| rflp analysis of cry1 and cry2 genes of bacillus thuringiensis isolates from india. | the pcr-rflp method has been useful for detection of known genes and identification of novel genes. in the present study, degenerate primers were designed from five groups of cry1 genes for pcr-rflp analysis. bacillus thuringiensis (bt) isolates from different regions were evaluated for pcr amplification of various cry1 genes using newly designed primers and cry2 genes using reported primers. pcr analysis showed an abundance of cry1a genes and especially cry1ac genes in isolates from all regions ... | 2012 | 22573148 |
| sustained susceptibility of pink bollworm to bt cotton in the united states. | evolution of resistance by pests can reduce the benefits of transgenic crops that produce toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) for insect control. one of the world's most important cotton pests, pink bollworm (pectinophora gossypiella), has been targeted for control by transgenic cotton producing bt toxin cry1ac in several countries for more than a decade. in china, the frequency of resistance to cry1ac has increased, but control failures have not been reported. in western india, pink bollwor ... | 2014 | 22572905 |
| dna barcoding simplifies environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crops in biodiverse regions. | transgenes encoding for insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins from the soil-dwelling bacterium bacillus thuringiensis have been widely introduced into genetically modified (gm) crops to confer protection against insect pests. concern that these transgenes may also harm beneficial or otherwise valued insects (so-called non target organisms, ntos) represents a major element of the environmental risk assessments (eras) used by all countries prior to commercial release. compiling a comprehensive list ... | 2012 | 22567120 |
| the transcriptome of spodoptera exigua larvae exposed to different types of microbes. | we have obtained and characterized the transcriptome of spodoptera exigua larvae with special emphasis on pathogen-induced genes. in order to obtain a highly representative transcriptome, we have pooled rna from diverse insect colonies, conditions and tissues. sequenced cdna included samples from 3 geographically different colonies. enrichment of rna from pathogen-related genes was accomplished by exposing larvae to different pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbial agents such as the bacteria ba ... | 2012 | 22564783 |
| transcriptome profiling of the intoxication response of tenebrio molitor larvae to bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa protoxin. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystal (cry) proteins are effective against a select number of insect pests, but improvements are needed to increase efficacy and decrease time to mortality for coleopteran pests. to gain insight into the bt intoxication process in coleoptera, we performed rna-seq on cdna generated from the guts of tenebrio molitor larvae that consumed either a control diet or a diet containing cry3aa protoxin. approximately 134,090 and 124,287 sequence reads from the control and cry ... | 2012 | 22558093 |
| expression and characterization of a recombinant cry1ac crystal protein fused with an insect-specific neurotoxin ω-actx-hv1a in bacillus thuringiensis. | in order to assess possible enhancement of biopesticide activity, the fusion gene of crystal protein gene cry1ac with the insect-specific neurotoxin ω-actx-hv1a gene and egfp was expressed in bacillus thuringiensis acrystalliferous strain cry-b under the control of the native gene expression system. the fusion recombinant cry-b(1ac-actx-egfp) generally produced two or three small crystal-like inclusion bodies in each cell and the gfp signal could be clearly observed. a 166 kda full-length fusion ... | 2012 | 22548233 |
| mining new crystal protein genes from bacillus thuringiensis on the basis of mixed plasmid-enriched genome sequencing and a computational pipeline. | we have designed a high-throughput system for the identification of novel crystal protein genes (cry) from bacillus thuringiensis strains. the system was developed with two goals: (i) to acquire the mixed plasmid-enriched genomic sequence of b. thuringiensis using next-generation sequencing biotechnology, and (ii) to identify cry genes with a computational pipeline (using bttoxin_scanner). in our pipeline method, we employed three different kinds of well-developed prediction methods, blast, hidd ... | 2012 | 22544259 |
| a 50-kilodalton cry2a peptide is lethal to bombyx mori and lymantria dispar. | the cry2aa3 gene was introduced into asporogenic bacillus thuringiensis, and the synthesized protoxin killed bombyx mori and lymantria dispar larvae. chymotrypsin hydrolyzed the linkages between 49tyr/val50 and 145lys/ser146 in the protoxin, and 50- and 58-kda fragments were generated, respectively. both peptides killed the larvae of both insects. | 2012 | 22544240 |
| a novel cost-effective medium for the production of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis for mosquito control. | bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) has been used for mosquito-control programmes the world-wide. indeed, the large-scale production of bti for mosquito control is very expensive due to the high cost of its culture. in the present study, we attempted to widen the scope in developing cost-effective culture medium for bti production, based on the raw materials available on the biosphere, including coconut cake powder, ccp (cocos nucifera), neem cake powder, ncp (azadirachta indica) and ... | 2012 | 22543607 |
| quantification of cry1ab in genetically modified maize leaves by liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring tandem mass spectrometry using 18o stable isotope dilution. | cry1ab is one of the most common bacillus thuringiensis (bt) proteins in genetically modified crops, which exhibits strong resistance against insect pests. in the present study, a sensitive and precise liquid chromatography stable isotope dilution multiple reaction monitoring tandem mass spectrometry (lc-sid-mrm-ms) assay was developed and validated to quantify the amount of cry1ab expression in transgenic maize leaves. the measurement of protein was converted to measurement of unique peptides t ... | 2012 | 22543512 |
| bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal three-domain cry toxins: mode of action, insect resistance and consequences for crop protection. | bacillus thuringiensis bacteria are insect pathogens that produce different cry and cyt toxins to kill their hosts. here we review the group of three-domain cry (3d-cry) toxins. expression of these 3d-cry toxins in transgenic crops has contributed to efficient control of insect pests and a reduction in the use of chemical insecticides. the mode of action of 3d-cry toxins involves sequential interactions with several insect midgut proteins that facilitate the formation of an oligomeric structure ... | 2013 | 22540421 |
| genetically engineered vegetables expressing proteins from bacillus thuringiensis for insect resistance: successes, disappointments, challenges and ways to move forward. | genetically engineered (ge) insect-resistant crops that express proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have been widely adopted in the two field crops currently commercially available, bt cotton and bt corn. however, the development and commercialization of bt vegetables has lagged in comparison, which is unfortunate since vegetables tend to be insecticide-intensive crops due to high pest pressure and cosmetic standards required for the market. while it is often stated that consumer choice ha ... | 2014 | 22538234 |
