 1998 | 9688576 |
| probing the mechanism of bacillus 1,3-1,4-beta-d-glucan 4-glucanohydrolases by chemical rescue of inactive mutants at catalytically essential residues. | the role of the key catalytic residues glu134 and glu138 in the retaining 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanase from bacillus licheniformis is probed by a chemical rescue methodology based on enzyme activation of inactive mutants by the action of added nucleophiles. while glu134 was proposed as the catalytic nucleophile on the basis of affinity labeling experiments, no functional proof supported the assignment of glu138 as the general acid-base catalyst. alanine replacements are prepared by site-directed mutag ... | 1998 | 9698381 |
| [structure of teichoic acids from marine microorganisms bacillus subtilis and bacillus licheniformis]. | teichoic acids from the cell walls of marine bacilli bacillus subtilis cmm (collection of marine microorganisms) 234 (r-1) and b. licheniformis cmm 454 (1-1g-2) were isolated and characterized. these teichoic acids were found to have identical structures and are composed of the glucose, ribitol, and phosphoric acid residues. on the basis of 13c nmr and 31p nmr spectra of the teichoic acids and the products of their dephosphorylation, we established the following structure for the biopolymer: pol ... | 1998 | 9702355 |
| enzymatic properties of a novel liquefying alpha-amylase from an alkaliphilic bacillus isolate and entire nucleotide and amino acid sequences. | a novel liquefying alpha-amylase (lamy) was found in cultures of an alkaliphilic bacillus isolate, ksm-1378. the specific activity of purified lamy was approximately 5,000 u mg of protein-1, a value two- to fivefold greater between ph 5 and 10 than that of an industrial, thermostable bacillus licheniformis enzyme. the enzyme had a ph optimum of 8.0 to 8.5 and displayed maximum activity at 55 degreesc. the molecular mass deduced from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was a ... | 1998 | 9726872 |
| translocation of the precursor of alpha-amylase into bacillus subtilis membrane vesicles. | bacilli vigorously secrete proteins into the extracellular environment, and are therefore used in industry for the bulk production of enzymes such as proteinases and amylases. studies on the mechanism of protein translocation in these gram-positive bacteria have been hampered by the lack of an in vitro system. to establish such a system for bacillus subtilis, everted membranes were isolated from a strain deficient in the alkaline and neutral protease. translocation-competent membrane vesicles we ... | 1998 | 9738909 |
| immobilization of alpha-amylase on poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated perfluoropolymer supports for use in enzyme reactors. | the suitability and potential for the use of poly(vinyl alcohol) (pva)-coated solid perfluoropolymers in immobilized-enzyme engineering have been evaluated by using alpha-amylase from bacillus licheniformis for the hydrolysis of starch. alpha-amylase was covalently immobilized on pva-coated poly(tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene) (pva-fep) by covalent coupling with the use of p-beta-sulphate-(ethyl sulphonide)-aniline, 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, 1.1'-carbonyldi-imidazole and 2,2, 2-tr ... | 1998 | 9756465 |
| the enzymic synthesis of beta-[32p]udp-n-acetylglucosamine. | cells of micrococcus sp. 2102 incorporate inorganic [32p]phosphate from the medium into the sugar-phosphate polymer of the wall. controlled acid hydrolysis of sodium dodecyl sulphate-extracted cells gives n-acetylglucosamine 6-[32p]-phosphate which can be purified by ion-exchange chromatography and incubated with utp in the presence of crude preparations of phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase from neurospora crassa and utp:n-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate phosphotransferase from bacillus licheniformi ... | 1978 | 9762094 |
| a putative lichenysin a synthetase operon in bacillus licheniformis: initial characterization. | certain bacillus licheniformis strains isolated from oil wells have been shown to produce a very effective biosurfactant, lichenysin a, which is structurally similar to another less active lipopeptide, surfactin. surfactin, like many small peptides in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, is synthesized non-ribosomally by multi-enzyme peptide synthetase complex. analysis of several peptide synthetases of bacterial and fungal origin has revealed a high degree of sequence conservation. two 35-mer olig ... | 1998 | 9765590 |
| construction of a single-copy integration vector and its use to study gene expression in bacillus licheniformis. | a versatile system consisting of an integrational vector and a bacitracin (bt)-producing beta-galactosidase (beta-gal)-negative (lac-) bacillus licheniformis tlh strain was constructed to quantify promoter activity and to study gene regulation in a single-copy set-up. the vector ptlh utilizes the promoterless escherichia coli lacz gene derived from pqf52 and contains the pbr322 origin of replication and a kanamycin-resistance gene for selection in both b. licheniformis and e. coli. the vector al ... | 1998 | 9782506 |
