| possible community immunity to small round structured virus gastroenteritis in a rural aboriginal community. | in april 1998 an outbreak of gastroenteritis affected visitors, but none of the aboriginal residents, at a territory health services luncheon in a rural aboriginal community in central australia. the epidemiological features and identification of small round structured virus (srsv) from two participants suggest that this was an outbreak caused by a srsv. the attack rate in the visitors who ate or drank food at the luncheon was 73% (11 of 15). seventeen aboriginal residents were interviewed, none ... | 2000 | 10812750 |
| management of hospital outbreaks of gastro-enteritis due to small roundstructured viruses. | small round structured viruses (srsvs, norwalk-like viruses, nlvs) are the most common cause of outbreaks of gastro-enteritis in hospitals and also cause outbreaks in other settings such as schools, hotels, nursing homes and cruise ships. hospital outbreaks often lead to ward closure and major disruption in hospital activity. outbreaks usually affect both patients and staff, sometimes with attack rates in excess of 50%. for this reason, staff shortages can be severe, particularly if several ward ... | 2000 | 10833336 |
| members of the family caliciviridae (norwalk virus and sapporo virus) are the most prevalent cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks among infants in japan. | norwalk virus (nv) and sapporo virus (sv) were approved as type species of the genus norwalk-like viruses and the genus sapporo-like viruses, respectively, within the family caliciviridae. to clarify the importance of nv and sv as causes of gastroenteritis outbreaks in infants, stool samples obtained from 36 outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis that occurred during 1976-1995 in an infant home in sapporo, japan, were examined for diarrhea viruses using electron microscopy, enzyme immunoassay ... | 2000 | 10837186 |
| the heteroduplex mobility assay (hma) as a pre-sequencing screen for norwalk-like viruses. | molecular epidemiological studies of norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), previously known as small round structured viruses (srsvs), are dependant currently on dna sequencing of pcr amplicons, which is expensive and time consuming. the heteroduplex mobility assay (hma) was evaluated as a method for identification of pcr amplicons from the commonly circulating nlv strains without dna sequencing. the procedure was developed for use with two reference strains, a mexico virus-like strain (mxv-like; hu¿nlv¿ ... | 2000 | 10856763 |
| experimental infections of rabbits with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus monitored by polymerase chain reaction. | adult and 4-5-week-old rabbits were inoculated subcutaneously with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv). samples were prepared from various tissues at intervals postinoculation (pi) for the detection of viral rna and antigens. using a haemagglutination test (hat), viral antigens were detected in the liver, bile and spleen of the adult rabbits at and after 36 h pi. the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt - pcr) showed that rhdvrna was present in the liver, bile and spleen as e ... | 2000 | 10877972 |
| simultaneous detection and genotyping of "norwalk-like viruses" by oligonucleotide array in a reverse line blot hybridization format. | "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) are the most common cause of outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. to date, the method most widely used for typing of nlv strains is sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of reverse transcription (rt)-pcr products, which has revealed the existence of stable distinct lineages (genotypes). this typing method is rather costly, not routinely used in clinical laboratories, and not very suitable for the analysis of large numbers of samples. theref ... | 2000 | 10878050 |
| major change in the predominant type of "norwalk-like viruses" in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in osaka city, japan, between april 1996 and march 1999. | in osaka city, japan, between april 1996 and march 1999, a total of 350 fecal specimens from 64 outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis were examined to investigate infection by "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs). by reverse transcription (rt)-pcr, 182 samples (52.0%) from 47 outbreaks (73.4%) were nlv positive. during those three years, the incidence of nlv-associated outbreaks showed seasonality, being higher during january to march (winter to early spring). the ingestion of contaminated oy ... | 2000 | 10878058 |