| field-evolved resistance to bt maize by western corn rootworm: predictions from the laboratory and effects in the field. | crops engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) provide an effective management tool for many key insect pests. however, pest species have repeatedly demonstrated their ability to adapt to management practices. results from laboratory selection experiments illustrate the capacity of pest species to evolve bt resistance. furthermore, resistance has been documented to bt sprays in the field and greenhouse, and more recently, by some pests to b ... | 2012 | 22537837 |
| early detection of field-evolved resistance to bt cotton in china: cotton bollworm and pink bollworm. | transgenic crops producing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins kill some major insect pests, but pests can evolve resistance and thereby reduce the effectiveness of such bt crops. the main approach for slowing pest adaptation to bt crops uses non-bt host plants as "refuges" to increase survival of susceptible pests. to delay evolution of pest resistance to cotton producing bt toxin cry1ac, several countries have required refuges of non-bt cotton, while farmers in china have relied on "natural" re ... | 2012 | 22537835 |
| the saposin-like protein spp-12 is an antimicrobial polypeptide in the pharyngeal neurons of caenorhabditis elegans and participates in defence against a natural bacterial pathogen. | caenopores are antimicrobial and pore-forming polypeptides in caenorhabditis elegans belonging to the saposin-like protein superfamily and are considered important elements of the nematode's intestinal immune system. in the present study, we demonstrate that, unlike the other members of the multifarious gene family (spps) coding for caenopores, spp-12 is expressed exclusively in two pharyngeal neurons. recombinantly expressed spp-12 binds to phospholipid membranes and forms pores in a ph-depende ... | 2012 | 22519640 |
| transgenic cry1ab rice does not impact ecological fitness and predation of a generalist spider. | the commercial release of rice genetically engineered to express a cry1ab protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) for control of lepidoptera in china is a subject of debate. one major point of the debate has focused on the ecological safety of bt rice on nontarget organisms, especially predators and parasitoids that help control populations of insect pests. | 2012 | 22511982 |
| necrotrophism is a quorum-sensing-regulated lifestyle in bacillus thuringiensis. | how pathogenic bacteria infect and kill their host is currently widely investigated. in comparison, the fate of pathogens after the death of their host receives less attention. we studied bacillus thuringiensis (bt) infection of an insect host, and show that nprr, a quorum sensor, is active after death of the insect and allows bt to survive in the cadavers as vegetative cells. transcriptomic analysis revealed that nprr regulates at least 41 genes, including many encoding degradative enzymes or p ... | 2012 | 22511867 |
| identification of the promoter in the intergenic region between orf1 and cry8ea1 controlled by sigma h factor. | bacillus thuringiensis cry8ea toxin is specifically toxic to larvae of the asian cockchafer, holotrichia parallela. here we investigated the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of the cry8ea1 gene. reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) results indicated that cry8ea1 and an upstream gene (orf1) were cotranscribed. transcriptional fusions with the lacz gene demonstrated that transcription of the cry8ea1 gene started from two promoters: p(orf1), which is located upstream of the orf1 gene, and p(cr ... | 2012 | 22504821 |
| evidence of reduced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization in multiple lines of bt maize. | insect-resistant bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize is widely cultivated, yet few studies have examined the interaction of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) with different lines of bt maize. as obligate symbionts, amf may be sensitive to genetic changes within a plant host. previous evaluations of the impact of bt crops on amf have been inconsistent, and because most studies were conducted under disparate experimental conditions, the results are difficult to compare. | 2012 | 22473978 |
| high-throughput sequence-based analysis of the intestinal microbiota of weanling pigs fed genetically modified mon810 maize expressing bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab (bt maize) for 31 days. | the objective of this study was to investigate if feeding genetically modified (gm) mon810 maize expressing the bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein (bt maize) had any effects on the porcine intestinal microbiota. eighteen pigs were weaned at ~28 days and, following a 6-day acclimatization period, were assigned to diets containing either gm (bt mon810) maize or non-gm isogenic parent line maize for 31 days (n = 9/treatment). effects on the porcine intestinal microbiota were assessed throu ... | 2012 | 22467509 |
| susceptibility of spodoptera frugiperda and s. exigua to bacillus thuringiensis vip3aa insecticidal protein. | the vip3aa protein is an insecticidal protein secreted by bacillus thuringiensis during the vegetative stage of growth. the activity of this protein has been tested after different steps/protocols of purification using spodoptera frugiperda as a control insect. the results showed that the vip3aa protoxin was stable and retained full toxicity after being subjected to common biochemical steps used in protein purification. bioassays with the protoxin in s. frugiperda and s. exigua showed pronounced ... | 2012 | 22465567 |
| bacillus thuringiensis monogenic strains: screening and interactions with insecticides used against rice pests. | the screening of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry proteins with high potential to control insect pests has been the goal of numerous research groups. in this study, we evaluated six monogenic bt strains (bt dendrolimus hd-37, bt kurstaki hd-1, bt kurstaki hd-73, bt thuringiensis 4412, bt kurstaki nrd-12 and bt entomocidus 60.5, which codify the cry1aa, cry1ab, cry1ac, cry1ba, cry1c, cry2a genes respectively) as potential insecticides for the most important insect pests of irrigated rice: spodopte ... | 2012 | 24031872 |
| induction of defense response against rhizoctonia solani in cucumber plants by endophytic bacterium bacillus thuringiensis gs1. | an endophytic bacterium, bacillus thuringiensis gs1, was isolated from bracken (pteridium aquilinum) and found to have maximal production of chitinase (4.3 units/ml) at 5 days after culture. this study investigated the ability of b. thuringiensis gs1 to induce resistance to rhizoctonia solani kacc 40111 (rs) in cucumber plants. chitinase activity was greatest in rs-treated plants at 4 days. beta-1,3- glucanase activity was highest in gs1-treated plants at 5 days. guaiacol peroxidase (gpod) activ ... | 2012 | 22450798 |
| specific binding of radiolabeled cry1fa insecticidal protein from bacillus thuringiensis to midgut sites in lepidopteran species. | cry1fa insecticidal protein was successfully radiolabeled with (125)i-na. specific binding to brush border membrane vesicles was shown for the lepidopteran species ostrinia nubilalis, spodoptera frugiperda, spodoptera exigua, helicoverpa armigera, heliothis virescens, and plutella xylostella. homologous competition assays were performed to obtain equilibrium binding parameters (k(d) [dissociation constant] and r(t) [concentration of binding sites]) for these six insect species. | 2012 | 22447600 |
| feed intake, milk production and composition of crossbred cows fed with insect-protected bollgard ii® cottonseed containing cry1ac and cry2ab proteins. | twenty crossbred lactating multiparous cows were used in a 28-day study to compare dry matter intake (dmi), milk yield, milk composition and bacillus thuringiensis (bt) protein concentrations in plasma when fed diets containing bollgard ii(®) cottonseed (bgii) or a control non-genetically modified isogenic cottonseed (con). bollgard ii cottonseed contains the cry1ac and cry2ab insecticidal proteins that protect cotton plants from feeding damage caused by certain lepidopteran insects. cows were a ... | 2011 | 22440417 |
