| molecular characterization and functional analysis of the hepcidin gene from roughskin sculpin (trachidermus fasciatus). | hepcidin is a kind of cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide that plays a vital role in host innate immune activity and iron regulation. here, we report the molecular characterization and functional analysis of a novel hamp1 hepcidin isoforms tf-hep from roughskin sculpin, trachidermus fasciatus. a cdna fragment of 988 bp with an orf of 273 bp was obtained. the coding sequence encodes for a signal peptide of 24 amino acids coupled with a prodomain of 40 amino acids and a mature peptide of 26 amino ... | 2017 | 28743631 |
| contributions of 5'-utr and 3'-utr cis elements to cyt1aa synthesis in bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. | the biopesticide used most effectively to control mosquito and blackfly vectors of human diseases worldwide is bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. the high efficacy of this bacterium is due to synergistic interactions among four protein entomotoxins assembled individually into a single parasporal body (pb) during sporulation. cyt1aa, the primary synergist, is the most abundant toxin, comprising approximately 55% of the pb's mass. the other proteins are cry11aa at ∼35%, and cry4aa and cry4 ... | 2017 | 28782510 |
| health effects of feeding genetically modified (gm) crops to livestock animals: a review. | a large share of genetically modified (gm) crops grown worldwide is processed into livestock feed. feed safety of gm crops is primarily based on compositional equivalence with near-isogenic cultivars and experimental trials in rodents. however, feeding studies in target animals add to the evaluation of gm crops with respect to animal health. this review aimed to evaluate the possible health effects of feeding gm crops to livestock by reviewing scientific publications on experimental studies in r ... | 2017 | 28843598 |
| dltx of bacillus thuringiensis is essential for d-alanylation of teichoic acids and resistance to antimicrobial response in insects. | the dlt operon of gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of d-alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (tas). addition of d-alanine to tas reduces the negative charge of the cell envelope thereby preventing cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps) from reaching their target of action on the bacterial surface. in most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltxabcd but the involvement of the first orf (dltx) encoding a small protein of unknown f ... | 2017 | 28824570 |
| molecular characterization of the gene profile of bacillus thuringiensis berliner isolated from brazilian ecosystems and showing pathogenic activity against mosquito larvae of medical importance. | the occurrence of aedes aegypti, culex quinquefasciatus, and mosquitoes of the genus anopheles potentiate the spread of several diseases, such as dengue, zika, chikungunya, urban yellow fever, filariasis, and malaria, a situation currently existing in brazil and in latin america. control of the disease vectors is the most effective tool for containing the transmission of the pathogens causing these diseases, and the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis has been widely used and has s ... | 2017 | 28823909 |
| evolution of host resistance to insect pathogens. | insect pathogens are widely used as a tool for sustainable pest management. their complex mode of action was thought to make them immune to the evolution of resistance; however, several examples of field-based resistance to the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis and a granulovirus have been recorded. here i review the scenarios where resistance has evolved and discuss the likelihood of it occurring in other entomopathogens. i highlight recent research on the factors which might influence the evolu ... | 2017 | 28822489 |
| bacillus thuringiensis cyt2aa2 binding on lipid/cholesterol bilayer depends on protein concentration and time. | bacillus thuringiensis produces cytolytic proteins (cyt) that show toxicity against dipteran insect larvae acting directly on the cell membrane. up to now, two different models have been proposed to explain the interaction mechanism of the cytolytic protein cyt2aa2 on lipid membranes: pore-forming and detergent-like action. here we report on the interaction of cyt2aa2 with lipid/cholesterol bilayers at early stage (far from equilibrium) as a function of protein concentration. quartz crystal micr ... | 2017 | 28821431 |
| bacillus thuringiensis coated zinc oxide nanoparticle and its biopesticidal effects on the pulse beetle, callosobruchus maculatus. | insect pests belonging to the genus callosobruchus are the major cause of damage to stored pulse crops. recently, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising tool for pest control. in the present study, we report for the first time the synthesis and biological evaluation of bacillus thuringiensis coated zinc oxide nanoparticles (bt-zno nps) on the pulse beetle, callosobruchus maculatus. the biologically synthesized bt-zno nps were extensively characterized using uv-vis spectroscopy, x-ray diffract ... | 2017 | 28818776 |
| down-regulation of aminopeptidase n and abc transporter subfamily g transcripts in cry1ab and cry1ac resistant asian corn borer, ostrinia furnacalis (lepidoptera: crambidae). | the asian corn borer (acb), ostrinia furnacalis (lepidoptera: crambidae), is a highly destructive pest of cultivated maize throughout east asia. bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystalline protein (cry) toxins cause mortality by a mechanism involving pore formation or signal transduction following toxin binding to receptors along the midgut lumen of susceptible insects, but this mechanism and mutations therein that lead to resistance are not fully understood. in the current study, quantitative compa ... | 2017 | 28808417 |
| humoral immune response of galleria mellonella after repeated infection with bacillus thuringiensis. | the insect immune system relies on innate mechanisms only. however, there is an increasing number of data reporting that previous immune challenge with microbial elicitors or a low number of microorganisms can modulate susceptibility after subsequent lethal infection with the same or different pathogen. this phenomenon is called immune priming. its biochemical and molecular mechanisms remain unravelled. here we present that galleria mellonella larvae that survived infection induced by intrahemoc ... | 2017 | 28803980 |
| intra-molecular salt bridge in bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba toxin is involved in the stability of helix α-3 that is needed for oligomerization and insecticidal activity. | bacillus thuringiensis three domain cry toxins kill insects by forming pores in the apical membrane of larval midgut cells. oligomerization of the toxin is an important step for pore formation. domain i helix α-3 participates in toxin oligomerization. here we identify an intra-molecular salt bridge within helix α-3 of cry4ba (d111-k115) that is conserved in many members of the family of the three-domain cry toxins. single point mutations such as d111k or k115d resulted in proteins severely affec ... | 2017 | 28802270 |
| assessing the effects of cry1c rice and cry2a rice to pseudogonatopus flavifemur, a parasitoid of rice planthoppers. | transgenic rice producing insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) could help protect the plants from damage by lepidopteran pests. however, one concern is the potential of bt rice to harm non-target natural enemies, which play a vital role in pest control. in the present study, the potential effects of cry1c rice and cry2a rice on different life-table parameters and population dynamics of pseudogonatopus flavifemur, a parasitoid of rice planthoppers, were evaluated under laborator ... | 2017 | 28798310 |