| evaluation of nine sets of pcr primers in the rna dependent rna polymerase region for detection and differentiation of members of the family caliciviridae, norwalk virus and sapporo virus. | norwalk virus and sapporo virus were approved as type species of the genus "norwalk-like viruses" and the genus "sapporo-like viruses," respectively, in the family caliciviridae. a total of 116 stool specimens containing norwalk virus (nv) or sapporo virus (sv) were tested by rt-pcr and southern hybridization to evaluate nine sets of pcr primers and seven internal oligonucleotide probes in the rna dependent rna polymerase region of nv and sv for detection and differentiation of viruses in the nv ... | 2000 | 10888362 |
| [epidemic of gastroenteritis of viral origin associated with eating imported raspberries]. | several episodes of food poisoning affected the region of quebec city in july and august 1997. in the first two episodes, the analysis of two cohorts (a and b) demonstrated that the consumption of a raspberry mousse with raspberry sauce increased the risk of contracting gastroenteritis (a, rr = 2.6 p = 0.001; b, rr = 4.7 p = 0.02). more than 200 people were sick after eating a raspberry dessert. the common ingredient of all those desserts was raspberries imported from bosnia. viral studies on th ... | 1999 | 10910564 |
| [norwalk virus-like food poisoning after eating oysters]. | the aim of this study was to conduct a clinical-epidemiological and microbiological investigation into an outbreak of food-borne disease due to the consumption of oysters. | 2000 | 10923321 |
| safety evaluation of a recombinant myxoma-rhdv virus inducing horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease. | we have recently developed a transmissible vaccine to immunize rabbits against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease based on a recombinant myxoma virus (mv) expressing the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) capsid protein [bárcena et al. horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorragic disease using a recombinant myxoma virus. j. virol. 2000;74:1114-23]. administration of the recombinant virus protects rabbits against lethal rhdv and mv challenges. furt ... | 2000 | 10930670 |
| distinct epidemiological patterns of norwalk-like virus infection. | norwalk-like viruses (nlv) are important economically as a cause of both sporadic gastroenteritis in the community and large outbreaks in hospitals and other institutional settings. despite the description of several antigenic types relatively little is known about the epidemiology of these individual types. nlvs were detected by electron microscopy in faecal specimens from 706 outbreaks of gastroenteritis that represented 68% of all outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis. these outbreaks to ... | 2000 | 10935995 |
| norwalk-like virus as a cause of a gastroenteritis outbreak in a childcare centre. | | 2000 | 10937421 |
| isolation and identification of a calicivirus from a dog with diarrhoea. | the isolation and the characterisation of a calicivirus strain (213/95) from a dog with diarrhoea are reported. the virus grows only in cell cultures of feline origin (crandell feline kidney cells), and in neutralisation test the isolate demonstrated a slight antigenic correlation with the reference feline calicivirus strain (fcv-f9). | 2000 | 10939040 |
| epizootic vesicular disease in captive california sea lions. | an epizootic of vesicular disease occurred in a group of semi-domesticated california sea lions (zalophus californianus) during the months of april and may 1997. ten castrated mature male sea lions, ages 12 to 19 yr, were housed in three adjacent open-ocean net enclosures in san diego bay (california, usa). four animals (40%) developed oral and extremity vesicles, anorexia, and were reluctant to perform learned behaviors. one animal developed vesicles but maintained a normal appetite and behavio ... | 2000 | 10941736 |
| foodborne viral illness--status in australia. | norwalk-like virus contamination of oysters and orange juice, and hepatitis a virus contamination of oysters have been responsible for large outbreaks of foodborne viral disease in australia. rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, parvovirus and other enteroviruses also contribute to the incidence of gastroenteritis in this country but the role of foods and waters in transmitting these viruses is unclear. protocols for the investigation, surveillance and reporting of foodborne viral illness require ... | 2000 | 10946844 |
| genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of norwalk-like viruses. | specimens (n=287) from 59 gastroenteritis outbreaks collected from february 1997 to march 1999 were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. the majority of outbreaks (88%) were associated with norwalk-like viruses. molecular analyses of strains from 46 outbreaks showed the cocirculation during the 1998-1999 winter of 2 genogroup ii clusters, accounting for 57% and 28% of outbreaks, respectively. an important genetic diversity was observed during this 2-year period. thirteen ... | 2000 | 10950761 |
