| association of porcine circovirus type 2 with vascular lesions in porcine pneumonia. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the vasculature in porcine circovirus type 2-infected (pcv2-infected) lungs and to identify the pcv2 subtypes involved in porcine pneumonia. pulmonary samples from 140 pigs, 2 weeks to 7 months of age, from 36 hungarian commercial herds with clinical signs of respiratory disease were examined for the presence of respiratory pathogens, with bacterial culture, pathologic evaluation, and immunohistochemistry for pcv2, porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome v ... | 2011 | 21551427 |
| molecular and infectivity studies of porcine circovirus in vaccines. | this report describes fda's laboratory response to the 2010 reports that porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv-1) dna was present in u.s.-licensed rotavirus vaccines and in cells used to produce inactivated poliovirus vaccines. in the present study, rotarix(®) (glaxosmithkline, rixenxart, belgium) was found to contain full-length pcv-1 genomes that are particle-associated, and cell culture assays in swine testis (st) and pcv-free porcine kidney (pk-15) cells confirmed that pcv-1 sequences in this vacci ... | 2011 | 21569811 |
| removal of virus from boar semen spiked with porcine circovirus type 2. | the virus porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with different disease entities, including reproductive failure. the objective of this study was to investigate the use of a semen processing technique for the elimination of infectious pcv2 in semen. pcv2 was chosen as a model virus because of its small size, high resistance to inactivation and as a known risk factor for boar semen contamination. aliquots of ejaculates were spiked with pcv2 and processed by a double processing technique, ... | 2011 | 21592690 |
| effects of an inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccine on pcv2 virus shedding in semen from experimentally infected boars. | the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of an inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccine on pcv2b virus shedding in the semen of experimentally infected boars by measuring the immunological response and the pcv2b dna load in blood and semen. twelve boars were randomly divided into three groups. the boars in group 1 (n = 4) were immunized with an inactivated pcv2 vaccine and were challenged with pcv2b.the boars in group 2 (n = 4) were only challenged with pcv2b.th ... | 2011 | 21613465 |
| effect of dietary arginine supplementation on reproductive performance of mice with porcine circovirus type 2 infection. | the objective of this study was to investigate whether supplemental dietary arginine increases reproductive performance in mice infected with porcine circovirus type2 (pcv2). a total of 50km female mice were allotted randomly to the arginine group (0.6% arginine + gestation diet) and control group (1.22% alanine + gestation diet). all the mice began to mate after 14 days of treatment with our prepared feed and challenged with pcv2 at the dose of 100 tcid(50) (50% tissue culture infection dose, t ... | 2011 | 21617969 |
| co-expression of ubiquitin gene and capsid protein gene enhances the potency of dna immunization of pcv2 in mice. | abstract: a recombinant plasmid that co-expressed ubiquitin and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) virus capsid protein (cap), denoted as pc-ub-cap, and a plasmid encoding pcv2 virus cap alone, denoted as pc-cap, were transfected into 293t cells. indirect immunofluorescence (iif) and confocal microscopy were performed to measure the cellular expression of cap. three groups of mice were then vaccinated once every three weeks for a total of three doses with pc-ub-cap, pc-cap or the empty vector pcag ... | 2011 | 21624113 |
| diagnostic performance measures of elisa and quantitative pcr tests for porcine circovirus type 2 exposure using bayesian latent class analysis. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is believed to be a necessary but not sufficient underlying cause of porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) in swine (opriessnig et al., 2007). since the potential threat of pcvad is dependent on the prevalence of pcv2 in swine populations, accurate diagnostic tests are important for epidemiologic surveillance. therefore, we evaluated the diagnostic sensitivity (se) and specificity (sp) of a new indirect elisa and two quantitative pcr tests for pcv2 in a series ... | 2011 | 21632130 |
| the 2.3 a structure of porcine circovirus 2. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is a t=1 non-enveloped icosahedral virus that has had severe impact on the swine industry. here we report the crystal structure of an n-terminally truncated pcv2 virus-like particle at 2.3 å resolution, and the cryo-em image reconstruction of a full length pcv2 virus-like particle at 9.6 å resolution. this is the first atomic structure of a circovirus. the crystal structure revealed that the capsid protein fold is a canonical viral jelly-roll. the loops connecting the ... | 2011 | 21632760 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) influences infection dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) subtypes pcv2a and pcv2b by prolonging pcv2 viremia and shedding. | the objective of this study was to determine the effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection on porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) subtypes a (pcv2a) or b (pcv2b) viremia and shedding characteristics in oral, nasal and fecal samples in experimentally infected pigs. twenty-three, 2- to 6-week-old pigs were randomly divided into five groups: negative control (n=3), pcv2a-i (n=5), pcv2a-prrsv-coi (n=5), pcv2b-i (n=5), and pcv2b-prrsv-coi (n=5). blood, oral, nasal a ... | 2011 | 21641124 |
| construction and biological characterisation of recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 expressing the v5 epitope tag. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a major causal agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in piglets. to investigate the feasibility of pcv2 expressing an exogenous epitope, a 14-amino-acid v5 epitope derived from simian parainfluenza virus type 5, was inserted into the c terminus of the capsid protein. recombinant pcv2 expressing the v5 epitope, recpcv2/cl-v5, was rescued by transfecting an infectious clone into pk-15 cells and was characterised by an immunoperoxidase monolayer as ... | 2011 | 21641944 |
| a live-attenuated chimeric porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccine is transmitted to contact pigs but is not upregulated by concurrent infection with porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and is efficacious in a pcv2b-prrsv-ppv challenge model. | the live chimeric porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccine with the capsid gene of the emerging subtype 2b cloned in the genomic backbone of the nonpathogenic pcv1 is attenuated in vivo and induces protective immunity against pcv2. to further determine the safety and efficacy of this experimental vaccine, we tested for evidence of pig-to-pig transmission by commingling nonvaccinated and vaccinated pigs, determined potential upregulation by simultaneous vaccination and infection with porcine parv ... | 2011 | 21653745 |
| first construction of infectious clone for newly emerging mutation porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) followed by comparison with pcv2a and pcv2b genotypes in biological characteristics in vitro. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), is a serious economic problem in the swine industry. different genotypes (pcv2a, pcv2b and pcv2d) of the virus are present in the clinical cases in china, and it is necessary to elucidate the pathogenic difference among different genotypes of pcv2. in this study, four strains of different genotypes were isolated, two were ordinary strains and another two were mutation strains, which there ... | 2011 | 21658280 |