| a selective insecticidal protein from pseudomonas mosselii for corn rootworm control. | the coleopteran insect western corn rootworm (wcr, diabrotica virgifera virgifera) is an economically important pest in north america and europe. transgenic corn plants producing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal proteins have been useful against this devastating pest, but evolution of resistance has reduced their efficacy. here we report the discovery of a novel insecticidal protein, pip-47aa, from an isolate of pseudomonas mosselii. pip-47aa sequence shows no shared motifs, domains or s ... | 2017 | 28796437 |
| development of metarhizium anisopliae as a mycoinsecticide: from isolation to field performance. | a major concern when developing commercial mycoinsecticides is the kill speed compared to that of chemical insecticides. therefore, isolation and screening for the selection of a fast-acting, highly virulent entomopathogenic fungus are important steps. entomopathogenic fungi, such as metarhizium, beauveria, and nomurea, which act by contact, are better suited than bacillus thuringiensis or nucleopolyhedrosis virus (npv), which must be ingested by the insect pest. in the present work, we isolated ... | 2017 | 28784940 |
| transgenic cotton coexpressing vip3a and cry1ac has a broad insecticidal spectrum against lepidopteran pests. | although farmers in china have grown transgenic bt-cry1ac cotton to resist the major pest helicoverpa armigera since 1997 with great success, many secondary lepidopteran pests that are tolerant to cry1ac are now reported to cause considerable economic damage. vip3acaa, a chimeric protein with the n-terminal part of vip3ac and the c-terminal part of vip3aa, has a broad insecticidal spectrum against lepidopteran pests and has no cross resistance to cry1ac. in the present study, we tested insectici ... | 2017 | 28782511 |
| bti-based insecticide enhances the predatory abilities of the backswimmer buenoa tarsalis (hemiptera: notonectidae). | the backswimmer buenoa tarsalis (hemiptera: notonectidae) is a naturally occurring predator of immature stages of mosquitoes. these aquatic predators can suffer from non-targeted exposure to insecticides that are commonly used in aquatic environments to control mosquitoes. here, we evaluated whether insecticide formulations containing the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) or the organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl would affect the survival and the predatory abilities of b. ta ... | 2017 | 28780653 |
| in situ surface transfer process of cry1ac protein on sio2： the effect of biosurfactants for desorption. | genetically modified bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crops, which have been widely used in agricultural transgenic plants, express insecticidal cry proteins and release the toxin into soils. taking into consideration the environmental risk of cry proteins, biosurfactant-rhamnolipids were applied to desorb cry proteins from soil environment, which has not been elucidated before. quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (qcm-d) was used in this article to investigate the adsorption and desorption ... | 2017 | 28777960 |
| comprehensive in silico allergenicity assessment of novel protein engineered chimeric cry proteins for safe deployment in crops. | development of chimeric cry toxins by protein engineering of known and validated proteins is imperative for enhancing the efficacy and broadening the insecticidal spectrum of these genes. expression of novel cry proteins in food crops has however created apprehensions with respect to the safety aspects. to clarify this, premarket evaluation consisting of an array of analyses to evaluate the unintended effects is a prerequisite to provide safety assurance to the consumers. additionally, series of ... | 2017 | 28768539 |
| biodegradation of anthracene by a newly isolated bacterial strain, bacillus thuringiensis at.ism.1 isolated from a fly ash deposition site. | current study is aimed to evaluate the mechanism of anthracene degradation by a bacterial strain isolated from fly ash deposition site near jamadoba coal preparation plant, jharkhand, india. the bushnell-haas media cultured (containing anthracene as sole carbon source) bacterial isolate was identified by 16s rrna gene sequence coding as the bacillus thuringiensis strain, which showed the efficiency to degrade anthracene. the degradation efficiency of the strain has been estimated around 91% (for ... | 2017 | 28763108 |
| is there a transgenerational inheritance of host resistance against pathogens? lessons from the galleria mellonella-bacillus thuringiensis interaction model. | | 2017 | 28758839 |
| mosquitocidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using local isolates of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and their synergistic effect with a commercial strain of b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. | control of larval stages of aedes aegypti is considered an effective approach for preventing outbreaks of dengue fever. in this work, silver nanoparticles (ag nps) were synthesized using the supernatant and insecticidal proteins from local isolates of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti). mosquitocidal activity assays against a. aegypti larvae revealed that the highest toxicity was obtained from the ag nps synthesized using supernatant of bti k55 and the inclusion proteins of bti k46 ... | 2017 | 28754251 |
| knockout of a p-glycoprotein gene increases susceptibility to abamectin and emamectin benzoate in spodoptera exigua. | p-glycoprotein [p-gp or the atp-binding cassette transporter b1 (abcb1)] is an important participant in multidrug resistance of cancer cells, yet the precise function of this arthropod transporter is unknown. the aim of this study was to determine the importance of p-gp for susceptibility to insecticides in the beet armyworm (spodoptera exigua) using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/crispr-associated 9 (crispr/cas9) gene-editing technology. we cloned an open reading fram ... | 2017 | 28753233 |
| improving insect control protein activity for gm crops: a case study demonstrating that increased target insect potency can be achieved without impacting mammalian safety. | many insect-protected crops express insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins derived from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt), including both naturally-occurring cry proteins and chimeric cry proteins created through biotechnology. the cry51aa2 protein is a naturally-occurring cry protein that was modified to increase its potency and expand its insect activity spectrum through amino acid sequence changes. the improved cry51aa2 variant, cry51aa2.834_16, and other developmental variants belo ... | 2017 | 28751263 |
| chrysodeixis chalcites nucleopolyhedrovirus (chchnpv): natural occurrence and efficacy as a biological insecticide on young banana plants in greenhouse and open-field conditions on the canary islands. | chrysodeixis chalcites, an important pest of banana crops on the canary islands, is usually controlled by chemical insecticides. the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the most prevalent isolate of the chrysodeixis chalcites nucleopolyhedrovirus (chchnpv, baculoviridae) as a biological insecticide. overall the prevalence of chchnpv infection in c. chalcites populations was 2.3% (103 infected larvae out of 4,438 sampled), but varied from 0-4.8% on tenerife and was usually low (0-2%) ... | 2017 | 28750003 |
