| rickettsioses and the international traveler. | the rickettsioses--zoonotic bacterial infections transmitted to humans by arthropods--were for many years considered to be oddities in travel medicine. during the previous 2 decades, however, reports of >450 travel-associated cases have been published worldwide, the vast majority being murine typhus caused by rickettsia typhi, mediterranean spotted fever caused by rickettsia conorii, african tick bite fever caused by rickettsia africae, and scrub typhus caused by orientia tsutsugamushi. most pat ... | 2004 | 15546086 |
| [amplification and typing of sta56 gene of orientia tsutsugamushi from shandong province]. | to clarify the gene type of orientia tsutsugamushi (ot) from shandong province. | 2004 | 15555396 |
| sequence analysis of the hypervariable regions of the 56 kda immunodominant protein genes of orientia tsutsugamushi strains in malaysia. | the dna sequences encompassing two hypervariable regions, vd ii and iii of the 56 kda immunodominant protein gene of 21 malaysian strains of orientia tsutsugamushi were determined. two strains demonstrated a 100% dna homology with the gilliam prototype strain, and one with th1817 strain and ta678 strain respectively. high percentages of dna similarity (95-99%) were observed with karp (4 strains), gilliam (2 strains), th1817 (4 strains), tc586 (3 strains) and ta763 (1 strain). the remaining strai ... | 2005 | 15665455 |
| characterization of orientia tsutsugamushi strains isolated in shandong province, china by immunofluorescence and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analyses. | in order to identify the characteristics of the sta56 gene of the 23 isolates of orientia (o.) tsutsugamushi isolated in shandong province, indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) was used to identify the gene type of 23 strains o. tsutsugamushi isolated from scrub typhus patients, chigger mites, and rodents. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis was also used to analyze the restriction profiles of the sta56 gene pcr amplification products of the 23 isolated strains of the o. ... | 2004 | 15691135 |
| scrub typhus during pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. | scrub typhus is a rickettsial disease that is uncommon during pregnancy. we report a case of a 33-year-old woman, g1p0, 29 weeks pregnancy who presented to hospital with high fever, chill and headache for two weeks. her diagnosis of scrub typhus was confirmed by serum immunofluorescent assay. she was successfully treated with chloramphenicol, but preterm delivery occurred. her infant died from respiratory distress syndrome. no vertical transmission was demonstrated in this case. scrub typhus sho ... | 2004 | 15691136 |
| short report: prospective evaluation of a multi-test strip for the diagnoses of scrub and murine typhus, leptospirosis, dengue fever, and salmonella typhi infection. | a multi-test strip dotblot immunoassay for the diagnosis of typhoid fever, scrub typhus, murine typhus, dengue virus infection and leptospirosis was evaluated in thai adults presenting to hospital with acute, undifferentiated fever. the kit gave multiple positive test results in 33 of 36 patients with defined infections and was therefore not a useful admission diagnostic tool. | 2005 | 15728859 |
| [rickettsioses]. | species of the genus rickettsia are small, obligate intracelular, gramnegative bacteria, many of which are considered nowadays a paradigm of emergent pathogens. with the exception of r. prowazekii, they are maintained in the natural environment through a cycle involving different hosts (mainly mammals), and arthropod vectors (in general ticks, and fleas); humans are affected only by incidental transmission due to arthropod bites. the common pathogenesis of these diseases lie on the predominantly ... | 2005 | 15757589 |
| [expression of truncated 56 kda antigen gene of orientia tsutsugamushi in different vectors]. | to construct recombinant plasmids containing the truncated gene of the major surface antigen sta56 of orientia tsutsugamushi (ot.) karp strain for expression antigen in e. coli so as to compare the expression efficiency in different systems. | 2004 | 15769332 |
| induction of protective immunity against scrub typhus with a 56-kilodalton recombinant antigen fused with a 47-kilodalton antigen of orientia tsutsugamushi karp. | a partial gene sequence encoding the 56-kd scrub typhus antigen (sta56) was amplified from genomic dna of the orientia tsutsugamushi karp strain by a polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the pcr product was ligated with the 47-kd scrub typhus antigen (sta47) gene in the pqe30/47 expression vector, and the resulting recombinant expression vector was designated pqe30/56-47. a fusion antigen (sta56-47) was expressed in escherichia coli cells transformed with pqe30/56-47 after induction with isopropyl-b ... | 2005 | 15827286 |
| activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes in patients with scrub typhus. | thai patients with scrub typhus caused by the intracellular pathogen orientia tsutsugamushi displayed elevated plasma concentrations of granzymes a and b, interferon-gamma (ifn)-gamma-inducible protein 10, and monokine induced by ifn-gamma. these data suggest that activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes is part of the early host response to scrub typhus. | 2005 | 15827287 |
| analysis of cellular fatty acids in orientia tsutsugamushi as taxonomic markers. | six orientia strains including 3 prototype strains such as gilliam, karp, and kato, and 3 strains (boryong, pajoo, and yongworl) isolated in korea, were studied for the profiles of their cellular fatty acids. all tested strains contained octadecenoic acid c (18: 1) omega 9 c(57.3 +/- 3.5%), octadecanoic acid c (18: 0) (15.3 +/- 1.5%), and hexadecanoic acid c (16: 0) (12.7 +/- 1.7%) as major components; however, interestingly, eicosenoic acid c (20: 1) omega 9 c(2.6 +/- 0.6%) was found in all str ... | 2005 | 15840959 |
| short report: detection of orientia tsutsugamushi in clinical samples by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. | orientia tsutsugamushi infection causes scrub typhus, a common zoonosis of rural asia. orientia tsutsugamushi was recently detected by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assay in animal specimens. we evaluated the same qpcr assay in specimens obtained from patients with serologically proven scrub typhus infections. the 47-kda qpcr assay was more sensitive than was mouse inoculation; it was reactive in whole blood specimens from all 10 isolate-positive patients and in 7 of ... | 2005 | 15891142 |
