| development and validation of a fallow deer (dama dama)-specific taqman real-time pcr assay for the detection of food adulteration. | the aim of the present study was to develop a real-time pcr assay for the identification and quantification of fallow deer (dama dama) in food to detect food adulteration. despite high sequence homology among different deer species, a fallow deer-specific primer/probe system targeting a fragment of the nuclear mc1-r gene was designed. this primer/probe system did not amplify dna from 19 other animals and 50 edible plant species. moderate cross-reactivity was observed for sika deer, red deer, roe ... | 2018 | 29146373 |
| expansion of ashworthius sidemi in red deer and roe deer from the lower silesian wilderness and its impact on infection with other gastrointestinal nematodes. | nematodes ashworthius sidemi are typical parasites of asiatic cervids, mostly sika deer (cervus nippon). migrating red deer have probably introduced this parasite to the area of poland from neighbouring countries. the aim of the study was to determine prevalence and intensity of infection of red deer and roe deer from the lower silesian wilderness with a. sidemi after one year from previous studies and to examine the influence of these parasites on other species of gastrointestinal nematodes. 31 ... | 2017 | 29035860 |
| evidence for host specificity of theileria capreoli genotypes in cervids. | data on the prevalence of piroplasms in buffaloes and large game animal species are lacking from several central european countries. therefore, to investigate the presence of babesia/theileria dna in these hosts, 239 blood and 270 spleen samples were taken from cervids (red, fallow, and roe deer), as well as from water buffaloes, mouflons, and wild boars in southwestern hungary, followed by dna extraction and molecular analysis for piroplasms. all samples from buffaloes and wild boars were pcr n ... | 2017 | 29017556 |
| mitochondrial genomes of giant deers suggest their late survival in central europe. | the giant deer megaloceros giganteus is among the most fascinating late pleistocene eurasian megafauna that became extinct at the end of the last ice age. important questions persist regarding its phylogenetic relationship to contemporary taxa and the reasons for its extinction. we analyzed two large ancient cervid bone fragments recovered from cave sites in the swabian jura (baden-württemberg, germany) dated to 12,000 years ago. using hybridization capture in combination with next generation se ... | 2015 | 26052672 |
| campylobacter infection in wild artiodactyl species from southern spain: occurrence, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility. | a cross-sectional study was performed to assess the occurrence of campylobacter species and to identify potential associated risk factors for wild artiodactyl species in southern spain. campylobacter species were isolated in 55 of 363 (15.2%) faecal samples. campylobacter was identified in faeces from wild boar (49/126; 38.9%), red deer (5/179; 2.8%) and mouflon (1/13; 7.7%) but not from fallow deer (0/45). the isolated campylobacter species were identified as c. jejuni (2 isolates; 3.6%), c. co ... | 2014 | 24462184 |
| endoparasites of wild mammals sheltered in wildlife hospitals and rehabilitation centres in greece. | wildlife parasitic diseases represent an important field of investigation as they may have a significant impact on wild animals' health and fitness, and may also have zoonotic implications. this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of endoparasites in wild mammals admitted to wildlife hospitals and rehabilitation centres in greece. sixty-five animals belonging to 17 species and originated from various areas of continental and insular greece were included in the survey. the most numerous ani ... | 2017 | 29326954 |
| physical quality attributes of male and female wild fallow deer (dama dama) muscles. | physical meat quality measurements were conducted on the longissimus thoracis et lumborum, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles from male (n=6) and female (n=6) fallow deer (dama dama) harvested in south africa. ultimate ph (phu), drip loss, cooking loss and shear force values were influenced (p≤0.05) by muscle, but not gender. mean phu readings were 5.4-5.6 in the muscles with the two forequarter muscles having the highest readings, while drip ... | 2017 | 29197765 |
| weapon damage is associated with contest dynamics but not mating success in fallow deer (dama dama). | antlers function as primary weapons during fights for many species of ungulate. we examined the association between antler damage and (i) contest dynamics: the behavioural tactics used during fighting including fight duration, and (ii) mating success, fighting rate and dominance. structural damage of the antlers was associated with contest dynamics: damage was negatively associated with jump clash attacks by individuals with damaged antlers, whereas opponents were more likely to physically displ ... | 2017 | 29118237 |
| interactions between fawns and does of farmed fallow deer dama dama in the postnatal period. | the aim of the present study was to describe the suckling behavior of the offspring of farmed european fallow deer dama dama in the postnatal period. video surveillance footage from the first 18 days postpartum was analyzed in detail to reveal that the duration of interactions between the mother and the offspring changed with the fawns' age. the duration of mother-offspring interactions was longest between postpartum days 12 and 18. the frequency of interactions at different times of the day var ... | 2018 | 29047200 |
| bony labyrinth morphology clarifies the origin and evolution of deer. | deer are an iconic group of large mammals that originated in the early miocene of eurasia (ca. 19 ma). while there is some consensus on key relationships among their members, on the basis of molecular- or morphology-based analyses, or combined approaches, many questions remain, and the bony labyrinth has shown considerable potential for the phylogenetics of this and other groups. here we examine its shape in 29 species of living and fossil deer using 3d geometric morphometrics and cladistics. we ... | 2017 | 29030580 |
| a retrospective comparison of chemical immobilization with thiafentanil, thiafentanil-azaperone, or etorphine-acepromazine in captive persian fallow deer (dama dama mesopotamica). | records of 56 persian fallow deer (dama dama mesopotamica) immobilized for translocation were reviewed. twenty-three were administered 0.05 ± 0.01 (mean ± sd) mg/kg thiafentanil (thia), 20 were administered 0.045 ± 0.008 mg/kg thiafentanil combined with 0.19 ± 0.03 mg/kg azaperone (thia-azp), and 13 were administered 0.032 ± 0.04 mg/kg etorphine-acepromazine (etor-acp) by intramuscular remote injection. parameters recorded and compared between groups included induction and recovery times, heart ... | 2017 | 28920822 |
| generalized structural equations improve sexual-selection analyses. | sexual selection is an intense evolutionary force, which operates through competition for the access to breeding resources. there are many cases where male copulatory success is highly asymmetric, and few males are able to sire most females. two main hypotheses were proposed to explain this asymmetry: "female choice" and "male dominance". the literature reports contrasting results. this variability may reflect actual differences among studied populations, but it may also be generated by methodol ... | 2017 | 28809923 |
| tear production, intraocular pressure and conjunctival bacterial flora in selected captive wild ruminants. | evaluation of tear production (schirmer's tear test, stt) and measurement of intraocular pressure (iop) were performed in a population of captive wild ungulates in a slovenian zoo during routine annual health check. | 2018 | 28493440 |