| dissecting the dynamics of trans-generational immune priming. | the transfer of immunity from mother to offspring is a central way to endow the offspring with increased protection against pathogens. this phenomenon is not only found within the vertebrate domain: in some circumstances, invertebrate mothers can also give their offspring an immune kick-start, which is termed trans-generational immune priming (tgip). tgip has been uncovered for a number of invertebrate species, but it is not ubiquitously evident. the reasons for which are not known. in this issu ... | 2017 | 28749614 |
| separation, quantification and mosquito larvicidal activity of insecticidal crystal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (vcrc b17; mtcc 5596). | | 2017 | 28748842 |
| dissecting the contributions of time and microbe density to variation in immune gene expression. | widespread differential expression of immunological genes is a hallmark of the response to infection in almost all surveyed taxa. however, several challenges remain in the attempt to connect differences in gene expression with functional outcomes like parasite killing and host survival. for example, temporal gene expression patterns are not always monotonic (unidirectional slope), yielding results that qualitatively depend on the time point selected for analysis. they may also be correlated to m ... | 2017 | 28747473 |
| action of natural phytosanitary products on bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki s-1905. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of natural phytosanitary products (nps) on spores and crystals of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki s-1905 (btk s-1905). for the spore assay, nps and bacteria were applied in combination and individually. for the combined application, btk s-1905 + np mixtures were inoculated on nutrient agar (na), and for the separate applications, the nps were spread on na plates, which were later inoculated with the pathogen. the number of colony-for ... | 2017 | 28743317 |
| comparative molecular analyses of invasive fall armyworm in togo reveal strong similarities to populations from the eastern united states and the greater antilles. | the fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda, j.e. smith) is a noctuid moth that is a major and ubiquitous agricultural pest in the western hemisphere. infestations have recently been identified in several locations in africa, indicating its establishment in the eastern hemisphere where it poses an immediate and significant economic threat. genetic methods were used to characterize noctuid specimens infesting multiple cornfields in the african nation of togo that were tentatively identified as fall ... | 2017 | 28738081 |
| probiotic enterococcus mundtii isolate protects the model insect tribolium castaneum against bacillus thuringiensis. | enterococcus mundtii strains isolated from the larval feces of the mediterranean flour moth ephestia kuehniella show antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the in vitro probiotic characterization of one isolate revealed a high auto-aggregation score, a hydrophilic cell surface, tolerance for low ph, no hemolytic activity, and susceptibility to all tested antibiotics. we used the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum, an established model organ ... | 2017 | 28736550 |
| foxa transcriptional factor modulates insect susceptibility to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin by regulating the expression of toxin-receptor abcc2 and abcc3 genes. | cry toxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are insecticidal proteins widely used in insect control. recently, it was shown that atp-binding cassette transporter proteins (abc) such as abcc2, abcc3, abcg1 and abca2 are implicated in the insecticidal action of cry toxins as putative receptors. however, the transcriptional regulators involved in the expression of abc transporter genes remain unknown. sequence analysis of promoter regions of abcc2 gene from helicoverpa armigera and abcc3 gen ... | 2017 | 28736301 |
| knockdown of two cadherin genes confers resistance to cry2a and cry1c in chilo suppressalis. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry toxins play an important role in the management of insect pests. resistance to bt toxins has been reported in many pest insects but the mechanism responsible for this resistance in rice crop pests remains largely unknown. cadherin is one of several bt toxin receptors. at present, only one cadherin gene, cscad1, has been documented in the striped rice stem borer, chilo suppressalis. we amplified a nearly full-length transcript of another c. suppressalis cadherin ge ... | 2017 | 28729614 |
| bacillus thuringiensis: an annotated selection of world wide web sites relevant to the topics in environmental microbiology. | | 2017 | 28727324 |
| phenological asynchrony between host plant and gypsy moth reduces insect gut microbiota and susceptibility to bacillus thuringiensis. | the phenological synchrony between the emergence of overwintering herbivorous insects and the budding of host plants is considered a crucial factor in the population dynamics of herbivores. however, the mechanisms driving the interactions between the host plant, herbivores, and their pathogens are often obscure. in the current study, an artificially induced phenological asynchrony was used to investigate how the asynchrony between silver birch betula pendula and gypsy moth lymantria dispar affec ... | 2016 | 28725398 |
| stacked bt maize and arthropod predators: exposure to insecticidal cry proteins and potential hazards. | genetically engineered (ge) crops with stacked insecticidal traits expose arthropods to multiple cry proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt). one concern is that the different cry proteins may interact and lead to unexpected adverse effects on non-target species. bi- and tri-trophic experiments with smartstax maize, herbivorous spider mites (tetranychus urticae), aphids (rhopalosiphum padi), predatory spiders (phylloneta impressa), ladybeetles (harmonia axyridis) and lacewings (chrysoperla car ... | 2017 | 28724730 |
| pxapn5 serves as a functional receptor of cry2ab in plutella xylostella (l.) and its binding domain analysis. | lepidopteran midgut aminopeptidases n (apns) are widely studied for their potential roles as one of the receptors for bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystal toxins. in the present study, a loss of function analyses by rnai (rna interference) silencing of the plutella xylostella apn5 (pxapn5), a binding protein of bt crystal toxin cry2ab, were performed. the knocking down of pxapn5 in p. xylostella larvae greatly reduced their susceptibility to cry2ab and led to a decrease of cry2ab binding to p. xy ... | 2017 | 28720548 |
| experimental evolution with a multicellular host causes diversification within and between microbial parasite populations-differences in emerging phenotypes of two different parasite strains. | host-parasite coevolution is predicted to have complex evolutionary consequences, potentially leading to the emergence of genetic and phenotypic diversity for both antagonists. however, little is known about variation in phenotypic responses to coevolution between different parasite strains exposed to the same experimental conditions. we infected caenorhabditis elegans with one of two strains of bacillus thuringiensis and either allowed the host and the parasite to experimentally coevolve (coevo ... | 2017 | 28714591 |
| toward mosquito control with a green alga: expression of cry toxins of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) in the chloroplast of chlamydomonas. | we are developing chlamydomonas strains that can be used for safe and sustainable control of mosquitoes, because they produce proteins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) in the chloroplast. chlamydomonas has a number of advantages for this approach, including genetic controls that are not generally available with industrial algae. the bti toxin has been used for mosquito control for > 30 years and does not engender resistance; it contains three cry proteins, cry4aa (135 kda), c ... | 2017 | 28713202 |