| variation in n-linked oligosaccharide structures on heterologous proteins secreted by the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. | we report the characterization of n-linked oligosaccharides on six foreign glycoproteins secreted from the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. these proteins included: a bacterial enzyme, bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase; three fungal enzymes, saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase, penicillium minioluteum dextranase, and mucor pusillus aspartic protease; and two higher eukaryotic proteins, boophilus microplus (tick) gut antigen and bovine enterokinase catalytic subunit. the carbohydrates on t ... | 1998 | 9790882 |
| synthesis of aryl 3-o-beta-cellobiosyl-beta-d-glucopyranosides for reactivity studies of 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanases. | a series of substituted aryl beta-glycosides derived from 3-o-beta-cellobiosyl-d-glucopyranose with different phenol-leaving group abilities as measured by the pka of the free phenol group upon enzymatic hydrolysis has been synthesised. aryl beta-glycosides with a pka of the free phenol leaving group > 5 were prepared by phase-transfer glycosidation of the per-o-acetylated alpha-glycosyl bromide with the corresponding phenol, whereas the 2,4-dinitrophenyl beta-glycoside was obtained by condensat ... | 1998 | 9794071 |
| expeditious synthesis of a new hexasaccharide using transglycosylation reaction catalyzed by bacillus (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-d-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase. | enzymatic hydrolysis of barley (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-d-glucan using a recombinant (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucanase from bacillus licheniformis gives glc beta 4glc beta 3glc isolated after acetylation in 49% yield. conventional treatment produced the corresponding beta-fluoride which was carefully de-o-acetylated. a transglycosylation reaction with this substrate, catalyzed by the title enzyme, gave glc beta 4glc beta 3glc beta 4glc beta 4glc beta 3glc in 20% yield. | 1998 | 9821269 |
| crystal structure of subtilisin dy, a random mutant of subtilisin carlsberg. | the crystal structure of subtilisin dy inhibited by n-benzyloxycarbonyl-ala-pro-phe-chloromethyl ketone has been solved by molecular replacement with subtilisin carlsberg as the starting model. the model has been refined to a crystallographic r factor (= sigma absolute value [(absolute value fo) - (absolute value fc)] / sigma (absolute value of fo) of 15.1% using x-ray diffraction data to 0.175 nm resolution. subtilisin dy is an alkaline proteinase from the x-irradiated japanese strain dy of bac ... | 1998 | 9826175 |
| the arcabdc gene cluster, encoding the arginine deiminase pathway of bacillus licheniformis, and its activation by the arginine repressor argr. | the arginine deiminase pathway enables bacillus licheniformis to grow anaerobically on arginine. both the presence of arginine and anaerobiosis are needed to trigger induction of the pathway. in this study we have cloned and sequenced the arc genes encoding the pathway. they appear clustered in an operon-like structure in the order arca (arginine deiminase), arcb (ornithine carbamoyltransferase), arcd (putative arginine-ornithine antiporter), arcc (carbamate kinase). it was found that b. licheni ... | 1998 | 9851988 |
| from beta-glucanase to beta-glucansynthase: glycosyl transfer to alpha-glycosyl fluorides catalyzed by a mutant endoglucanase lacking its catalytic nucleophile. | removal of the catalytic nucleophile glu134 of the retaining 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanase from bacillus licheniformis by mutation to alanine yields an enzyme with no glycosidase activity. the mutant is able to catalyze the regio- and stereospecific glycosylation of alpha-laminaribiosyl fluoride with different glucoside acceptors through a single-step inverting mechanism. the main advantage of the mutant as glycosylation catalyst with respect to the kinetically controlled transglycosylation using the w ... | 1998 | 9862456 |
| molecular and biochemical characterization of the protein template controlling biosynthesis of the lipopeptide lichenysin. | lichenysins are surface-active lipopeptides with antibiotic properties produced nonribosomally by several strains of bacillus licheniformis. here, we report the cloning and sequencing of an entire 26.6-kb lichenysin biosynthesis operon from b. licheniformis atcc 10716. three large open reading frames coding for peptide synthetases, designated lica, licb (three modules each), and licc (one module), could be detected, followed by a gene, licte, coding for a thioesterase-like protein. the domain st ... | 1999 | 9864322 |
| abortion in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) associated with bacillus licheniformis. | | 1998 | 9881445 |
| contribution to phenotypic and genotypic characterization of bacillus licheniformis and description of new genomovars. | a study of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics was carried out on 182 strains isolated from soil of different geographical areas; the type strains were b. licheniformis, b. subtilis, b. pumilus, b. cereus and b. coagulans. the results showed, primarily on the basis of phenotypic features, that all the isolates belonged to the b. licheniformis species, however dna relatedness studies revealed only 161 to be genetically related to b. licheniformis, the dna relatedness levels ranging from 66 t ... | 1998 | 9924820 |
