| putative inv is essential for basolateral invasion of caco-2 cells and acts synergistically with ompa to affect in vitro and in vivo virulence of cronobacter sakazakii atcc 29544. | cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes neonatal meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis. its interaction with intestinal epithelium is important in the pathogenesis of enteric infections. in this study, we investigated the involvement of the inv gene in the virulence of c. sakazakii atcc 29544 in vitro and in vivo. sequence analysis of c. sakazakii atcc 29544 inv revealed that it is different from other c. sakazakii isolates. in various cell culture models, an δinv delet ... | 2014 | 24549330 |
| evaluation and implementation of a membrane filter method for cronobacter detection in drinking water. | a membrane filter (mf) method was evaluated for its suitability for qualitative and quantitative analyses of cronobacter spp. in drinking water by pure strains of cronobacter and non-cronobacter, and samples spiked with chlorinated cronobacter sakazakii atcc 29544. the applicability was verified by the tests: for pure strains, the sensitivity and the specificity were both 100%; for spiked samples, the mf method recovered 82.8 ± 10.4% chlorinated atcc 29544 cells. the mf method was also applied t ... | 2013 | 23574407 |
| evaluation of the microbial safety of child food of animal origin in greece. | foodborne illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality especially for children, even in the developed world. the aim of this study was to assess the microbial safety of food of animal origin intended for consumption by children in greece. sampling involved 8 categories of retail products and was completed with a collection of 850 samples. these were tested by pcr and/or culture for listeria monocytogenes, campylobacter spp., escherichia coli o157, salmonella spp., cronobacter sakazakii, b ... | 2014 | 24506312 |
| differentiation of cronobacter spp. by tryptic digestion of the cell suspension followed by maldi-tof ms analysis. | intact cell maldi-tof mass spectrometry is a rapid tool for the identification and classification of microorganisms, now widely used even in clinical laboratories. however, its distinctive power is not sufficient for some closely-related species. the genus cronobacter, formerly known as enterobacter sakazakii, contains such species. in this work, a new method for the differentiation of five cronobacter species is presented involving the tryptic digestion of cytoplasmatic proteins followed by mal ... | 2014 | 24462807 |
| occurrence and characterization of cronobacter spp. in powdered formula from chinese retail markets. | cronobacter spp. (formerly known as enterobacter sakazakii) are foodborne pathogens that cause rare but life-threatening diseases in neonates and infants through consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula. this study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of cronobacter spp. in powdered formula in china and to further characterize cronobacter isolates. isolates were identified to the species level based on the fusa gene sequence, and strains of c. sakazakii were further subtyped by ... | 2014 | 24437706 |
| complete genome sequence of cronobacter sakazakii strain cmcc 45402. | cronobacter sakazakii is considered to be an important pathogen involved in life-threatening neonatal infections. here, we report the annotated complete genome sequence of c. sakazakii strain cmcc 45402, obtained from a milk sample in china. the major findings from the genomic analysis provide a better understanding of the isolates from china. | 2014 | 24435860 |
| cronobacter sakazakii reduction by blueberry proanthocyanidins. | blueberry juice and blueberry polyphenols reportedly have antimicrobial properties against foodborne pathogens, without much currently known on their effects against cronobacter sakazakii. this study evaluated the antimicrobial effects of blueberry proanthocyanidins (pac) and commercial blueberry juice (bj) against two strains of c. sakazakii, atcc 29004 and 29544. bj (ph 2.8), blueberry pac (5 mg/ml) and controls (phosphate buffered saline (pbs), ph 7.2, and malic acid ph 3.0) were mixed with e ... | 2014 | 24387862 |
| cronobacter spp. as emerging causes of healthcare-associated infection. | until recently, members of the cronobacter genus (formerly known as enterobacter sakazakii) were a relatively unknown cause of nosocomial infections. however, their association with infant infections, particularly through the consumption of contaminated reconstituted infant formula in neonatal intensive care units, has resulted in international efforts to improve neonatal health care. | 2014 | 24332367 |
| effect of electron beam on chemical changes of nutrients in infant formula. | infant milk formula has recently been implicated as a transmission vehicle for an emerging foodborne pathogen, enterobacter sakazakii, resulting in high mortality rates. electron beam (e-beam) efficiently and non-thermally inactivates foodborne pathogens, including e. sakazakii, in infant milk formula. however, the effects of e-beam on chemical changes of nutrients in infant formula have not been determined. therefore, the objective of this study was to fulfill this gap. dehydrated infant milk f ... | 2014 | 24295697 |
| inactivation of gram-negative bacteria by low-pressure rf remote plasma excited in n2-o2 mixture and sf6 gases. | the role of low-pressure rf plasma in the inactivation of escherichia coli o157, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, and enterobacter sakazakii using n2-o2 and sf6 gases was assessed. 1×10(9) colony-forming units (cfus) of each bacterial isolate were placed on three polymer foils. the effects of pressure, power, distance from the source, and exposure time to plasma gases were optimized. the best conditions to inactivate the four bacteria were a 91%n2-9%o2 mixture and a 30-minute exposure t ... | 2013 | 24293788 |