| two novel dissimilar crystal proteins, cry5ca1 and cry5da1, synergistically act against meloidogyne incognita and delay cry5ba-based nematode resistance. | cry proteins of bacillus thuringiensis have been successfully used as biopesticides and transgenic crops throughout the world. however, resources against the most serious agricultural pathogens, plant root-knot nematodes, are limited. the genomes of several highly nematicidal virulent bt strains from our laboratory have been sequenced, facilitating the identification of novel cry proteins and other virulence factors. we identified two novel cry proteins, cry5ca1 and cry5da1, that exhibit high to ... | 2017 | 28710264 |
| crispr/cas9 mediated genome editing of helicoverpa armigera with mutations of an abc transporter gene haabca2 confers resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry2a toxins. | high levels of resistance to bt toxin cry2ab have been identified to be genetically linked with loss of function mutations of an abc transporter gene (abca2) in two lepidopteran insects, helicoverpa armigera and helicoverpa punctigera. to further confirm the causal relationship between the abca2 gene (haabca2) and cry2ab resistance in h. armigera, two haabca2 knockout strains were created from the susceptible scd strain with the crispr/cas9 genome editing system. one strain (scd-a2ko1) is homozy ... | 2017 | 28705634 |
| toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis cry2ab and the inheritance of cry2ab resistance in the pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders). | though the insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins produced by bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are effective against insect pests, evolution of resistance remains an issue of great concern. here, we explored the ability of pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (lepidoptera: gelechiidae), a key pest of cotton, to evolve resistance to cry2ab and characterized it in terms of inheritance. sixteen day bioassay of bt cry2ab toxin against 5-day old pink bollworm larvae showed median lethal concentration (lc( ... | 2016 | 28699724 |
| managing fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae), with bt maize and insecticides in south brazil. | maize plants expressing insecticidal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis are valuable options for managing fall armyworm (faw), spodoptera frugiperda, in brazil. however, control failures were reported, and therefore insecticides have been used to control this species. based on these, we evaluated bt maize and its integration with insecticides against faw in south brazil. | 2017 | 28695664 |
| herbicide and insect resistant bt cotton pollen assessment finds no detrimental effects on adult honey bees. | one important concern regarding the use of transgenic cotton expressing insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is its potential detrimental effect on non-target organisms. the honey bee (apis mellifera) is the most important pollinator species worldwide and it is directly exposed to transgenic crops by the consumption of genetically modified (gm) pollen. however, the potential effects of bt cotton on a. mellifera remain unclear. in the present study, we assessed the e ... | 2017 | 28688300 |
| engineered cry1ac-cry9aa hybrid bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin with improved insecticidal activity against helicoverpa armigera. | recombinant bt construct was prepared by exchange of pore forming domain i with cry1ac to cry9aa gene by overlap extension pcr (oe-pcr) technique. construction of cry1ac-cry9aa was accomplished by six base pair homology at 3' ends of pcr products of domain i of cry1ac and domain ii and iii of cry9aa. the recombinant toxin was also modified by deletion of n-terminal alpha helix-1 of recombinant toxin. both cry toxins were expressed in e. coli bl21(de3) plyss and purified by his-tag purification. ... | 2017 | 28685236 |
| prevalence and toxin characteristics of bacillus thuringiensis isolated from organic vegetables. | the prevalence and toxin characteristics of bacillus thuringiensis isolated from 39 organic vegetables were investigated. b. thuringiensis was detected in 30 out of the 39 organic vegetables (76.9%) with a mean value of 2.60 log cfu/g. twenty-five out of the 30 b. thuringiensis isolates (83.3%) showed insecticidal toxicity against spodoptera exigua. the hblcda, nheabc, and entfm genes were found to be the major toxin genes, but the ces gene was not detected in any of the tested b. thuringiensis ... | 2017 | 28683523 |
| climate change, transgenic corn adoption and field-evolved resistance in corn earworm. | increased temperature anomaly during the twenty-first century coincides with the proliferation of transgenic crops containing the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) (bt) to express insecticidal cry proteins. increasing temperatures profoundly affect insect life histories and agricultural pest management. however, the implications of climate change on bt crop-pest interactions and insect resistance to bt crops remains unexamined. we analysed the relationship of temperature anomaly and bt ... | 2017 | 28680673 |
| effects of long-term cultivation of transgenic bt rice (kefeng-6) on soil microbial functioning and c cycling. | understanding how soil ecosystem responds to transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) rice is necessary for environmental risk assessment. while the influences of short-term cultivation of bt rice on soil properties have been reported previously, little is known about the long-term effects of bt rice on soil ecosystems. in this study, soil samples were taken from a long-term rice cultivation site in fujian province, china, where transgenic bt rice (kefeng-6) and its non-bt parent breed (minghui-86 ... | 2017 | 28680066 |
| fitness costs and inheritance of cry2ab2 resistance in spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith). | cry2ab2 is a bacillus thuringiensis (bt) protein expressed in transgenic corn and cotton targeting above-ground lepidopteran pests including the fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith). the objective of this study was to characterize fitness costs and inheritance of cry2ab2 resistance in s. frugiperda. to determine if fitness costs were associated with the resistance, life history parameters (larval survival, growth, development and egg production) of cry2ab2-resistant, -susceptible, a ... | 2017 | 28676378 |
| cry46ab from bacillus thuringiensis tk-e6 is a new mosquitocidal toxin with aerolysin-type architecture. | cry46ab is a cry toxin derived from bacillus thuringiensis tk-e6. cry46ab is not significantly homologous to other mosquitocidal cry or cyt toxins and is classified as an aerolysin-type pore-forming toxin based on structural similarity. in this study, the potency of cry46ab was assessed for its potential application to mosquito control. a synthetic cry46ab gene, cry46ab-s1, was designed to produce recombinant cry46ab as a glutathione-s-transferase fusion in escherichia coli. recombinant cry46ab ... | 2017 | 28676354 |
| [larvicidal activity of recombinant escherichia coli expressing scorpion neurotoxin aait or b.t.i toxin cyt2ba against mosquito larvae and formulations for enhancing the effects]. | to assess the larvicidal effects of recombinant escherichia coli expressing scorpion neurotoxin aait or bacillus thuringiensis subsp israelensis (b.t.i) toxin cyt2ba against the second instar larvae of culex pipiensquinquefasciatus and aedes albopictus and compare different formulations for their larvicidal effects. | 2017 | 28669947 |