| reclassification of the caliciviridae into distinct genera and exclusion of hepatitis e virus from the family on the basis of comparative phylogenetic analysis. | caliciviridae and picornaviridae belong to the same subphylum and genera within picornaviridae are well characterized. until 1998, caliciviridae included one genus calicivirus, containing strains with distinct structural and genomic features. phylogenetic analyses of capsid genes revealed five clusters within caliciviridae corresponding to differences in genome organization. in order to determine to what taxonomic level these clusters correspond, genomic sequences of caliciviruses, picornavirus ... | 2000 | 10963346 |
| molecular cloning, expression, and antigenicity of seto virus belonging to genogroup i norwalk-like viruses. | the viral capsid protein of the seto virus (sev), a japanese strain of genogroup i norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), was expressed as virus-like particles using a baculovirus expression system. an antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on hyperimmune antisera to recombinant sev was highly specific to homologous sev-like strains but not heterologous strains in stools, allowing us type-specific detection of nlvs. | 2000 | 10970413 |
| foodborne infections vectored by molluscan shellfish. | foodborne diseases cause approximately 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5000 deaths each year in the united states. the authors present and analyze information derived from epidemiologic investigations and surveillance systems on foodborne infections caused by consumption of molluscan shellfish. this review focuses on the bias in reporting of shellfish-vectored illness, prevention and control of such infections, the origin of recognized viral and bacterial etiologic agents, an ... | 2000 | 10981028 |
| evidence for airborne transmission of norwalk-like virus (nlv) in a hotel restaurant. | an outbreak of gastroenteritis followed a meal in a large hotel during which one of the diners vomited. the clinical features of the illness suggested norwalk-like virus (nlv, small round structured virus) infection, and this was confirmed by electron microscopy and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) of stool samples. further characterization of the virus by nucleotide sequence analysis of the pcr amplicons revealed identical strains in all the affected individuals. the foo ... | 2000 | 10982072 |
| use of elisas in field studies of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) in australia. | elisa techniques developed for the veterinary diagnosis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) in domestic rabbits were used for studying the epidemiology of rhd in australian wild rabbits. the combination of elisa techniques that distinguished iga, igg and igm antibody responses and a longitudinal data set, mainly based on capture-mark-recapture of rabbits, provided a reliable basis for interpreting serology and set the criteria used to classify rabbits' immunological status. importantly, young w ... | 2000 | 10982081 |
| detection of small round structured viruses in stool specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritis by electron microscopy and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | in testing 60 stool specimens small round structured virus (srsv) particles were detected in 35 (58%) specimens from all 17 outbreaks of gastroenteritis by electron microscopy (em), while srsv genes were found in 36 (60%) specimens from 15 outbreaks by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) by use of 2 primer pairs. specimens from 2 outbreaks were found srsv particles-positive by em but srsv genes-negative by rt-pcr. em remains the basic examination method for diagnosis of srsv ... | 2000 | 10989693 |
| prevalence and genetic diversity of human caliciviruses (hucvs) in mexican children. | human caliciviruses (hucvs) contain two genera: "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) and "sapporo-like viruses" (slvs). the importance of the two genera as a cause of acute gastroenteritis of infants and children remains unknown. beginning in 1989, a birth cohort of children in mexico was enrolled and monitored for acute gastroenteritis. a subset of 115 diarrhea stool specimens from 76 children and 66 non-diarrhea stool specimens from 64 children was examined for hucvs by rt-pcr by using a primer pair ... | 2000 | 11002251 |