| a case of cronobacter (enterobacter sakazakii) bacteremia in a breastfed infant. | cronobacter multispecies complex (cronobacter) is a member of the enterobacteriaceae family that was described as a new genus in 2007 [ 1]. consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula (pif) has been associated with invasive cronobacter infection in infants [ 1, 2]. the food and agricultural organization and world health organization expert consultations in 2004 and 2006 concluded that cronobacter contamination of pif did cause infection and disease in infants [ 2]. although the presence ... | 2013 | 26619508 |
| the immune-enhancing effect of the cronobacter sakazakii es2 phage results in the activation of nuclear factor-κb and dendritic cell maturation via the activation of il-12p40 in the mouse bone marrow. | the bacteriophage es2 is a virus for bacterial host cells. unlike other phages that are known for their therapeutic effects, the es2 phage has never been clearly examined as a therapeutic agent. to systematically and conclusively evaluate its therapeutic efficacy, the expression of the surface markers cd86, cd40, and mhcii, the production of the proinflammatory cytokines il-6, il-1α, il-1β, and tnf-α, and the underlying nf-κb signaling pathway in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bm-dc ... | 2013 | 24184907 |
| development of a pcr assay for rapid detection of cronobacter spp. from food. | the occurrence of outbreaks of necrotizing meningitis caused by cronobacter spp. in neonates highlights the need for rapid detection and accurate identification of this pathogenic species. the gold standard for isolation and identification of cronobacter spp. from powdered infant formula is time consuming and labor intensive. the gyrb gene that encodes the b subunit of dna gyrase (topoisomerase type ii) was found to be suitable for the identification of cronobacter spp. a region of the gyrb gene ... | 2013 | 24102218 |
| draft genome sequence of the earliest cronobacter sakazakii sequence type 4 strain, ncimb 8272. | the cronobacter sakazakii clonal lineage defined as sequence type 4 (st4) is associated with severe cases of neonatal meningitis and persistence in powdered infant formula. for genome sequencing of the earliest deposited culture collection strain of cronobacter sakazakii st4, we used the strain ncimb 8272, originally isolated from milk powder in 1950. | 2013 | 24072871 |
| new decontamination method based on caprylic acid in combination with citric acid or vanillin for eliminating cronobacter sakazakii and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in reconstituted infant formula. | the antimicrobial effects of natural compounds (caprylic acid, ca; citric acid, cta; and vanillin, vnl) on the inactivation of cronobacter sakazakii and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium were examined in reconstituted infant formula. the samples were treated with: 1) ca, cta, or vnl alone (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 80 mm); 2) a combination of ca (10 and 20 mm) and cta (15 and 30 mm); and 3) a combination of ca (10 and 20 mm) and vnl (15 and 30 mm), at mild feeding temperatures (40 °c and ... | 2013 | 24042002 |
| complete genome sequence and phenotype microarray analysis of cronobacter sakazakii sp291: a persistent isolate cultured from a powdered infant formula production facility. | outbreaks of human infection linked to the powdered infant formula (pif) food chain and associated with the bacterium cronobacter, are of concern to public health. these bacteria are regarded as opportunistic pathogens linked to life-threatening infections predominantly in neonates, with an under developed immune system. monitoring the microbiological ecology of pif production sites is an important step in attempting to limit the risk of contamination in the finished food product. cronobacter sp ... | 2013 | 24032028 |
| work of adhesion of dairy products on stainless steel surface. | the adhesion of the solids presents in food can difficult the process of surface cleaning and promotes the bacterial adhesion process and can trigger health problems. in our study, we used uht whole milk, chocolate based milk and infant formula to evaluate the adhesion of enterobacter sakazakii on stainless steel coupons, and we determine the work of adhesion by measuring the contact angle as well as measured the interfacial tension of the samples. in addition we evaluated the hydrophobicity of ... | 2012 | 24031951 |
| effect of heat shock on the fatty acid and protein profiles of cronobacter sakazakii bcrc 13988 as well as its growth and survival in the presence of various carbon, nitrogen sources and disinfectants. | in the present study, cronobacter sakazakii, a foodborne pathogen, was first subjected to heat shock at 47 °c for 15 min. effect of heat shock on the fatty acid and protein profiles, carbon and nitrogen source requirements as well as the susceptibilities of c. sakazakii to clidox-s, a chlorine-containing disinfectant and quatricide, a quaternary ammonium compound were investigated. results revealed that heat shock increased the proportion of myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0) and the rat ... | 2013 | 24010592 |
| [isolation and identification of cronobacter (enterobacter sakazakii) strains from food]. | this study aimed to detect and quantify cronobacter in 300 powdered milk samples and 50 non-powdered milk samples. totally, 24 cronobacter (formerly enterobacter sakazakii) strains isolated from powdered milk and other foods were identified and confirmed. | 2013 | 23957146 |
| high density microarrays on blu-ray discs for massive screening. | the potential and the capabilities of blu-ray technology (discs and drives) for massive screening applications are presented. high density microarrays are fabricated onto a blu-ray disc and applied for the determination of microcystin residues and pathogenic microorganisms. specific probes were physisorbed onto the bd surface and the biorecognition event was displayed using labeled secondary antibody solution and subsequent signal amplification. the attenuation of the reflected light caused by t ... | 2014 | 23948241 |