| biofunctionalization of nanoparticle assisted mass spectrometry as biosensors for rapid detection of plant associated bacteria. | this study is based on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) as biosensor to detect the plant associated bacteria (pab) isolates from rhizospheric soil and root. the rapid bacterial detection via on particle ionization/enrichment technique using igg functionalized pt nps (igg-pt nps) assisted maldi-tof ms was successfully used to explore two pab isolates, namely, bacillus thuringiensis and b. subtilis from rhizospheric soil ... | 2012 | 22436686 |
| effect of sub-lethal doses of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and deltamethrin with regard to fertility and organ toxicity in pregnant albino rats. | products with bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and synthetic insecticides have been widely used against important vectors of human diseases. however, few studies have addressed the application of these substances on the female reproduction apparatus during pregnancy at doses that do not cause clinical symptoms of intoxication. seventy pregnant albino rats were analyzed with regard to fertility and histopathology of the kidneys, liver and lungs as well as the morphology of the neonates. the rats were ... | 2013 | 22436576 |
| active enhancement of bacillus thuringiensis subsp-israelensis toxins and protein-purification. | bacillus thuringiensis sub sp. ilsraelensis de barjac, that produce insecticidal protein endotoxins are used for mosquito control. the bacterium produces several cry and cytoxins that individually show activity against mosquitoes. a crylla protein ia848, which corresponds to the first 848 amino acids from n-terminal of crylla-gene was purified from e. coli by ni-nta affinity isolation, q-sepharose fast-flow chromatography & super-200 size exclusion chromatography. it was determined using laborat ... | 2011 | 22435159 |
| milling effect on the control efficacy of spray-dried bacillus thuringiensis technical powder against diamondback moths. | the relationship between the particle size of spray-dried bacillus thuringiensis nt0423 technical powder and its insecticidal activity against diamondbackmoth was investigated in laboratory and glasshouse conditions. a variety of sizes of bt particles were made by homogenisation, followed by pilot-scale milling to optimise further the current bt formulation process. | 2012 | 22413132 |
| assessment of microbial larvicide spraying with bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, for the prevention of malaria. | the aim of this study was to assess the contribution of microbial larvicide spraying, bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, as prevention strategy against malaria. | 2012 | 22405513 |
| functional interactions between members of the repat family of insect pathogen-induced proteins. | studies on the transcriptional response to pathogens in the insect larval gut have shown the regulation of several genes after the infection. repat (response to pathogens) genes were first identified in spodoptera exigua midgut as being up-regulated in response to the exposure to bacillus thuringiensis toxins and baculovirus. recently, new members of the repat family showed a constitutive up-regulation in a b. thuringiensis-resistant population. based on a yeast two-hybrid screening, we have det ... | 2012 | 22404489 |
| oxygen supply in bacillus thuringiensis fermentations: bringing new insights on their impact on sporulation and δ-endotoxin production. | the growth kinetics, sporulation, and toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis were evaluated through the analysis of batch cultures with different dissolved oxygen (do) profiles. firstly, do was maintained constant at 5%, 20%, or 50% throughout fermentation in order to identify the most suitable one to improve the main process parameters. higher biomass concentration, cell productivity, and cell yield based on glucose were obtained with 50% do. the higher aeration level also resulted ... | 2012 | 22395904 |
| atomic force microscopy: a powerful tool for studying bacterial swarming motility. | swarming motility is a fascinating phenomenon by which some bacteria use flagella to move over solid surfaces. understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying swarming motility requires studying the factors that induce and control flagella expression in swarming cells. traditionally, flagella are observed by optical or electron microscopy, but none of these techniques combine versatility and easiness, with quantitative and high-resolution information. we report an atomic force microscopy (afm) ... | 2012 | 22386764 |
| mosquitocidal properties of calotropis gigantea (family: asclepiadaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, bacillus thuringiensis, against the mosquito vectors. | calotropis gigantea leaf extract and bacillus thuringiensis were tested first to fourth-instar larvae and pupae of anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti, and culex quinquefasciatus. the medicinal plants were collected from the area around bharathiar university, coimbatore, india. calotropis gigantea leaf was washed with tap water and shade-dried at room temperature. an electrical blender powdered the dried plant materials (leaves). the powder 500 g of the leaf was extracted with 1.5 l of organic so ... | 2012 | 22382205 |
| using field-evolved resistance to cry1f maize in a lepidopteran pest to demonstrate no adverse effects of cry1f on one of its major predators. | spodoptera frugiperda (je smith) represents the first documented case of field-evolved resistance to a genetically engineered crop expressing an insecticidal protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt). in this case it was cry1f-expressing maize (mycogen 2a517). the ladybird beetle, coleomegilla maculata, is a common and abundant predator that suppresses pest populations in maize and many other cropping systems. its larvae and adults are polyphagous, feeding on aphids, thrips, lepidopteran eggs and ... | 2012 | 22373893 |
| bacillus thuringiensis protein transfer between rootstock and scion of grafted poplar. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1ac protein is a toxin against different leaf-eating lepidopteran insects that attack poplar trees. in the present study, the mode of migration of the bt-cry1ac protein within poplar grafts was investigated. grafting was done using pb29 (transgenic poplar 741 with cry1ac genes), cc71 (transgenic poplar 741 with cry3a genes), non-transgenic poplar 741 and non-transgenic populus tomentosa, either as scion or as rootstock. in order to detect migration of bt-cry1ac pro ... | 2012 | 22372666 |
| construction of a promoter-probe vector for bacillus thuringiensis: the identification of cis-acting elements of the chia locus. | the expression and application of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) chitinase genes have been extensively investigated. however, little information is available regarding the regulation of chitinase gene expression in bt. in this study, a shuttle promoter-probe vector was constructed incorporating the thermostable β-galactosidase gene bgab of b. stearothermophilus as the reporter for the study of bt promoters. using this plasmid, the activity of the chia gene promoter in bt was investigated. deletion ... | 2012 | 22367329 |
| field assessment of bt cry1ah corn pollen on the survival, development and behavior of apis mellifera ligustica. | honeybees may be exposed to insecticidal proteins from transgenic plants via pollen. an assessment of the impact of such exposures on the honeybee is an essential part of the risk assessment process for transgenic bacillus thuringiensis corn. a field trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of transgenic bt cry1ah corn on the honeybee apis mellifera ligustica. colonies of honeybees were moved to bt or non-bt corn fields during anthesis and then sampled to record their survival, development and ... | 2012 | 22364780 |