| serotype-specific antigen elisa for detection of chiba virus in stools. | chiba virus (cv), a norwalk-like virus (nlv), was first identified as a cause of oyster-associated outbreak of gastroenteritis that occurred in chiba prefecture, japan, in 1987. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), based on hyperimmune antisera to recombinant baculovirus-expressed capsid proteins of cv (rcv), was developed to detect cv antigen in stools. no cross-reactions were observed with other enteric viruses including enteroviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, or enteric adenoviruse ... | 2000 | 11002253 |
| a comparative analysis of freon substitutes in the purification of reovirus and calicivirus. | freon 113 (freon) is an essential component used in some viral purification methods to separate virus from infected cell debris. with its environmental and toxic hazards, freon's availability is limited and more tightly regulated. several organic solvent substitutes were selected to identify a suitable freon replacement for the purification of both cultivable reovirus and fastidious calicivirus. reovirus was extracted from tissue cultured cells with each solvent tested and purified in cesium chl ... | 2000 | 11011081 |
| development of an immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-pcr assay for the detection of norwalk virus. | norwalk virus (nv) is the prototype human virus of the family caliciviridae. a rapid immunomagnetic capture/reverse transcription-(imc/rt-)pcr assay was developed for the detection of nv. immunomagnetic capture (imc) utilizes paramagnetic beads coupled to a virus-specific antibody and allows separation of virus from contaminating materials and virus concentration in a single step. the detection limit of the developed assay was approximately 250-750 genomic equivalents/ml of 10% stool suspension. ... | 2000 | 11011082 |
| three nursing home outbreaks of norwalk-like virus in brisbane in 1999. | we report on three nursing home outbreaks of gastroenteritis in brisbane in 1999. the presence of norwalk-like virus (nlv) genogroup 2 was demonstrated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in all three outbreaks. common findings of these investigations were rapid spread of the illness within the institutions and difficulties in identifying a common source. nursing home populations are vulnerable and it is important for each institution to have infection control policies in ... | 2000 | 11022388 |
| human caliciviruses are a significant pathogen of acute sporadic diarrhea in children of santiago, chile. | human caliciviruses (hucvs) are increasingly recognized as common pathogens that cause acute sporadic diarrhea in children; however, regional antigenic and genetic diversity complicate detection techniques. stool samples from children seeking medical attention in 2 outpatient clinics, a large emergency department, and 2 hospital wards were evaluated for hucvs by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, using primers based on a conserved sequence of the polymerase region of a previously s ... | 2000 | 11023476 |
| apoptosis in rabbit haemorrhagic disease. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) causes an acute hepatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. six rabbits were inoculated experimentally with rhdv to investigate any potential relationship between infection and apoptosis in the liver. two rabbits were killed at 12 h post-inoculation (pi) and two at 24 h pi. the remaining two rabbits died at 30 h and 31 h pi. immunohistochemical labelling for rhdv antigen-positive cells, tunel assay for apoptotic cells, and dna analysis were perf ... | 2000 | 11032666 |
| rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: genome organization and polyprotein processing of a calicivirus studied after transient expression of cdna constructs. | rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) belongs to the family caliciviridae. studies on this virus are hampered by the lack of a convenient cell culture system. to study viral protein expression a cdna construct containing the entire protein-coding region of the virus was established and used for transient expression studies. after metabolic labeling of transfected cells and immunoprecipitation with a set of rhdv-specific antisera a variety of polypeptides were identified and assigned to defined ... | 2000 | 11040126 |
| characterisation of the bovine enteric calici-like virus, newbury agent 1. | the bovine enteric calici-like virus, newbury agent 1 (na1) was characterised to determine if it is a member of the caliciviridae and to establish its antigenic relationship to the established bovine enteric calicivirus newbury agent 2 (na2). solid phase immune electron microscopy (spiem) allowed quantification of na1 virions and identification of faecal samples with optimal virus levels. na1 particles were 36.6 nm in diameter, had an indefinite surface structure resembling that of human small r ... | 2000 | 11040440 |