| inhibition of cronobacter sakazakii by heat labile bacteriocins produced by probiotic lab isolated from healthy infants. | cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause bacteremia, meningitis, and necrotizing enterocolitis, most often in neonates with case-fatality rates that may reach 80%. the antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria against a wide range of foodborne pathogens is well-established in different types of food products. the objective of the current study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of lactobacillus acidophilus and l. casei isolated from feces of healthy infan ... | 2013 | 23924352 |
| sequencing of the grxb gene of cronobacter spp. and the development of a pcr assay for its identification. | cronobacter spp. (formerly enterobacter sakazakii), a foodborne pathogen linked to powdered infant formula, is a rare cause of invasive infection with a high mortality rate in neonates. in this study, the cronobacter sakazakii atcc 29544 and c. muytjensii atcc 51329 glutaredoxin 2 (grxb) genes were cloned and sequenced. based on the unique regions of the cronobacter grxb genes, two primers were synthesized to develop and optimize a cronobacter-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method. the ... | 2013 | 23883411 |
| structure-activity relationship of synthetic variants of the milk-derived antimicrobial peptide αs2-casein f(183-207). | template-based studies on antimicrobial peptide (amp) derivatives obtained through manipulation of the amino acid sequence are helpful to identify properties or residues that are important for biological activity. the present study sheds light on the importance of specific amino acids of the milk-derived αs2-casein f(183-207) peptide to its antibacterial activity against the food-borne pathogens listeria monocytogenes and cronobacter sakazakii. trimming of the peptide revealed that residues at t ... | 2013 | 23793637 |
| inhibitory activity of paenibacillus polymyxa on the biofilm formation of cronobacter spp. on stainless steel surfaces. | the objective of this study was to control the survival or biofilm formation of cronobacter spp. on stainless steel surfaces using paenibacillus polymyxa. the antibacterial activity of a cell-free culture supernatant (cfcs) of p. polymyxa against cronobacter spp. was found to vary with p. polymyxa incubation time. maximum activity occurred when p. polymyxa was incubated at 25 or 30 °c for 96 h. when the cfcs was introduced to cronobacter spp. adhered to stainless steel strips at 25 °c for up to ... | 2013 | 23772910 |
| computational identification and analysis of arsenate reductase protein in cronobacter sakazakii atcc baa-894 suggests potential microorganism for reducing arsenate. | this study focuses a bioinformatics-based prediction of arsc gene product arsenate reductase (arsc) protein in cronobacter sakazakii baa-894 strain. a protein structure-based study encloses three-dimensional structural modeling of target arsc protein, was carried out by homology modeling method. ultimately, the detection of active binding regions was carried out for characterization of functional sites in protein. the ten probable ligand binding sites were predicted for target protein structure ... | 2013 | 23666632 |
| genetic diversity of cronobacter sakazakii isolates collected from a swiss infant formula production facility. | in this study, 141 cronobacter isolates that were collected based on a hygienic monitoring program performed in a powdered infant formula production facility in switzerland between september 2011 and october 2012 were further characterized. isolates were identified to the species level by molecular methods, and strains of cronobacter sakazakii were further subtyped by applying pcr-based o-antigen serotyping, multilocus sequence typing (mlst), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). c. sakaz ... | 2013 | 23643134 |
| identification and characterization of five new molecular serogroups of cronobacter spp. | cronobacter spp. (formerly enterobacter sakazakii) is an emerging foodborne pathogen consisting of seven species including c. sakazakii, c. malonaticus, c. muytjensii, c. turicensis, c. dublinensis (with three subspecies, dublinensis, lausannensis, and lactaridi), c. universalis, and c. condimenti. to date, 12 cronobacter serogroups have been identified. in this study, mboii restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns and dna sequences of o-antigen gene clusters were used to identify novel ... | 2013 | 23566272 |
| the genome of cronobacter sakazakii bacteriophage vb_csap_gap227 suggests a new genus within the autographivirinae. | the genome of cronobacter sakazakii podovirus vb_csap_gap227 was fully sequenced. the dna of this lytic phage consists of 41,796 bp and has a g+c content of 55.7%. forty-nine open reading frames and no trnas were identified. this phage is related to yersinia phages ϕr8-01 and ϕ80-18 and aeromonas phage phias7. | 2013 | 23409275 |
| development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for sensitive and rapid detection of cronobacter sakazakii. | cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging pathogen associated with the ingestion of contaminated reconstituted formula, which causes necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis in low-birth-weight preterm neonatal infants. sensitive and specific detection methods are needed to better control c. sakazakii infections. this study aims to develop a highly specific and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for detecting c. sakazakii in powdered infant formula (pif). a set of ... | 2012 | 23199494 |