| detection and identification of vegetative insecticidal proteins vip3 genes of bacillus thuringiensis strains using polymerase chain reaction-high resolution melt analysis. | in this study, vegetative insecticidal proteins vip3 genes from bacillus thuringiensis strains were detected based on polymerase chain reaction-high resolution melt (pcr-hrm) analysis. a pair of primers was designed according to the conservative sequences in 150 bp region of the known vip3 subfamily. the 150 bp regions of difference vip3 genes have only a few nucleotide difference vip3 genes were detected in 8 of 11 standard b. thuringiensis strains, and vip3aa genes, vip3af genes and vip3ba gen ... | 2012 | 22350000 |
| identifying insecticide resistance genes in mosquito by combining aflp genome scans and 454 pyrosequencing. | aflp-based genome scans are widely used to study the genetics of adaptation and to identify genomic regions potentially under selection. however, this approach usually fails to detect the actual genes or mutations targeted by selection owing to the difficulties of obtaining dna sequences from aflp fragments. here, we combine classical aflp outlier detection with 454 sequencing of aflp fragments to obtain sequences from outlier loci. we applied this approach to the study of resistance to bacillus ... | 2012 | 22348648 |
| a scallop c-type lectin from argopecten irradians (aictl5) with activities of lipopolysaccharide binding and gram-negative bacteria agglutination. | c-type lectins are a family of calcium-dependent carbohydrate-binding proteins. in the present study, a c-type lectin (designated as aictl5) was identified and characterized from argopecten irradians. the full-length cdna of aictl5 was of 673 bp, containing a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 24 bp, a 3' utr of 130 bp with a poly (a) tail, and an open reading frame (orf) of 519 bp encoding a polypeptide of 172 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 17 amino acids. a c-type lectin-like domai ... | 2012 | 22342746 |
| a practicable detection system for genetically modified rice by sers-barcoded nanosensors. | since the global cultivation of genetically modified crops constantly expands, it remains a high demand to establish different ways to sort food and feed that consist or contain genetically modified organisms. surface-enhanced raman scattering (sers) spectroscopy is a flexible tool for biological analysis due to its excellent properties for detecting wide varieties of target biomolecules including nucleic acids. in the present study, a sers-barcoded nanosensor was developed to detect bacillus th ... | 2012 | 22342698 |
| treatment of an aedes aegypti colony with the cry11aa toxin for 54 generations results in the development of resistance. | to study the potential for the emergence of resistance in aedes aegypti populations, a wild colony was subjected to selective pressure with cry11aa, one of four endotoxins that compose the bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis toxin. this bacterium is the base component of the most important biopesticide used in the control of mosquitoes worldwide. after 54 generations of selection, significant resistance levels were observed. at the beginning of the selection experiment, the half lethal co ... | 2012 | 22310538 |
| identification of henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (coleoptera: coccinellidae) midgut putative receptor for bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal cry7ab3 toxin. | bt wz-9 strain, containing a single cry7ab3 toxin, had effective insecticidal activity against larvae of henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata. by incubation with larvae midgut homogenate and trypsin in vitro, 130 kda cry7ab3 protoxin was degraded into the ∼75 kda proteinase-resistant fragments. in vivo analysis, 130 kda cry7ab3 protoxin was also processed into ∼75 kda fragment. histopathological observations indicated that cry7ab3 ingestion by h. vigintioctomaculata larvae causes acceleration in t ... | 2012 | 22306353 |
| effect of mir604 transgenic maize at different stages of development on western corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in a central missouri field environment. | the establishment and survival of western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, was evaluated on transgenic bacillus thuringiensis berliner maize, zea mays l., expressing the mcry3a protein (mir604) and non-bt maize with the same genetic background (isoline maize) at different stages of development in 2007 and 2008. overall, western corn rootworm larval recovery, root damage, and adult emergence were significantly higher on isoline maize compared with mir604. the number of larva ... | 2011 | 22299370 |
| effects of transgenic bt rice on growth, reproduction, and superoxide dismutase activity of folsomia candida (collembola: isotomidae) in laboratory studies. | transgenic rice expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crylab protein is expected to be commercialized in china in the near future. the use of bt rice for controlling insect pests sparks intensive debates regarding its biosafety. folsomia candida is an euedaphic species and is often used as a "standard" test organism in assessing effects of environmental pollutants on soil organisms. in this study, growth, development, reproduction, and superoxide dismutase activity (sod) of f. candida were inve ... | 2011 | 22299350 |
| a novel cry2ab gene from the indigenous isolate bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. | a novel cry2ab gene was cloned and sequenced from the indigenous isolate of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. this gene was designated as cry2ab25 and its sequence revealed an open reading frame of 1,902 bp encoding a 633 aa protein with calculated molecular mass of 70 kda and pi value of 8.98. the amino acid sequence of the cry2ab25 protein was compared with previously known cry2ab toxins, and the phylogenetic relationships among them were determined. the deduced amino acid sequence of th ... | 2012 | 22297230 |
| increased resistance of bt aspens to phratora vitellinae (coleoptera) leads to increased plant growth under experimental conditions. | one main aim with genetic modification (gm) of trees is to produce plants that are resistant to various types of pests. the effectiveness of gm-introduced toxins against specific pest species on trees has been shown in the laboratory. however, few attempts have been made to determine if the production of these toxins and reduced herbivory will translate into increased tree productivity. we established an experiment with two lines of potted aspens (populus tremula×populus tremuloides) which expre ... | 2012 | 22292004 |
| activity of a brazilian strain of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis against the cotton boll weevil anthonomus grandis boheman (coleoptera: tenebrionidae). | a brazilian bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis, toxic to diptera, including mosquitoes, was found also to show toxicity to the coleopteran boll weevil anthonomus grandis boheman at an equivalent level to that of the standard coleopteran-active b. thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis t08017. recombinant b. thuringiensis strains expressing the individual cyt1aa, cry4aa, cry4ba and cry11aa toxins from this strain were assessed to evaluate their potential contribution to the activity agai ... | 2012 | 23950011 |
| optimization of medium composition for the production of mosquitocidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. | optimization of chicken feather (cf) based culture medium for the production of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) biomass in combination with the agro industrial by-product (coconut cake, cc) and manganese chloride (mncl2) has been evaluated. the biomass yield of bti spore/crystal toxin was highest (12.06 g/l) from the test medium (cf+cc+mncl2) compared to the reference medium (luria bertani, lb). toxicity assay with bti produced from the test medium against mosquito vectors (culex ... | 2012 | 22279944 |