| atp binding and atpase activities associated with recombinant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2c-like polypeptide. | the carboxy-terminal region of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus p37 polyprotein cleavage product has been expressed in escherichia coli as a glutathione s-transferase (gst) fusion protein. the recombinant gst-delta2c protein showed in vitro atp-binding and atpase activities. site-directed mutagenesis studies of the conserved residues g(522) and t(529) in motif a, d(566) and e(567) in motif b, and k(600) in motif c were also performed. these results provide the first experimental characteriza ... | 2000 | 11044135 |
| widespread environmental contamination with norwalk-like viruses (nlv) detected in a prolonged hotel outbreak of gastroenteritis. | a protracted outbreak of norwalk-like virus (nlv)-associated gastroenteritis occurred in a large hotel in north-west england between january and may 1996. we investigated the pattern of environmental contamination with nlv in the hotel during and after the outbreak. in the ninth week, 144 environmental swabs taken from around the hotel were tested for nlv by nested rt-pcr. the sites were categorized according to the likelihood of direct contamination with vomit/faeces. the highest proportion of ... | 2000 | 11057964 |
| transmission of norwalk virus during football game. | during a college football game in florida, diarrhea and vomiting developed in many of the members of a north carolina team. the next day, similar symptoms developed in some of the players on the opposing team. | 2000 | 11071673 |
| norwalk virus strikes in pocahontas county. | | 2000 | 11077545 |
| norwalk-like virus sequences detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in mineral waters imported into or bottled in switzerland. | norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) is a genus belonging to the caliciviridae. nlvs are transmitted by the fecal-oral and the aerosol route and are the most common cause of outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. nlvs are responsible for an estimated 67% of all illnesses caused by known foodborne pathogens and for 96% of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in the united states. many outbreaks could be associated with the consumption of primarily or secondarily contaminated foods. to our knowledge, no epidem ... | 2000 | 11079703 |
| interaction of recombinant norwalk virus particles with the 105-kilodalton cellular binding protein, a candidate receptor molecule for virus attachment. | norwalk virus (nv), responsible for outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, comprises the species of the genus norwalk-like viruses in the family caliciviridae. although the study of the molecular biology of nv has been hampered by a lack of culture systems or small experimental animal models, virus-like particles (vlps) generated with recombinant baculoviruses harboring the capsid protein gene of nv provide a useful tool for investigating nv-cell interactions. in this study, the attachment of the r ... | 2000 | 11090157 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of the chiba virus genome and functional expression of the 3c-like protease in escherichia coli. | we cloned the genome rna of the chiba virus (chv; hu/nlv/chiba 407/1987/jp) and determined its complete nucleotide sequence. the genome is predicted to be a positive-sense, single-stranded rna of 7697 bases, excluding a poly(a) tract. comparison of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences with those of other members of the species norwalk virus (nv) revealed that chv belongs to genogroup i nv. the chv genome contains three open reading frames (orfs). a large 5'-terminal orf (orf1) encodes a polyp ... | 2000 | 11118371 |
| an improved method for the detection of norwalk-like caliciviruses in environmental samples. | an original magnetic beads rna capture was developed for the detection of norwalk-like virus by rt-pcr. the same oligonucleotide was used both for capture and reverse transcription of the viral rna. the optimization studies showed that the most important parameter for sensitivity is the biotin-binding capacity of the beads. this method was found to be efficient for eliminating inhibitors in sewage samples compared with the classic rt-pcr. moreover, the sensitivity was greatly enhanced, allowing ... | 2000 | 11123547 |
| characterization of monoclonal antibodies generated against norwalk virus gii capsid protein expressed in escherichia coli. | the norwalk virus (nv) causes outbreaks of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. the virus capsid is composed of a single 60 kda protein. the capsid protein of nv36 (genogroup ii, mexico virus type) was expressed in an escherichia coli system and ten monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were generated against it. the reactivity of these mabs was characterized using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot (wb) analysis towards 20 overlapping fragments of the nv36 capsid protei ... | 2000 | 11145271 |