| development and evaluation of a latex agglutination test for the rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus. | the purpose of this research was to develop a simple and rapid diagnostic test for scrub typhus using a latex agglutination test (lat) to detect antibodies against orientia tsutsugamushi. five strains of o. tsutsugamushi were propagated in l929 cells. the rickettsiae were purified and concentrated with percoll density gradient centrifugation. a suitable concentration of o. tsutsugamushi soluble antigen was used to sensitize latex to prepare the latex antigen. the specificity, sensitivity, and ac ... | 2005 | 15906651 |
| fatal septicemic melioidosis in a young military person possibly co-infected with leptospira interrogans and orientia tsutsugamushi. | concurrent melioidosis, leptospirosis, and scrub typhus after rural activities is rarely reported. a 19-year-old previously healthy man had fever onset after 2 weeks of military training. pneumonia became evident on the fifth day of fever under intravenous penicillin and oral minocycline therapy. acute respiratory failure developed the next day with shock and acute renal and liver function deterioration, which resulted in death. blood cultures on the third and fifth days grew burkholderia pseudo ... | 2005 | 15909673 |
| gastrointestinal manifestations of septic patients with scrub typhus in maharat nakhon ratchasima hospital. | scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by orientia induced vasculitis, which is common in asia and the pacific islands and is sometimes also encountered in western countries. even though it can cause multi-organ dysfunctions, there is limited information regarding the relationship between scrub typhus infection and gastrointestinal dysfunction. therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted to discover the gastrointestinal manifestations of septic patients with scrub typhus infection. ... | 2004 | 15916079 |
| rapid and simple identification of orientia tsutsugamushi from other group rickettsiae by duplex pcr assay using groel gene. | in this study, two new duplex pcr methods based on the groel gene were developed and investigated for the diagnosis of rickettsiae. the first duplex pcr assay amplified the 229-bp and the 366-bp dnas of 6 strains including typhus group (tg) and spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae, and 5 scrub typhus group (stg) rickettsiae, respectively. the second duplex pcr assay amplified the 397-bp and the 213-bp dnas of 6 rickettsia strains and 5 stg strains. these duplex pcr methods could simultaneously ... | 2005 | 15965302 |
| chemokine and cytokine production in susceptible c3h/hen mice and resistant balb/c mice during orientia tsutsugamushi infection. | to understand the pathogenesis of scrub typhus, we examined chemokine and cytokine production in susceptible (c3h/hen) and resistant (balb/c) mice after infection with o. tsutsugamushi gilliam. c3h/hen mice produced high levels of chemokines macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 alpha (mip-1 alpha ), mip-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (mcp-1), and cytokines gamma-interferon (ifn-gamma ), interleukin-12 (il-12), il-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha ) in response to o. tsutsugamus ... | 2005 | 15965303 |
| scrub typhus vaccine candidate kp r56 induces humoral and cellular immune responses in cynomolgus monkeys. | a truncated recombinant 56-kda outer membrane protein of the karp strain of orientia tsutsugamushi (kp r56) was evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) for immunogenicity and safety as a vaccine candidate for the prevention of scrub typhus. this recombinant antigen induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in two monkeys and was found to be well tolerated. antigen-specific immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg were produced to almost maximal levels within 1 week of a single imm ... | 2005 | 16041019 |
| attenuation of hiv-1 infection by other microbial agents. | although potentiation of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 (hiv-1) infection has been known to occur in coinfection with a variety of pathogens and types of vaccination, there are emerging data on specific infectious agents that may attenuate hiv-1 infection. new literature suggests that certain pathogens are capable of inhibiting hiv-1 replication. these include gb virus c, measles virus, orientia tsutsugamushi, and human t lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2. in addition, there are confli ... | 2005 | 16107952 |
| [tsutsugamushi disease rickettsia]. | | 2005 | 16111234 |
| investigation of an outbreak of scrub typhus in the himalayan region of india. | in indira gandhi medical college, himachal pradesh, india, during autumn of 2003 (september-november), more than 100 cases of fever of unknown origin (fuo) were reported with 15 ensuing deaths. in addition to all routine investigations and cultures, the weil-felix test was incorporated for the investigation of these cases. antigen was procured from the central research institute, kasauli. forty-six percent (45/96) of the cases demonstrated a > or =1:80 titer of agglutinins against oxk antigen. a ... | 2005 | 16116251 |
| survival of two orientia tsutsugamushi bacterial strains that infect mouse macrophages with varying degrees of virulence. | orientia tsutsugamushi, an intracellular parasitic bacterium, comprises numerous strains of differing virulence. when balb/c mice were infected intraperitoneally with this pathogen, a virulent strain known as karp was found to multiply in the intraperitoneal macrophages and kill the mouse. in contrast, an avirulent strain, kuroki, was shown to invade macrophages but be eliminated from the cells, allowing mouse survival. o. tsutsugamushi invades its host cell cytoplasm through phagocytosis and di ... | 2005 | 16165341 |
| design and development of a dna array for rapid detection and genotyping of seven kinds of pathogenic microbes. | a dna array for rapid detection and genotyping of the pathogenic microbes of epidemic hemorrhagic fever, tsutsugamushi disease, leptospirosis, malaria, schistosomiasis, cholera, and hemorrhagic colitis was developed. the specific and relatively conserved pcr primers and dna probes were screened from the characteristic genes of the pathogenic microbes. the pcr or rt-pcr methods were established for amplifying and labeling the dna fragments of the pathogenic microbes. all the probes with the same ... | 2005 | 16193981 |