| genome sequence of cronobacter sakazakii myovirus vb_csam_gap31. | cronobacter sakazakii is a pathogen that predominantly infects immunocompromised individuals, especially infants, where it causes meningitis. the genome of lytic c. sakazakii myovirus vb_csam_gap31 has been fully sequenced. it consists of 147,940 bp and has a g+c content of 46.3%. a total of 295 genes, including 269 open reading frames and 26 trna genes, were identified. this phage is related to salmonella phage pvp-se1 and coliphages vb_ecom-fv3 and rv5. | 2012 | 23166242 |
| complete genome sequence of cronobacter sakazakii bacteriophage vb_csam_gap161. | cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes infant meningitis and is often associated with milk-based infant formula. we have fully sequenced the genome of a newly isolated lytic c. sakazakii myovirus, vb_csam_gap161, briefly named gap161. it consists of 178,193 bp and has a g+c content of 44.5%. a total of 277 genes, including 275 open reading frames and two trna-encoding genes, were identified. this phage is closely related to coliphages rb16 and rb43 and klebsiella pneumoni ... | 2012 | 23166229 |
| detection of food-borne pathogens with dna arrays on disk. | a dna oligonucleotide array for duplex pathogen detection on a dvd platform is developed. the assay involves hybridization of pcr products and optical detection using compact disc technology. different dna array constructions for attachment of synthetic oligonucleotides on to dvd surface are evaluated, finding that streptavidin-biotin coupling method yielded the highest sensitivity in combination with enzymatic signal amplification. issues of importance for the dna array construction such immobi ... | 2012 | 23158341 |
| the pathogen-annotated tracking resource network (patrn) system: a web-based resource to aid food safety, regulatory science, and investigations of foodborne pathogens and disease. | investigation of foodborne diseases requires the capture and analysis of time-sensitive information on microbial pathogens that is derived from multiple analytical methods and sources. the web-based pathogen-annotated tracking resource network (patrn) system (www.patrn.net) was developed to address the data aggregation, analysis, and communication needs important to the global food safety community for the investigation of foodborne disease. patrn incorporates a standard vocabulary for describin ... | 2013 | 23541197 |
| cronobacter: an emerging opportunistic pathogen associated with neonatal meningitis, sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. | members of the genus cronobacter are an emerging group of opportunist gram-negative pathogens. this genus was previously thought to be a single species, called enterobacter sakazakii. cronobacter spp. typically affect low-birth-weight neonates, causing life-threatening meningitis, sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. outbreaks of disease have been associated with contaminated infant formula, although the primary environmental source remains elusive. advanced understanding of these bacteria and ... | 2013 | 23538645 |
| genome sequence of cronobacter sakazakii sp291, a persistent thermotolerant isolate derived from a factory producing powdered infant formula. | cronobacter is an opportunistic pathogen associated with meningitis in neonates. based on long-term surveillance of a powdered infant formula production facility, a persistent and thermotolerant isolate, denoted cronobacter sakazakii sp291, was detected. here we report the complete genome along with the sequences of three plasmids identified in this organism. | 2013 | 23516209 |
| prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of cronobacter sakazakii isolated from domestic kitchens in middle tennessee, united states. | cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that has been implicated in cases of severe meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature and full-term infants. in this study, the prevalence of c. sakazakii was estimated in selected domestic kitchens in middle tennessee. antimicrobial resistance patterns of these c. sakazakii isolates were examined for points of public health significance. a total of 234 contact sites in 78 domestic kitchens were tested for c. sakaza ... | 2012 | 22856579 |
| complete genome sequence of the opportunistic food-borne pathogen cronobacter sakazakii es15. | cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging pathogen associated with several outbreaks of food-borne illness in premature infants. to characterize its physiology and pathogenicity at the molecular level, c. sakazakii es15 was isolated and its genome was completely sequenced and analyzed. here, the results are announced and major findings from its annotation data are reported. | 2012 | 22843579 |
| the host-range, genomics and proteomics of escherichia coli o157:h7 bacteriophage rv5. | bacteriophages (phages) have been used extensively as analytical tools to type bacterial cultures and recently for control of zoonotic foodborne pathogens in foods and in animal reservoirs. | 2013 | 23497209 |
| safety assessment and probiotic evaluation of enterococcus faecium yf5 isolated from sourdough. | enterococcus faecium yf5, a strain previously isolated from sourdough, was assessed for safety and probiotic potential. its virulence and antibiotic resistant phenotypes (cytolysin and gelatinase production, antibiotic susceptibility) and genes (cyla, gele, ace, agg, esp, and vana) were surveyed. results indicated that the tested virulence determinants were nontoxic. in addition, e. faecium yf5 was sensitive to 3 antibiotics such as amoxicillin, vancomycin, and chloramphenicol. furthermore, resu ... | 2013 | 23488799 |
| effect of ethanol shock pretreatment on the tolerance of cronobacter sakazakii bcrc 13988 exposed to subsequent lethal stresses. | cronobacter spp., formerly enterobacter sakazakii, are human pathogens. they are the etiological agent of life-threating bacterial infections in infants. in this study, the survival behavior of c. sakazakii bioresources collection and research center (bcrc) 13988 in the presence of various ethanol concentrations was first examined. besides, the test organism was subjected to treatment with 5% ethanol for 60 min (ethanol shock). the effect of ethanol shock on the resistance of c. sakazakii to let ... | 2013 | 23441915 |