| increased efficacy and extended shelf life of spinosad formulated in phagostimulant granules against spodoptera frugiperda. | spinosad is recommended for spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith) larvae control; its application with phagostimulants may reduce the quantity of active ingredient required for effective pest control. spinosad (tracer(®) ) was formulated in maize flour matrix granules and three field tests compared 10-100 ppm a.i. granules (equivalent to 0.24 - 2.4 g a.i./ha) with tracer as an aqueous spray (200 ppm a.i.; 60 g a.i./ha), and the recommended application rates of bacillus thuringiensis, a chemical con ... | 2017 | 28664639 |
| multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks for delta-endotoxin and protease yields modelling of bacillus thuringiensis. | the aim of the present work was to develop a model that supplies accurate predictions of the yields of delta-endotoxins and proteases produced by b. thuringiensis var. kurstaki hd-1. using available medium ingredients as variables, a mathematical method, based on plackett-burman design (pb), was employed to analyze and compare data generated by the bootstrap method and processed by multiple linear regressions (mlr) and artificial neural networks (ann) including multilayer perceptron (mlp) and ra ... | 2017 | 28664374 |
| environmental metabolic footprinting (emf) vs. half-life: a new and integrative proxy for the discrimination between control and pesticides exposed sediments in order to further characterise pesticides' environmental impact. | pesticides are regularly used for a variety of applications and are disseminated throughout the environment. these substances may have significant negative impacts. to date, the half-life, t1/2, was often used to study the fate of pesticides in environmental matrices (water, soil, sediment). however, this value gives limited information. first, it does not evaluate the formation of by-products, resulting in the need for additional experiments to be performed to evaluate biodegradation and biotra ... | 2017 | 28660511 |
| characterization of lepidopteran-specific cry1 and cry2 gene harbouring native bacillus thuringiensis isolates toxic against helicoverpa armigera. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) based biopesticides are feasible alternatives to chemical pesticides. here, we present the distribution of lepidopteran-specific cry1 and cry2 genes in native b. thuringiensis. forty four out of 86 colonies were found to harbour crystals by phase contrast microscopy exhibiting a bt index of 0.51. pcr analysis resulted in the amplification of cry1 in 24 and cry2 in 14 isolates. twelve of the isolates showed presence of both cry1 and cry2, while 18 isolates did not show ... | 2017 | 28649558 |
| leaching of phthalate esters from different drinking stuffs and their subsequent biodegradation. | phthalate esters (paes) are mainly used as plasticizers, and their release in the environment during the manufacturing, use, and disposal has caused serious environmental health concerns, since some of them are suspected to be mutagens, hepatotoxic agents, and carcinogens. in the present study, leaching of paes from different drinking stuffs (water cooler, mineral water bottles) exposed to sunlight and baby feeders subjected to different heating treatments (boiling, autoclave and oven) was studi ... | 2017 | 28647882 |
| triphenyltin recognition by primary structures of effector proteins and the protein network of bacillus thuringiensis during the triphenyltin degradation process. | herein, triphenyltin (tpt) biodegradation efficiency and its transformation pathway have been elucidated. to better understand the molecular mechanism of tpt degradation, the interactions between amino acids, primary structures, and quaternary conformations of effector proteins and tpt were studied. the results verified that tpt recognition and binding depended on amino acid sequences but not on secondary, tertiary or quaternary protein structure. during this process, tpt could change the molecu ... | 2017 | 28646170 |
| cross-resistance to purified bt proteins, bt corn and bt cotton in a cry2ab2-corn resistant strain of spodoptera frugiperda. | gene-pyramiding by combining two or more dissimilar bacillus thuringiensis (bt) proteins into a crop has been used to delay insect resistance. the durability of gene-pyramiding can be reduced by cross-resistance. fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda, is a major target pest of the cry2ab2 protein used in pyramided bt corn and cotton. here, we provide the first experimental evaluation of cross-resistance in s. frugiperda selected with cry2ab2 corn to multiple bt sources including purified bt prote ... | 2017 | 28627124 |
| recurrent conjunctivitis secondary to gram-positive bacillus, bacillus thuringiensis. | | 2017 | 28626992 |
| the effects of pesticides on morphology, viability, and germination of blackberry (rubus glaucus benth.) and tree tomato (solanum betaceum cav.) pollen grains. | the objective of this study was to determine the effect of application of pesticides on morphology, viability, and germination of pollen grains of blackberry (rubus glaucus benth.) and tree tomato (solanum betaceum cav.). the study was performed at patate, tungurahua province, ecuador and was divided into two phases. phase one dedicated to the study of morphology, viability, and identification of nutrient solution for better germination of pollen grains and phase two for the analysis of the effe ... | 2017 | 28623494 |
| cry6aa1, a bacillus thuringiensis nematocidal and insecticidal toxin, forms pores in planar lipid bilayers at extremely low concentrations and without the need of proteolytic processing. | cry6aa1 is a bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin active against nematodes and corn rootworm insects. its 3d molecular structure, which has been recently elucidated, is unique among those known for other bt toxins. typical three-domain bt toxins permeabilize receptor-free planar lipid bilayers (plbs) by forming pores at doses in the 1-50 μg/ml range. solubilization and proteolytic activation are necessary steps for plb permeabilization. in contrast to other bt toxins, cry6aa1 formed pores in recept ... | 2017 | 28623231 |
| construction of an immunized rabbit phage display library for selecting high activity against bacillus thuringiensis cry1f toxin single-chain antibodies. | in the present study, a cry1f-immunized rabbit phage display library (6.96 × 10(8) cfu/ml) was constructed for selecting high activity of anti-cry1f toxin single-chain antibody (a single-chain variable fragment, scfv) by biopanning. a total of 16 positive monoclonal phage scfv's were obtained after 4 rounds of panning, which were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), polymerized chain reaction, and dna sequencing. the most positive phage scfv (named rf4) was expressed in esche ... | 2017 | 28621534 |
| production and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid from bacillus thuringiensis using different carbon substrates. | polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (pha) are biodegradable microbially synthesised polymers which can act as alternatives to conventional petrochemical based plastics. bacterial isolates from soil and sewage samples were screened for the ability to accumulate pha using sudan black b dye, and growth conditions of the best pha accumulating bacterium was optimized. the pha produced was characterized by ftir spectroscopy. eight pha-producing bacteria were isolated and isolate sbc4 which had the highest perce ... | 2017 | 28619635 |
| virulence assay and role of bacillus thuringiensis ts110 as biocontrol agent against the larval stages of rice leaffolder cnaphalocrocis medinalis. | the bacterial isolate bacillus thuringiensis ts110 was isolated from the rice field soil of burdwan district, west bengal, india. bioassay test of the bacteria ts110 against 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae of cnaphalocrocis medinalis was carried out. cut leaf assay, potted plant assay and field assay were done. during filed assay, it has been observed that the lc50 (×10(7)) values of ts110 against 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae of c. medinalis were 3.77, 5.29, 4.83 and 4.93, 4.42, 4.72 in dry and ... | 2017 | 28615866 |