| protection against scrub typhus by a plasmid vaccine encoding the 56-kd outer membrane protein antigen gene. | the 56-kd outer membrane protein of orientia tsutsugamushi has previously been shown to be the immunodominant antigen in scrub typhus infections. its gene was cloned into the dna vaccine vector pvr1012 as a vaccine candidate (pkarp56). the in vitro expression of this 56-kd antigen by pkarp56 was confirmed in tissue culture by an indirect fluorescence assay and western blot analysis. the initial antibody responses of mice immunized with varied doses of the pkarp56 were barely detected, but increa ... | 2005 | 16282307 |
| long-term egg-yolk adaptation of the orientia tsutsugamushi for preparation of a formalinized immunogen. | to assess the feasibility of preparing a killed rickettsial vaccine against the scrub typhus, the karp and gilliam strains of the orientia tsutsugamushi were adapted through sequential passages in eggs for more than 100 times over 9 years to produce approximately five times more antigen than the unadapted rickettsia. the egg-grown rickettsia was purified by differential centrifugation and batch-type ion-exchange chromatography, and inactivated by formalin treatment. strong protective immunity wa ... | 2006 | 16297509 |
| orientia tsutsugamushi inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha production by inducing interleukin 10 secretion in murine macrophages. | orientia tsutsugamushi (ot) is the causative agent of scrub typhus or tsutsugamushi disease. we have previously reported that ot suppresses the production of inflammatory cytokines in murine macrophages. in this study, we examined the mechanism of ot to suppress the tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) production. j774 macrophages were preinfected with ot for various times and then treated with lipopolysaccharide (lps) for 24 h. preinfection by ot inhibited lps-induced production of tnf-alpha ... | 2006 | 16325368 |
| scrub typhus among hospitalised patients with febrile illness in south india: magnitude and clinical predictors. | to derive a clinical algorithm for diagnosis of scrub typhus among patients hospitalized with febrile illness and to determine predictors of bad prognosis. | 2006 | 16368461 |
| new perspectives on rickettsial evolution from new genome sequences of rickettsia, particularly r. canadensis, and orientia tsutsugamushi. | the complete genome sequences available for eight species of rickettsia and information for other near relatives in the rickettsiales including orientia and species of anaplasmataceae are a rich resource for comparative analyses of the evolution of these obligate intracellular bacteria. differences in these organisms have permitted them to colonize varied intracellular compartments, arthropod vectors, and vertebrate reservoirs in both pathogenic and symbiotic relationships. we summarize some com ... | 2005 | 16481489 |
| molecular characterization of a group of proteins containing ankyrin repeats in orientia tsutsugamushi. | orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium, is the causative agent of scrub typhus. the sequencing and analysis of full genomic dna of o. tsutsugamushi has revealed at least 19 genes thus far encoding proteins with different numbers of ankyrin repeat domains. we have cloned several genes containing ankyrin repeats from the genome and produced fusion proteins to characterize their functions in host cells. it is likely that the proteins with ankyrin repeat domains expressed in o. ... | 2005 | 16481499 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of the 22-kda antigen genes of orientia tsutsugamushi strains kato, ta763, afsc 7, 18-032460, th1814, and mak 119. | the 22-kda protein antigen is one of several antigens recognized by sera from scrub typhus patients infected with orientia tsutsugamushi. the 22-kda protein genes from six o. tsutsugamushi strains (kato, ta763, afsc 7, 18-032460, th1814, mak119) were cloned and their sequences were determined and compared to each other and to the karp strain sequence listed in genbank. the sequence alignment revealed that the promoter regions of these seven strains were highly conserved. however, the orfs exhibi ... | 2005 | 16481519 |
| short- and long-term immune responses of cd-1 outbred mice to the scrub typhus dna vaccine candidate: p47kp. | orientia tsutsugamushi is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is the causative agent of scrub typhus. to develop an effective vaccine to prevent or ameliorate scrub typhus, knowledge of the protective immune response to o. tsutsugamushi needs to be ascertained. our laboratory has demonstrated that the dna vaccine vector pvr1012 carrying the o. tsutsugamushi karp strain 47-kda protein gene (p47kp) consistently provides outbred mice protection against homologous challenge. | 2005 | 16481526 |
| rickettsial infections and fever, vientiane, laos. | rickettsial diseases have not been described previously from laos, but in a prospective study, acute rickettsial infection was identified as the cause of fever in 115 (27%) of 427 adults with negative blood cultures admitted to mahosot hospital in vientiane, laos. the organisms identified by serologic analysis were orientia tsutsugamushi (14.8%), rickettsia typhi (9.6%), and spotted fever group rickettsia (2.6% [8 r. helvetica, 1 r. felis, 1 r. conorii subsp. indica, and 1 rickettsia "at1"]). pa ... | 2006 | 16494751 |
| scrub typhus, republic of palau. | scrub typhus, caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, is a severe febrile illness transmitted to humans by trombiculid mites, which normally feed on rodents. the first known outbreak of scrub typhus in palau occurred in 2001 to 2003 among residents of the remote southwest islands. to determine the extent of scrub typhus distribution in palau, we tested serum samples from humans and rodents for antibodies to o. tsutsugamushi. of 212 palau residents surveyed in 2003, 101 (47.6%) had immunoglobulin g (ig ... | 2006 | 16494757 |
| scrub typhus imported to scandinavia. | we present the first 3 cases of confirmed scrub typhus imported to scandinavia. the patients were infected in thailand, laos and sri lanka, respectively. treatment with ciprofloxacin and doxycycline lead to rapid cure in 2 of the patients, while the third patient, who was not treated, had a prolonged convalescence. specific antibodies against orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus, were detected in all 3 cases. | 2006 | 16500780 |