| identification of three genes encoding for the late acyltransferases of lipid a in cronobacter sakazakii. | lipid a, the hydrophobic anchor of lipopolysaccharide, is an essential component in the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria. food-borne pathogen cronobacter sakazakii synthesizes two lipid a species, differing by the length of the secondary acyl chain. in this work, we identified three genes esa02293, esa02951 and esa01386 encoding for the late acyltransferases of lipid a biosynthesis pathway in c. sakazakii. based on the sequence alignment, proteins yp_001438378.1 encoded by esa02293, ... | 2013 | 23434833 |
| detection of cronobacter spp. (formerly enterobacter sakazakii) from medicinal plants and spices in syria. | cronobacter spp. (formerly enterobacter sakazakii) is an emerging food-borne pathogen that causes severe meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants. these infections have been reported from different parts of the world. the epidemiology and reservoir of cronobacter spp. are still unknown, and most strains have been isolated from clinical specimens and from a variety of foods, including cheese, meat, milk, vegetables, grains, spices, and herbs. | 2013 | 23416653 |
| rapid and sensitive detection of cronobacter spp. (previously enterobacter sakazakii) in food by duplex pcr combined with capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence detector. | cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) is an emerging opportunistic pathogen with a 40-80% mortality rate in infants and immunocompromised crowd resulting from the consumption of contaminated food. a novel method for detecting cronobacter spp. in food samples by duplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in combination with capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence (ce-lif) detector has been developed. the specific gene sequences of 16s-23s rdna internal transcribed spacer (its) and th ... | 2013 | 23416290 |
| identification of genes involved in serum tolerance in the clinical strain cronobacter sakazakii es5. | cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens that can cause septicemia and infections of the central nervous system primarily in premature, low-birth weight and/or immune-compromised neonates. serum resistance is a crucial virulence factor for the development of systemic infections, including bacteremia. it was the aim of the current study to identify genes involved in serum tolerance in a selected cronobacter sakazakii strain of clinical origin. | 2013 | 23414256 |
| uv-c inactivation of cronobacter sakazakii. | the purpose of this research was to study the effect of different factors on the resistance of cronobacter sakazakii nctc 9238 to uv-c light (which includes germicidal ultraviolet light at 254 nm) and to determine whether a combined treatment with heat would produce a synergistic effect for its inactivation. growth temperature between 10°c and 37°c did not change the uv-c resistance of c. sakazakii. on the contrary, cells in the logarithmic phase of growth were more sensitive to uv-c light than ... | 2012 | 22989171 |
| immunoproteomic identification of immunogenic proteins in cronobacter sakazakii strain baa-894. | cronobacter spp. are emerging opportunistic pathogens. cronobacter sakazakii is considered as the predominant species in all infections. so far, our understanding of the species' immunogens and potential virulence factors of cronobacter spp. remains limited. in this study, an immunoproteomic approach was used to investigate soluble and insoluble proteins from the genome-sequenced strain c. sakazakii atcc baa-894. proteins were separated using two-dimensional electrophoresis, detected by western ... | 2013 | 23371297 |
| selection for loss of rpos in cronobacter sakazakii by growth in the presence of acetate as a carbon source. | we demonstrate that growth of cronobacter sakazakii in the presence of acetate as a carbon source promotes loss of rpos, with a consequent reduction in stress tolerance. this suggests that c. sakazakii is capable of regulating cell fitness through mutation of the rpos gene. | 2013 | 23335773 |
| short communication: radio frequency dielectric heating of nonfat dry milk affects solubility and whey protein nitrogen index. | the us infant formula market is estimated at over $3.5 billion, of which 75% are dairy-based formulas. dried dairy powders pose a significant food safety risk, with cronobacter sakazakii and salmonella spp. being pathogens of particular concern. radio frequency dielectric heating (rfdh) can provide rapid, uniform heat treatment of dry powders; thus, it potentially may be used as a postprocess lethality treatment for nonfat dry milk (ndm) or powdered infant formula. because rfdh is a heat treatme ... | 2013 | 23332848 |
| the potential of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of biogroups of cronobacter sakazakii. | the bacterial genus cronobacter was established quite recently, in 2008. therefore, its systematic classification is still in progress as well as the risk assessment of cronobacter strains. the possibility of rapid identification within the biogroup level has an essential epidemiological significance. we examined the potential of mass spectrometry to accomplish this task on species cronobacter sakazakii comprising eight different biogroups. | 2013 | 23280972 |
| cultivation conditions for phytase production from recombinant escherichia coli dh5α. | response surface methodology (rsm) was used to optimize the cultivation conditions for the production of phytase by recombinant escherichia coli dh5α. the optimum predicted cultivation conditions for phytase production were at 3 hours seed age, a 2.5% inoculum level, an l-arabinose concentration of 0.20%, a cell concentration of 0.3 (as measured at 600 nm) and 17 hours post-induction time with a predicted phytase activity of 4194.45 u/ml. the model was validated and the results showed no signifi ... | 2013 | 24826071 |