| diagnosis of noncultivatable gastroenteritis viruses, the human caliciviruses. | gastroenteritis is one of the most common illnesses of humans, and many different viruses have been causally associated with this disease. of those enteric viruses that have been established as etiologic agents of gastroenteritis, only the human caliciviruses cannot be cultivated in vitro. the cloning of norwalk virus and subsequently of other human caliciviruses has led to the development of several new diagnostic assays. antigen detection enzyme immunoassays (eias) using polyclonal hyperimmune ... | 2001 | 11148001 |
| [surveillance of group illnesses with norwalk-like viruses (nlv) in baden-württemberg. isolation and detection of norwalk-like viral rna from fecal samples with rt-pcr]. | between the turn of the years 98/99 and 99/2000, stool samples from various health departments in the south of germany were sent to the lga (landesgesundheitsamt baden-württemberg). different testings as bacteriological routines for enterobacteriaceae and virological antigen screenings of the stool samples for adeno-, astro- and rotaviruses lead to negative results. additional rt-pcr tests for the presence of norwalk-rna showed nearly 40% of positive samples. from 14 group infections between dec ... | 2000 | 11151704 |
| development of a reverse transcription-pcr-dna enzyme immunoassay for detection of "norwalk-like" viruses and hepatitis a virus in stool and shellfish. | outbreaks of food- and waterborne gastroenteritis are being increasingly reported throughout the world. the analysis of environmental samples by newer diagnostic techniques such as reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) amplification of nucleic acid has begun to identify human enteric viruses (predominantly "norwalk-like" viruses [nlvs]) as the cause of many of these outbreaks. to streamline nlv detection from environmental samples such as shellfish, we have developed an rt-pcr-oligoprobe amplificat ... | 2001 | 11157239 |
| polypeptide p41 of a norwalk-like virus is a nucleic acid-independent nucleoside triphosphatase. | southampton virus (shv) is a member of the norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), one of four genera of the family caliciviridae. the genome of shv contains three open reading frames (orfs). orf 1 encodes a polyprotein that is autocatalytically processed into six proteins, one of which is p41. p41 shares sequence motifs with protein 2c of picornaviruses and superfamily 3 helicases. we have expressed p41 of shv in bacteria. purified p41 exhibited nucleoside triphosphate (ntp)-binding and ntp hydrolysis act ... | 2001 | 11160659 |
| protection of rabbits against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus by immunization with the vp60 protein expressed in plants with a potyvirus-based vector. | a new plum pox potyvirus (ppv)-based vector has been constructed for the expression of full-length individual foreign proteins. the foreign sequences are cloned between the nib replicase and capsid protein (cp) cistrons. the heterologous protein is split from the rest of the potyviral polyprotein by cleavage at the site that originally separated the nib and cp proteins and at an additional nia protease recognition site engineered at its amino-terminal end. this vector (ppv-nk) has been used to c ... | 2001 | 11162842 |
| characterization of "norwalk-like viruses" and astroviruses by liquid hybridization assay. | "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) and human astroviruses are causative agents of gastroenteritis in all age-groups. the typing of these agents is generally done by nucleotide sequencing, blot hybridization, or enzyme immunoassay. these techniques are expensive, time-consuming, and sometimes require scarce reagents, which limits the typing of nlvs and astroviruses to a few reference laboratories. this report describes a liquid hybridization assay that uses broadly reactive probes whose sequences are ... | 2001 | 11164493 |
| gastroenteritis viruses: research update and perspectives. gastroenteritis viruses, novartis foundation symposium 238, london, uk, 16-18 may 2000. | | 2000 | 11184182 |
| detection of 'norwalk-like viruses' in vellore, southern india. | | 2000 | 11198656 |
| stability of feline caliciviruses in marine water maintained at different temperatures. | since human caliciviruses are responsible for viral gastroenteritis transmitted by contaminated foods and the viruses barely propagate in cell culture, feline caliciviruses were employed as a model for the measurement of their stability in marine water. survival of four strains of feline calicivirus in marine water was measured when the seed viruses were diluted 1/10 with marine water and maintained at 4 degrees c, 10 degrees c, and 20 degrees c respectively. among the virus strains studied, a c ... | 2001 | 11209839 |