| pigmented tumors in fallow deer ( dama dama): 11 cases. | pigmented tumors have been reported infrequently in captive deer. we document herein the clinical progression and gross and histopathologic features of pigmented tumors diagnosed as melanoma and pigmented schwannoma in 11 white fallow deer ( dama dama). affected animals were part of a captive herd maintained at a drive-through park in southern oregon and were 5-17 y of age during the study period (2004-2013). primary lesion locations included periocular, perineal, and neck tissues, with cutaneou ... | 2017 | 28467283 |
| reply to arnemo and kreeger: "commentary on 'influence of ambient temperature and confinement on the chemical immobilization of fallow deer ( dama dama )'". | | 2017 | 28453360 |
| commentary on costa et al.: "influence of ambient temperature and confinement on the chemical immobilization of fallow deer ( dama dama )". | | 2017 | 28453359 |
| early evidence of stone tool use in bone working activities at qesem cave, israel. | for a long while, the controversy surrounding several bone tools coming from pre-upper palaeolithic contexts favoured the view of homo sapiens as the only species of the genus homo capable of modifying animal bones into specialised tools. however, evidence such as south african early stone age modified bones, european lower palaeolithic flaked bone tools, along with middle and late pleistocene bone retouchers, led to a re-evaluation of the conception of homo sapiens as the exclusive manufacturer ... | 2016 | 27886245 |
| intrasexual selection drives sensitivity to pitch, formants and duration in the competitive calls of fallow bucks. | mammal vocal parameters such as fundamental frequency (or pitch; f o ) and formant dispersion often provide information about quality traits of the producer (e.g. dominance and body size), suggesting that they are sexually selected. however, little experimental evidence exists demonstrating the importance of these cues in intrasexual competition, particularly f o . male fallow deer (bucks) produce an extremely low pitched groan. bucks have a descended larynx and generate f o well below what is e ... | 2015 | 26279584 |
| effects of selenium supplementation on selenium status of farmed fallow deer in outdoor pens. | the study investigated the effects of selenium (se) supplementation on se status in farmed fallow deer. fallow deer were housed on grass pasture and adapted to consume ∼200 g of pelleted grain daily. animals were divided into two groups. one group received pelleted grain enriched with sodium selenate for 12 weeks (se+ group, n = 10). se intake for the first 7 weeks was 0.18 mg/kg dry matter (dm) and 0.32 mg/kg dm for the subsequent 5 weeks. the control group was fed pelleted grain without extra ... | 2015 | 25468192 |
| information gathering during contests: the relationship between lateralisation and contestant behaviour during fallow deer fights. | one class of model relating to animal contest behaviour assumes that individuals gather information concerning their opponents' competitive ability; these models argue that such a process allows contestants to avoid engaging in dangerous fighting behaviour with a superior opponent. the brain hemispheres of vertebrates are lateralised in that they are specialised for processing different type of information. within the context of the current study, we might expect that lateralisation would play a ... | 2014 | 24468213 |
| vocal rate as an assessment process during fallow deer contests. | two types of model propose that strategic decisions during contests are determined either by (i) a mutual-assessment process or (ii) a self-assessment process. vocal signals are thought to convey information about the competitive abilities of individuals, the ultimate function of which is a reduction in costs associated with fighting consistent with the principle of mutual assessment. nevertheless, the limited evidence that male ungulates engage in mutual assessment of vocal rates during dyadic ... | 2012 | 22820323 |
| very low influenza a virus prevalence in cervids in german national parks. | influenza a viruses are one of the most important and most studied pathogens in humans and domestic animals but little is known about viral prevalence in non-avian wildlife. serum samples from three free-ranging cervid species (red [ cervus elaphus], fallow [ dama dama] , and roe deer [ capreolus capreolus]) were collected from six german national parks between 2000 and 2002. the serum was tested for the presence of influenza a antibodies using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorben ... | 2018 | 29517428 |
| multiple innate antibacterial immune defense elements are correlated in diverse ungulate species. | in this study, we aimed to evaluate to what extent different assays of innate immunity reveal similar patterns of variation across ungulate species. we compared several measures of innate antibacterial immune function across seven different ungulate species using blood samples obtained from captive animals maintained in a zoological park. we measured mrna expression of two receptors involved in innate pathogen detection, toll-like receptors 2 and 5 (tlr2 and 5), the bactericidal capacity of plas ... | 2019 | 31774834 |
| molecular detection of babesia odocoilei in wild, farmed, and zoo cervids in ontario, canada. | babesia odocoilei, a tick-borne protozoan hemoparasite of white-tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus), is being increasingly recognized as a cause of disease in captive cervids in north america. historically endemic in white-tailed deer, the natural wildlife reservoir in the southeastern us, b. odocoilei has been recently associated with hemolytic anemia in captive eurasian tundra reindeer ( rangifer tarandus tarandus), wapiti ( cervus canadensis), and woodland caribou ( rangifer tarandus caribo ... | 2019 | 30339101 |
| detection of new crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus genotypes in ticks feeding on deer and wild boar, spain. | crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is the causative agent of the severe tick-borne, often fatal, zoonotic crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf), which is widely distributed worldwide. the cchfv transmission to humans occurs through tick bite, crushing of engorged ticks or contact with infected host blood. previously, cchfv genotype africa iii was reported in spain. given the emergence of cchf and the role of ticks in pathogen maintenance and transmission, we investigated the presen ... | 2020 | 32738065 |
| the role of different species of wild ungulates and ixodes ricinus ticks in the circulation of genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in a forest biotope in north-western poland. | the aim of this study was to reveal genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains occurring in different species of wild ungulates and in ixodes ricinus ticks to check the role of the examined species in the circulation of the revealed variants in nature. the aim was also to determine if the detected variants of a. phagocytophilum are specific for particular game species as well as to examine their identity with other strains, including pathogenic ones. sequences of the amplified groel h ... | 2020 | 32723651 |