| development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for porcine circovirus type 2. | in this study, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method was used to develop a rapid and simple detection system for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). according to the pcv2 sequences published in genbank, multiple lamp primers were designed targeting conserved sequences of pcv2. using the dna extracted from pcv2 isolates hun-09 and sd-09 as the template, lamp reactions in a pcv2 lamp system was performed, the amplification products were detected by adding sybr green i and could be ... | 2011 | 21667342 |
| fatal bronchopneumonia in a metastrongylus elongatus and porcine circovirus type 2 co-infected pig. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection is distributed worldwide and pcv2-associated disease (pcvad) is considered among the most economically relevant ones to the global swine industry. pcv2 is known to play a causal role in the porcine respiratory disease complex, usually in close association with a large plethora of other biologic agents. we describe herein a case of fatal parasitic bronchopneumonia by metastrongylus elongatus in a pcv2-infected pig. metastrongylosis may still represent a ... | 2011 | 21669448 |
| leukogram abnormalities in gnotobiotic pigs infected with porcine circovirus type 2. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a single-stranded circular dna virus that is the causative agent of porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad), a disease complex affecting swine around the world. although this virus is believed to negatively affect the host's immune system, the mechanism by which pcv2 induces disease is not completely understood. this report describes a series of pcv2 experiments using the gnotobiotic pig model in which a relationship was demonstrated between abnormal leu ... | 2011 | 21784586 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 potentiates morbidity of salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis in cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs. | problem addressed: porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar choleraesuis (s. choleraesuis) are two leading causes of economic loss in the swine industry. although s. choleraesuis infection occurs concurrently with pcv2-associated disease in many swine herds, the pathogenesis of concurrent infection with pcv2 and s. choleraesuis remains largely undefined. objective: we investigated the interactions between pcv2 and s. choleraesuis in 20 cesarean-derived ... | 2011 | 21782358 |
| quantitative proteomics by 2-de, (16) o/(18) o labelling and linear ion trap mass spectrometry analysis of lymph nodes from piglets inoculated by porcine circovirus type 2. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been identified as the essential causal agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. however, little is known regarding the mechanism(s) underlying the pathogenesis of pcv2-induced disease and the interaction of the virus with the host immune system. here, we present a proteomics study on inguinal lymph nodes of piglets inoculated with pcv2, in order to better understand the pathogenesis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and the pathways m ... | 2011 | 21751353 |
| functional exchangeability of the nuclear localization signal (nls) of capsid protein between pcv1 and pcv2 in vitro: implications for the role of nls in viral replication. | abstract: | 2011 | 21733152 |
| microbiological identification and analysis of swine tonsils collected from carcasses at slaughter. | the primary objective of this 7-month study was to determine the prevalence of porcine pathogens of the tonsil of the soft palate of swine at slaughter. additional objectives were to determine if sampling the carcasses of normal or abnormal hogs provided different microbiological profiles and if the slaughter plant provides a feasible sampling frame and environment for detecting and monitoring important pathogens in tonsils that have health implications for both swine and humans. a total of 395 ... | 2011 | 21731180 |
| multiplex method for simultaneous serological detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) are major contributors to the porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc). routine serological diagnosis and surveillance play an important role in the prevention of prdc, as it is a leading cause of economic losses to the swine industry. we herein describe an advanced microsphere-based immunoassay that permits the simultaneous detection of antibodies to pcv2 and prrsv, thereby reducing the time and e ... | 2011 | 21734031 |
| unusual central nervous system lesions in slaughter-weight pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 systemic infection. | porcine circovirus type 2 systemic infection was diagnosed in 2 slaughter-weight pigs based on postmortem examination. the infection was associated with unusual central nervous system lesions characterized by a multifocal lymphohistiocytic to granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis with giant cell formation. the role of these nervous system lesions in the development of the clinical signs in these pigs remains uncertain. | 2011 | 21731092 |
| farm level risk factors associated with severity of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome. | a cross-sectional study involving 147 pig farms across england was conducted in 2008-2009. farm severity of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was estimated through the use of an algorithm that combined data on post-weaning mortality, pmws morbidity and proportion of porcine circovirus type 2 pcr positive pigs. farms were classified as non/slightly, moderately or highly affected by pmws. data on potential pmws risk factors were collected through interviews, on-farm assessment an ... | 2011 | 21741715 |
| circovirus and impact of temporary withdrawal of rotavirus vaccines in spain. | at the beginning of 2010 dna fragments of a porcine circovirus 1 (pcv-1) were detected in the monovalent rotavirus vaccine, rotarix-« (glaxosmithkline), and later also of pcv-1 and pcv-2 in the rotateq-« (msd) vaccine. these viruses are frequently found in meat and other products for normal human consumption and have not been shown to cause disease in humans. although the world health organization (who) and the european medicines agency (ema) did not recommended discontinuation of vaccination ag ... | 2011 | 21715979 |
| porcine bocaviruses: genetic analysis and prevalence in chinese swine population. | summaryin members of the bocavirus genus, that contain three open reading frames (orfs) of the parvovirinae subfamily, porcine bocaviruses (pobovs) exhibit the most genetic diversity. based on the orf2-encoded viral protein (vp1) classification, the six reported porcine bocaviruses were grouped into four species: pobov1 (porcine boca-like virus or pbolv), pobov2 (porcine parvovirus 4 or ppv4), pobov3 (pbov1/pbov2) and pobov4 (6v/7v), with pobov3 and pobov4 each having two genotype viruses. all f ... | 2011 | 21676363 |
| properties and detection of two cryptoviruses from pepper (capsicum annuum). | pepper (capsicum annuum l.) contains a range of endogenous dsrna molecules resembling the genomes of cryptoviruses. in this work, we have completed the molecular characterization of pepper cryptic virus 1 (pcv-1) from cv "jalape+¦o m" and generated complete genomic sequences of another cryptovirus from cv "hungarian wax" designated pepper cryptic virus 2 (pcv-2). the two viruses share limited identical amino acid content in both genomic segments and appear phylogenetically closer to cryptoviruse ... | 2011 | 21695493 |