| comparison of parental and transgenic alfalfa rhizosphere bacterial communities using biolog gn metabolic fingerprinting and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-pcr (eric-pcr). | > abstract rhizosphere bacterial communities of parental and two transgenic alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) of isogenic background were compared based on metabolic fingerprinting using biolog gn microplates and dna fingerprinting of bacterial communities present in biolog gn substrate wells by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-pcr (eric-pcr). the two transgenic alfalfa expressed either bacterial (bacillus licheniformis) genes for alpha-amylase or fungal (phanerochaete chrysos ... | 1999 | 9929401 |
| purification and properties of bacteriolytic enzymes from bacillus licheniformis ys-1005 against streptococcus mutans. | to find a novel lytic enzyme against cariogenic streptococci, strains showing strong lytic activity have been screened from soil using streptococcus mutans. a strain identified as bacillus licheniformis secreted two kinds of lytic enzymes, which were purified by methanol precipitation, cm-cellulose chromatography, gel filtration, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. the molecular weights of these two enzymes, l27 and l45, were 27,000 and 45,000, respectively. optimum ph and temperature of both enz ... | 1999 | 10052124 |
| inhibition of bacillus licheniformis spore growth in milk by nisin, monolaurin, and ph combinations. | the effects of nisin and monolaurin, alone and in combination, were investigated on bacillus licheniformis spores in milk at 37 degrees c. in the absence of inhibitors, germinated spores developed into growing vegetative cells and started sporulation at the end of the exponential phase. in the presence of nisin (25 iu ml-1), spore outgrowth was inhibited (4 log10 reduction at 10 h). regrowth appeared between 10 and 24 h and reached a high population level (1.25 x 10(8) cfu ml-1) after 7 d. monol ... | 1999 | 10063630 |
| minimum structure of peptidoglycan required for induction of antibacterial protein synthesis in the silkworm, bombyx mori. | various peptidoglycan fragments, different in mode of cross-linking and molecular size, were isolated, and the elicitor activity was tested for induction of antibacterial protein synthesis in larvae of bombyx mori. linear uncross-linked peptidoglycans from bacillus licheniformis and micrococcus luteus were effective elicitors, similar to the directly cross-linked peptidoglycan from b. licheniformis cell wall. the fragments of uncross-linked peptidoglycan with a sugar chain length of four or more ... | 1999 | 10070741 |
| bacillus intermedius glutamyl endopeptidase. molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the structural gene. | the glutamyl endopeptidase gene of bacillus intermedius was cloned from a genomic library expressed in bacillus subtilis and sequenced (embl accession number y15136). the encoded preproenzyme contains 303 amino acid residues; the mature 23-kda enzyme consists of 215 residues. the mature enzyme reveals 38% of identical residues when aligned with the glutamyl endopeptidase from bacillus licheniformis, whereas only five invariant residues were found among all known glutamyl endopeptidases. the amin ... | 1999 | 10071925 |
| close evolutionary relatedness of alpha-amylases from archaea and plants. | the amino acid sequences of 22 alpha-amylases from family 13 of glycosyl hydrolases were analyzed with the aim of revealing the evolutionary relationships between the archaeal alpha-amylases and their eubacterial and eukaryotic counterparts. two evolutionary distance trees were constructed: (i) the first one based on the alignment of extracted best-conserved sequence regions (58 residues) comprising beta2, beta3, beta4, beta5, beta7, and beta8 strand segments of the catalytic (alpha/beta)8-barre ... | 1999 | 10079280 |
| improving the binding affinity of an antibody using molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. | activated factor x releases f1.2, a 271-amino acid peptide, from the amino terminus of prothrombin during blood coagulation. a nine-amino acid peptide, c9 (dsdraiegr), corresponding to the carboxyl terminus of f1.2 was synthesized and used to produce a monoclonal antibody, ta1 (k(d)) 1.22 x 10(-6) m). to model the ta1 antibody, we entered the sequence information of the cloned ta1 fv into the antibody modeling program, abm, which combines homology methods, conformational search procedures, and e ... | 1998 | 10082364 |
| effects of glucose and glycerol on gamma-poly(glutamic acid) formation by bacillus licheniformis atcc 9945a. | bacillus licheniformis atcc 9945a is one of the bacterial strains that produce gamma-poly(glutamic acid) (gamma-pga). the use of carbohydrate medium components for gamma-pga production was explored. cells were grown in shake flasks or in controlled ph fermentors using medium formulations that contain different carbon sources. during the cultivations, aliquots were removed to monitor cell growth, carbon utilization, polymer production, and polymer molecular weight. glucose was a better carbon sou ... | 1998 | 10099219 |
| from detergent additive to semisynthetic peroxidase-simplified and up-scaled synthesis of seleno-subtilisin | a simplified and up-scaled synthesis of the semisynthetic peroxidase seleno-subtilisin was developed. highly purified to technical grade subtilisin preparations from bacillus licheniformis and bacillus amyloliquefaciens were applied as starting materials. activation of ser 221 with phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, nucleophilic substitution by sodium hydrogen selenide, and oxidation to the seleninic acid with hydrogen peroxide completed the chemical active-site modification. the reactions were acc ... | 1998 | 10099399 |