| fallow deer (dama dama) as a reservoir of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec). | shiga toxin-producing escherichia (e.) coli (stec) are responsible for the outbreaks of serious diseases in humans. only a few reports on fallow deer as a reservoir of foodborne pathogens have been published to date. the purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of stec strains in the fallow deer population in poland. in all, 94 fallow deer swabs were tested. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was performed to detect the virulence profile of stx1, stx2 and eae or aggr genes, to identify ... | 2020 | 32438625 |
| molecular identification of sarcocysts from tissue of fallow deer (dama dama) farmed in the open pasture system based on ssu rrna gene. | sarcocystis spp. are protozoan parasites of livestock which also infect birds, lower vertebrates and mammals, including man. wild and domestic ruminants such as red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, cattle, sheep and goats may act as intermediate hosts for many sarcocystis species, some of which are significant pathogens causing sarcocystosis in livestock and humans. the purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of sarcocystis species in fallow deer farmed in an open pasture system ... | 2020 | 31981017 |
| shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli isolates from red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in poland. | shiga toxin-producing escherichia (e.) coli (stec) pathogens are responsible for the outbreaks of serious diseases in humans, including haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus), bloody diarrhoea (bd) and diarrhoea (d), and they pose a significant public health concern. wild ruminants are an important environmental reservoir of foodborne pathogens that can cause serious illnesses in humans and contaminate fresh products. there is a general scarcity of published data about wildlife as a reservoir of food ... | 2020 | 31703865 |
| interactions between a population of fallow deer (dama dama), humans and crops in a managed composite temperate landscape in southern sweden: conflict or opportunity? | landscapes composed of agricultural land mixed with forest are desirable since they provide a wide range of diversified ecosystem services, unlike specialized agricultural landscapes, but that creates a trade-off between these land uses since wildlife usually feed on crops and reduce yields. in nordic countries, where human population density is low and game hunting can be a viable economic alternative, mixed landscape systems are particularly interesting. to evaluate the economic sustainability ... | 2019 | 31013322 |
| the hunters or the hunters: human and hyena prey choice divergence in the late pleistocene levant. | hunting preferences reveal a great deal about the life of paleolithic humans, and may reflect changes in human demography, technology, and adaptations to changing environments. however, the effects of hunting preferences and environmental availability are often conflated, stressing the need for comparisons to other predators that exploited the same environment. manot cave (israel), preserved rich early upper paleolithic (46-33 ka) human occupations, along with repeated spotted hyena (crocuta cro ... | 2019 | 30850235 |
| microbiome analysis reveals the presence of bartonella spp. and acinetobacter spp. in deer keds (lipoptena cervi). | the deer ked (lipoptena cervi) is distributed in europe, north america, and siberia and mainly infests cervids as roe deer, fallow deer, and moose. from a one health perspective, deer keds occasionally bite other animals or humans and are a potential vector for bartonella schoenbuchensis. this bacterium belongs to a lineage of ruminant-associated bartonella spp. and is suspected to cause dermatitis and febrile diseases in humans. in this study, we analyzed the microbiome from 130 deer keds colle ... | 2018 | 30619179 |
| identifying deer antler uhrf1 proliferation and s100a10 mineralization genes using comparative rna-seq. | deer antlers are bony structures that re-grow at very high rates, making them an attractive model for studying rapid bone regeneration. | 2018 | 30376879 |
| mycobacterium bovis persistence in two different captive wild animal populations in germany: a longitudinal molecular epidemiological study revealing pathogen transmission by whole-genome sequencing. | bovine tuberculosis (btb) caused by mycobacterium bovis is a transmissible disease notifiable to the world organization for animal health and to the european union, with ongoing efforts of surveillance and eradication in every eu member state. in germany, a country which has been declared officially free from bovine tuberculosis since 1997 by the eu, m. bovis infections still occur sporadically in cattle and other mammals, including humans. here, the transmission routes of a btb outbreak in a wi ... | 2018 | 29950330 |
| the prevalence of yersinia enterocolitica in game animals in poland. | natural reservoirs of yersinia (y.) enterocolitica comprise different animal species, but little is known about the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of yersiniosis. the aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of y. enterocolitica among game animals in poland. the bio-serotypes and the pathogenicity markers of the analyzed isolates were determined. the experimental material comprised rectal swabs from 857 free-living animals hunter-harvested over a period of 2 years (2013-2014) in ... | 2018 | 29596492 |
| chronic wasting disease (cwd) in cervids. | in april and may of 2016, norway confirmed two cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in a wild reindeer and a wild moose, respectively. in the light of this emerging issue, the european commission requested efsa to recommend surveillance activities and, if necessary, additional animal health risk-based measures to prevent the introduction of the disease and the spread into/within the eu, specifically estonia, finland, iceland, latvia, lithuania, norway, poland and sweden, and considering seven ... | 2017 | 32625260 |
| long-term reevaluation of spatially explicit models as a means for adaptive wildlife management. | we evaluated a 20-yr-old spatially explicit model (sem) that predicted the spatial expansion of reintroduced persian fallow deer in northern israel. using the current distribution of the deer and based on multi-model inference we assessed the accuracy of the sem's prediction and what other factors affected the population's current distribution. if the sem's projection was still valid, the leading model in the multi-model inference would include only the sem's projection as an explanatory variabl ... | 2020 | 32017327 |
| wolf predation on wild ungulates: how slope and habitat cover influence the localization of kill sites. | based on data collected along the ligurian apennines and alps (n-w italy), we analysed the main environmental and human-related factors influencing the distribution of kill sites of the wolf canis lupus. we mapped and digitized 62 kill sites collected during 2007-2016. around each kill site, we defined a buffer corresponding to the potential hunting area of wolves. we compared kill site plots and an equal number of random plots. we formulated a model of kill site distribution following an approa ... | 2018 | 30403201 |
| exposure to neospora spp. and besnoitia spp. in wildlife from israel. | neosporosis and besnoitiosis, caused by cyst-forming protozoa neospora caninum and besnoitia besnoiti, respectively, are parasitic infestations of livestock in israel. these parasites cause significant economic losses in cattle due to reproductive and productive disorders. both parasites have been detected in several wild ruminant species throughout other regions of the world, while the existence of a sylvatic life cycle in israel remains uncertain. thus, a wide panel of 871 sera from two wild c ... | 2018 | 30175044 |