| outbreak investigation of scrub typhus in himachal pradesh (india). | scrub typhus outbreak investigation was undertaken during september 2003 in the three worst affected districts shimla, solan and sirmaur in himachal pradesh (india). a total of 113 cases and 19 deaths (17.27 percent case fatality rate) were reported from the eight districts, which were reporting cases. cases were prevalent in all age groups and in both the sexes among the persons frequenting forest for occupational work. 35.7 percent of the patients serum samples showed a titer of > 1: 80 agains ... | 2004 | 16506551 |
| scrub typhus--a short review. | | 2004 | 16506552 |
| usefulness of eschar pcr for diagnosis of scrub typhus. | we report here on the case of a child who was infected with scrub typhus, and we made the diagnosis according to the serology and by performing pcrs on the child's eschar. the patient was treated with azithromycin, and he did not experience any complications. performing nested pcr on the eschar might be both a rapid diagnostic test for scrub typhus in the early acute stage and a differential test as to whether or not a scab is a scrub typhus eschar. | 2006 | 16517922 |
| rickettsial agents from parasitic dermanyssoidea (acari: mesostigmata). | mites are often overlooked as vectors of pathogens, but have been shown to harbor and transmit rickettsial agents such as rickettsia akari and orientia tsutsugamushi. we screened dna extracts from 27 mites representing 25 species of dermanyssoids for rickettsial agents such as anaplasma, bartonella, rickettsia, and wolbachia by pcr amplification and sequencing. dna from anaplasma spp., a novel bartonella sp., spiroplasma sp., wolbachia sp., and an unclassified rickettsiales were detected in mite ... | 2006 | 16596351 |
| determination and geographic distribution of orientia tsutsugamushi serotypes in thailand by nested polymerase chain reaction. | clotted blood samples of 240 scrub typhus patients were collected from 8 regional medical sciences centers in thailand during 1999 to 2002. the serotypes of orientia tsutsugamushi and their geographic distribution were determined. a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to identify the serotypes of o. tsutsugamushi. the number of patients with positive results for o. tsutsugamushi was 25.0%. two serotypes, karp and kato, were detected in these samples. no gilliam serotype was detected ... | 2006 | 16626907 |
| epidemiological study of japanese spotted fever and tsutsugamushi disease in shimane prefecture, japan. | | 2006 | 16785708 |
| scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) in kanagawa prefecture in 2001-2005. | | 2006 | 16785710 |
| exploitation of the endocytic pathway by orientia tsutsugamushi in nonprofessional phagocytes. | orientia tsutsugamushi, a causative agent of scrub typhus, is an obligate intracellular bacterium that requires the exploitation of the endocytic pathway in the host cell. we observed the localization of o. tsutsugamushi with clathrin or adaptor protein 2 within 30 min after the infection of nonprofessional phagocytes. we have further confirmed that the infectivity of o. tsutsugamushi is significantly reduced by drugs that block clathrin-mediated endocytosis but not by filipin iii, an inhibitor ... | 2006 | 16790799 |
| orientia tsutsugamushi in eschars from scrub typhus patients. | to verify the value of eschars for the diagnosis of scrub typhus and to characterize genotypes of orientia tsutsugamushi in patients, we examined eschars and blood specimens of 7 patients from shandong province, people's republic of china, for o. tsutsugamushi by polymerase chain reaction targeting the sta56 gene. all 7 eschars and acute-phase blood samples were positive, while no specific dna amplicons were obtained from the 7 convalescent-phase blood samples collected after antimicrobial drug ... | 2006 | 16836828 |
| an epitope shared by cellular cytokeratin and orientia tsutsugamushi. | many microbial pathogens have epitopes shared with host cell components and these epitopes may induce transient or longer-term tissue-damaging autoantibody responses. we observed that several mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against orientia tsutsugamushi were also reactive with host cells. one such antibody, mab rb105, cross-reacted with the cytoskeleton, as shown by immunofluorescent staining. biochemical studies identified the cross-reacting component as a cytokeratin protein. these ... | 2006 | 16904284 |
| epidemiology of scrub typhus in eastern taiwan, 2000-2004. | the epidemiology of scrub typhus in eastern taiwan was studied by analyzing the data from the cdc web reporting system. a total of 1,396 cases with 403 confirmed cases were reported in the period of 2000 to 2004. the cases were commonly found in all counties with the highest number in yuli township, hualien county (53 cases) and taitung city, taitung county (40 cases). monthly changes in the number of cases showed epidemic periods in the spring with a peak in may, and again in the fall, with an ... | 2006 | 16936341 |
| epidemiology of tsutsugamushi disease and japanese spotted fever in kagoshima prefecture, japan. | | 2006 | 16936351 |
| evaluation of tests for serological diagnosis of scrub typhus. | two specific serological tests, a dot enzyme immunoassay (eia) and an immunoglobulin (ig)m enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using the 56 kda antigen and the weil-felix test were evaluated for diagnosis of scrub typhus. sensitivity of 100, 86.5 and 43.5% were observed with dot eia, igm elisa and weil-felix test, respectively. false-positive reactions were observed in patients with falciparum malaria, pulmonary tuberculosis, s. viridans septicemia and typhoid fever using dot eia and igm e ... | 2006 | 17034691 |
| clinical usefulness of eschar polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of scrub typhus: a prospective study. | the aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic utility of performing eschar polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the diagnosis of scrub typhus through a prospective comparison of eschar pcr results with indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay (ifa) results. | 2006 | 17051495 |
| spring scrub typhus, people's rrepublic of china. | | 2006 | 17073108 |