| analysis of opportunities and challenges in patenting of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein genes. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is the most widely used microbial control agent. the broad spectrum of susceptible hosts, production on artificial media and ease of application has caused the widespread use of this bacterium against several pests in agriculture, forest and vectors of human diseases. b.thuringiensis toxins are highly species specific which provide economic, environmental benefits, potential for future control and spread of the technology worldwide. this makes the b. thuringiensis cry ... | 2012 | 22239684 |
| bt rice evaluation and deployment strategies. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt), a gram positive soil bacteria was first identified and named by japanese microbiologist shigetane ishiwata in 1901. during sporulation bt produces proteinaceous parasporal crystal proteins called δ-endotoxins, or cry proteins, which are insecticidal. numerous cry proteins have been isolated and characterized from different bt strains with activity against insects, mites and nematodes. sprayable formulations containing these cry proteins as active ingredients have con ... | 2015 | 22233571 |
| parasitism by the endoparasitoid, cotesia flavipes induces cellular immunosuppression and enhances susceptibility of the sugar cane borer, diatraea saccharalis to bacillus thuringiensis. | cotesia flavipes cameron (hymenoptera: braconidae), is a gregarious larval endoparasitoid of the sugarcane borer, diatraea saccharalis fabricius (lepidoptera: crambidae). the aim of this research was to analyze cellular immunosuppression of d. saccharalis parasitized by c. flavipes in terms of encapsulation, melanization, and hemocyte nodule formation. the encapsulation assay was done 1 and 6 days after parasitoid oviposition. in addition, the susceptibility of parasitized and nonparasitzed larv ... | 2011 | 22225507 |
| large-scale, spatially-explicit test of the refuge strategy for delaying insecticide resistance. | the refuge strategy is used worldwide to delay the evolution of pest resistance to insecticides that are either sprayed or produced by transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crops. this strategy is based on the idea that refuges of host plants where pests are not exposed to an insecticide promote survival of susceptible pests. despite widespread adoption of this approach, large-scale tests of the refuge strategy have been problematic. here we tested the refuge strategy with 8 y of data on refuge ... | 2012 | 22215605 |
| safety assessment of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis rice t1c-19 in sprague-dawley rats from metabonomics and bacterial profile perspectives. | bacillus thuringiensis rice is facing commercialization as the main food source in the near future. the unintended effects of genetically modified (gm) organisms are the most important barriers to their promotion. we aimed to establish a new in vivo evaluation model for genetically modified foods by using metabonomics and bacterial profile approaches. t1c-19 rice flour or its transgenic parent mh63 was used at 70% wt/wt to produce diets that were fed to rats for ∼ 90 days. urine metabolite chang ... | 2012 | 22215564 |
| mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal efficacy of solanum xanthocarpum (family: solanaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, bacillus thuringiensis, against culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae). | the bio-efficacy of solanum xanthocarpum leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, bacillus thuringiensis, were assessed against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of culex quinquefasciatus, under the laboratory conditions. the medicinal plants were collected from the outskirt bharathiar university, coimbatore, tamil nadu, india. the shade dried plant materials were extracted by employing the soxhlet apparatus with ethanol (organic solvent) for 8 h and filtered. the extracts were concentr ... | 2012 | 22215195 |
| assessing the role of non-cotton refuges in delaying helicoverpa armigera resistance to bt cotton in west africa. | non-cotton host plants without bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins can provide refuges that delay resistance to bt cotton in polyphagous insect pests. it has proven difficult, however, to determine the effective contribution of such refuges and their role in delaying resistance evolution. here, we used biogeochemical markers to quantify movement of helicoverpa armigera moths from non-cotton hosts to cotton fields in three agricultural landscapes of the west african cotton belt (cameroon) where bt ... | 2012 | 25568029 |
| pre-feeding of a glycolipid binding protein lec-8 from caenorhabditis elegans revealed enhanced tolerance to cry1ac toxin in helicoverpa armigera. | crystal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis bind to glycolipids and glycoproteins using two different lectin domains in the toxin protein. our previous observations suggested that the sequestration of crystal toxin depends on the functional interaction of a toxin lectin with glycolipids. given the finding that competition of a galectin lec-8 with cry5b for binding to glycolipids resulting in reduced bt toxicity in nematode, it is interesting to explore the role of lec-8 in insects. here, we repor ... | 2012 | 24371572 |
| adaptive management of pest resistance by helicoverpa species (noctuidae) in australia to the cry2ab bt toxin in bollgard ii® cotton. | in australia, monitoring helicoverpa species for resistance to the cry2ab toxin in second generation bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton has precisely fulfilled its intended function: to warn of increases in resistance frequencies that may lead to field failures of the technology. prior to the widespread adoption of two-gene bt cotton, the frequency of cry2ab resistance alleles was at least 0.001 in h. armigera and h. punctigera. in the 5 years hence, there has been a significant and apparently e ... | 2010 | 25567948 |
| evolutionary ecology of insect adaptation to bt crops. | transgenic crops producing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins are used worldwide to control major pests of corn and cotton. development of strategies to delay the evolution of pest resistance to bt crops requires an understanding of factors affecting responses to natural selection, which include variation in survival on bt crops, heritability of resistance, and fitness advantages associated with resistance mutations. the two main strategies adopted for delaying resistance are the refuge and pyra ... | 2010 | 25567947 |
| characterization of native bacillus thuringiensis strains by pcr-rapd based fingerprinting. | seventy isolates of bacillus thuringiensis were isolated from soil samples collected from cotton fields. these isolates were characterized by randomly amplified poylmorphic dna (rapd) markers to determine their genetic diversity pattern based on their source of origin. different random decamer primers were used for rapd amplification, which generated a total of 1935 fragments; of these 1865 were polymorphic and 68 monomorphic. the primers opa03, opa08, opd14, opd19, opd20, ope17 and opd19 produc ... | 2010 | 23100804 |
| structural and functional analysis of giant strong component of bacillus thuringiensis metabolic network. | the purpose of this work was to study the giant strong component (gsc) of b. thuringiensis metabolic network by structural and functional analysis. based on so-called "bow tie" structure, we extracted and studied gsc with its functional significance. global structural properties such as degree distribution and average path length were computed and indicated that the gsc is also a small-world and scale-free network. furthermore, the gsc was decomposed and functional significant for metabolism of ... | 2009 | 24031381 |