| the importance of wildlife in the ecology and epidemiology of the tbe virus in sweden: incidence of human tbe correlates with abundance of deer and hares. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is one tick-transmitted disease where the human incidence has increased in some european regions during the last two decades. we aim to find the most important factors causing the increasing incidence of human tbe in sweden. based on a review of published data we presume that certain temperature-related variables and the population densities of transmission hosts, i.e. small mammals, and of primary tick maintenance hosts, i.e. cervids and lagomorphs, of the tbe viru ... | 2018 | 30153856 |
| the nasal complex of a semiaquatic artiodactyl, the moose (alces alces): is it a good evolutionary model for the ancestors of cetaceans? | among cetartiodactyla, cetaceans are the only obligate aquatic dwellers. given morphological similarities between cetacean relatives such as indohyus (the best represented eocene raoellid artiodactyl) with other, later artiodactyls, any crown artiodactyl that engages in aquatic behaviors is of interest as an evolutionary model for the adaptations that accompanied the origins of cetaceans. the american moose (alces alces) is the only non-cetacean artiodactyl to engage in aquatic foraging and, oth ... | 2019 | 30422388 |
| stoichiometric variation within and between a terrestrial herbivorous and a semi-aquatic carnivorous mammal. | the elemental composition of the mammalian body is widely believed to be more or less constant within and among species, yet reliable comparisons of elemental content are lacking. here, we examine the elemental composition of two mammal species with different diet and provenance: terrestrial herbivorous fallow deer (dama dama) - collected from a single area - and semi-aquatic carnivorous eurasian otter (lutra lutra) - collected from different areas. | 2020 | 32693327 |
| wildlife ungulate rescue and emergency services in the pisa area (tuscany, italy): evaluation of a 9-years period (2010-2018). | background: we analyzed the clinical data of wildlife ungulates admitted for emergency care to the veterinary teaching hospital (vth), department of veterinary medicine, university of pisa over a 9-years period. methods: clinical data of all the wildlife ungulates admitted to the vth were recorded. blood samples were also taken from the animals for hematological and biochemical analysis. an assessment of ecto- and endoparasites was carried out, diagnostic imaging assessment was performed, and th ... | 2020 | 33033722 |
| long-term determinants of tuberculosis in the ungulate host community of doñana national park. | animal tuberculosis (tb) is endemic in wild boar (sus scrofa), red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama) and cattle in south and central spain. in order to clarify the processes that operate in the medium and long-term, we studied tb at the wildlife-livestock interface in doñana national park for 14 years (2006-2018) in relation to host density, stochastic factors (rainfall) and environmental features (e.g., aggregation points such as waterholes). wild boar showed the highest prevalence ... | 2020 | 32516963 |
| detection of porcine circovirus 3 in wildlife species in spain. | porcine circovirus 3 (pcv-3) is the third member of the family circoviridae, genus circovirus, able to infect swine. a high prevalence of viral dna has been recorded in wild boars. recently, pcv-3 dna was identified in italian wild ruminants. based on these previous results, this study assessed the frequency of pcv-3 dna detection in free-ranging ruminants and lagomorpha species in spain. in addition, the genetic characterization of the pcv-3 pcr-positive samples was performed. a total of 801 se ... | 2020 | 32369945 |
| dynamic network of interactions in the wildlife-livestock interface in mediterranean spain: an epidemiological point of view. | the correct management of diseases that are transmitted between wildlife and livestock requires a reliable estimate of the pathogen transmission rate. the calculation of this parameter is a challenge for epidemiologists, since transmission can occur through multiple pathways. the social network analysis is a widely used tool in epidemiology due to its capacity to identify individuals and communities with relevant roles for pathogen transmission. in the present work, we studied the dynamic networ ... | 2020 | 32069995 |
| using nutrient foramina to differentiate human from non-human long bone fragments in bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology. | long bone shaft fragments can be found isolated in archaeological and forensic contexts, such as in mass fatality incidents. when diagnostic morphological landmarks are not visible, the assessment of a human or non-human origin of a bone fragment can be challenging. further methods need to be developed. in long bones, the presence of a nutrient foramen on fragments that do not show any diagnostic landmarks can make the assessment of the origin of the bone still possible. in this paper, human lon ... | 2019 | 31701996 |
| no evidence of hepatitis e virus infection in farmed deer in germany. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a zoonotic agent, which is mainly transmitted by consumption of undercooked meat products originating from infected animals. domestic pigs and wild boars are the major animal reservoirs, but hev infections have been also repeatedly described in wild deer species. however, farmed deer has been only sparsely investigated so far. here, 108 blood and 106 liver samples from fallow deer, red deer, and sika deer strictly hold in game enclosures from 11 farms in germany were a ... | 2020 | 31625032 |
| diverse tick-borne microorganisms identified in free-living ungulates in slovakia. | free-living ungulates are hosts of ixodid ticks and reservoirs of tick-borne microorganisms in central europe and many regions around the world. tissue samples and engorged ticks were obtained from roe deer, red deer, fallow deer, mouflon, and wild boar hunted in deciduous forests of south-western slovakia. dna isolated from these samples was screened for the presence of tick-borne microorganisms by pcr-based methods. | 2018 | 30176908 |
| tick- and fly-borne bacteria in ungulates: the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, haemoplasmas and rickettsiae in water buffalo and deer species in central europe, hungary. | hunting constitutes an important industry in europe. however, data on the prevalence of vector-borne bacteria in large game animal species are lacking from several countries. blood or spleen samples (239 and 270, respectively) were taken from red, fallow and roe deer, as well as from water buffaloes, mouflons and wild boars in hungary, followed by dna extraction and molecular analyses for anaplasma phagocytophilum, haemoplasmas and rickettsiae. | 2018 | 29554900 |
| head to head: the case for fighting behaviour in megaloceros giganteus using finite-element analysis. | the largest antlers of any known deer species belonged to the extinct giant deer megaloceros giganteus. it has been argued that their antlers were too large for use in fighting, instead being used only in ritualized displays to attract mates. here, we used finite-element analysis to test whether the antlers of m. giganteus could have withstood forces generated during fighting. we compared the mechanical performance of antlers in m. giganteus with three extant deer species: red deer (cervus elaph ... | 2019 | 31594504 |