| the effect of process conditions on the alpha-amylolytic hydrolysis of amylopectin potato starch: an experimental design approach. | the hydrolysis of amylopectin potato starch with bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase (maxamyl) was studied under industrially relevant conditions (i.e. high dry-weight concentrations). the following ranges of process conditions were chosen and investigated by means of an experimental design: ph [5.6-7.6]; calcium addition [0-120 microg/g]; temperature [63-97 degrees c]; dry-weight concentration [3-37% [w/w]]; enzyme dosage [27.6-372.4 microl/kg] and stirring [0-200 rpm]. the rate of hydrolysis ... | 1999 | 10099546 |
| biosynthesis and ultrasonic degradation of bacterial poly(gamma-glutamic acid). | a study of the production of poly(gamma-glutamic acid) (pgga) by bacillus licheniformis ncimb 11709 grown on medium e in shake flasks at 30 degrees c is reported. the enantiomeric composition of pgga was found to be highly sensitive to the concentration of mn++, especially when the ion is present in small amounts (</= 20 microm). polymers with d-unit contents ranging from 10 to 90% and mw between 0.4 and 2.0 million g mol-1 were obtained for [mn++] ranging from 0 to 1230 microm. ultrasonic degra ... | 1999 | 10099586 |
| effect of temperature on the saccharide composition obtained after alpha-amylolysis of starch | the hydrolysis of starch to low-molecular-weight products (normally characterised by their dextrose equivalent (de), which is directly related to the number-average molecular mass) was studied at different temperatures. amylopectin potato starch, lacking amylose, was selected because of its low tendency towards retrogradation at lower temperatures. bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase was added to 10% [w/w] gelatinised starch solutions. the hydrolysis experiments were done at 50, 70, and 90 degr ... | 1999 | 10099614 |
| thermodynamic stability of a cold-active alpha-amylase from the antarctic bacterium alteromonas haloplanctis. | the thermal stability of the cold-active alpha-amylase (aha) secreted by the antarctic bacterium alteromonas haloplanctis has been investigated by intrinsic fluorescence, circular dichroism, and differential scanning calorimetry. it was found that this heat-labile enzyme is the largest known multidomain protein exhibiting a reversible two-state unfolding, as demonstrated by the recovery of deltahcal values after consecutive calorimetric transitions, a deltahcal/deltaheff ratio close to unity, an ... | 1999 | 10194383 |
| the role of the non-conserved residue at position 104 of class a beta-lactamases in susceptibility to mechanism-based inhibitors. | the role of the non-conserved amino acid residue at position 104 of the class a beta-lactamases, which comprises a highly conserved sequence of amino acids at the active sites of these enzymes, in both the hydrolysis of beta-lactam substrates and inactivation by mechanism-based inhibitors was investigated. site-directed mutagenesis was performed on the penpc gene encoding the bacillus cereus 569/h beta-lactamase i to replace asp104 with the corresponding staphylococcus aureus pc1 residue ala104. ... | 1999 | 10209286 |
| structural characterization of lichenysin a components by fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry. | the structural characterization of the cyclic lipoheptapeptide surfactant lichenysin a components, produced by bacillus licheniformis strains via the non-ribosomal pathway on a corresponding peptide synthetase, was carried out using a tandem mass spectrometry (ms/ms) under fast atom bombardment (fab) conditions. based on the analysis of the collision-induced fragment-ion spectrum of the single charged molecular ions of both native and partially hydrolyzed forms of lipopeptide, a new general stru ... | 1999 | 10320810 |
| experimental infection of pregnant cows with bacillus licheniformis bacteria. | to study the abortifacient potential and fetoplacental tropism of bacillus licheniformis bacteria, eight cows in the sixth to eighth month of gestation were inoculated intravenously either once (n = 4) or on four successive days (n = 4) with b. licheniformis at doses ranging from 10(9) to 10(12) colony-forming units. cows were euthanatized and necropsied prior to abortion (n = 2), at the time of abortion (n = 2), or at calving (n = 4). live-born calves (n = 5) were euthanatized immediately after ... | 1999 | 10332827 |
| alcoholysis reactions from starch with alpha-amylases. | the ability of alpha-amylases from different sources to carry out reactions of alcoholysis was studied using methanol as substrate. it was found that while the enzymes from aspergillus niger and aspergillus oryzae, two well-studied saccharifying amylases, are capable of alcoholysis reactions, the classical bacterial liquefying alpha-amylases from bacillus licheniformis and bacillus stearothermophilus are not. the effect of starch and methanol concentration, temperature and ph on the synthesis of ... | 1999 | 10386619 |