| a transgenic strategy for controlling plant bugs (adelphocoris suturalis) through expression of double-stranded rna homologous to fatty acyl-coenzyme a reductase in cotton. | plant bugs (miridae species), which are sap-sucking insects, have emerged as major pests of cotton in china. most miridae species are not sensitive to commercial bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton, resulting in significant economic losses and an increased application of insecticide, which eventually may compromise the future of bt cotton. we demonstrate that fatty acyl-coa reductase (asfar) plays an essential role in the reproduction of the bug adelphocoris suturalis. down-regulation of asfar ex ... | 2017 | 28608990 |
| the macrophage activation induced by bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac protoxin involves erk1/2 and p38 pathways and the interaction with cell-surface-hsp70. | here, we aimed to further characterize the mechanisms involved in protoxin (p) cry1ac-induced macrophage activation. we demonstrated that pcry1ac induces mapk erk1/2, p38, and jnk phosphorylation in raw264.7 macrophages. because mapk activation is mainly triggered via ligand-receptor interactions, we focused on the identification of potential pcry1ac-receptor proteins. flow cytometry and confocal analysis showed specific saturable pcry1ac-binding to the macrophage surface and evidenced its inter ... | 2017 | 28608568 |
| site-saturation mutagenesis library construction and screening for specific broad-spectrum single-domain antibodies against multiple cry1 toxins. | potential ecological environmental and food safety risks of various cry toxins of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) in transgenic food have received gradually increasing attention, which urged to establish an efficient and broad-spectrum detection technology for cry toxins. based on the single-domain antibody (sdab) a8 against bt cry1ab toxin screened from the humanized domain antibody library, the key amino acids of sdab (a8) binding five kinds of cry1 toxins were predicted using homology modeling an ... | 2017 | 28601895 |
| molecular characterization of indigenous bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from kashmir valley. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) being an eco-friendly bioinsecticide is effectively used in pest management strategies and, therefore, isolation and identification of new strains effective against a broad range of target pests is important. in the present study, new indigenous b. thuringiensis strains were isolated and investigated so that these could be used as an alternative and/or support the current commercial strains/cry proteins in use. for this, 159 samples including soil, leaf and spider web ... | 2017 | 28597156 |
| histopathological effects of cypermethrin and bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on midgut of chironomus calligraphus larvae (diptera: chironomidae). | pesticides are extensively used for the control of agricultural pests and disease vectors, but they also affect non-target organisms. cypermethrin (cyp) is a synthetic pyrethroid used worldwide. otherwise, bioinsecticides like bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) have received great attention as an environmentally benign and desirable alternative. in order to evaluate the toxicity of those pesticides, chironomus calligraphus was selected due to its high sensitivity to some toxicants. th ... | 2017 | 28595928 |
| ginger extract as green biocide to control microbial corrosion of mild steel. | in latest years, various techniques and chemicals have been used for the control of microbial influenced corrosion (mic) of metals. the application of botanical-based biocides is one of the effective and practical techniques in the fight against mic. in the present study, the role of aqueous extract of ginger (zingiber officinale) (gie) as green biocide to control mic of mild steel 1010 (ms) in a cooling water system was investigated. biocorrosion behavior of bacillus thuringiensis en2 on ms and ... | 2017 | 28593517 |
| characterization of asian corn borer resistance to bt toxin cry1ie. | a strain of the asian corn borer (acb), ostrinia furnacalis (guenée), has evolved >800-fold resistance to cry1ie (acb-ier) after 49 generations of selection. the inheritance pattern of resistance to cry1ie in acb-ier strain and its cross-resistance to other bt toxins were determined through bioassay by exposing neonates from genetic-crosses to toxins incorporated into the diet. the response of progenies from reciprocal f₁ crosses were similar (lc50s: 76.07 vs. 74.32 μg/g), which suggested the re ... | 2017 | 28590421 |
| functional characterization of aedes aegypti alkaline phosphatase alp1 involved in the toxicity of cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and jegathesan. | presently three major groups of proteins from aedes aegypti, cadherin, alkaline phosphatases (alp) and aminopeptidases n (apn), have been identified as cry11aa toxin receptors. to further characterize their role on toxicity, transgenic mosquitoes with silenced aedes cadherin expression were previously generated and the role of cadherin in mediating the toxicity of four different mosquitocidal toxins (cry11aa, cry11ba, cry4aa and cry4ba) was demonstrated. here, we investigated the role of another ... | 2017 | 28587836 |
| pilot-scale biopesticide production by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki using starch industry wastewater as raw material. | pilot-scale bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticide production (2000 l bioreactor) was conducted using starch industry wastewater (siw) as a raw material using optimized operational parameters obtained in 15 l and 150 l fermenters. in pilot scale fermentation process the oxygen transfer rate is a major limiting factor for high product yield. thus, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kla) remains a tool to determine the oxygen transfer capacity [oxygen utilization rate (our) and oxygen tr ... | 2017 | 28586277 |
| pollen contamination in seed mixture increases the dominance of resistance to bt maize in spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae). | seed mixture, also called 'rib', has been used to provide refuge populations for delaying insect resistance. pollen contamination in rib could result in refuge kernels of non-bt maize expressing variable bt proteins. data are lacking regarding the impact of pollen contamination on evolution of resistance for ear-feeding insects. here, we used spodoptera frugiperda and cry1f-maize as a model to examine if pollen contamination in rib increases the dominance of insect resistance. | 2017 | 28580723 |
| [bacillus thuringiensis: new applications for an old acquaintance?] | | 2017 | 28578760 |
| intra- and extracellular domains of the helicoverpa armigera cadherin mediate cry1ac cytotoxicity. | diverse midgut cadherin mutations confer resistance to cry1a toxins in at least three lepidopteran pests, including the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera. most of these cadherin mutations are inherited as recessive alleles and result in changes within the cadherin repeat (cr) regions of the extracellular protein domain. however, the h. armigera r15 cadherin mutation results in a deletion of 55 amino acid residues within the cytoplasmic domain, and cry1a resistance is inherited as a non-reces ... | 2017 | 28576655 |