| the scale-dependent effectiveness of wildlife management: a case study on british deer. | impacts of herbivory by wild ungulates represent a significant issue world-wide. to be effective, management of populations and impacts needs to be coordinated above the site scale, yet little research has investigated the appropriate spatial scale over which management should be integrated to be fully effective. in consideration of reduction of impacts in deciduous or mixed woodland habitats, we tested scale-specific management effectiveness in a lowland area of uk where moderate- to high-densi ... | 2020 | 32947117 |
| distribution of pestivirus exposure in wild ruminants in spain. | a large-scale study was carried out to determine the prevalence of antibodies against pestivirus species in wild ruminants and describe their spatial variation in mainland spain. serum samples of 1,874 wild ruminants from different regions of this country were collected between the years 2000 and 2017. a total of 6.6% (123/1,874) animals showed antibodies against pestivirus by both blocking elisa (belisa) and virus neutralization tests (vnt). the prevalence of antibodies against pestiviruses was ... | 2020 | 32920992 |
| competitor densities, habitat, and weather: effects on interspecific interactions between wild deer species. | there is a growing interest on the potential interplay between weather, habitat, and interspecific competition on population dynamics of wild herbivores. favorable environmental conditions may buffer the negative effects of competition; conversely, competition may be expected to be stronger under harsh environmental conditions. we investigated relationships between competitor abundance, weather, and habitat cover on density and local distribution of a medium-sized herbivore, the roe deer capreol ... | 2020 | 32654371 |
| serosurveillance of schmallenberg virus in wild ruminants in spain. | schmallenberg disease (sbd) is an emerging vector-borne disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants. a long-term serosurvey was conducted to assess exposure to schmallenberg virus (sbv) in all the wild ruminant species present in mainland spain. between 2010 and 2016, sera from 1,216 animals were tested for antibodies against sbv using a commercial blocking elisa. the overall prevalence of antibodies was 27.1% (95%ci: 24.7-29.7). statistically significant differences among species were obse ... | 2020 | 32530115 |
| first molecular detection of onchocerca flexuosa (wedl, 1856) in red deer in slovakia. | the present paper deals with the post-mortem diagnostics of onchocerciasis and the molecular detection of causative agents of this disease in wild ruminant ungulates (cervus elaphus, dama dama and capreolus capreolus). the animals were shot in hunting seasons 2017 and 2018, in two regions of the eastern slovakia. the total number of examined skins was fifty-eight. the presence of subcutaneous nodules was confirmed in 27.59% (95% ci 16-39) of animals. all positive skins belonged to red deer indiv ... | 2020 | 31953565 |
| molecular identification of two sarcocystis species in fallow deer (dama dama) from lithuania. | due to the lack of molecular research conducted, little is known about sarcocystis species diversity in the fallow deer (dama dama). until now, sarcocystis jorrini and sarcocystis morae were described to form sarcocysts in the muscles of this host. in the present study diaphragm muscle samples of free-ranging fallow deer from lithuania were investigated for sarcocystis species. sarcocysts were detected in 39 out of 48 (81.3%) fallow deer examined. under a light microscope two types of sarcocysts ... | 2020 | 31881364 |
| changes in haematological parameters in wild ruminants experimentally infected with haemonchus contortus. | our study describes changes in haematological parameters in wild ruminants with parasitic infection. six european mouflons (ovis musimon), six fallow deer (dama dama) and six roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were experimentally infected with the resistant strain of the model parasite 8000 l3 haemonchus contortus. the blood samples were collected on day 0, 16, 37, 58, 77, and 99 of the experiment. mild anaemia was observed in mouflons and roe deer while red blood cells increased in red blood counts ... | 2019 | 31708670 |
| variation in the prion protein gene (prnp) sequence of wild deer in great britain and mainland europe. | susceptibility to prion diseases is largely determined by the sequence of the prion protein gene (prnp), which encodes the prion protein (prp). the recent emergence of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in europe has highlighted the need to investigate prnp gene diversity in european deer species, to better predict their susceptibility to cwd. here we report a large genetic survey of six british deer species, including red (cervus elaphus), sika (cervus nippon), roe (capreolus capreolus), fallow (dam ... | 2019 | 31366372 |
| low sequence diversity of the prion protein gene (prnp) in wild deer and goat species from spain. | the first european cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in free-ranging reindeer and wild elk were confirmed in norway in 2016 highlighting the urgent need to understand transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in the context of european deer species and the many individual populations throughout the european continent. the genetics of the prion protein gene (prnp) are crucial in determining the relative susceptibility to tses. to establish prnp gene sequence diversity for free-ranging ... | 2018 | 29631620 |
| frequency of gastrointestinal and pulmonary helminth infections in wild deer from western romania. | a survey was carried out to assess the prevalence and the intensity of helminth infections in the roe deer (capreolus capreolus l.), red deer (cervus elaphus l.) and fallow deer (dama dama l.) from 16 hunting areas in western romania. overall, 122 deer shot during the hunting season 2013-2015 were examined. haemonchus contortus, nematodirus filicollis, oesophagostomum venulosum and dictyocalus spp. were found in all the deer species. trichuris spp. and dicrocoelium dendriticum were found in the ... | 2017 | 31014642 |
| prenatal histomorphological development of the reticulum in fallow deer (dama dama). | the histomorphological changes occurring in the dama dama reticulum during prenatal development have been investigated. twenty-five dama dama embryos were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. differentiation of the reticulum was observed at 23% gestation. by 25% gestation the reticular wall comprised three layers: an internal epithelial layer, a middle layer of pluripotential blastemic tissue and an external layer or serosa. primary reticular crests were visible at 38% gesta ... | 2020 | 32441442 |
| infection with foamy virus in wild ruminants-evidence for a new virus reservoir? | foamy viruses (fvs) are widely distributed and infect many animal species including non-human primates, horses, cattle, and cats. several reports also suggest that other species can be fv hosts. since most of such studies involved livestock or companion animals, we aimed to test blood samples from wild ruminants for the presence of fv-specific antibodies and, subsequently, genetic material. out of 269 serum samples tested by elisa with the bovine foamy virus (bfv) gag and bet antigens, 23 sera s ... | 2020 | 31947727 |
| a spatial ecology study in a high-diversity host community to understand blood-feeding behaviour in phlebotomus sandfly vectors of leishmania. | molecular studies indicate that phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) blood feed on many vertebrate species, of which only a few are proven parasite reservoirs. investigating sandfly vector feeding preferences is therefore important and requires taking into account the availability and accessibility of host species. in terms of the latter, it is necessary to consider the metabolic cost to the insect of reaching the host and moving on to a suitable breeding site. the present study used st ... | 2020 | 31930740 |