| cronobacter sakazakii st4 strains and neonatal meningitis, united states. | | 2013 | 23260316 |
| a disposable immunosensor for enterobacter sakazakii based on an electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode. | a disposable immunosensor based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ergo) was developed for the detection of enterobacter sakazakii. first, the graphene was deposited on a screen-printed carbon electrode (spce) by an electrochemical method. second, the horseradish peroxidase-labeled bacteria-specific antibody was assembled onto the modified electrode to enhance the sensitivity of the immunosensor. the immunosensor constructed in this study can sensitively and rapidly detect e. sakazakii ... | 2013 | 23219558 |
| use of novel species-specific pcr primers targeted to dna gyrase subunit b (gyrb) gene for species identification of the cronobacter sakazakii and cronobacter dublinensis. | cronobacter sakazakii and its phylogenetically closest species are considered to be an opportunistic pathogens associated with food-borne disease in neonates and infants. neither phenotypic nor genotypic (16s ribosomal dna sequence analysis) techniques can provide sufficient resolutions for accurately and rapidly identification of these species. the objective of this study was to develop species-specific pcr based on the gyrb gene sequence for direct species identification of the c. sakazakii an ... | 2013 | 22963906 |
| direct real-time pcr with ethidium monoazide: a method for the rapid detection of viable cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula. | the goal of this study was to establish a rapid assay for the specific detection of viable cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula (pif). samples were subjected to treatment multiple times with ethidium monoazide with a concentration gradient (gema) prior to pcr to discriminate viable from dead c. sakazakii cells. to improve the current detection limits, we developed a new buffer for direct quantitative real-time pcr (dqpcr) without dna isolation. using 17 pif samples, our rapid assay w ... | 2012 | 22947463 |
| growth kinetics and model comparison of cronobacter sakazakii in reconstituted powdered infant formula. | cronobacter sakazakii is a life-threatening bacterium, infrequently implicated in illnesses associated with the consumption of powdered infant formula (pif). it can cause rare but invasive infections in neonatal infants who consume contaminated pif. the objective of this research was to investigate the growth kinetics and develop mathematical models to predict the growth of heat-injured c. sakazakii in reconstituted pif (rpif). rpif, inoculated with a 6-strain cocktail of non-heat-treated (uninj ... | 2012 | 22900603 |
| thermal tolerance and survival of cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula supplemented with vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid. | the thermal tolerance cronobacter sakazakii was examined in sterile powdered infant formula (pif) rehydrated at 58 °c in water or apple juice supplemented with vanillin, ethyl vanillin, or vanillic acid. all three compounds decreased thermal tolerance during-rehydration and the lowest decimal reduction time (d-value, 0.19 ± 0.01 min) was measured in pif rehydrated in apple juice supplemented with 20 mm vanillic acid. at this level of supplementation no c. sakazakii were detected in pif stored fo ... | 2012 | 22900597 |
| detection of viable cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) by one-step rt-pcr in dry aquatic product. | cronobacter are opportunistic food-borne pathogens associated with meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. little attempt has focused on detection of viable cell of cronobacter spp. in dry aquatic products, which were frequently used for raw materials of infant foods due to high nutrition. in this paper, one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was developed for detection of viable cronobacter spp. in dry aquatic products. specificity test indicated that clear ... | 2012 | 23057700 |
| bioengineered nisin a derivatives with enhanced activity against both gram positive and gram negative pathogens. | nisin is a bacteriocin widely utilized in more than 50 countries as a safe and natural antibacterial food preservative. it is the most extensively studied bacteriocin, having undergone decades of bioengineering with a view to improving function and physicochemical properties. the discovery of novel nisin variants with enhanced activity against clinical and foodborne pathogens has recently been described. we screened a randomized bank of nisin a producers and identified a variant with a serine to ... | 2012 | 23056510 |
| efficacy of organic acids, bacteriocins, and the lactoperoxidase system in inhibiting the growth of cronobacter spp. in rehydrated infant formula. | thirty-three antimicrobial agents, including antimicrobial peptides (nisin, lacticin 3147, isracidin), organic acids, emulsifiers (organic acid esters), glycine, lysozyme, tocopherol, edta, milk fat globule membrane, and the lactoperoxidase system (lpos) were screened for anti-cronobacter sakazakii activity. the compounds were initially screened individually in parallel in synthetic media. those showing antimicrobial activity were then tested in reconstituted whole milk and finally in reconstitu ... | 2012 | 23043820 |
| development and validation of a pulsenet standardized protocol for subtyping isolates of cronobacter species. | cronobacter (formerly known as enterobacter sakazakii) is a genus comprising seven species regarded as opportunistic pathogens that can be found in a wide variety of environments and foods, including powdered infant formula (pif). cronobacter sakazakii, the major species of this genus, has been epidemiologically linked to cases of bacteremia, meningitis in neonates, and necrotizing enterocolitis, and contaminated pif has been identified as an important source of infection. robust and reproducibl ... | 2012 | 22891917 |