| multiple outbreaks of norwalk-like virus gastro-enteritis associated with a mediterranean-style restaurant. | the role of diverse infectious agents, particularly norwalk-like viruses (nlv), in three successive gastro-enteritis outbreaks in one setting (a restaurant) was evaluated. methods included standard bacteriological tests, specific tests for escherichia coli, tests for verocytotoxins, electron microscopy (em) for viruses and reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) methodology for nlv. no pathogenic bacteria were detected. verocytotoxin genes, although detected by pcr in the first outbreak, could not be ... | 2001 | 11211221 |
| distribution of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus rna in experimentally infected rabbits. | adult rabbits were inoculated with liver homogenate from a rabbit that died in a japanese outbreak of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd). all experimentally infected rabbits died with typical clinical, gross and histological findings of rhd. distribution of rhd virus in tissues of the infected rabbits was studied by non-isotopic in-situ hybridization. both viral plus- and minus-strand rnas were detected within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, kupffer cells and splenic and alveolar macrophages, mainl ... | 2001 | 11222010 |
| simultaneous isolation of verotoxin-producing strains of escherichia coli o128:h2 and viruses in gastroenteritis outbreaks. | three outbreaks of gastroenteritis from which the verotoxin producing escherichia coli serotype o128:h2 was isolated are reported. in addition norwalk-like viruses were detected in patients from two of the outbreaks and astrovirus in the third outbreak. while it cannot be specifically determined which of these agents played the major role in these outbreaks, the findings suggest that the viral agents need to be considered in investigations of gastroenteritis outbreaks, regardless of whether bact ... | 2001 | 11247046 |
| prevalence and genomic variation of norwalk-like viruses in central australia in 1995-1997. | norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) have now been found to be important causes of gastroenteritis amongst infants and young children as well as older children and adults. although detected, such viruses appeared not to be a major cause amongst infants and young children hospitalized with gastroenteritis in alice springs, central australia over the period january 1995-december 1997. nine nlv-positive cases were identified amongst stools from 360 different patients. from the nine cases however, eight diff ... | 2000 | 11252671 |
| a serological survey of antibodies to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rabbit calicivirus disease) in two rural central otago communities. | to determine whether individuals from two rural communities with heavy exposure to the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) developed antibodies to this virus. | 2001 | 11280425 |
| rt-pcr identification and typing of astroviruses and norwalk-like viruses in hospitalized patients with gastroenteritis: evidence of nosocomial infections. | astroviruses (hastvs) and 'norwalk-like viruses' (nlv) are frequent causes of gastroenteritis worldwide, though no data on the strains in circulation or their prevalence is available for france. | 2000 | 10996111 |
| detection of sporadic cases of norwalk-like virus (nlv) and astrovirus infection in a single irish hospital from 1996 to 1998. | 'norwalk-like viruses' (nlv) and astroviruses are recognised as the most important etiologic agents of viral gastroenteritis, excluding rotaviruses. however, neither of these two groups of viruses is routinely screened for in irish hospital laboratories. | 2000 | 10942091 |
| infantile convulsions with mild gastroenteritis. | the development of sensitive new molecular genetic techniques has led to the detection of rotavirus in cerebrospinal fluid, stools and throat swabs from patients with gastroenteritis with accompanying clinical symptoms similar to infantile benign convulsions. small round structured virus (srsv) has also been found in stools of patients with similar clinical symptoms by a new procedure. however, the mechanism by which these viral infections induce benign convulsions remains to be elucidated. the ... | 2000 | 10891637 |