| lichenysins g, a novel family of lipopeptide biosurfactants from bacillus licheniformis im 1307: production, isolation and structural evaluation by nmr and mass spectrometry. | a series of 9 lactonic lipopeptide biosurfactants was isolated from bacillus licheniformis im 1307 as representatives of the lichenysin group and we propose to name them lichenysins g. they were recovered from the culture medium as complex mixtures of molecules having different peptide sequences and different structures of beta-hydroxy fatty acids. their separation was achieved by a reversed-phase hplc method leading to eight well-separated compounds. the complete structure of individual isoform ... | 1999 | 10395272 |
| metabolic flux analysis for serine alkaline protease fermentation by bacillus licheniformis in a defined medium: effects of the oxygen transfer rate. | the metabolic fluxes through the central carbon pathways in the bioprocess for serine alkaline protease (sap) production by bacillus licheniformis were calculated by the metabolic flux-based stoichiometric model based on the proposed metabolic network that contains 102 metabolites and 133 reaction fluxes using the time profiles of citrate, dry cell, organic acids, amino acids, and sap as the constraints. the model was solved by minimizing the sap accumulation rate in the cell. the effects of the ... | 1999 | 10397851 |
| isolation and identification of peptidic alpha-glucosidase inhibitors derived from sardine muscle hydrolyzate. | we report here the isolation of alpha-glucosidase (agh) inhibitory peptides derived from sardine muscle hydrolyzate, which was prepared by digestion with bacillus licheniformis alkaline protease. as a result of reversed-phase hplc purification, two agh inhibitory peptides were isolated from a deae-sephadex a-25 column eluate. the peptides were identified as follows: val-trp (ic50 = 22.6 mm) and try-tyr-pro-leu (ic50 = 3.7 mm). agh inhibitory studies of try-tyr-pro-leu and its derivatives demonst ... | 1999 | 10408829 |
| microbial remediation of nto in aqueous industrial wastes. | the bioremediation of aqueous wastes containing 5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (nto) was investigated. the microorganism used is a bacillus licheniformis strain, isolated from the contaminated solutions by enrichment techniques. the biodegradation was carried out in the waste (15 g l-1 nto) and proceeded through the nitroreduction of nto, followed by the ring cleavage of the formed primary amine 5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (ato). both steps were optimized and according to the optimal conditions, th ... | 1999 | 10418147 |
| preparation and characterization of novel bioactive peptides responsible for angiotensin i-converting enzyme inhibition from wheat germ. | reported is the preparation of wheat germ (wg) hydrolyzate with potent angiotensin i-converting enzyme (ace) inhibitory activity, and the characterization of peptides responsible for ace inhibition. successful hydrolyzate with the most potent ace inhibitory activity was obtained by 0.5 wt.%-8 h bacillus licheniformis alkaline protease hydrolysis after 3.0 wt.%-3 h alpha-amylase treatment of defatted wg (ic50; 0.37 mg protein ml(-1)). the activity of wg hydrolyzate was markedly increased by ods a ... | 1999 | 10442764 |
| protein engineering of alpha-amylase for low ph performance. | industrial-scale starch liquefaction is currently constrained to operating at ph 6.0 and above, as the enzyme used in the process, bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase, is unstable at lower ph under the conditions used. there is a need to develop an enzyme that can operate at lower ph. recent progress has been made in engineering the b. licheniformis enzyme for improved industrial performance. the availability of crystal structures and subsequent analysis of improved variants, in a structural co ... | 1999 | 10449318 |
| fermentation production of keratinase from bacillus licheniformispwd-1 and a recombinant b. subtilis fdb-29. | fermentation scale-up was studied for the production of keratinase by bacillus licheniformis pwd-1, the parent strain, and b. subtilis fdb-29, a recombinant strain. in both strains, keratinase was induced by proteinaceous media, and repressed by carbohydrates. a seed culture of b. licheniformis pwd-1 at early age, 6-10 h, is crucial to keratinase production during fermentation, but b. subtilis fdb-29 is insensitive to the seed culture age. during the batch fermentation by both strains, the ph ch ... | 1999 | 10455487 |
| electrostatics in the active site of an alpha-amylase. | the importance of electrostatics in catalysis has been emphasized in the literature for a large number of enzymes. we examined this hypothesis for the bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase by constructing site-directed mutants that were predicted to change the pka values of the catalytic residues and thus change the ph-activity profile of the enzyme. to change the pka of the catalytic residues in the active site, we constructed mutations that altered the hydrogen bonding network, mutations that c ... | 1999 | 10491128 |
| resistance to bacitracin as modulated by an escherichia coli homologue of the bacitracin abc transporter bcrc subunit from bacillus licheniformis. | a small open reading frame from the escherichia coli chromosome, bcrc(ec), encodes a homologue to the bcrc subunit of the bacitracin permease from bacillus licheniformis. we show that disruption of the chromosomal bcrc(ec) gene causes bacitracin sensitivity and, conversely, that bcrc(ec) confers bacitracin resistance when expressed from a multicopy plasmid. | 1999 | 10498733 |