| the foci of scrub typhus and strategies of prevention in the spring in pingtan island, fujian province. | this study investigates the foci of tsutsugamushi disease on pingtan island, china, with emphasis on cases of illness that occur in the spring. the investigation of the physical and medical geography in the endemic area and detection of 141 sera samples in the population of pingtan island is described. the serum samples were taken from 102 soldiers and 39 residents and were tested by the indirect immunofluorescence assay. an island resident's history of illness inquiry was also conducted, and th ... | 2006 | 17114707 |
| comparison of immune response against orientia tsutsugamushi, a causative agent of scrub typhus, in 4-week-old and 10-week-old scrub typhus-infected laboratory mice using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. | using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique, we compared the immune response of specific antibodies (igm and igg) in serum samples of scrub typhus-infected and non-infected mice against orientia sutsugamushi (a causative agent of scrub typhus). two different age groups (4-week-old and 10-week-old) of icr laboratory mice were infected with o. tsutsugamushi by the animal passage procedure. serum samples were detected for scrub typhus-specific antibodies using elisa techn ... | 2006 | 17114788 |
| [investigation on rodents' natural infection of orientia tsutsugamushi in some areas of inner mongolia and xinjiang, china]. | to investigate rodents' natural infection of orientia tsutsugamushi (ot) in some areas of inner mongolia and xinjiang, china. | 2006 | 17152505 |
| [study on the coinfection of hantavirus and orientia tsutsugamushi in tissue cell culture]. | to investigate the possibility of hantavirus (hv) and orientia tsutsugamushi (ot) coinfection in their hosts. | 2006 | 17152514 |
| rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus in rural thailand using polymerase chain reaction. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the o. tsutsugamushi 16s rrna gene for the diagnosis of scrub typhus in rural thailand. a prospective study of acute febrile illness in udon thani, northeast thailand, identified 183 patients as having scrub typhus on the basis of immunofluorescent antibody testing (ifa) of paired sera. a further 366 febrile patients admitted concurrently with a range of other diagnoses acted as negative controls. d ... | 2006 | 17172374 |
| scrub typhus in himalayas. | himachal pradesh state of india is situated in the outer himalayan ranges. during the rainy season, several cases of acute febrile illness of unknown origin occurred. orientia tsutsugamushi was identified as the causative agent by microimmunofluorescence and pcr. two new genotypes of o. tsutsugamushi were identified in the region. | 2006 | 17176580 |
| annual incidence of tsutsugamushi disease in miyazaki prefecture, japan in 2001-2005. | | 2006 | 17186964 |
| scrub typhus serologic testing with the indirect immunofluorescence method as a diagnostic gold standard: a lack of consensus leads to a lot of confusion. | a review was performed to determine the evidence base for scrub typhus indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) methodologies and the criteria for positive results. this review included a total of 109 publications, which comprised 123 eligible studies for analysis (14 publications included 2 substudies). there was considerable underreporting of the ifa methodology and seropositivity criteria used, with most studies using a defined cutoff titer rather than an increase in the titer in paired sample ... | 2007 | 17205447 |
| scrub typhus-associated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. | acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (adem) is a monophasic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, typically occurring after infections or vaccinations. to our knowledge, scrub typhus has not been described in association with adem. | 2006 | 17214088 |
| scrub typhus: clinical, pathologic, and imaging findings. | scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by orientia tsutsugamushi. the main pathologic change is focal or disseminated vasculitis caused by the destruction of endothelial cells and the perivascular infiltration of leukocytes. the diagnosis of scrub typhus is based on the patient's history of exposure, clinical features, and results of serologic testing. regional and generalized lymphadenopathy is common. the pulmonary manifestations of scrub typhus include interstitial pneumonia, interst ... | 2007 | 17235005 |
| serologic survey of eptesicus fuscus from georgia, u.s.a. for rickettsia and borrelia and laboratory transmission of a rickettsia by bat ticks. | bats and their ectoparasites are associated with bacterial agents of unknown pathogenicity. we tested sera from 56 eptesicus fuscus from georgia against borrelia hermsii, orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia conorii, and rickettsia rickettsii. we detected antibodies reactive against a relapsing fever borrelia and spotted fever group rickettsia in 3/56 and 1/56 bats, respectively. we attempted to culture bartonella from the blood of these bats but were unsuccessful. in addition, we fed bat ticks, c ... | 2006 | 17249357 |
| improved antibiotic susceptibility test of orientia tsutsugamushi by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibody. | orientia tsutsugamushi causes scrub typhus, which is endemic in many countries in the asia-pacific region including korea. recent emergence of doxycycline-resistant strains from thailand has underlined the importance of the susceptibility tests of o. tsutsugamushi to antibiotics. to improve the flow cytometric technique for the susceptibility test, we applied a monoclonal antibody (mab) in the quantification of o. tsutsugamushi. with using mab fs15, we determined the doxycycline susceptibility o ... | 2007 | 17297242 |
| inactivation of orientia tsutsugamushi in red blood cells, plasma, and platelets with riboflavin and light, as demonstrated in an animal model. | treatment of blood products with riboflavin and light has been used to reduce the number of certain pathogens. orientia (formerly rickettsia) tsutsugamushi, the scrub typhus agent, is an obligate intracellular bacterium that grows free in the cytoplasm of infected cells. this study evaluated the capability of riboflavin and light to inactivate o. tsutsugamushi in red blood cells (rbcs), platelets (plts), and plasma, as measured by mouse infectivity. | 2007 | 17302769 |