| diversity and distribution of lepidopteran-specific toxin genes in bacillus thuringiensis strains from argentina. | a total of 268 bacillus thuringiensis strains obtained from different sources of argentina were analyzed to determine the diversity and distribution of the cry1, cry2, cry8, cry9 and vip3a genes encoding for lepidopteran-specific insecticidal proteins. twin strains were excluded. ten different profiles were detected among the 80 selected b. thuringiensis strains. two of these profiles (cry1aa, cry1ac, cry1ia, cry2aa, cry2ab and vip3aa (35/80), and cry1aa, cry1ab, cry1ac, cry1ia, cry2aa, cry2ab a ... | 2017 | 28576334 |
| dna secondary structure formation by dna shuffling of the conserved domains of the cry protein of bacillus thuringiensis. | the cry toxins, or δ-endotoxins, are a diverse group of proteins produced by bacillus thuringiensis. while dna secondary structures are biologically relevant, it is unknown if such structures are formed in regions encoding conserved domains of cry toxins under shuffling conditions. we analyzed 5 holotypes that encode cry toxins and that grouped into 4 clusters according to their phylogenetic closeness. the mean number of dna secondary structures that formed and the mean gibbs free energy [formul ... | 2017 | 28540040 |
| insecticidal effects of hemocoelic delivery of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins in achaea janata larvae. | insecticidal effects of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins in hemocoel of larvae have not been properly evaluated. in the present study, hemocoelic injection of four representative cry toxins i.e., cry1aa, cry1ab, cry1ac, and dor5 to an economically important lepidopteran insect pest achaea janata, induced larval mortality, reduced larval growth rate and gave rise to smaller pupae, all in a dose-dependent manner. we observed extensive degeneration as well as the disintegration of larval tissues, ... | 2017 | 28539890 |
| abcc2 is associated with bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin oligomerization and membrane insertion in diamondback moth. | cry1a insecticidal toxins bind sequentially to different larval gut proteins facilitating oligomerization, membrane insertion and pore formation. cry1ac interaction with cadherin triggers oligomerization. however, a mutation in an abc transporter gene (abcc2) is linked to cry1ac resistance in plutella xylostella. cry1acmod, engineered to lack helix α-1, was able to form oligomers without cadherinbinding and effectively countered cry1ac resistance linked to abcc2. here we analyzed cry1ac and cry1 ... | 2017 | 28539590 |
| magnitude and allele frequency of cry1f resistance in field populations of the fall armyworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in brazil. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) corn producing the cry1f protein was the first highly efficacious bt corn deployed against the fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in brazil, but reduced efficacy of this technology against the fall armyworm has been reported in some regions of the country. here, we surveyed cry1f resistance allele frequency and susceptibility of eight s. frugiperda populations collected in 2013 from non-bt fields in different regions of brazil. i ... | 2017 | 28535300 |
| decolorization of textile dye rb19 using volcanic rock matrix immobilized bacillus thuringiensis cells with surface displayed laccase. | a triplicate volcanic rock matrix-bacillus thuringiensis-laccase wlacd (vrms-bt-wlacd) dye decolorization system was developed. wlacd was displayed on the b. thuringiensis mb174 cell surface to prepare a whole-cell laccase biocatalyst by using two repeat n-terminal domains of autolysin mbg (mbgn)2 as the anchoring motif. immunofluorescence microscopic assays confirmed that the fusion protein (mbgn)2-wlacd was anchored on the surface of the recombinant b. thuringiensis mb174. after optimization b ... | 2017 | 28534112 |
| simultaneous production of monoclonal antibodies against bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1 toxins using a mixture immunization. | the detections of cry1 toxins are mainly dependent on immunoassays based on specific monoclonal antibodies (mab). in the present study, a mixture immunization with seven cry1 toxins was administered. the results showed that five mabs with different characteristics, especially one mab named 5-e8 which could recognize all the seven cry1 toxins were obtained. based on the 5-e8 mab, a double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (das-elisa) which can specifically detect the seven cry1 ... | 2017 | 28527908 |
| comparison of rhizosphere properties as affected by different bt- and non-bt-cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) genotypes and fertilization. | incorporation of genetically modified crops in the cropping system raises the need for studying the effect of these crops on the soil ecosystem. the current study aimed to compare the effect of bacillus thuringiensis (bt)- and non-bt-cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) genotypes on rhizosphere properties under fertilized and unfertilized soil conditions. one non-bt-cotton (iub 75) and four bt-cotton varieties (iub-222, mm-58, iub-13, fh-142) were sown in a randomized complete block design (rcbd) in a ... | 2017 | 28527035 |
| experimental evolution of resistance against bacillus thuringiensis in the insect model host galleria mellonella results in epigenetic modifications. | epigenetic mechanisms have been proposed to translate environmental stimuli into heritable transgenerational phenotypic variations that can significantly influence natural selection. an intriguing example is exposure to pathogens, which imposes selection for host resistance. to test this hypothesis, we used larvae of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella as model host to experimentally select for resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt), the most widely used bacterial agent for the biologica ... | 2017 | 28521626 |
| transgenic bt rice lines producing cry1ac, cry2aa or cry1ca have no detrimental effects on brown planthopper and pond wolf spider. | transgenic rice expressing cry genes from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt rice) is highly resistant to lepidopteran pests. the brown planthopper (bph, nilaparvata lugens) is the main non-target sap-sucking insect pest of bt transgenic rice. the pond wolf spider (pws, pardosa pseudoannulata) is one of the most dominant predators of bph in rice fields. consequently, the safety evaluation of bt rice on bph and pws should be conducted before commercialization. in the current study, two expe ... | 2017 | 28512299 |
| the vip3ag4 insecticidal protoxin from bacillus thuringiensis adopts a tetrameric configuration that is maintained on proteolysis. | the vip3 proteins produced during vegetative growth by strains of the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis show insecticidal activity against lepidopteran insects with a mechanism of action that may involve pore formation and apoptosis. these proteins are promising supplements to our arsenal of insecticidal proteins, but the molecular details of their activity are not understood. as a first step in the structural characterisation of these proteins, we have analysed their secondary structure and reso ... | 2017 | 28505109 |
| tubulin-like proteins in prokaryotic dna positioning. | a family of tubulin-related proteins (tubzs) has been identified in prokaryotes as being important for the inheritance of virulence plasmids of several pathogenic bacilli and also being implicated in the lysogenic life cycle of several bacteriophages. cell biological studies and reconstitution experiments revealed that tubzs function as prokaryotic cytomotive filaments, providing one-dimensional motive forces. plasmid-borne tubz filaments most likely transport plasmid centromeric complexes by de ... | 2017 | 28500531 |