| microarray and cytokine analyses of field cases of pigs with diarrhoea. | this field study explored the cytokine expression in intestinal tissue and serum from 19 diarrhoeic and 9 healthy pigs in herds with a long-time history of lawsonia intracellularis-infection. the disease, proliferative enteropathy (pe), is associated with diarrhoea and poor performance in growers and haemorrhagic diarrhoea and sudden death in finisher pigs, but the immunopathology is poorly understood. histopathology, demonstration of l. intracellularis and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in in ... | 2011 | 21741782 |
| Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection on reproduction: disease, vertical transmission, diagnostics and vaccination. | Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes great economic losses in growing pigs and there are several reviews on disease manifestations and lesions associated with PCV2 in growing pigs. Reproductive failure in breeding herds, predominately associated with increased numbers of mummies and non-viable piglets at parturition, is one of the disease manifestations of PCV2 infection. Boars shed low amounts of infectious PCV2 in semen for extended time periods, and vertical transmission of PCV2 to fetuses ... | 2011 | 21676340 |
| Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome produced in gnotobiotic pigs following exposure to various amounts of porcine circovirus type 2a or type 2b. | In late 2005, a postweaning, high mortality syndrome spread rapidly through finishing barns in swine dense areas of the United States. Diagnostic investigations consistently detected porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) from diseased tissues. Subsequent genetic analysis revealed that the infectious agent was a PCV2 type termed "PCV2b". Prior to late 2004, only the PCV2a type, but not PCV2b, had been reported in North America. In this communication, we produce severe postweaning multisystemic wasting ... | 2011 | 21684696 |
| seroprevalence evolution of selected pathogens in iberian wild boar. | a total of 1279 eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) sera were collected from 2000 to 2011 in the iberian peninsula to reveal time changes in serum antibody prevalences against selected infectious agents (porcine circovirus type 2, pcv2; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, prrsv; hepatitis e virus, hev; and erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) and to identify putative individual or population factors driving such changes. overall seroprevalences were 48%, 26%, 2% and 15% for pcv2, hev, prrs ... | 2011 | 22168900 |
| Coreplication of the major genotype group members of porcine circovirus type 2 as a prerequisite to coevolution may explain the variable disease manifestations. | A member of the family Circoviridae, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), is associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), a recent emerging disease worldwide. PCV2 is also found in clinically asymptomatic animals. This paradoxical finding makes the syndrome etiology challenging. We developed new assays to study PCV2 with links to syndrome etiology. For analysis, we used PCV2-infected tissues from subclinically infected and diseased piglets. We compared antigen- and PCV2 DNA-de ... | 2011 | 21865380 |
| Porcine circovirus genotype 2a (PCV2a) and genotype 2b (PCV2b) recombinant mutants showed significantly enhanced viral replication and altered antigenicity in vitro. | Two recombinant mutants of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which resulted from replacement of a genomic fragment containing the open reading frame 2 (ORF2) of genotype PCV2b with that of genotype PCV2a, were obtained initially from co-infection with PCV2a and 2b genotype viruses in vitro. The two mutant viruses contained the ORF1 sequence from genotype PCV2b and the ORF2 sequence from genotype PCV2a. They were designated according to the nomenclature proposed by Grau et al., indicating the ori ... | 2011 | 21890163 |
| Rapid and sensitive detection of PRRSV by a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. | A real-time monitoring reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for the sensitive and specific detection of prototypic, prevalent North American porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains. As a higher sensitivity and specificity method than reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the RT-LAMP method only used a turbidimeter, exhibited a detection limit corresponding to a 10(-4) dilution of template RNA ex ... | 2011 | 21847756 |
| A multiple SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR system for the simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus type 2, porcine parvovirus, pseudorabies virus and Torque teno sus virus 1 and 2 in pigs. | Multiple viral infections are common in pigs under intensive production conditions. All five of the viruses included in this study are associated with multifactorial diseases that cause significant economic losses in swine farming worldwide. The development is described of a novel multiple real-time PCR system based on the use of SYBR Green I that allows the simultaneous detection and differentiation of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), porcine parvovirus (PPV), pseudorabies virus (PRV) and Torque t ... | 2012 | 22119629 |
| Prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 infection in pig population in Slovakia. | The prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) infection in the pig population in Slovakia was investigated. Sera from pigs suspected for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) as well as clinically healthy pigs were tested for viral DNA and specific IgM and IgG antibodies. Pigs (n = 198) were categorized to weaning, grower and fattening ones and sows. The results showed that PCV-2 antibodies were present in 53.4% of PMWS-suspects, in 50.0% of healthy pigs and in 69.0% of sows. In PM ... | 2011 | 21978161 |
| deletion of the single putative n-glycosylation site of the porcine circovirus type 2 cap protein enhances specific immune responses by dna immunisation in mice. | the immunogenicity of a putative n-linked glycosylation site located at amino acids 143-145 (n143ys) of the porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) cap protein was investigated. eukaryotic vectors expressing wild-type pcv2 cap (pcap) and n-linked glycosylation site mutant cap (pcap-m) were constructed and the immunogenicity of these proteins was determined following dna vaccination in balb/c mice. pcap-m elicited significantly higher cap-specific t lymphocyte proliferative activity, percentage of cd8(+) t c ... | 2011 | 22015141 |
| The potential risk of infectious disease dissemination via artificial insemination in swine. | Artificial insemination (AI) is one of the most widely used assisted reproductive technologies in swine. To maintain a healthy semen trade, it is crucial that diligence be given to managing and minimizing the chance of extended semen playing an epidemiological role in the transmission of infectious disease. In swine, pathogens of primary importance, which may be transmitted through semen include Aujeszky's disease, brucellosis, chlamydophilosis, porcine circovirus type 2, classical swine fever, ... | 2011 | 21884281 |
| Cell tropism and entry of porcine circovirus 2. | Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) may induce reproductive failure (return to oestrus, embryonic death, mummification, weak- and stillborn piglets) and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Furthermore, it may modulate the immunity in such a way that it aggravates the outcome of many bacterial and viral infections. In the present paper, the cellular tropism and entry of PCV2 are described and linked with the pathological and clinical consequences. | 2011 | 22100402 |
| Development of a Plexor real-time PCR assay for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2. | A novel, real-time PCR system for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was developed. The system employed Plexor technology and detected 10(8)-10(1) copies per reaction of PCV2 DNA within a recombinant plasmid. The examination of clinical material showed consistent diagnostic sensitivity when samples contained more than 10(3) viral copies per reaction. Specificity of Plexor real-time PCR was confirmed using the porcine viruses PCV1, PRRSV, CSFV, TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 employing the melti ... | 2011 | 22155430 |