| sarcocystis morae (apicomplexa) in fallow deer (dama dama) from spain: ultrastructure and new host record. | members of the genus sarcocystis are frequently found infecting members of the family cervidae. although sarcocystis species are generally host specific for their intermediate hosts, species in cervids appear to be less host specific. here, we report fallow deer (dama dama) as a new host for sarcocystis morae, originally described from the red deer (cervus elaphus). tongues of 69 legally hunted animals in spain were tested for sarcocysts, and the species were characterized by light microscopy, u ... | 2019 | 31660793 |
| genotyping of pestivirus a (bovine viral diarrhea virus 1) detected in faeces and in other specimens of domestic and wild ruminants at the wildlife-livestock interface. | pestiviruses are widespread in the world among ungulates and infect both domestic and wild animals causing severe economic losses in livestock. bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (bvdv-1), now re-designated as pestivirus a, causes diseases mainly in cattle, while few data are available about infection in wild ruminants and about the role of these animals in viral maintenance and spread. in order to investigate bvdv-1 infection in domestic and wild ruminants, especially at the wildlife/livestock ... | 2019 | 31383300 |
| detection of seroconversion to bovine herpesvirus 1 related alphaherpesvirus and bovine viral diarrhea virusin polish free-living deer. | there are several infectious agents of domestic cattle that can also be present in free-living ruminant populations. these include bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) which are the causative agents of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea, respectively. the study was conducted on serum samples from 59 red deer, 24 roe deer, and 3 fallow deer (86 in total), originating from two geographically separate areas of poland. the samples were tested ... | 2018 | 30468331 |
| establishment of fascioloides magna in a new region of hungary: case report. | during the monitoring of red deer (n = 124) and fallow deer (n = 13) populations in four neighbouring areas, the presence of fascioloides magna was confirmed in southwestern hungary. the prevalence and the mean intensity of the infection within the host populations ranged between 0 and 100% and 0-36.3, respectively. the determined prevalences are similar to that observed earlier in other european natural foci. the authors hypothesise that the appearance of f. magna in this region should have bee ... | 2018 | 30284615 |
| tetraplex real-time pcr assay for the simultaneous identification and quantification of roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and sika deer for deer meat authentication. | analytical methods are needed for the identification and quantification of meat species to detect food adulteration. since game meat is more expensive than meat from domesticated animal species, it is a potential target for adulteration. we present a tetraplex real-time pcr assay that allows the simultaneous determination of the content of roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and sika deer. the tetraplex assay showed only moderate cross-reactivity with closely related species. after optimization the ... | 2018 | 30100464 |
| evidence of two genetically different lymphotropic herpesviruses present among red deer, sambar, and milu herds in china. | herpesvirus infections in cervidae are a serious threat affecting some deer species worldwide. in our attempt to identify malignant catarrhal fever-associated herpesviruses in deer herds, ten gammaherpesviral dna fragments were identified in five species of deer in herds in china by using a pan-herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction assay targeting viral dna polymerase. notably, in sambar (rusa unicolor), a novel gamma-2 herpesvirus was identified that showed a close relationship with fallow deer ... | 2018 | 30041287 |
| prenatal histomorphological development of the rumen in dama dama. | this work studies the morphological changes taking place in the dama dama rumen during prenatal development using histomorphometrics, surface microstructure and immunohistochemistry analysis as well as carrying out a comparative analysis of this species with other wild (red deer) and domestic-type ruminants. a total of 25 fallow deer embryos and fetuses were used, from the first stage of prenatal life until birth. the appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was observed at 51 day ... | 2018 | 29893403 |
| sika deer (cervus nippon)-specific real-time pcr method to detect fraudulent labelling of meat and meat products. | since game meat is more valuable and expensive than meat from domesticated animal species it is a potential target for adulteration. analytical methods must allow the identification and quantification of meat species to be applicable for the detection of fraudulent labelling. we developed a real-time pcr assay for the authentication of sika deer (cervus nippon) and products thereof. the primer/probe system amplifies a 71 bp fragment of the kappa-casein precursor gene. since the target sequence c ... | 2018 | 29739996 |
| long-term occurrence of trichuris species in wild ruminants in the czech republic. | the aim of this study was to identify trichuris species in wild ruminants from 32 localities in the czech republic using morphological and molecular methods (its1-5.8s rna-its2 region polymorphisms). trichurids were obtained from 176 wild ruminants (roe deer, sika deer, red deer, fallow deer and mouflons) that were culled between 2009 and 2017. trichuris discolor is the predominant trichurid of all of the above-mentioned wild ruminants, whereas trichuris ovis was identified less frequently in ro ... | 2018 | 29721657 |
| transmission of helminths between species of ruminants in austria appears more likely to occur than generally assumed. | helminth infections of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs can lead to devastating economical losses to the pastoral based animal production. farm animals can suffer from malnutrition, tissue damage, and blood loss resulting in impaired production traits and reproduction parameters. in austria, pastures grazed by sheep, goats, and cattle overlap with the habitats of several species of wild cervids (roe deer, red deer, sika deer, and fallow deer) and bovids (mouflon, chamois, and ibex), and tran ... | 2018 | 29662884 |
| carcass and meat characteristics from farm-raised and wild fallow deer (dama dama) and red deer (cervus elaphus): a review. | deer species are utilised for food, hunting and other products throughout the world. consumers are typically exposed to venison derived predominantly from both farm-raised or wild fallow (dama dama) and red deer (cervus elaphus). the production of venison under farm conditions, compared to the meat of deer hunted in the wild, allows for a regular supply of a consistently good meat. it is lean, tasty, and rich in proteins and minerals, with a low content of fat and cholesterol. overall, the world ... | 2018 | 29558697 |
| pan-american trypanosoma (megatrypanum) trinaperronei n. sp. in the white-tailed deer odocoileus virginianus zimmermann and its deer ked lipoptena mazamae rondani, 1878: morphological, developmental and phylogeographical characterisation. | the subgenus megatrypanum hoare, 1964 of trypanosoma gruby, 1843 comprises trypanosomes of cervids and bovids from around the world. here, the white-tailed deer odocoileus virginianus (zimmermann) and its ectoparasite, the deer ked lipoptena mazamae rondani, 1878 (hippoboscid fly), were surveyed for trypanosomes in venezuela. | 2020 | 32532317 |