| preparation of recombinant antigen of o. tsutsugamushi ptan strain and development of rapid diagnostic reagent for scrub typhus. | spring scrub typhus has frequently occurred in pingtan island, china, since 2000. in this study, we amplified a 1352-bp dna fragment encoding a truncated 56-kda outer membrane protein of the ptan strain, which was isolated from a serum sample of a patient with spring scrub typhus, and cloned it into the pet28a vector for expression. the expression product was a recombinant polypeptide containing a his-tag to facilitate purification on a ni2+ chromatography column. the recombinant protein was fur ... | 2007 | 17360883 |
| [five cases of tsutsugamushi disease in ganzhou]. | | 2006 | 17361830 |
| scrub typhus vaccines: past history and recent developments. | scrub typhus, an acute, febrile and potentially fatal disease, caused by infection with the obligate intracellular bacterium orientia tsutsugamushi, is commonly seen in the asia-pacific region. this disease can be handled successfully with rapid diagnosis, proper antibiotic treatment, and rodent and chigger control. however, recent reports of scrub typhus outbreaks in endemic areas, and a decreased effectiveness of antibiotic treatment suggest a continued need for a suitable vaccine. this review ... | 2007 | 17375000 |
| controlled trial of a 5-day course of telithromycin versus doxycycline for treatment of mild to moderate scrub typhus. | new antibiotics are required to have the antibacterial activity against doxycycline-resistant orientia tsutsugamushi. an in vitro sensitivity study showed that telithromycin was more effective than erythromycin for rickettsia, bartonella, and coxiella burnetii. in this prospective, open-label, randomized trial, we enrolled patients with mild-to-moderate scrub typhus. we compared the efficacy and safety of a 5-day telithromycin therapy with those of a 5-day doxycycline therapy at chosun universit ... | 2007 | 17404000 |
| [genotype identification and sequence analysis of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from shandong area]. | to determine genotype, nucleotide sequence homology and phylogenesis of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from shandong, china. | 2006 | 17415986 |
| serological and blood culture investigations of nepalese fever patients. | serological testing of paired (i.e. admission and convalescent) sera from 103 fever patients in kathmandu, nepal, was performed to estimate the prevalence rates of scrub typhus, murine typhus, leptospira and dengue virus antibodies and to determine their role in the cause of active infections. blood cultures from 15 patients grew salmonella enterica serovar typhi, 8 grew s. paratyphi a and 6 grew other bacteria. diagnostic antibody levels were detected against murine typhus (27/103; 26%), scrub ... | 2007 | 17433390 |
| molecular survey of babesia microti, ehrlichia species and candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis in wild rodents from shimane prefecture, japan. | a significant number of patients are diagnosed with "fevers of unknown origin" (fuo) in shimane prefecture in japan where tick-borne diseases are endemic. we conducted molecular surveys for babesia microti, ehrlichia species, and candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis in 62 fuo cases and 62 wild rodents from shimane prefecture, japan. pcr using primers specific for the babesia 18s small-subunit rrna (rdna) gene and anaplasmataceae groesl amplified products from 45% (28/62) and 25.8% (16/62) of captu ... | 2007 | 17446675 |
| the orientia tsutsugamushi genome reveals massive proliferation of conjugative type iv secretion system and host-cell interaction genes. | scrub typhus is caused by the obligate intracellular rickettsia orientia tsutsugamushi (previously called rickettsia tsutsugamushi). the bacterium is maternally inherited in trombicuid mites and transmitted to humans by feeding larvae. we report here the 2,127,051-bp genome of the boryong strain, which represents the most highly repeated bacterial genome sequenced to date. the repeat density of the scrub typhus pathogen is 200-fold higher than that of its close relative rickettsia prowazekii, th ... | 2007 | 17483455 |
| distribution of eschars on the body of scrub typhus patients: a prospective study. | eschar is an important finding for the diagnosis of scrub typhus. the ifa test for possible scrub typhus was performed. the presence or absence of eschar was thoroughly examined. among the 176 scrub typhus cases confirmed by ifa, 162 (92.0%) cases had eschar; 128 patients (79.5%) had eschars on the front of the body. eschars were primarily detected in males within 30 cm below the umbilicus (19 patients, 35.8%). distributions on the lower extremities and the front chest above the umbilicus were 2 ... | 2007 | 17488895 |
| [tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus)]. | | 2007 | 17494150 |
| patient and sample-related factors that effect the success of in vitro isolation of orientia tsutsugamushi. | orientia tsutsugamushi is the causative agent of scrub typhus infection, a major cause of human disease in rural areas of southeast asia. twenty-six blood samples collected from patients with serologically proven scrub typhus during a six month period were sent to bangkok (535 km from the clinical site) by road at ambient temperature (average daily temperature range: 27.1-29.1 degrees c) for attempted in vitro isolation in vero cells. o. tsutsugamushi was isolated from 12 samples (sensitivity 46 ... | 2007 | 17539252 |
| acute respiratory distress syndrome in scrub typhus. | scrub typhus is a mite-borne infectious disease caused by orientia tsutsugamushi. acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) is a serious complication of scrub typhus. this study retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 72 patients diagnosed with scrub typhus from january 1998 to august 2006 in kaohsiung chang gung memorial hospital in taiwan. eight of 72 scrub typhus patients with ards were included in the study; the other patients without ards were used as controls. the mortality rate f ... | 2007 | 17556627 |
| use of chimeric antibodies as positive controls in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of scrub typhus (infection by orientia tsutsugamushi). | the use of human sera collected from individuals of known infected and noninfected status is necessary for the validation of diagnostic assays and for the determination of cutoff values. however, the routine inclusion of pooled human sera from infected individuals for use as positive controls in commercial assay kits has many disadvantages. sufficient quantities of sera can be difficult to obtain, and there are ethical and safety issues to be considered. additionally, each batch of control mater ... | 2007 | 17687111 |