| enhanced behavioral immune defenses in a c. elegans c-type lectin-like domain gene mutant. | c-type lectin-like domain (ctld) proteins occupy crucial functions in the immune system of vertebrates, but their role in invertebrate immunity is much less understood. the nematode caenorhabditis elegans possesses a highly diverse ctld protein encoding (clec) gene repertoire. a role of c. elegans clec genes in pathogen defense is always assumed, yet experimental evidence for clec immune function is rare. to systematically test the potential function of clec genes in the c. elegans defense again ... | 2017 | 28499858 |
| selection of bacillus thuringiensis strains toxic to cotton boll weevil (anthonomus grandis, coleoptera: curculionidae) larvae. | preliminary bioassays with whole cultures (wc) of 124 bacillus thuringiensis strains were performed with neonate larvae of anthonomus grandis, a major cotton pest in argentina and other regions of the americas. three exotic and four native strains were selected for causing more than 50% mortality. all of them were β-exotoxin producers. the native strains shared similar morphology of parasporal crystals, similar protein pattern and identical insecticidal gene profiles. these features resembled le ... | 2017 | 28495035 |
| assessment of inheritance and fitness costs associated with field-evolved resistance to cry3bb1 maize by western corn rootworm. | the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, is among the most serious insect pests of maize in north america. one strategy used to manage this pest is transgenic maize that produces one or more crystalline (cry) toxins derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt). to delay bt resistance by insect pests, refuges of non-bt maize are grown in conjunction with bt maize. two factors influencing the success of the refuge strategy to delay resistance are the inheritance ... | 2017 | 28492498 |
| antimicrobial spirotetronate metabolites from marine-derived micromonospora harpali scsio gj089. | two new spirotetronate aglycones, 22-dehydroxymethyl-kijanolide (1) and 8-hydroxy-22-dehydroxymethyl-kijanolide (2), along with seven new spirotetronate glycosides, microsporanates a-f (3-8) and tetrocarcin p (9), together with three known tetrocarcins [tetrocarcins a (10), b (11), and ac6h (12)], were isolated from fermentation broths of the marine-derived micromonospora harpali scsio gj089. the structures of 1-9 were elucidated on the basis of 1d and 2d nmr and ms spectroscopic data. compounds ... | 2017 | 28489382 |
| functional roles of cadherin, aminopeptidase-n and alkaline phosphatase from helicoverpa armigera (hübner) in the action mechanism of bacillus thuringiensis cry2aa. | a pyramid strategy combining the cry1a and cry2a toxins in bt crops has been widely used throughout the world to delay pest adaption to transgenic crops and broaden the insecticidal spectrum. midgut membrane-bound cadherin (cad), aminopeptidase-n (apn) and alkaline phosphatase (alp) are important for cry1a toxicity in some lepidopteran larvae, but the proteins that bind cry2a in the midgut of target insects and their role in the cry2a mechanism of action are still unclear. in this study, we foun ... | 2017 | 28488696 |
| hybridizing transgenic bt cotton with non-bt cotton counters resistance in pink bollworm. | extensive cultivation of crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has suppressed some major pests, reduced insecticide sprays, enhanced pest control by natural enemies, and increased grower profits. however, these benefits are being eroded by evolution of resistance in pests. we report a strategy for combating resistance by crossing transgenic bt plants with conventional non-bt plants and then crossing the resulting first-genera ... | 2017 | 28483999 |
| histopathological effects of bt and tcda insecticidal proteins on the midgut epithelium of western corn rootworm larvae (diabrotica virgifera virgifera). | western corn rootworm (wcr, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte) is a major corn pest in the united states, causing annual losses of over $1 billion. one approach to protect against crop loss by this insect is the use of transgenic corn hybrids expressing one or more crystal (cry) proteins derived from bacillus thuringiensis. cry34ab1 and cry35ab1 together comprise a binary insecticidal toxin with specific activity against wcr. these proteins have been developed as insect resistance traits in ... | 2017 | 28481307 |
| complete genome sequence and bioinformatics analyses of bacillus thuringiensis strain bm-bt15426. | this study aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of bacillus thuringiensis strain bm-bt15426. | 2017 | 28479507 |
| what are farmers really planting? measuring the presence and effectiveness of bt cotton in pakistan. | genetically modified, insect-resistant bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton is cultivated extensively in pakistan. past studies, however, have raised concerns about the prevalence of bt cotton varieties possessing weak or nonperforming insect-resistance traits conferred by the cry gene. we examine this issue using data drawn from a representative sample of cotton-growing households that were surveyed in six agroclimatic zones spanning 28 districts in pakistan in 2013, as well as measurements of cr ... | 2017 | 28472094 |
| the role of p38 mapk, jnk, and erk in antibacterial responses of chilo suppressalis (lepidoptera: crambidae). | the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are conserved signal transduction pathways and broadly responsible for bacterial infection from yeast to mammals, and virus, fungi, and bacteria, specifically bacillus thuringiensis, to insects. but little is known about the mapk pathways in antibacterial responses in chilo suppressalis (walker), an important lepidopteran pest of rice. in this study, we used the bacteria of bacillus thuringiensis, escherichia coli, and staphyloccocus aureus to infect ... | 2017 | 28459996 |
| bt proteins have no detrimental effects on larvae of the green lacewing, chrysopa pallens (rambur) (neuroptera: chrysopidae). | biosafety of a genetically modified crop is required to be assessed prior to its commercialization. for this, a suitable artificial diet was developed and used to establish a dietary exposure test for assessing the toxicity of midgut-active bt insecticidal proteins on chrysopa pallens (rambur). subsequently, this dietary exposure test was used to evaluate the toxicity of the proteins cry1ab, cry1ac, cry1ah, cry1ca, cry1f, cry2aa, cry2ab, and vip3aa on c. pallens larvae. temporal stability, bioac ... | 2017 | 28451986 |
| peptide selection and antibody generation for the prospective immunorecognition of cry1ab16 protein of transgenic maize. | the introduction of genes isolated from different bacillus thuringiensis strains to express cry-type toxins in transgenic crops is a common strategy to confer insect resistance traits. this work intended to extensively in silico analyse cry1a(b)16 protein for the identification of peptide markers for the biorecognition of transgenic crops. by combining two different strategies based on several bioinformatic tools for linear epitope prediction, a set of seven peptides was successfully selected as ... | 2017 | 28450016 |
| oral immune priming with bacillus thuringiensis induces a shift in the gene expression of tribolium castaneum larvae. | the phenomenon of immune priming, i.e. enhanced protection following a secondary exposure to a pathogen, has now been demonstrated in a wide range of invertebrate species. despite accumulating phenotypic evidence, knowledge of its mechanistic underpinnings is currently very limited. here we used the system of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum and the insect pathogen bacillus thuringiensis (bt) to further our molecular understanding of the oral immune priming phenomenon. we addressed how ... | 2017 | 28446171 |