| a kinetics study on the production of alkaline proteinase by bacillus licheniformis 2709. | with automatic control fermentation equipment, the kinetics of growth and metabolism of bacillus licheniformis 2709 was studied with batch culture as well as with fed-batch-culture by controlling the concentration of the growth-limiting substrate. the monod formula proved to be reasonable in describing the relationship between cell growth rate of b. licheniformis 2709 and the concentration of the growth-limiting substrate in the broth, and the data of product synthesis rate showed that the ferme ... | 1998 | 10503641 |
| toxigenic strains of bacillus licheniformis related to food poisoning. | toxin-producing isolates of bacillus licheniformis were obtained from foods involved in food poisoning incidents, from raw milk, and from industrially produced baby food. the toxin detection method, based on the inhibition of boar spermatozoan motility, has been shown previously to be a sensitive assay for the emetic toxin of bacillus cereus, cereulide. cell extracts of the toxigenic b. licheniformis isolates inhibited sperm motility, damaged cell membrane integrity, depleted cellular atp, and s ... | 1999 | 10508100 |
| selection and characterization of feather-degrading bacteria from canola meal compost. | canola meal that contains a high level of protein (40% crude protein) was used as compost material for the isolation of feather-degrading bacteria. after 7 and 14 days, bacteria were isolated from compost amended and unamended with soil. eighty bacterial isolates from canola meal compost were then grown on milk-agar and isolates that produced proteolytic enzymes were identified by the formation of clear haloes around the colonies. a feather medium was chosen for a secondary selection of feather- ... | 1999 | 10510496 |
| cytochrome c-553 from the alkalophilic bacterium bacillus pasteurii has the primary structure characteristics of a lipoprotein. | the complete sequence of bacillus pasteurii cytochrome c-553 was determined by standard methods of edman degradation of overlapping peptides combined with mass spectrometry. the protein contains 92 residues and a single heme-binding site. it is most similar to bacillus licheniformis, bacillus ps3, and bacillus subtilis cytochromes c-551, which are lipoproteins that are partially solubilized through proteolytic cleavage of the n-terminal diacyl-glyceryl-cysteine membrane anchor. the high yield of ... | 1999 | 10529373 |
| persistent bacillus licheniformis bacteremia associated with an international injection of organic drain cleaner. | in recent years manufacturers have developed several products containing saprophytic bacteria, previously believed to be of minimal pathogenicity. we describe the first case of persistent bacillus licheniformis bacteremia occurring after intentional injection of a consumer product that includes b. licheniformis spores. we postulate that these spores remained in the tissue, unaffected by antimicrobials, ultimately necessitating soft-tissue debridement of the area surrounding the injection site. o ... | 1999 | 10530461 |
| thermostabilization by proline substitution in an alkaline, liquefying alpha-amylase from bacillus sp. strain ksm-1378. | alpha-amylase (lamy) from alkaliphilic bacillus sp. strain ksm-1378 is a novel semi-alkaline enzyme which has 5-fold higher specific activity than that of a bacillus licheniformis enzyme. the arg124 in lamy was replaced with proline by site-directed mutagenesis to increase thermostability of the enzyme. the wild-type and engineered lamys were very similar with respect to specific activity, kinetic values, ph-activity curve, and degree of inhibition by chelating reagents. thermostability and stru ... | 1999 | 10540739 |
| the production of 'kpaye'--a fermented condiment from prosopis africana (guill and perr) taub. seeds. | 'kpaye', a fermented condiment from prosopis africana seeds was produced using the traditional method. bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and bacillus pumilus were consistently isolated in the fermentations lasting 120 h. 'kpaye'production involved a rise in ph, moisture content and total free amino acids while titratable acidity and reducing sugar decreased gradually after 24 h and 72 h of fermentation respectively. | 1999 | 10574093 |
| catalytic activity and conformation of chemically modified subtilisin carlsberg in organic media. | subtilisin carlsberg, an alkaline protease from bacillus licheniformis, was modified with polyoxyethylene (peg) or aerosol-ot (aot), and the solubility, conformation, and catalytic activity of the modified subtilisins in some organic media were compared under the same conditions. the solubility of modified subtilisins depended on the solubility of the modifier. on the other hand, the conformational changes depended on the solubility, rather than the property, of the modifier. when the modified s ... | 1999 | 10578097 |
| genetic characterization of a new thermotolerant bacillus licheniformis strain. | a potentially new thermotolerant b. licheniformis strain (code name i89), producer of an antibiotic active against gram-positive bacteria, was genetically characterized and compared with the type strain b. licheniformis atcc 10716, producer of bacitracin. studies on dna base composition (g + c content) and dna reassociation revealed that the two strains show around 76% homology. nevertheless, results obtained by rrna hybridization, with a heterologous probe coding for most of the 16s region of t ... | 2000 | 10594231 |