| diversity of bacillus thuringiensis in the rice field soils of different ecologies in india. | diversity of the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) in the rice field soils of different ecologies viz. the island (port blair), the himalayan (srinagar), brackish water (mahe) and coastal mesophilic (mangalore) habitats was analyzed by phenotypic characterization of 5, 66, 14 and 54 bt isolates, respectively. the bt isolates produced either monotypic (bipyramidal or spherical) or heterotypic (polymorphic-bipyramidal or bipyramidal-rhomboidal) crystals. the organisms were generally resistant to the pen ... | 2007 | 23100691 |
| effect of different additives on the persistence and insecticidal activity of native strains of bacillus thuringiensis. | the persistence and insecticidal activity of native strains of bacillus thuringiensis was evaluated in formulations containing different additives such as arrow-root powder, carboxy methyl cellulose (cmc), gum acacia, non-food grade (nfg) starch, and soluble starch. persistence of b. thuringiensis varied with different additives used in the formulations. among the different additives used, nfg starch provided maximum protection to b. thuringiensis and native strain 42 showed maximum persistence ... | 2007 | 23100638 |
| [conduct of the oviposition of aedes aegypti (l.) in the presence of macrocyclops albidus (j.) and bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis under lab conditions]. | the behaviour of the oviposition of pregnant females of aedes aegypti in the presence of biological agents: macrocyclops albidus (copepoda: cyclopoidea) or bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) was evaluated under lab conditions. recipients containing 225 ml of dechlorinated water were placed for oviposition with three variants: water with copepods, water with bti, and water. the average of eggs layed in the recipients with copepods and bti were 1 227.9 and 1 200.8, respectively, a figur ... | 2013 | 23427425 |
| development of a purification method of pure primary lymphocytes for cell viability assays. | the maintenance of pure primary lymphocytes culture for long periods may be difficult because of its inability to divide continuously. in addition, lymphocytes separation methods such as ficoll-paque, rbc lysis and immunomagnetic microbeads separation may have some affect on cell viability. the objective of this study is to determine various types of lymphocytes purification methods, in order to prolong primary lymphocytes culture to 72 hours. the second objective is to use these primary lymphoc ... | 2007 | 22593650 |
| field trial of relative efficacy of abate and bacillus thuringiensis against simulium himalayense larvae (diptera simulidae). | simulium himalayense (diptera simulidae) are known pests which cause severe biting nuisance in north-east region and breed in its fast flowing rivers and rivulets. a field trial was undertaken to control this nuisance with the help of larvicides and to help ascertain relative efficacy of abate and b thuringiensis against simulidae. abate proved to be an effective larvicide for river treatment wherein 0.1 ppm resulted in 100% larval reduction while in small streams, the treatment with teknar (bac ... | 2003 | 27407481 |
| field deposition of bt transgenic corn pollen: lethal effects on the monarch butterfly. | we present the first evidence that transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) corn pollen naturally deposited on asclepias syriaca; common milkweed, in a corn field causes significant mortality of danaus plexippus l. (lepidoptera: danaidae) larvae. larvae feeding for 48 h on a. syriaca plants naturally dusted with pollen from bt corn plants suffered significantly higher rates of mortality at 48 h (20±3%) compared to larvae feeding on leaves with no pollen (3±3%), or feeding on leaves with non-bt pol ... | 2000 | 24595835 |
| the lipid moiety of the gpi-anchor of the major plasma membrane proteins in paramecium primaurelia is a ceramide: variation of the amide-linked fatty acid composition as a function of growth temperature. | the major membrane proteins of paramecium are anchored in the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi). the expression of these gpi-proteins, the surface antigen (sag) and the surface gpi-proteins (sgps), is temperature-dependent, different sets are expressed at 23°c and at 32 °c. to characterize the gpi-anchor lipid moieties of these proteins, a new strategy of biosynthetic radiolabeling was developed. cells of paramecium primaurelia, grown at 23°c or at 32 °c, were fed with [(1 ... | 1998 | 23196112 |
| recoverability of heat-injured bacillus spores by lysozyme and edta or alkaline thioglycollate. | the d95°c value of bacillus thuringiensis spores plated in the presence of lysozyme increased from 3.0 min to 3.6 min by post-treatment of heat-injured spores with 50mm edta. in the case of bacillus alvei and bacillus polymyxa spores d-values decreased from 4.9 to 4.3 min and from 4.7 to 4.1 min respectively. post-treatment of heat-injured spores treated with alkaline thioglycollate increased d95°c values of bacillus alvei from 4.2 to 5.3 min, b. thuringiensis 3.6 to 4.7 min, and bacillus polymy ... | 1996 | 24415421 |
| selection of rhizosphere-competent pseudomonas strains as biocontrol agents in tropical soils. | pseudomonas strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of maize grown in yellow-red latosol from rio de janeiro, brazil, to serve as a delivery system for heterologous genes and for risk assessment studies in tropical soils. selected strains were modified by insertion of the cryivb gene from bacillus thuringiensis and tested for pathogenicity gene expression against larvae of a susceptible model species, anopheles aquasalis. modified strains br8 and br12 showed similar survival performance to th ... | 1996 | 24415420 |
| production of thuringiensin from bacillus thuringiensis using a net-draft-tube, modified airlift reactor. | a net-draft-tube, modified airlift reactor and a stirred-tank reactor were used for thuringiensin production by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis growing with various concentrations of molasses. the optimum concentration of molasses for thuringiensin production in both reactors was 15 g/l. there was a 6 h delay in sporulation in the modified airlift reactor compared with that in the stirred-tank reactor. thuringiensin yield in the modified airlift reactor (2.2 g/l) was consequently hi ... | 1996 | 24415084 |
| bacillus thuringiensis: ecology, the significance of natural genetic modification, and regulation. | legislation and regulation in respect of genetically modified microorganisms must be based on rick-assessment principles rather than on the current european concept of pathogenicity, which is a measure of hazard. natural genetic modification has commerical attractions where the processes can be exempted from regulation. bacillus thuringiensis is used to illustrate this in the context of the european directives and uk regulation. | 1995 | 24414894 |
| growth, sporulation and toxin production bybacillus thuringiensis subsp.israelensis andb. sphaericus in media based on mustard-seed meal. | bacillus thuringiensis subsp.israelensis andb. sphaericus strains 2362 and 1593 were grown in media based on defatted mustard-seed meal (msm). the meal contains 40% (w/w) protein, with glutamic acid and arginine as the major amino acids. the toxic potencies of the final bacterial powders towardsculex pipens quinquefasciatus say, compared with those of the respective international reference standards, were 46% forb. thuringiensis subsp.israelensis, 62% forb. sphaericus 2362 and 88% forb. sphaeric ... | 1995 | 24414503 |