| assessment of a regulatory sanitization process in egyptian dairy plants in regard to the adherence of some food-borne pathogens and their biofilms. | food-borne pathogens may develop certain strategies that enable them to defy harsh conditions such as chemical sanitization. biofilm formation represents a prominent one among those adopted strategies, by which food-borne pathogens protect themselves against external threats. thus, bacterial biofilm is considered as a major hazard for safe food production. this study was designed to investigate the adherence and the biofilm formation ability of some food-borne pathogens on stainless steel and po ... | 2012 | 22884171 |
| complete genome sequence of cronobacter sakazakii bacteriophage cr3. | due to the high risk of cronobacter sakazakii infection in infants fed powdered milk formula and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, an alternative biocontrol agent using bacteriophage is needed to control this pathogen. to further the development of such an agent, the c. sakazakii-targeting bacteriophage cr3 was isolated and its genome was completely sequenced. here, we announce the genomic analysis results of the largest c. sakazakii phage known to date and report the major findings ... | 2012 | 22570242 |
| susceptibility to cronobacter sakazakii decreases with increasing age in neonatal cd-1 mice. | neonatal, premature, or very low birth weight infants fed reconstituted powdered infant formula contaminated with cronobacter (enterobacter sakazakii) may develop infections resulting in severe outcomes such as septicemia, necrotizing enterocolitis, meningitis, or death. infants who recover from infection may have morbidities such as hydrocephalus, mental retardation, or developmental delays. although increasing age appears to reduce susceptibility to cronobacter infection, it is not known at wh ... | 2012 | 22564937 |
| complete genome of temperate phage ent39118 from cronobacter sakazakii. | cronobacter sakazakii infection is particularly harmful to infants, and putative virulence factors of prophage origin have been identified in c. sakazakii. in this study, the phage ent39118 was isolated from wild-type c. sakazakii; it belongs to the family siphoviridae. the genomic sequence of phage ent39118 was composed of circular double-stranded dna with a length of 39,012 bp. the sequence of ent39118 showed weak sequence similarity to some reported regions of the prophage sequences in the c. ... | 2012 | 22492925 |
| structure of the o-antigen polysaccharide present in the lipopolysaccharide of cronobacter dublinensis (subspecies lactaridi or lausannensis) hpb 3169. | cronobacter dublinensis (formerly enterobacter sakazakii) hpb 3169 is a pathogenic gram-negative bacterium that produces a smooth-type lipopolysaccharide in which the antigenic o-polysaccharide component was determined to be a repeating pentasaccharide unit composed of l-rhamnose; 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose; 3,6-dideoxy-3-(r)-3-hydroxybutyramido-d-glucose; and 3-deoxy-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid in the respective molar ratio 2:1:1:1. chemical and 2d nmr analyses of the o-polysaccharide and a pe ... | 2012 | 22468634 |
| polymorphisms in rpos and stress tolerance heterogeneity in natural isolates of cronobacter sakazakii. | significant phenotypic diversity was observed when we examined the abilities of a number of cronobacter sakazakii natural isolates to cope with various sublethal stress conditions (acid, alkaline, osmotic, oxidative, or heat stress). levels of catalase activity and use of acetate as a carbon source, phenotypes commonly used as indirect assays to predict rpos function, revealed a high correlation between predicted rpos activity and tolerance to acid, alkaline, osmotic, and oxidative treatments. t ... | 2012 | 22447602 |
| rapid inactivation of cronobacter sakazakii on copper alloys following periods of desiccation stress. | cronobacter spp. have been identified as the causative agent in meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants which can be linked to the bacterium's desiccation resistance and persistence in powdered infant formula. in this study we examined the efficacy of copper cast alloys in contact killing of cronobacter sakazakii following periods of desiccation stress. cronobacter sakazakii cells suspended in tryptic soy broth (tsb) were killed within 10 min while kept moist on 99.9% coppe ... | 2012 | 22805969 |
| development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii). | contamination of cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) in infant formulas and other food products is a severe problem. here a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed for rapidly detecting cronobacter spp. in powdered infant formula. sequences of 16s/23s rdna internal intergenic spacer of cronobacter spp. were used as the target template to design lamp primers. the detection outcome can be evaluated by the white precipitate or the fluorescence intensity under ultravi ... | 2012 | 22805822 |
| biochemical and genetic characteristics of cronobacter sakazakii biofilm formation. | cronobacter sakazakii is a wide-spread opportunistic foodborne pathogen that can form biofilms on a number of different substances, creating food safety risk. however, there is little information about biofilm characteristics for this species. in this study, biofilm formation of 14 foodborne c. sakazakii strains was examined. transposon mutants of the strain (iqcc10423), the isolate with the greatest biofilm activity, were prepared. a total of 12 mutants were developed with >40% reduction in bio ... | 2012 | 22771511 |