| the effect of probiotic lsp 122 on the control of post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome of piglets. | post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome (pwds) of piglets is caused mainly by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) strains. a new in-feed probiotic, lsp 122 (alpharma), containing viable spores of bacillus licheniformis was tested for its efficacy to control pwds in piglets in a low health-status farm, using four groups with a total of 256 weaned piglets for a 28-day period. one group (negative control) was offered antimicrobial-free and probiotics-free fed, one group was offered feed supplemented wi ... | 1999 | 10607501 |
| phage abortive infection of bacillus licheniformis atcc 9800; identification of the abibl11 gene and localisation and sequencing of its promoter region. | the virulent bacteriophage bl11 infects almost all bacillus licheniformis strains tested, including the industrial bacitracin-producing b. licheniformis 19. b. licheniformis atcc 9800, however, was virtually insensitive to phage bl11 infection, and all of the few surviving progeny phages proved to be mutants. the phage-resistance mechanism was neither inhibition of adsorption, nor restriction or exclusion provided by a resident prophage, but was, instead, of another type. phage bl11 adsorbed wel ... | 1999 | 10616719 |
| introduction of a mini-gene encoding a five-amino acid peptide confers erythromycin resistance on bacillus subtilis and provides temporary erythromycin protection in proteus mirabilis. | a 15-bp mini-gene was introduced into bacillus subtilis and into stable protoplast-like l-forms of proteus mirabilis. this mini-gene encoded the peptide mvlfv and modeled a fragment of escherichia coli 23s rrna responsible for e. coli erythromycin (ery) resistance. expression of the introduced mini-gene conferred permanent ery resistance on b. subtilis. in l-forms of p. mirabilis, the ery-protective effect was maintained in the course of several generations. herewith, the mechanism of ery resist ... | 2000 | 10620668 |
| characterization of a thermostable esterase activity from the moderate thermophile bacillus licheniformis. | a new esterase activity from bacillus licheniformis was characterized from an escherichia coli recombinant strain. the protein was a single polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of 81 kda. the optimum ph for esterase activity was 8-8.5 and it was stable in the range 7-8.5. the optimum temperature for activity was 45 degrees c and the half-life was 1 h at 64 degrees c. maximum activity was observed on p-nitrophenyl caproate with little activity toward long-chain fatty acid esters. the enzyme ha ... | 1999 | 10635551 |
| influence of temperature on the fermentation of bambara groundnut (vigna subterranea) to produce a dawadawa-type product. | bambara groundnut (vigna subterranea) was fermented to produce a dawadawa-type product using a starter culture of bacillus licheniformis isolated from naturally fermenting bambara groundnut beans. fermentation was carried out at 30 and 37 degrees c for four days and at 45 degrees c for two days. the ph of the substrate decreased after 24 hours and then rose at 30 and 37 degrees c but remained constant at 45 degrees c after the initial drop. total titratable acidity of the fermenting beans mimick ... | 1999 | 10646625 |
| detection of the dipicolinic acid biomarker in bacillus spores using curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. | thirty-six strains of aerobic endospore-forming bacteria confirmed by polyphasic taxonomic methods to belong to bacillus amyloliquefaciens, bacillus cereus, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus megaterium, bacillus subtilis (including bacillus niger and bacillus globigii), bacillus sphaericus, and brevi laterosporus were grown axenically on nutrient agar, and vegetative and sporulated biomasses were analyzed by curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry (pyms) and diffuse reflectance-absorbance fourier ... | 2000 | 10655643 |
| proton nmr studies of co(ii) complexes of the peptide antibiotic bacitracin and analogues: insight into structure-activity relationship. | bacitracin is a widely used metal-dependent peptide antibiotic produced by bacillus subtilis and bacillus licheniformis with a potent bactericidal activity directed primarily against gram-positive organisms. this antibiotic requires a divalent metal ion such as zn(ii) for its biological activity, and has been reported to bind several other transition metal ions, including co(ii), ni(ii), and cu(ii). despite the wide use of bacitracin, a structure-activity relationship for this drug has not been ... | 2000 | 10747792 |
| expression of bacillar glutamyl endopeptidase genes in bacillus subtilis by a new mobilizable single-replicon vector plf. | the plf1311 natural plasmid from lactobacillus fermentum 1311 was used to construct a single-replicon vector suitable for rapid cloning in a wide range of gram-positive hosts and escherichia coli. the new vector is capable of conjugative mobilization from e. coli to various hosts by conjugal transfer. the final vector (3.4 kb) showed a high segregational and structural stability and a high copy number. glutamyl endopeptidase genes from bacillus licheniformis (gsebl) and b. intermedius (gsebi) we ... | 2000 | 10783297 |