| development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of porcine boca-like virus. | the porcine boca-like virus (pbo-likev) was recently discovered in swedish pigs with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed for rapid, specific and sensitive detection of pbo-likev. a set of four primers specific for six regions of pbo-likev vp1/2 genes was designed with the online software. the reaction temperature and time were optimized to 65°c and 60min, respectively. lamp products were detected b ... | 2011 | 22172971 |
| Co-existence of multiple strains of porcine circovirus type 2 in the same pig from China. | ABSTRACT: Pigs are often co-infected by different viral strains from the same virus. Up to now, there are few reports about co-existence of different porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) strains in China. The aim of this study was to evaluate it in Chinese swine herds. 118 PCV2 positive DNAs isolated from diseased pigs identified by classic PCR were re-detected using a modified differential PCR assay. The results indicated that co-existence rates of PCV2 were 32.2 % (38/118) in diseased pigs and 0 % ... | 2011 | 22078868 |
| Lack of effect of piglet vaccination against Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on serum viral loads of Torque teno sus virus 2 (TTSuV2). | Anelloviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with circular single stranded DNA, which infect a number of animal species as well as humans. In pigs, two distinct Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) species have been described so far, being one of them linked to disease occurrence. Specifically, TTSuV2 loads in serum have been found increased in pigs suffering from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Since this pathological condition is able to be controlled by means of porcine circovir ... | 2011 | 22189433 |
| Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs. | Respiratory disease in pigs is common in modern pork production worldwide and is often referred to as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). PRDC is polymicrobial in nature, and results from infection with various combinations of primary and secondary respiratory pathogens. As a true multifactorial disease, environmental conditions, population size, management strategies and pig-specific factors such as age and genetics also play critical roles in the outcome of PRDC. While non-infectious f ... | 2011 | 22152290 |
| Antigenic subtyping and epitopes' competition analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 using monoclonal antibodies. | Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) strains have been classified into two major genotypes (PCV2a and PCV2b) and 8 genetic clusters: PCV2b-1A to PCV2b-1C and PCV2a-2A to PCV2a-2E. To date, no studies have been performed to antigenically subtype PCV2 strains enclosing eight PCV2 clusters. The present study aimed to antigenically subtype PCV2 and perform epitopes' competition analysis using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Fourteen PCV2 strains representative for eight clusters were tested with 20 mAbs ( ... | 2011 | 22176764 |
| molecular study of porcine circovirus type 2 circulating in portugal. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) belongs to the genus circovirus of the circoviridae family and has been associated with a disease named postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in portugal the disease caused severe problems mainly between 1995 and 2003, but is nowadays less evident probably as the result of vaccination programmes initiated in 2007. this study reports the molecular analysis of 22 pcv2 strains obtained from domestic pigs originated from different regions of portugal. on ... | 2011 | 21925289 |
| detection of porcine circovirus type 1 in commercial porcine vaccines by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method with a real-time monitoring system was developed for the detection of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) in commercial swine vaccines. this method was highly specific for pcv1. no cross-reaction to porcine circovirus type 2, porcine parvovirus, pseudorabies virus, classical swine fever virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was observed. the analytical sensitivity of the lamp for pcv1 dna was 10 copies/μl in the case of ... | 2011 | 21948286 |
| linked outbreaks and control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in a pig farm in poland. | in a newly established farrow-to-finish farm (porcine reproductive and respiratory virus [prrsv]-free, porcine circovirus type 2 [pcv-2]-infected), reproductive failure was seen seven months after population. the conception rate dropped from 89 to 51 per cent, and the abortion rate increased from 0.5 to 11 per cent. the following month, characteristic lesions of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and elevated mortality were observed in weaned pigs. laboratory examinations confirme ... | 2011 | 21891787 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infections: clinical signs, pathology and laboratory diagnosis. | clinical signs and pathological features are still the corner-stones to suspect and diagnose overt disease associated with pcv2 infection. the clinico-pathological scope of this viral infection has been expanded over time. from the initial description of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, some enteric, respiratory and reproductive disorders have been subsequently linked with pcv2. porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, an immunocomplex disease, has also been associated with infect ... | 2011 | 22056845 |
| an experimental live chimeric porcine circovirus 1-2a vaccine decreases porcine circovirus 2b viremia when administered intramuscularly or orally in a porcine circovirus 2b and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus dual-challenge model. | commercially available inactivated vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) have been shown to be effective in reducing pcv2 viremia. live-attenuated, orally administered vaccines are widely used in the swine industry for several pathogens because of their ease of use yet they are not currently available for pcv2 and efficacy. the aims of this study were to determine the efficacy of a live-attenuated chimeric pcv2 vaccine in a dual-challenge model using pcv2b and porcine reproductive an ... | 2011 | 21951266 |
| effects of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccine and increasing standardized ileal digestible lysine:metabolizable energy ratio on growth performance and carcass composition of growing and finishing pigs. | four experiments were conducted to examine the effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination on the response of growing and finishing pigs (pic 337 × 1050) to increasing dietary lys. experiments 1 and 2 evaluated 38- to 65-kg gilts and barrows, respectively, and exp. 3 and 4 evaluated 100- to 120-kg gilts and barrows, respectively. gilts and barrows were housed separately in different barns. treatments were allotted in a completely randomized design into 2 × 4 factorials with 2 pcv2 tre ... | 2011 | 21856897 |
| dietary l: -glutamine supplementation improves pregnancy outcome in mice infected with type-2 porcine circovirus. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) causes reproductive failure in swine. as glutamine can enhance immune function in animals, this study was conducted with mice to test the hypothesis that dietary glutamine supplementation will improve pregnancy outcome in pcv2-infected dams. beginning on day 0 of gestation, mice were fed a standard diet supplemented with 1.0% l: -glutamine or 1.22% l: -alanine (isonitrogenous control). all mice were infected with pcv2 (2000 tcid(50)) on day 10 of gestation. on da ... | 2011 | 22086211 |
| genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 2 found in malaysia. | porcine circovirus type 2 is the primary etiological agent associated with a group of complex multi-factorial diseases classified as porcine circovirus associated diseases (pcvad). sporadic cases reported in malaysia in 2007 caused major economic losses to the 2.2 billion malaysian ringgit (myr) (approximately 0.7 billion us dollar) swine industry. the objective of the present study was to determine the association between the presence of pcv2 and occurrences of pcvad. | 2011 | 21914166 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 and its associated diseases in korea. | this review describes the characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), the field situation of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad) and the pcv2 vaccine in korea. pcvad has been considered the most devastating disease in korean livestock history since its first outbreak in 1999. postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) are the most common clinical forms of pcvad. interestingly, only pcv2b strains have been isolated from pig ... | 2011 | 22027190 |
| identification of one critical amino acid that determines a conformational neutralizing epitope in the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs. currently, there is considerable interest in the immunology of pcv2; in particular, the immunological properties of the capsid protein. this protein is involved in pcv2 immunogenicity and is a potential target for vaccine development. in this study, we identified one critical amino acid that determines a conformational neutralizing epitope in the capsid protein of pcv2. | 2011 | 21859462 |
| instability in vitro of a pcv2 infectious clone containing an insertion between orf1 and orf2. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is a small circular single-stranded dna virus that causes postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. we obtained an infectious clone, derived from pcv2 strain 1147 (size 1,767 bp), with a 60 bp insertion in the cap-rep intergenic region at the 3' end of the rep. in vitro propagation and sequencing of virus showed mixed sequence for the cap-rep intergenic region. cloning of this region of virus from the passages 2 and 20 showed deletions of various size of the ... | 2011 | 22116682 |
| immunology of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). | the emergence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) associated diseases and particularly postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was a shock for the swine industry and formulated a considerable challenge for researchers in the area of viral immunology in swine. the unique features of pmws of which emaciation and lymphoid depletion were the most evident indicated a deep involvement of the immune system of the pig in the pathogenesis of this condition and indicated that pcv2 was a singular ... | 2011 | 22178803 |
| Seroprevalence of Torque Teno Sus Virus Types 1 and 2 in Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome-Suspected Pigs and Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Vaccinated Normal Pigs in Southern Japan. | We investigated the seroprevalence rate of Torque teno sus virus types 1 (TTSuV1) and 2 (TTSuV2) in the sera of 38 post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-suspected pigs and 43 porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-vaccinated normal pigs on 3 commercial pig farms in southern Japan by using nested polymerase chain reaction. High seroprevalence rate of TTSuVs was observed in both PMWS-suspected pigs (100%) and PCV2-vaccinated normal pigs (90.7%). The seroprevalence rate of TTSuV2 was signifi ... | 2011 | 21873809 |
| Efficacy and future prospects of commercially available and experimental vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). | Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of an economically significant collection of disease syndromes in pigs, now known as porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVADs) in the United States or porcine circovirus diseases (PCVDs) in Europe. Inactivated and subunit vaccines based on PCV2a genotype are commercially available and have been shown to be effective at decreasing mortality and increasing growth parameters in commercial swine herds. Since 2003, there has been a drastic ... | 2011 | 22005075 |
| Quantitative Proteomics Using Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture Reveals Protein and Pathway Regulation in Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infected PK-15 Cells. | The infection of host cells by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) leads to extensive modulation of the gene expression levels of target cells. To uncover the pathogenesis and virus-host interactions of PCV2, a quantitative proteomic study using the stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), coupled with mass spectrometry, was performed on PCV2-infected PK-15 cells. The SILAC-based approach identified 1341 proteins, 163 of which showed significant change in level at 72 h afte ... | 2011 | 22148862 |
| Prevalence of porcine circovirus-like agent P1 in Jiangsu, China. | ABSTRACT: Recently, we identified a novel porcine circovirus type 2-like agent P1 isolate from swine. The present study represents the first survey of P1 prevalence in swine herds from Jiangsu, China, by using PCR targeting the complete genome of P1. Prevalences of 50% and 19% were found among 6 herds and 248 animals, respectively. The results indicate a high prevalence of P1 in China pig populations. | 2011 | 22171842 |
| efficient surveillance of pig populations using oral fluids. | currently virus surveillance in swine herds is constrained by the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of sampling methods. the objective of this study was to assess the value of using oral fluids collected by barn personnel as a method of surveillance based on pcr testing. approximately 12,150 pigs in 10 wean-to-finish barns on 10 farms were monitored for the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), influenza a virus (iav), and torq ... | 2011 | 22154249 |
| genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in serbia. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the main causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). to characterize and determine the genetic diversity of pcv2 in the porcine population of serbia, nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the open reading frame 2 (orf2) of pcv2 collected from the tissues of pigs that either had died as a result of pmws or did not exhibit disease symptoms were analyzed. sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed considerable diversity among p ... | 2011 | 21964944 |
| Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of porcine circovirus type 2. | ABSTRACT: | 2011 | 22044506 |
| studies on porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination of 5-day-old piglets. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccines have become widely used since they became available in 2006. it is not uncommon for producers to use pcv2 vaccines in pigs younger than what is approved by manufacturers. the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a chimeric and a subunit pcv2 vaccine administered at 5 or 21 days of age. forty-eight pcv2-naïve piglets were randomly divided into six groups of eight pigs each. vaccination was done at day 5 or day 21, followed by triple ch ... | 2011 | 21940407 |
| Construction and immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus expressing ORF2 of PCV2 and porcine IFN gamma. | The capsid structural protein encoded by the gene ORF2 of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 is critical for eliciting the broad protective immunity. We constructed and characterized the recombinant adenovirus encoding the capsid and porcine IFN gamma, designated as rAd-ORF2-IFN-?. The construct was further confirmed by the enzyme digestion, PCR, sequencing and transfection. The humoural immunity to the capsid protein, induced by the recombinant in the mice, was tested by ELISA. Notably, this recombinant ... | 2011 | 21945259 |