| possible roles of lysr-type transcriptional regulator (lttr) homolog as a global regulator in cronobacter sakazakii atcc 29544. | cronobacter sakazakii is a gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that causes necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis in premature infants. the genetic basis of c. sakazakii virulence is poorly understood. in this study, the putative lysr-type transcriptional regulator (lttr) gene (esa_01081 homolog) was characterized as a possible regulator for c. sakazakii pathogenesis. an in-frame deletion mutant of the esa_01081 homolog and its cognate complementation strain were constructed and char ... | 2012 | 22770741 |
| complete genome sequence of cronobacter sakazakii temperate bacteriophage phies15. | while most phage genome studies have been focused on the virulent phages, the inducible temperate bacteriophage genome study provides more detailed information about the interaction between the host strain and the phage. to study this interaction in detail, uv-induced phies15 bacteriophage was isolated from the host strain cronobacter sakazakii es15 and its genome was completely sequenced. here we announce the genome sequence of phies15 and report major findings from the annotation. | 2012 | 22733879 |
| safety aspects in preparation and handling of infant food. | powdered infant formula (pif) can become contaminated during production with harmful bacteria such as cronobacter spp. (formerly enterobacter sakazakii). inadequate conditions of preparation and handling of pif can therefore exacerbate the risk of severe infection, especially in preterm infants. the who emphasized three main interventions for preparation and handling of pif: (1) to dilute the powdered milk in water at a temperature of at least 70°c to inactivate cronobacter spp.; (2) to consume ... | 2012 | 22699771 |
| modelling homogeneous and heterogeneous microbial contaminations in a powdered food product. | the actual physical distribution of microorganisms within a batch of food influences quantification of microorganisms in the batch, resulting from sampling and enumeration by microbiological tests. quantification may be most accurate for batches in which microorganisms are distributed homogeneously. however, when the distribution is non-homogeneous, quantification may result in an under-, or overestimation. in the case of pathogens being non-homogeneously distributed, this heterogeneity will imp ... | 2012 | 22591548 |
| structure and genetics of the o-antigen of cronobacter sakazakii g2726 (serotype o3) closely related to the o-antigen of c. muytjensii 3270. | the o-specific polysaccharide (o-antigen) was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of cronobacter sakazakii g2726 (serotype o3) and studied by sugar analysis, smith degradation, and (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the following structure of the acidic o-polysaccharide was established: [structure: see text]. this structure is closely related to that of the o-polysaccharide of cronobacter muytjensii 3270, which has the same main chain and differs only in the lack of glucosylation. the o-antigen g ... | 2012 | 22578769 |
| cronobacter species (formerly known as enterobacter sakazakii) in powdered infant formula: a review of our current understanding of the biology of this bacterium. | cronobacter species (formerly known as enterobacter sakazakii) are opportunistic pathogens that can cause necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteraemia and meningitis, predominantly in neonates. infection in these vulnerable infants has been linked to the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula (pif). considerable research has been undertaken on this organism in the past number of years which has enhanced our understanding of this neonatal pathogen leading to improvements in its control wit ... | 2012 | 22420458 |
| outer membrane defect and stronger biofilm formation caused by inactivation of a gene encoding for heptosyltransferase i in cronobacter sakazakii atcc baa-894. | to investigate the role of lipopolysaccharide (lps) structure in the stability of outer membrane and the ability of biofilm formation in cronobacter sakazakii. | 2012 | 22353600 |
| isolation of cronobacter spp. (formerly enterobacter sakazakii) from nostrils of healthy stable horse--short communication. | cronobacter spp. belongs to the family enterobacteriaceae. it is a motile (peritricha) gram-negative non-spore forming bacterium. at present, enterobacter sakazakii is reported as a cronobacter spp. species with 16 biogroups. it is a ubiquitous organism whose isolation used to be associated with a contaminated powdered infant formula and feed for neonates and infants. information about the cronobacter spp. species incidence in the environment, its potential dissemination and its vectors, is very ... | 2011 | 22324246 |
| biodegradation of organic compounds of molasses melanoidin (mm) from biomethanated distillery spent wash (bmds) during the decolourisation by a potential bacterial consortium. | molasses melanoidin (mm) is a major pollutant in biomethanated distillery spent wash (bmds) due to its recalcitrant properties. the 75% colour and 71% cod of mm (1,000 ppm) were reduced with developed bacterial consortium comprising proteus mirabilis (iitrm5; fj581028), bacillus sp. (iitrm7; fj581030), raoultella planticola (iitrm15; gu329705) and enterobacter sakazakii (iitrm16, fj581031) in the ratio of 4:3:2:1 within 10 days at optimized nutrient. bacterial consortium showed manganese peroxid ... | 2012 | 22311589 |
| etude taxonomique de souches appartenant ou apparentées au genre erwinia, groupe herbicola, et à l'espece enterobacter agglomerans. | the classification of 169 strains related to the species enterobacter agglomerans or erwinia berbicola has been carried out by numerical procedure. the taxonomic position of the strains is discussed in relation to the species enterobacter sakazakii, rahnella aquatilis, escherichia adecarboxylata. five principal groups can be defined. the ent. agglomerans or e. herbicola species can be divided into 15 subgroups. some of the ent. agglomerans strains are phenotypically related to the ent. sakazakii ... | 1983 | 23194595 |