| field data implicating culicoides stellifer and culicoides venustus (diptera: ceratopogonidae) as vectors of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. | epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is an orbivirus of veterinary importance which is transmitted by biting midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) to ruminants. culicoides sonorensis wirth & jones, the only confirmed vector of ehdv in the usa, is rare in the southeastern states where transmission persists, suggesting that other culicoides species transmit ehdv in this region. the present study aimed to determine which culicoides species transmitted ehdv in florida and a ... | 2019 | 31122295 |
| host use patterns of culicoides spp. biting midges at a big game preserve in florida, u.s.a., and implications for the transmission of orbiviruses. | culicoides spp. biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are vectors of pathogens that have a significant economic impact on the livestock industry. white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), a farmed species in the u.s.a., are susceptible to two culicoides spp. borne orbiviruses: bluetongue virus and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. elucidating host-vector interactions is an integral step in studying disease transmission. this study investigated the host range of culicoides spp. present o ... | 2019 | 30063255 |
| feramyces austinii, gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic gut fungus from rumen and fecal samples of wild barbary sheep and fallow deer. | anaerobic gut fungi are common inhabitants of the alimentary tracts of herbivorous animals. nine different neocallimastigomycota genera have been described so far. however, culture-independent diversity surveys suggest the presence of numerous, yet-uncultured neocallimastigomycota genera. here, we report on the isolation and characterization of the first cultured representatives of neocallimastigomycota clade al6, originally identified in culture-independent surveys of fecal samples from captive ... | 2019 | 29969376 |
| changes in the physico-chemical attributes through processing of salami made from blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi), eland (taurotragus oryx), fallow deer (dama dama), springbok (antidorcas marsupialis) and black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou) in comparison to pork. | drying kinetics and changes in proximate composition, ph, salt content, water activity (aw) and lipid oxidation through processing of salami made using five different game meat species were evaluated and compared to pork. eight batches of salami from each species were made and sampled for analysis throughout processing. processing time was a significant factor on all measured attributes whilst species affected (p ≤ .05) ph and moisture but not drying kinetics. black wildebeest meat exhibited hig ... | 2018 | 30138886 |
| seasonal and predator-prey effects on circadian activity of free-ranging mammals revealed by camera traps. | endogenous circadian and seasonal activity patterns are adapted to facilitate effective utilisation of environmental resources. activity patterns are shaped by physiological constraints, evolutionary history, circadian and seasonal changes and may be influenced by other factors, including ecological competition and interspecific interactions. remote-sensing camera traps allow the collection of species presence data throughout the 24 h period and for almost indefinite lengths of time. here, we co ... | 2018 | 30498626 |
| investigation of johne's disease in tasmanian fallow deer (dama dama). | in 2012 when many sheep flocks in northern-central tasmania were experiencing a high prevalence of ovine johne's disease, 34 wild adult fallow deer shot on or near infected properties were negative to microscopic mptb lesions of the ileo-caecal valve, terminal ileum and ileo-caecal lymph nodes. this study demonstrated 95% confidence of detecting johne's disease in this fallow deer population if ≥10% of animals were shedding mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in their faeces, or if ≥21% ... | 2020 | 33063317 |
| sampling scale and season influence the observed relationship between the density of deer and questing ixodes ricinus nymphs. | the relationship between environmentally transmitted tick parasites, ixodes spp., and their main reproductive host, deer, is generally thought to be positive. however, measuring host abundance and density directly can be challenging and indirect methods are often used. the observed relationship between the parasite and host may be affected by sampling scale and season, which could lead to different inferences being made. here, we aimed to test the effect of sampling scale and season on the relat ... | 2020 | 32993763 |
| the effect of barley and lysine supplementation on the longissimus lumborum meat quality of pasture-raised fallow deer (dama dama). | the chemical characteristics (proximate composition, amino acids, and fatty acids) and sensory quality of the longissimus lumborum (ll) muscle of 45 farmed male fallow deer were investigated. the animals were divided into three separate groups (n = 15 per treatment): pasture-fed (p), pasture-fed and supplemented with barley (b), and pasture-fed and supplemented with barley and lysine (bl). differences were observed in ll moisture and the intramuscular fat contents, the latter being almost two-fo ... | 2020 | 32911635 |
| wild fallow deer (dama dama) as definitive hosts of fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) in alpine new south wales. | to determine the extent to which wild deer are contributing in the transmission of fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) livers from deer shot by hunters, farmers undertaking population control on their farms and vertebrate pest controllers were collected and frozen. the livers were later thawed, sliced and examined for the presence of adult flukes or evidence of past infection. livers from 19 deer were examined (18 fallow [dama dama] and one sambar [rusa unicolor]). seventeen of the fallow deer were ... | 2020 | 32743841 |
| farmed-raised fallow deer (dama dama l.) carcass characteristics and meat nutritional value. | this study analysed carcass features and the chemical composition of semimembranosus (sm) and longissimus thoracis et lumborum (ltl) muscles from farmed-raised fallow deer (dama dama l.) bucks (n = 8). mineral contents and fatty acid composition were also determined in the muscles and the fulfilment of the demand for minerals was calculated for adults. dressing percentage was 55.2%, whereas the proportions of round, shoulder and loin were 38.4%, 15.5% and 14.4%, respectively. the highest content ... | 2020 | 32724264 |
| post-mortem recovery, in vitro maturation and fertilization of fallow deer (dama dama, linnaeus 1758) oocytes collected during reproductive and no reproductive season. | habitat degradation leads to small and fragmented populations, lower genetic variability and fertility overtime. assisted reproductive techniques represent important tools to cope with the dramatic loss of biodiversity. fallow deer (dama dama), beyond its high commercial value and wide distribution, may represent the most suitable model to study endangered cervids. in this study, oocytes were recovered post-mortem from fallow deer during the breeding and no breeding seasons and were in vitro mat ... | 2020 | 32654335 |