| seroepidemiological survey of rodents collected at a u.s. military installation, yongsan garrison, seoul, republic of korea. | a seroepidemiological study of selected rodent-borne diseases (hantavirus [seoul [seo] virus], scrub typhus [orientia tsutsugamushi], murine typhus [rickettsia typhi], and leptospirosis [leptospira interrogans]), as part of the u.s. military rodent surveillance and control program, was conducted from 2001 through 2005 at yongsan garrison, seoul, republic of korea. rodents were collected to determine the prevalence of rodent-borne diseases at a u.s. military installation in an urban environment. ... | 2007 | 17691691 |
| molecular epidemic survey on co-prevalence of scrub typhus and marine typhus in yuxi city, yunnan province of china. | human rickettsioses are worldwide zoonoses and it is not easy to differentiate them from other infectious diseases because of their atypical manifestation. in recent years the number of patients with fever of unknown causes from hongta district cdc, yuxi city of yunnan province has been increasing significantly in the summer. diagnosis of scrub typhus was made by local clinicians. in order to ascertain the disease, we undertook a laboratory investigation for such patients from august 18 to 26, 2 ... | 2007 | 17711736 |
| intracellular pathogens go extreme: genome evolution in the rickettsiales. | the rickettsiales, a genetically diverse group of the alpha-proteobacteria, include major mammalian pathogens, such as the agents of epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, ehrlichioses and heartwater disease. sequenced genomes of this bacterial order have provided exciting insights into reductive genome evolution, antigenic variation and host cell manipulation. recent results suggest that human pathogens emerged relatively late in the evolution of the rickettsiales. surprisingly, there is no association ... | 2007 | 17822801 |
| development of a real-time pcr assay for the diagnosis of scrub typhus cases in india and evidence of the prevalence of new genotype of o. tsutsugamushi. | a qualitative syber green real-time pcr with primers designed for a truncated portion of the 56kda major outer membrane antigen gene of orientia tsutsugamushi was used to diagnose scrub typhus from the blood or serum of suspected patients. sixty-six blood and/or sera samples from fever cases, either with high index of suspicion for scrub typhus and/or positive by weil-felix test (> or = 1:160), were tested with the pcr. specificity of the pcr was confirmed by end point melt curve analysis and se ... | 2007 | 17870041 |
| follow-up analysis on the epidemic strains of orientia tsutsugamushi in the first outbreak of scrub typhus in henan province, china. | to obtain knowledge of the genetic characteristics and types of the epidemic strains of orientia tsutsugamushi in the first outbreak of scrub typhus in henan province, genus and type-specific primers were employed to amplify a fragment of the gene of 56 kda protein. serotyping demonstrated that, of the 19 patients [15 patients in recovery phase (10-40 days) and 4 of patients in acute phase (1-7 days)], 4 were infected with gilliam type, 8 with kato type, 6 with karp type, and 1 with an unknown t ... | 2007 | 17877223 |
| rickettsial infections and their clinical presentations in the western province of sri lanka: a hospital-based study. | rickettsial infections are re-emerging. a study of the geographical distribution of rickettsial infections, their clinical manifestations, and their complications would facilitate early diagnosis. | 2008 | 17900956 |
| acute reversible hearing loss in scrub typhus. | scrub typhus usually presents as pyrexia with or without multiple organ involvement. acute hearing loss occurs in about one third of cases and is a useful clue toward the diagnosis. we present two cases of scrub typhus with acute reversible hearing loss from an endemic area. the diagnosis was confirmed by nested pcr. | 2007 | 17907503 |
| [surveillance on rickettsia in epidemic areas of scrub typhus in xinyang areas of henan]. | to understand the epidemic status of rickettsia in xinyang areas of henan province. | 2007 | 17939381 |
| kinetics of inflammatory cytokines in patients with scrub typhus receiving doxycycline treatment. | animal models have suggested that various cytokines and chemokines play an important role in host defense against orientia tsutsugamushi, however, human data are limited. we investigated the kinetics of inflammatory responses in patients with scrub typhus receiving doxycycline. | 2008 | 17976731 |
| severe scrub typhus confirmed early via immunohistochemical staining. | we describe a case of interstitial pneumonia that was confirmed as scrub typhus by immunohistochemical (ihc) staining of an eschar. when a patient presents with interstitial pneumonia accompanied by generalized lymphadenopathy on the thoracic ct scan, clinicians should suspect scrub typhus, especially when the patient has a history of travel to a scrub typhus-endemic area. ihc staining on an eschar revealed invasion by orientia tsutsugamushi coccobacilli of the patient's sweat ducts and glands a ... | 2007 | 17978077 |
| clinical and histological features of inoculation site skin lesions in cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with orientia tsutsugamushi. | cynomolgus monkeys, as animal models of scrub typhus, are typically infected with orientia tsutsugamushi by intradermal inoculation. however, the clinical and histological features at the o. tsutsugamushi inoculation sites, akin to "eschars" at chigger inoculation sites in humans, have not been fully characterized. we intradermally inoculated one medial thigh of six cynomolgus monkeys with semi-purified o. tsutsugamushi (karp). within 7 days, two animals developed scrub typhus-like eschars and f ... | 2007 | 17979530 |
| molecular detection and characterization of spotted fever group rickettsiae in taiwan. | rickettsioses are emerging infectious diseases caused by rickettsiae in association with arthropods. we report the detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) in taiwan using molecular methods. phylogenetic analyses of the 17-kd protein and citrate synthase (glta) genes showed that sfgr twkm01 detected in rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks was most similar to rickettsia rhipicephali. three twkm01 isolates were obtained from three individual r. haemaphysaloides ticks. small, intracellul ... | 2007 | 17984347 |