| spread like a wildfire-the omnipresence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and its ever-expanding association with diseases in pigs. | the discovery of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in 1998 initiated intensive research on arguably the most economically important pathogen facing the global swine industry today. pcv2 infection is now widespread worldwide, and increasing numbers of disease conditions have been linked to pcv2 infection in pigs. in this special issue of virus research, leading experts in the field review the history, epidemiology, transmission, clinical and pathological features, immunology, pathogenesis, molecul ... | 2011 | 22192532 |
| ebola reston virus infection of pigs: clinical significance and transmission potential. | in 2008, reston ebolavirus (rebov) was isolated from pigs during a disease investigation in the philippines. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) infections were also confirmed in affected herds and the contribution of rebov to the disease outbreak remains uncertain. we have conducted experimental challenge studies in 5-week-old pigs, with exposure of animals to 10(6) tcid(50) of a 2008 swine isolate of rebov via either the oronasal or ... | 2011 | 21987755 |
| Tripping over emerging pathogens around the world: A phylogeographical approach for determining the epidemiology of Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2), considering global trading. | Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) is an emerging virus associated with a number of different syndromes in pigs known as Porcine Circovirus Associated Diseases (PCVAD). Since its identification and characterization in the early 1990s, PCV-2 has achieved a worldwide distribution, becoming endemic in most pig-producing countries, and is currently considered as the main cause of losses on pig farms. In this study, we analyzed the main routes of the spread of PCV-2 between pig-producing countries using ph ... | 2011 | 22056846 |
| comparison of torque teno sus virus (ttsuv) viral load in porcine circovirus type 2 vaccinated and non-vaccinated pig herds. | torque teno sus virus (ttsuv) viral load in accordance with the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection and age of two pig herds was determined. a total of 100 and 155 piglets from two farms were divided into two groups. half of the piglets from each farm were given a commercial vaccine against pcv2 (vaccinated group), and the remaining piglets were used as a control group (non-vaccinated group). an early onset and a chronic viremic state of ttsuv genogroups were present regardless of the pcv ... | 2011 | 22112638 |
| profiles of seroconversion to porcine circovirus type 2 in herds affected and not affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | the aim of the present study was to explore the usefulness of serological methods in the diagnosis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the study was carried out in 4 pmws-affected and 6 control farms. based on the serological profiles, infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was determined to take place at 3-7 weeks of age in the pmws-affected and at 3-11 weeks of age in the control farms. to compare the dynamics of seroconversion to pcv2 among farms, cross-sectional se ... | 2011 | 22079711 |
| microbial ecology of swine farms and prrs vaccine vaccination strategies. | the present study investigated the microbial ecology and vaccination strategies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) in field condition. four representative farms with a history of prrs were included in this study. over the almost 3-year period, the average detection rate was 68.9%, making prrsv the first most frequently detected virus, followed by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) (64.2%), pseudorabies virus (prv) (11.03%) and classical swine fever virus (csfv) (4.41%). s ... | 2011 | 22014373 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 and its associated diseases in china. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been recognized as an important vial pathogen for global swine industry. the virus is associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and other syndrome diseases collectively known as porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad). pcv2 infection and pmws have caused great impact on the pig production in china during the past 10 years. this review will involve in the history of pcvad, serological epidemiology of pcv2 infection, and clinical a ... | 2011 | 22023739 |
| effects of porcine circovirus type 2 on expression of mrna associated with endogenous antigen processing and presentation in pulmonary alveolar macrophages and circulating t lymphocytes in piglets. | pulmonary alveolar macrophages (pams) are the major target cells of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). this study examined cellular immunity and expression of molecules associated with endogenous antigen processing and presentation in porcine pams for 28days following infection with pcv2. the numbers of total t cells and t lymphocyte subpopulations were measured by flow cytometry (fcm). the expression of mrna of large multifunctional peptidase 7 (lmp7), ubiquitin-specific protease (ubp), heat sho ... | 2011 | 22104506 |
| a nine-base nucleotide sequence in the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) nucleocapsid gene determines viral replication and virulence. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was retrospectively identified by serology in swine populations as an asymptomatic infection at least 25 years prior to the first reported case of pcv2-associated postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). to investigate the sudden emergence of pmws, viral sequences were amplified from frozen archived (1970-1971) porcine tissues and the complete genome of archival pcv2 was determined. the orf1 gene product (viral dna replicase) was homologous to contempor ... | 2011 | 22100341 |
| genetic variation of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and its relevance to vaccination, pathogenesis and diagnosis. | porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad) encompasses a group of complex, multi-factorial syndromes, which are dependent on infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). current strains of pcv2 circulating in the field are classified into two groups, termed pcv2a and pcv2b. outbreaks of severe pcvad in north america and other countries are often linked to a shift from pcv2a to pcv2b as the predominant genotype. therefore, genotype-specific differences in pathogenesis and antigenicity have ... | 2011 | 22198217 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection decreases the efficacy of an attenuated classical swine fever virus (csfv) vaccine. | abstract: the lapinized philippines coronel (lpc) vaccine, an attenuated strain of classical swine fever virus (csfv), is an important tool for the prevention and control of csfv infection and is widely and routinely used in most csf endemic areas, including taiwan. the aim of this study was to investigate whether pcv2 infection affects the efficacy of the lpc vaccine. eighteen 6-week-old, cesarean-derived and colostrum-deprived (cdcd), crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to four groups. a tot ... | 2011 | 22129109 |
| [detection of porcine circovirus type 2 and torque-teno-sus-virus 1 and 2 in semen of boars from an austrian artificial insemination centre]. | objective: porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) and torque-teno-sus- viruses (ttsuv) are ubiquitous in all pig-producing countries. both pathogens are transmitted horizontally as well as vertically, and semen could be an important means of transmission. aim of this study was the investigation of the prevalence of these two viruses in boar semen. material and methods: single semen samples from 100 boars from an artificial insemination centre were analysed by quantitative real time pcr for pcv2 an ... | 2011 | 22138827 |