| studies on bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from swedish soils: insect toxicity and production of b. cereus-diarrhoeal-type enterotoxin. | at moderate concentration, 23 of 40 strains of bacillus thuringiensis isolated from sweden were toxic to trichoplusia ni and five were toxic to aedes aegypti. five of the strains were toxic to diabrotica undecimpunctata at high concentration, two were toxic to heliothis virescens at low concentration and five produced thuringiensin (formerly called β-exotoxin). no strain was toxic towards the beet armyworm spodoptera exigua at low concentration. twenty-three of the strains produced a b. cereus-d ... | 1994 | 24421086 |
| distribution of bacillus thuringiensis strains in southern sweden. | bacillus thuringiensis strains were found to be naturally present in the soils of southern sweden, being isolated from nine out of 12 sites examined. forest soil samples were more rich in b. thuringiensis strains than soil samples collected from cultivated areas. a wide diversity of b. thuringiensis strains, representing different biochemical groups, was isolated; samples from aspö and fogdö regions showed the highest degree of diversity. | 1994 | 24420885 |
| algae in mosquito breeding sites and the effectiveness of the mosquito larvicide bacillus thuringiensis h-14. | the presence of cyanobacteria generally decreased the effectiveness of bacillus thuringiensis h-14 (bti) as a mosquito larvicide. the effect was more pronounced when the mosquito larvae were exposed to bti in the presence of several cyanobacterial strains. no synergistic or antagonistic effect between the δ-endotoxin from bti and the hepatotoxin from cyanobacteria was seen. neurotoxic cyanobacterial strains caused very fast paralysis in mosquito larvae; the decreases in the effectiveness of bti ... | 1993 | 24419936 |
| specific toxicity of δ-endotoxins from bacillus thuringiensis to bombyx mori. | two δ-endotoxins, cryia(a) and cryia(b), from bacillus thuringiensis subsp.. aizawai were used to investigate the specificity in insecticidal activity. cryia(a) was 17-fold more toxic to bomhyx mori than cryia(b). after in vitro solubilization and digestion of these δ-endotoxins, the specificity of toxicity was retained. trypsin-activated cryia(a) and cryia(b) showed specific, high affinity and saturable binding to brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv) from b. mori midguts. these two toxins comp ... | 1993 | 27314769 |
| binding of an engineered 130-kda insecticidal protein of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis to insect cell lines. | | 1993 | 27281006 |
| bacillus thuringiensis growth, sporulation and δ-endotoxin production in oxygen limited and non-limited cultures. | the production of crystals and spores ofbacillus thuringiensis var.israelensis was studied under different aeration conditions. the results with 4 l batch cultures showed that for o2 non-limited, cultures cell yield, toxin production and spore count were constant for all oxygen transfer rates (otr). under o2 limitation, °-endotoxin concentrations and spore counts were lower than those obtained in non-limited cultures. in addition, δ-endotoxin yields diminished under o2 limitation, suggesting tha ... | 1992 | 24425483 |
| spreading of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis over the water surface by a monolayer carrier. | the self-spreading properties of monolayers, acting as carriers for bacillus thuringlensis var. israelensis, were examined in the laboratory. drops of mixtures of 0.5 to 5% b. thuringlensis in a liquid monolayer were placed at one end of a narrow static water course, 2 m long. in less than 2 min, a single layer of molecules spread over the water surface and deposited enough b. thuringiensis over the whole 2 m to kill test mosquito larvae in 24 h. the monolayer alone did not kill larvae in 24 h b ... | 1991 | 24425021 |
| studies on bacillus thuringiensis h-14 strains isolated in egypt-v. composition and toxicity of the mosquitocidal parasporal inclusions. | parasporal inclusions of bacillus thuringlensis h-14 strains m1 and s128 were characterized by solubilization, electron microscopy, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis and insecticidal activity. inclusions of both strains are composed largely of protein with 8 to 9% carbohydrate. amino acid analysis of the purlfied inclusions revealed that the two strains produce inclusions that are closely related to each other but significantly different from lepidopteran-toxic b. thuringie ... | 1991 | 24424938 |
| studies on bacillus thuringiensis h-14 strains isolated in egypt-iv. characterization of fermentation conditions for δ-endotoxin production. | fermentation media formulated from inexpensive locally available ingredients, namely soya meal, proflo (a partially defatted cooked cottonseed fiour) and molasses, were assessed for growth, sporulation and δ-endotoxin production, by a mosquito-toxic strain of bacillus thuringlensis h-14 locally isolated in egypt, using an 8 i working volume fermenter. the insecticidal activity was assayed against culex piplens. good growth and sporulation were obtained with all the tested medium combinations, bu ... | 1991 | 24424937 |
| plant defenses: chlorogenic acid and polyphenol oxidase enhance toxicity ofbacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki toheliothis zea. | two chemicals implicated in resistance of the tomato plant, chlorogenic acid and polyphenol oxidase, are known to form orthoquinones in damaged plant tissue. orthoquinones have been reported to alkylate -nh2 and -sh groups of proteins and amino acids, altering solubility, digestibility, and, for some pathogenic viruses, infectivity. here we explore effects of quinone alkylation on toxicity of an important microbial insecticide,bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki (btk), to larvalheliothis zea. ... | 1991 | 24258447 |
| transcriptional profile for detoxification enzymes aeaggt1 and aaeggt2 from aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in response to larvicides. | aedes aegypti (l.) is the vector responsible for transmitting dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and zika viruses, as well as other pathogens. microbial larvicides based on bacillus thuringiensis berliner israelensis (bti) and saccharopolyspora spinosa mertz and yao, such as vectobac 12as and natular 2ec, have been shown to be effective in reducing larval populations of ae. aegypti. we examined the gene expression of two detoxification enzymes, glucosyl and glucuronosyl transferases (aaeggt1 and ... | 2017 | 28399278 |
| insights into the structure of the vip3aa insecticidal protein by protease digestion analysis. | vip3 proteins are secretable proteins from bacillus thuringiensis whose mode of action is still poorly understood. in this study, the activation process for vip3 proteins was closely examined in order to better understand the vip3aa protein stability and to shed light on its structure. the vip3aa protoxin (of 89 kda) was treated with trypsin at concentrations from 1:100 to 120:100 (trypsin:vip3a, w:w). if the action of trypsin was not properly neutralized, the results of sds-page analysis (as we ... | 2017 | 28387713 |
| effects of bacillus thuringiensis strains virulent to varroa destructor on larvae and adults of apis mellifera. | the sublethal effects of two strains of bacillus thuringiensis, which were virulent in vitro to varroa destructor, were measured on apis mellifera. the effects of five concentrations of total protein (1, 5, 25, 50 and 100μg/ml) from the ea3 and ea26.1 strains on larval and adult honey bees were evaluated for two and seven days under laboratory conditions. based on the concentrations evaluated, total protein from the two strains did not affect the development of larvae, the syrup consumption, loc ... | 2017 | 28388479 |
| seasonal variability in size-segregated airborne bacterial particles and their characterization at different source-sites. | size-segregated aerosol samplings were carried out near the potential sources of airborne biological particles i.e. at a landfill site, an agricultural field and a road side restaurant-cluster site in winter, spring and summer seasons during 2013-2015 in new delhi. the culturable airborne bacterial (cab) concentrations showed significant seasonal variation from higher to moderate in spring and winter seasons and lowest during summer. highest cab concentrations were observed at the okhla landfill ... | 2017 | 28390023 |