| acute transverse myelitis associated with scrub typhus: case report and a review of literatures. | we describe a rare case of acute transverse myelitis associated with scrub typhus. magnetic resonance imaging scans, clinical characteristics, skin biopsy, and cerebrospinal fluid cytology confirmed a diagnosis of acute transverse myelitis associated with scrub typhus. to our knowledge, this was not seen in a prior publication. our case indicates that orientia tsutsugamushi can invade spinal cord. | 2008 | 17997258 |
| acute renal failure due to acute tubular necrosis caused by direct invasion of orientia tsutsugamushi. | we describe a scrub typhus patient with acute renal failure for whom a diagnosis was made based on serology as well as immunohistochemical (ihc) staining and an electron microscopic examination (em) of a renal biopsy specimen. for our case, we demonstrated by ihc staining and em that renal failure was caused by acute tubular necrosis due to a direct invasion of orientia tsutsugamushi. | 2008 | 18003808 |
| the genomic and metabolic diversity of rickettsia. | comparative genomics of rickettsia and orientia has revealed an exciting interplay between reductive evolutionary forces acting on metabolic genes in all species and proliferation of mobile genetic elements in some species. these contradictory evolutionary forces highlight the influence of chance, adaptation and host-cell exploitation during the evolution of intracellular bacteria. | 2007 | 18031998 |
| risk-factors for human infection with orientia tsutsugamushi: a case-control study in korea. | a case-control study was conducted involving 156 patients with scrub typhus and 130 controls. three factors were associated significantly with the risk of developing scrub typhus: engaging in fruit farming (or 2.44; 95% ci 1.04-5.69), gathering chestnuts (or 2.05; 95% ci 1.09-3.87) and taking breaks in areas adjacent to agricultural operations (or 3.06; 95% ci 1.50-6.22). in contrast, receiving information or educational materials concerning the prevention of scrub typhus had a protective effect ... | 2008 | 18070125 |
| detection of new genotypes of orientia tsutsugamushi infecting humans in thailand. | pcr screening of blood specimens taken from 195 patients with serologically confirmed scrub typhus in three thai provinces detected the 56-kda protein-encoding gene from orientia tsutsugamushi in ten (5%) patients. significant genetic diversity was found among the ten amplicons, with nine new genotypes identified that were different from those found previously in thailand. phylogenetically, the ten sequences obtained in the present study and sequences from 71 strains characterised previously wer ... | 2008 | 18076670 |
| real-time multiplex pcr assay for detection and differentiation of rickettsiae and orientiae. | the high incidence of rickettsial diseases in southeast asia necessitates rapid and accurate diagnostic tools for a broad range of rickettsial agents, including orientia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus) and rickettsia typhi (murine typhus), but also spotted fever group infections, which are increasingly reported. we present an sybr-green-based, real-time multiplex pcr assay for rapid identification and differentiation of scrub typhus group, typhus group and spotted fever group rickettsiae using 47kd ... | 2008 | 18093627 |
| three rickettsioses, darnley island, australia. | we report 3 rickettsioses on darnley island, australia, in the torres strait. in addition to previously described cases of flinders island spotted fever (rickettsia honei strain "marmionii"), we describe 1 case of queensland tick typhus (r. australis) and 2 cases of scrub typhus caused by a unique strain (orientia tsutsugamushi). | 2007 | 18214193 |
| [amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on the complete sequence of sta56 gene of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from shandong area]. | to analyze the genetic differences of orientia tsutsugamushi (ot) sta56 gene between shandong isolates and other strains deposited in genbank. | 2007 | 18251273 |
| immunohistochemical study of scrub typhus: a report of two cases. | scrub typhus is a zoonotic disease caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, which is transmitted by chiggers. the target cells of this rickettsia are poorly defined in humans. immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections of patients with scrub typhus is helpful in investigating the target cells of this rickettsia in different organs. we studied two autopsy specimens by immunohistochemical staining using a specific antibody against o. tsutsugamushi. rickettsiae were located in endothelial cells in al ... | 2008 | 18281226 |
| visualization of pseudogenes in intracellular bacteria reveals the different tracks to gene destruction. | pseudogenes reveal ancestral gene functions. some obligate intracellular bacteria, such as mycobacterium leprae and rickettsia spp., carry substantial fractions of pseudogenes. until recently, horizontal gene transfers were considered to be rare events in obligate host-associated bacteria. | 2008 | 18302730 |
| genetic typing of the 56-kda type-specific antigen gene of contemporary orientia tsutsugamushi isolates causing human scrub typhus at two sites in north-eastern and western thailand. | orientia tsutsugamushi is the causative agent of scrub typhus, a major cause of febrile illness in the rural areas of southeast asia. twenty-three strains of o. tsutsugamushi were isolated from patients with scrub typhus in north-east (udorn thani province) and western thailand (tak province) between 2003 and 2005. the isolates were characterized by sequencing the entire orf of the 56-kda-type-specific antigen gene, followed by phylogenetic analysis. the majority (15/23) of isolates clustered wi ... | 2008 | 18312580 |
| [detection the coinfection of hantavirus and orientia tsutsugamushi in primary cultured mite cells]. | to investigate whether hv and ot can coexist in their host (leptotrombidium scutellare). | 2007 | 18322585 |
| comparative research on epidemiological aspects of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) between korea and japan. | in order to compare the epidemiological aspects of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) between korea and japan, we analyzed the current state of tsutsugamushi disease outbreaks and related risk factors. the average prevalence rate of tsutsugamushi disease from 2001 to 2005 in korea was higher than that in japan (7.2 and 0.3 per 100,000 population, respectively) (p<0.01). the seasonal distribution in korea showed that the incidence of tsutsugamushi disease in autumn (94.5% of total cases) was hi ... | 2008 | 18362409 |