| Epidemiology and transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). | PCV2 has been highly prevalent in the pig population for decades, prior to the emergence of associated clinical disease manifestations that severely affected the pig production worldwide in the late 90s. PCV2 can be further subdivided into several genotypes. From descriptive epidemiologic data, there is evidence of a global shift of the main PCV2 genotypes in different countries from PCV2a to PCV2b, which is generally associated with more severe disease. In addition, from analytic epidemiologic ... | 2011 | 22178804 |
| Vaccination of dams increases antibody titer and improves growth parameters in finisher pigs subclinically infected with porcine circovirus type 2. | Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the obligate infectious agent in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) of pigs. To control PMWS, we vaccinated dams at 4 and 2 weeks before pregnancy and again in the 12th week of gestation with an inactivated PCV2 vaccine (Circovac). Two producer farms run under the control of Swiss Swine Health Organization were selected for the experiment. Previously, in one farm PMWS was diagnosed on pigs after weaning, whereas in the other farm, pigs wasted du ... | 2011 | 21852549 |
| concurrent infections are important for expression of porcine circovirus associated disease. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the essential component of porcine circovirus disease (pcvd) as the disease syndrome is referred to in europe and porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) as it is referred to in north america. singular pcv2 infection rarely results in clinical disease; however, pcvad is often accelerated in onset, enhanced in severity and prolonged in duration by concurrent viral or bacterial infections. due to its effect on the immune system, pcv2 has also been shown to ... | 2011 | 21959087 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 explores the autophagic machinery for replication in pk-15 cells. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), an important pathogen of pigs, causes lymphoid depletion in infected tissues most probably by inducing apoptosis although the precise pathogenesis of pcv2-associated diseases remains unknown. we speculate whether autophagy, another cellular response to stress or infections by bacterial or viral pathogens, is involved in pcv2 infection. here, we provide the first evidence that pcv2 could trigger autophagosome formation and enhance autophagic flux in pk-15 cells, ... | 2011 | 22134092 |
| prevalence of antibodies to selected viral pathogens in wild boars (sus scrofa) in croatia in 2005-06 and 2009-10. | we determined prevalence of antibody to selected viral pathogens important for domestic pigs and livestock in 556 wild boar (sus scrofa) sera collected during 2005-06 and 2009-10 in four counties in croatia. these counties account for an important part of the croatian commercial pig production and have a high density of wild boars. samples were tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus (ppv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus, porcine respi ... | 2012 | 22247381 |
| emerging and re-emerging swine viruses. | in the past two decades or so, a number of viruses have emerged in the global swine population. some, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), cause economically important diseases in pigs, whereas others such as porcine torque teno virus (ttv), now known as torque teno sus virus (ttsuv), porcine bocavirus (pbov) and related novel parvoviruses, porcine kobuvirus, porcine toroviruses (ptov) and porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (pl ... | 2012 | 22225855 |
| monocyte-derived dendritic cells enhance cell proliferation and porcine circovirus type 2 replication in concanavalin a-stimulated swine peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. | dendritic cells (dcs) are professional antigen presenting cells cooperating with other immune cells for the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. the objective of the present study was to investigate the replication activity of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in dcs and/or lymphocytes during their cross talk and its possible mechanism. two models were set, herein. swine blood monocyte (mo)-derived dcs (modcs) or peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) were inoculated with pcv2 prior t ... | 2011 | 22245116 |
| the porcine circovirus type 2 nonstructural protein orf3 induces apoptosis in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases in pigs. to analyze whether the pcv2 nonstructural protein orf3 is able to induce apoptosis in nature target cells, transient expression of orf3 in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) was performed, and apoptosis was confirmed by terminal dexoynucleotidyl transferase (tdt)-mediated brdutp-nick end labeling (tunel) assay. the apoptotic responses induced by the full length or the ... | 2011 | 22216074 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 infections in wild boar (sus scrofa) in southwestern germany. | samples were collected from 203 wild boars (sus scrofa) hunted in baden-wurtemburg, germany from november-january 2008 and 2009. samples from the lung and tonsil were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) type 1 (european type) and type 2 (american type). a qpcr to detect porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-specific genome was performed on tissue homogenates including lung, tonsils, and inguinal lymph nodes. serum s ... | 2012 | 22247377 |
| inactivated pcv2 one shot vaccine applied in 3-week-old piglets: improvement of production parameters and interaction with maternally derived immunity. | the present study describes the effects of a commercially available vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) on clinical, pathological and virological outcomes of 3-week-old piglets from two farms with a clinical history of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the study was a controlled, double-blinded, parallel group (1:1) and randomized trial (with a negative control) involving a total of 1239 animals. the study period comprised from weaning age (time of vaccination or pb ... | 2012 | 22245604 |
| diagnostic investigation of porcine periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome: lack of compelling evidence linking to common porcine pathogens. | porcine periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome (pfts), an increasingly recognized syndrome in the swine industry of north america, is characterized by the anorexia of nursery pigs noticeable within 1 week of weaning, and progressive loss of body condition and lethargy during the next 1-2 weeks. morbidity caused by pfts is moderate, but case fatality is high. the etiology of pfts is presently unknown and may include infectious agent(s), noninfectious factors, or both. pfts was identified in a hig ... | 2011 | 22362939 |
| experimental co-infection of pigs with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and porcine circovirus-2. | the role of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in the development of porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2)-associated disease (pcvad) was investigated in 2 experimental studies. in the first, separate groups of germ-free pigs were inoculated with filtered tissue homogenate (from diseased pigs) containing pcv-2b + bvdv-1-like virus (group 1), pcv-2a + bvdv-1-like virus (group 4), bvdv-1-like virus only (group 3), or pcv-2b + bvdv-1-like virus following a bvdv vaccination protocol (group 2). this last grou ... | 2011 | 22362935 |