| control of biting lice, mallophaga - a review. | the chewing lice (mallophaga) are common parasites of different animals. most of them infest terrestrial and marine birds, including pigeons, doves, swans, cormorants and penguins. mallophaga have not been found on marine mammals but only on terrestrial ones, including livestock and pets. their bites damage cattle, sheep, goats, horses and poultry, causing itch and scratch and arousing phthiriasis and dermatitis. notably, mallophaga can vector important parasites, such as the filarial heartworm ... | 2017 | 28587840 |
| an alcaligenes strain emulates bacillus thuringiensis producing a binary protein that kills corn rootworm through a mechanism similar to cry34ab1/cry35ab1. | crops expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt)-derived insecticidal protein genes have been commercially available for over 15 years and are providing significant value to growers. however, there remains the need for alternative insecticidal actives due to emerging insect resistance to certain bt proteins. a screen of bacterial strains led to the discovery of a two-component insecticidal protein named afip-1a/1b from an alcaligenes faecalis strain. this protein shows selectivity against coleoptera ... | 2017 | 28596570 |
| comparative genomics of bacillus thuringiensis reveals a path to specialized exploitation of multiple invertebrate hosts. | understanding the genetic basis of host shifts is a key genomic question for pathogen and parasite biology. the bacillus cereus group, which encompasses bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus anthracis, contains pathogens that can infect insects, nematodes, and vertebrates. since the target range of the essential virulence factors (cry toxins) and many isolates is well known, this group presents a powerful system for investigating how pathogens can diversify and adapt to phylogenetically distant ho ... | 2017 | 28790205 |
| surrogate strains of human pathogens for field release. | surrogate microorganisms, in short surrogates, are an essential part of pathogen research. compared to surrogates used in controlled laboratory environments, surrogates for field release are restricted by concerns about human and environmental safety. for field research of food-borne pathogens, strains of an attenuated pathogen or strains of genetically close non-pathogenic species have been used as surrogates. genetic modification is usually performed to attenuate virulence, through for example ... | 2017 | 28692329 |
| in defense of bacillus thuringiensis, the safest and most successful microbial insecticide available to humanity - a response to efsa. | the bacillus cereus group contains vertebrate pathogens such as bacillus anthracis and bacillus cereus and the invertebrate pathogen bacillus thuringiensis. microbial biopesticides based on b. thuringiensis (bt) are widely recognized as being among the safest and least environmentally damaging insecticidal products available. nevertheless, a recent food poisoning incident prompted a european food safety authority review which argued that b. thuringiensis poses a health risk equivalent to b. cere ... | 2017 | 28645183 |
| recombinant protein expression, crystallization, and biophysical studies of a bacillus-conserved nucleotide pyrophosphorylase, bcmazg. | to overcome safety restrictions and regulations when studying genes and proteins from true pathogens, their homologues can be studied. bacillus anthracis is an obligate pathogen that causes fatal inhalational anthrax. bacillus cereus is considered a useful model for studying b. anthracis due to its close evolutionary relationship. the gene cluster ba1554 - ba1558 of b. anthracis is highly conserved with the bc1531- bc1535 cluster in b. cereus, as well as with the bt1364-bt1368 cluster in bacillu ... | 2017 | 28570540 |
| evaluation of personal inhalable aerosol samplers with different filters for use during anthrax responses. | risk of inhalation exposure to viable bacillus anthracis (b. anthracis) spores has primarily been assessed using short-term, stationary sampling methods which may not accurately characterize the concentration of inhalable-sized spores reaching a person's breathing zone. while a variety of aerosol sampling methods have been utilized during previous anthrax responses, no consensus has yet been established for personal air sampling. the goal of this study was to determine the best sampler-filter co ... | 2017 | 28506101 |
| complete genome sequence of the nematicidal bacillus thuringiensis mybt18246. | 10.1601/nm.5000 is a rod-shaped facultative anaerobic spore forming bacterium of the genus 10.1601/nm.4857. the defining feature of the species is the ability to produce parasporal crystal inclusion bodies, consisting of δ-endotoxins, encoded by cry-genes. here we present the complete annotated genome sequence of the nematicidal 10.1601/nm.5000 strain mybt18246. the genome comprises one 5,867,749 bp chromosome and 11 plasmids which vary in size from 6330 bp to 150,790 bp. the chromosome contains ... | 2017 | 28852435 |
| do multi-year applications of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis for control of mosquito larvae affect the abundance of b. cereus group populations in riparian wetland soils? | bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) is a soil-borne bacterium affiliated to the bacillus cereus group (bcg) and has been used in biocontrol products against nematoceran larvae for several decades. however, knowledge is limited on whether long-term bti application can affect the structure of indigenous communities of bcg and the overall abundance of bti. using species- and group-specific quantitative pcr assays, we measured the bcg- and bti-abundances in riparian wetlands in the river ... | 2017 | 28600590 |
| molecular characterization and risk assessment of bacillus cereus sensu lato isolated from ultrahigh-temperature and pasteurized milk marketed in rio de janeiro, brazil. | the presence of bacillus cereus in milk is a major concern in the dairy industry. in this study 27 bacillus cereus sensu lato isolates from pasteurized and ultrahigh-temperature (uht) milk (24 whole uht and 4 pasteurized samples) collected at supermarket chains in rio de janeiro, brazil, were evaluated to assess the potential risk for food poisoning. toxigenic and virulence profiles were defined by gene-specific pcr. affiliation to phylogenetic groups was assigned by panc sequencing. microbiolog ... | 2017 | 28556679 |
| evaluation of two standard and two chromogenic selective media for optimal growth and enumeration of isolates of 16 unique bacillus species. | the genus bacillus is a group of gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria that can cause food poisoning and diarrheal illness in humans. a wide range of food products have been linked to foodborne outbreaks associated with these opportunistic pathogens. the u.s. food and drug administration recommends (in their bacteriological analytical manual) the use of bacara or mannitol egg yolk polymyxin (myp) agar plates and the most-probable-number (mpn) method for enumeration and confirmation of bacillu ... | 2017 | 28467187 |
| biodegradation of food waste using microbial cultures producing thermostable α-amylase and cellulase under different ph and temperature. | the aim of this work was to study the biodegradation of food waste employing thermostable α-amylase and cellulase enzymes producing bacteria. four potential isolates were identified which were capable of producing maximum amylase and cellulase and belong to the amylolytic strains, brevibacillus borstelensis and bacillus licheniformis; cellulolytic strains, bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus licheniformis, respectively. these strains were selected based on its higher cell density, enzymatic acti ... | 2017 | 28709882 |