| the alpha-amylase gene amyh of the moderate halophile halomonas meridiana: cloning and molecular characterization. | two types of tn1732-induced mutants defective in extracellular amylase activity were isolated from the moderate halophile halomonas meridiana dsm 5425. type i mutants displayed amylase activity in the periplasm, and were unable to use any of the carbon sources tested, including starch and its hydrolysis product maltose. the type ii mutant was affected in the gene responsible for the synthesis of the extracellular alpha-amylase. this gene (amyh) was isolated by functional complementation of mutan ... | 2000 | 10784044 |
| cytotoxicity of alkaline-tolerant dairy-associated bacillus spp. | the cytotoxicity of five bacillus spp. isolated from alkaline cleaning solutions in south african dairies was evaluated against mccoy mouse cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (mtt)-based assay, confocal scanning laser microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. according to the mtt-based assay, two of the bacillus isolates (bacillus licheniformis 5 and b. pumilus 122) were cytotoxic to mccoy cells and the cytotoxic components were heat labile. confocal s ... | 2000 | 10792664 |
| lysine-73 is involved in the acylation and deacylation of beta-lactamase. | lysine 73 is a conserved active-site residue in the class a beta-lactamases, as well as other members of the serine penicillin-sensitive enzyme family; its role in catalysis remains controversial and uncertain. mutation of lys73 to alanine in the beta-lactamase from bacillus licheniformis resulted in a substantial reduction in both turnover rate (k(cat)) and catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/k(m)), and a very significant shift in pk(1) to higher ph in the bell-shaped ph-rate profiles (k(cat)/k(m)) fo ... | 2000 | 10819961 |
| enzyme-induced strain/distortion in the ground-state es complex in beta-lactamase catalysis revealed by ftir. | class a beta-lactamases hydrolyze penicillins and other beta-lactams via an acyl-enzyme catalytic mechanism. ser70 is the active site nucleophile. by constructing the s70a mutant, which is unable to form the acyl-enzyme intermediate, it was possible to make stable es complexes with various substrates. the stability of such michaelis complexes permitted acquisition of their infrared spectra. comparison of the beta-lactam carbonyl stretch frequency (nu(co)) in the free and enzyme-bound substrate r ... | 2000 | 10828970 |
| export and folding of signal-sequenceless bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase in escherichia coli. | two genetically engineered variants of the bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase gene were expressed in escherichia coli. one variant coded for the exo-small mature enzyme without the signal peptide. the other coded for the exo-large mature enzyme preceded by 10, mostly polar, residues from an incomplete heterologous signal. as observed following the extraction by a lysozyme-edta treatment, the signal-less variant was exported to the periplasm with nearly 20% efficiency, whereas the variant with ... | 2000 | 10849003 |
| lactobacillus plantarum amylase acting on crude starch granules. native isoforms and activity changes after limited proteolysis. | the microheterogeneous native amylolytic complex secreted by the isolate a6 of lactobacillus plantarum revealed a selective enzyme specificity loss when submitted to a limited proteolysis under a suboptimum ph condition. a clear electrophoretic profile change toward just one shorter, more acidic, and equally active polypeptide fragment resulted from the pronase e pretreatment. although the whole enzyme activity remained apparently unaffected for soluble starch, the native parallel activity on in ... | 2000 | 10849830 |
| oxygen-transfer strategy and its regulation effects in serine alkaline protease production by bacillus licheniformis. | the effects of oxygen transfer on the production and product distribution in serine alkaline protease (sap) fermentation by bacillus licheniformis and oxygen-transfer strategy in relation to the physiology of the bacilli were investigated on a defined medium with citric acid as sole carbon source in 3.5-dm(3) batch bioreactor systems. by forming a 3 x 3 matrix with the parameters air-inlet rates of q(o)/v(r) = 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 vvm, and agitation rates of n = 150, 500, 750 min(-1), the effects of ox ... | 2000 | 10861410 |
| toxic lactonic lipopeptide from food poisoning isolates of bacillus licheniformis. | toxins from three bacillus licheniformis strains connected to a fatal food poisoning were isolated and their structures elucidated. toxins were purified from methanol extracts of the b. licheniformis biomass using boar sperm cells as the toxicity indicator. the hplc purified toxins showed protonated masses m/z 1007, 1021 and 1035 in maldi-tof-ms. the toxins isolated from the strains of different origins contained the same three components of which and each had a same amino-acid residues l-gln, l ... | 2000 | 10866808 |
| the role of the bacitracin abc transporter in bacitracin resistance and collateral detergent sensitivity. | the bacitracin resistance of bacillus licheniformis, a producer of bacitracin, is mediated by the abc transporter bcr. bacillus subtilis cells carrying bcr genes on high-copy number plasmids developed collateral detergent sensitivity, as did human cells with overexpressed multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein. resistance against bacitracin and sensitivity of resistant cells to detergents were shown to be inseparable phenomena associated with the membrane part of bcr transporter, namely protein bcr ... | 2000 | 10867242 |