| influence of prolonged formalin fixation of tissue samples on the sensitivity of chromogenic in situ hybridization. | chromogenic in situ hybridization (ish) is a commonly used tool in diagnostic pathology to detect pathogens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissue sections. prolonged formalin fixation time was identified to be a limiting factor for the successful detection of nucleic acid from different pathogens, most probably due to the cross-linking activity of formalin between rna, dna, and proteins. therefore, in the current study, the influence of formalin fixation time on ish signal intensity ... | 2011 | 22362804 |
| effects of dna extraction method on porcine circovirus-2 real-time polymerase chain reaction quantification in swine lymph node samples. | quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has become an important tool for porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) research and diagnosis. however, significant differences in detection limit and quantification data, among laboratories and quantitative real-time pcr methods, have been demonstrated. new efforts are required for providing more accurate and comparable results. the current study is an evaluation of the effects of dna extraction procedures on pcv-2 quantification in lymph node sampl ... | 2011 | 22362800 |
| comparative evaluation of a competitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and a sybr green-based real-time pcr to quantify porcine circovirus-2 dna in swine tissue samples. | porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) is considered the major etiological agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs. the clinical manifestations of the disease are correlated with moderate to high amounts of pcv-2 dna in biological samples of affected pigs. a threshold of 10(7) dna copies/ml is suggested as the trigger factor for symptoms. a comparative study was conducted to determine which quantitative method would be more suitable to estimate the pcv-2 dna load. two polymeras ... | 2011 | 22362797 |
| infectious agents associated with respiratory diseases in 125 farrow-to-finish pig herds: a cross-sectional study. | a study was carried out in 125 farrow-to-finish pig herds to assess the relationships between pathogens involved in respiratory disorders and to relate these findings to clinical signs of respiratory diseases and pneumonia and pleuritis at slaughter. clinical examination and sampling were carried out on four different batches in each herd (pigs aged 4, 10, 16 and 22 weeks). mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, swine influenza viruses (siv), porcine reproductive and respirat ... | 2011 | 22226820 |
| immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of carboxymethylpachymaran on the mice infected with pcv2. | the objective of the current study is to investigate the protective effect of carboxymethylpachymaran (cmp) on the immune system of mice via multiple infections with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). the in vivo results showed that cmp administration significantly improved the spleen or thymus index, promoted the proliferation activities of t or b lymphocytes, and increased the production of glutathione, the superoxidase dismutase capacity, and the total antioxidant capacity in the spleen or thy ... | 2011 | 22214825 |
| genetic characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 from pigs with porcine circovirus associated diseases in argentina. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) has been associated with syndromes grouped by the term porcine circovirus associated diseases (pcvad). the pcv-2 isolates have been grouped into two major groups or genotypes according to their nucleotide sequence of whole genomes and/or orf-2: pcv-2b, which have, in turn, been subdivided into three clusters (1a-1c), and pcv-2a, which has been subdivided into five clusters (2a-2e). in the present study, we obtained 16 sequences of pcv-2 from different farms from ... | 2011 | 23738099 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 viremia and seroconversion in pigs from a farm affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | the aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of real-time pcr and serological methods as indicators of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) occurrence. significantly higher level of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) viral load in serum and significantly lower titre of specific antibodies in pmws-affected pigs indicated that combination of quantitative pcr and serological methods may support diagnosis of pmws. | 2011 | 22439342 |
| a comparison of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs. | the aim of this study was to develop and to optimize an immunohistochemistry (ihc) method for pcv2 identification and to compare it with an in situ hybridization (ish) technique. the results demonstrated that both ish and ihc successfully detected pcv2 viral antigens or nucleic acid in the examined tissues. most of the slides identified previously in ish as pcv2-positive were also positive in ihc. in the case of nearly half of the slides the results of ihc examination revealed an increase in the ... | 2011 | 22439326 |
| efficacy of parenteral vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in seropositive piglets. | this study investigated if parenteral administration of a prototype adjuvanted vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) could override maternally derived antibodies and induce acquired immunity in young piglets. piglets with high levels of maternal pcv2 antibodies at 1 wk of age were randomly grouped into vaccinates and controls on the basis of body weight and inoculated with the vaccine or a control preparation twice, with an interval of 3 wk. both groups were challenged 3 wk after the ... | 2012 | 23543956 |
| half-life of porcine antibodies absorbed from a colostrum supplement containing porcine immunoglobulins. | absorption of immunoglobulins (ig) at birth from colostrum is essential for piglet survival. the objective was to evaluate the half-life of antibodies absorbed in the bloodstream of newborn piglets orally fed a colostrum supplement (cs) containing energy (fat and carbohydrates) and igg from porcine plasma. viable piglets (n = 23; 900 to 1,800 g bw) from 6 sows were colostrum deprived and blood sampled and within the next 2 h of life randomly allocated to either control group (n = 9) providing 30 ... | 2012 | 23365363 |
| construction and immunogenicity of recombinant porcine circovirus-like particles displaying somatostatin. | in order to obtain a virus-like particles (vlps) vaccine both for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) prevention and growth-promotion, somatostatin (ss) gene was fused to the 3'-terminal of orf2 gene of pcv2 with pcr, and a recombinant baculovirus (rac-cap-ss) was constructed. the expression of fusion protein cap-ss (rcap-ss) with molecular weight of approximately 32kda was identified by western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assay in sf9 cells. the self-assembled vlps were observed under ele ... | 2012 | 23294858 |
| innate pro-inflammatory and adaptive immune cytokines in pbmc of vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs naturally exposed to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection vary with the occurrence of the disease and the viral burden. | pro-inflammatory (il-8, tnf-α, il-1β) and immune (ifn-γ, il-10) cytokines were evaluated in pcv2-vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs exposed to natural pcv2 infection retrospectively selected according to the time of the onset of viremia and the viral burden, and the presence of pmws clinical signs. in a farrow-to-finish herd with a history of pmws in animals aged older than 15 weeks, at weaning (21 ± 3 days of age), vaccinated pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with one dose of porcilis(®) pcv v ... | 2012 | 23290117 |