| bioactive compounds in fermented sausages prepared from beef and fallow deer meat with acid whey addition. | the present study examined the effect of the type of meat (beef and fallow deer) and the addition of freeze-dried acid whey on nutritional values and the content of bioactive compounds (peptides, l-carnitine, glutathione, and conjugated linoleic acid (cla)) in uncured fermented sausages. the antioxidant properties of isolated peptides (abts, dpph radical scavenging activity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power) were also evaluated. the results showed that fallow deer sausages had higher peptid ... | 2020 | 32456021 |
| cross-sectional study of british wild deer for evidence of schmallenberg virus infection. | schmallenberg virus (sbv) is an orthobunyavirus, carried by culicoides biting midges, that causes reproductive problems in adult ruminants when infected during their gestation period. sbv was first detected in ruminants in the uk in 2011/2012 and then again in 2016. the reason behind the 2016 re-emergence of sbv is unknown, but one possibility is that it can be maintained in wildlife, such as deer. sbv has been detected at high seroprevalence in deer in a number of european countries, but only o ... | 2020 | 32447285 |
| chemical composition of wild fallow deer (dama dama) meat from south africa: a preliminary evaluation. | although fallow deer are abundant in south africa, these cervids remain undervalued as a domestic protein source and little information exists on their meat quality. this study aimed to evaluate the proximate and mineral compositions of the meat from wild fallow deer (n = 6 male, n = 6 female) harvested in south africa, as affected by sex and muscle. proximate analyses were conducted on six muscles (longissimus thoracis et lumborum [ltl], biceps femoris [bf], semimembranosus [sm], semitendinosus ... | 2020 | 32392786 |
| comparison of the effect of freeze-dried acid whey on physicochemical properties of organic fermented sausages made from beef and fallow deer meat. | the objective of this study was to compare the effect of freeze-dried acid whey on physicochemical properties and microbial changes of organic fermented sausages made from beef and fallow deer meat. five formulations of sausages from each species were made. the results show that processing time and species of meat were the high significant factor on tested parameters. variants and interactions between main factors influenced at different levels of significance on some tested attributes. at the e ... | 2020 | 32327786 |
| re-circulation of schmallenberg virus, germany, 2019. | schmallenberg virus (sbv), an insect-transmitted orthobunyavirus that induces severe foetal malformation in calves and lambs, was detected for the first time in late summer 2011 in central europe. thereafter, the virus spread rapidly across the continent causing a large epidemic in the ruminant population. in 2019, detection of virus was again reported more frequently in germany. from march to november, infections of viremic adult animals were noticed. in september, sbv genome was also detected ... | 2020 | 32320536 |
| preliminary effect of projectile yaw on extremity gunshot wounding in a cadaveric animal model: a serendipitous study. | gunshot wounding (gsw) is capable of causing devastating tissue injuries by delivering kinetic energy (ke) through the contact surface area of a projectile. the contact surface area can be increased by yaw, deformation and fragmentation, all of which may be caused by any intermediate layers struck by the projectile prior to entering its target. this study aims to describe whether projectile yaw occurring before penetration of a cadaveric animal limb model causes greater damage with or without cl ... | 2020 | 32162008 |
| female mating tactics in lekking fallow deer (dama dama): experience explains inter-individual variability more than costs. | most studies on ungulate reproduction have focused on the covariates of male reproductive success, while there is much less information on female tactics of mate choice. the aim of this work is to fill this gap and to assess condition-dependent variations in female tactics in a lekking fallow deer (dama dama) population. in particular, we investigated three indirect selection mechanisms: i) aggregation: when females join an already formed female group; ii) copying: when females copy the mate cho ... | 2020 | 32108140 |
| the influence of habitat and sex on feral fallow deer meat lipid fraction. | the study tested the hypothesis that habitat and sex influence the composition of meat lipid fraction. therefore, this study aims to characterize the effects of habitat and sex on feral fallow deer (dama dama) tenderloin (psoas major muscle) intramuscular fat composition. | 2020 | 32107784 |
| ballistic research techniques: visualizing gunshot wounding patterns. | there are difficulties associated with mapping gunshot wound (gsw) patterns within opaque models. depending on the damage measurement parameters required, there are multiple techniques that can provide methods of "seeing" the gsw pattern within an opaque model. the aim of this paper was to test several of these techniques within a cadaveric animal limb model to determine the most effective. the techniques of interest were flash x-ray, ultrasound, physical dissection, and computed-tomography (ct) ... | 2020 | 32060625 |
| wild antelope skeletal muscle antioxidant enzyme activities do not correlate with muscle fibre type or oxidative metabolism. | wild antelope are some of the fastest land animals in the world, presenting with high oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle metabolism. however, no study has investigated their muscle antioxidant capacity, and may assist in understanding their physical ability and certain pathophysiological manifestations, such as capture myopathy. therefore, the primary aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and glutathione reductase (gr), as ... | 2020 | 31862242 |
| comparison of selected parameters related to food safety of fallow deer and beef uncured fermented sausages with freeze-dried acid whey addition. | this study determines the possibility of using freeze-dried acid whey as an alternative to nitrate/nitrite in fermented sausages made from fallow deer meat. the study compared the parameters related to food safety as well as the content of biogenic amines (bas) in the sausages made from beef meat and fallow deer meat. the results showed slight differences in the physicochemical parameters between these two types of sausages. stuffings as well as sausages made from fallow deer meat had a signific ... | 2020 | 31837558 |
| differential effects of ruminally protected amino acids on fattening of fallow deer in two culling periods. | a well-balanced amino acid profile in the feedstuffs for livestock is essential to support adequate growth. this is well studied for monogastric species but still not well understood for ruminants and especially for the most unconventional species, like cervids. this study investigated the influence of ruminally protected lysine (lys) and methionine (met) supplementation during the fattening period, as well as two slaughter seasons (late autumn (la) v. late winter (lw)), on the growth, carcass t ... | 2020 | 31603061 |
| the effect of military clothing on gunshot wound patterns in a cadaveric animal limb model. | the majority of injuries in survivors of gunshot wounds (gsw) are typically to the extremities. novel wound ballistic research is encouraged to try and capture corporate knowledge on the management of these injuries gained during recent conflicts and understand the wounding patterns seen. with recent work examining the effect of uk military clothing on extremity gsw patterns in a synthetic model, a model with greater biofidelity is needed for ballistic testing. the aim of this study was to asses ... | 2019 | 31414201 |