| human caliciviruses in acute gastroenteritis of young children in the community. | episodes of acute gastroenteritis in prospectively followed children between 2 months and 2 years of age were examined for rotaviruses, enteric adenoviruses, astroviruses, and human caliciviruses, including both norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) and sapporo-like viruses (slvs), using pcr and reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays. a virus was identified in 60% (502/832) of all episodes and in 85% of the moderately severe or severe episodes. human caliciviruses were as common as rotaviruses, both being ... | 2000 | 10804140 |
| cold weather seasonality of gastroenteritis associated with norwalk-like viruses. | norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are the most common cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults, but little is known about their seasonality. the lack of specific diagnostic tools impeded study of these viruses in the past, and surveys using electron microscopy often grouped nlvs with other unrelated viruses. a search of the scientific literature found eight surveys of gastroenteritis, which were conducted for at least 1 year, that specifically identified nlvs. unpublished data from labora ... | 2000 | 10804139 |
| the impact of foodborne calicivirus disease: the minnesota experience. | the first outbreaks of norwalk virus gastroenteritis in minnesota were confirmed in 1982. since then, norwalk-like caliciviruses have been recognized to be the most common cause of foodborne disease outbreaks, accounting for 41% of all confirmed foodborne outbreaks in minnesota from 1981-1998. although laboratory confirmation of caliciviruses in stool samples was not attempted in most of these outbreaks, all conformed to epidemiologic criteria for defining outbreaks of norwalk virus. since 1996, ... | 2000 | 10804138 |
| high level excretion of norwalk-like virus following resolution of clinical illness. | we report the case of an elderly woman excreting high levels (about 5 x 10(5) virions per gram of faeces) of norwalk-like virus (nlv) in the absence of any clinical symptoms of gastroenteritis. analysis by reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing was carried out on a 342-nucleotide region of open reading frame 1. this indicated that the nlv belonged to genogroup 2 and was more closely related to the camberwell subgroup, the most common circulating in southeast australi ... | 2001 | 11280609 |
| expression and self-assembly in baculovirus of porcine enteric calicivirus capsids into virus-like particles and their use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody detection in swine. | porcine enteric calicivirus (pec) causes diarrhea and intestinal lesions in pigs. pec strain cowden grows to low to moderate titers in cell culture but only with the addition of intestinal contents from uninfected gnotobiotic pigs (w. t. flynn and l. j. saif, j. clin. microbiol. 26:206--212, 1988; a. v. parwani, w. t. flynn, k. l. gadfield, and l. j. saif, arch. virol. 120:115--122, 1991). cloning and sequence analysis of the pec cowden full-length genome revealed that it is most closely related ... | 2001 | 11283075 |
| molecular epidemiology of 'norwalk-like viruses' associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in new zealand. | outbreaks of gastroenteritis are a major public health problem in new zealand. the introduction of molecular detection methods has now shown that the 'norwalk-like viruses' (nlvs) are the major cause of food and waterborne nonbacterial gastroenteritis. reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) were used to determine the presence of nlvs in faecal specimens from 83 nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks occurring in new zealand between august 1995 and july 1999. further charact ... | 2001 | 11285570 |
| when dna research menaces diversity. | | 2001 | 11298407 |
| [outbreak of human calicivirus infection in a hospital department]. | human caliciviruses (hucv)--such as norwalk-like and sapporo-like viruses--members of the family caliciviridae, are a major cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in persons of all ages worldwide. they are important pathogens in food- and waterborne diseases in which the transmission can often be traced to fecally contaminated water or foods, and spread by person-to-person contact, vomitus or airborne droplets. hucv-associated outbreaks involving large numbers of people usually occur in se ... | 2001 | 11301905 |
| effect of rotavirus vaccine on sapporo virus gastroenteritis in finnish infants. | sapporo-like viruses (slvs) occur worldwide, but there is limited information about the slv-associated gastroenteritis outside japan. | 2001 | 11303833 |
| identification of the amino acid residue involved in rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus vpg uridylylation. | the virus genome-linked protein (vpg) coding region from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) (isolate ast/89) was expressed in escherichia coli by using a glutathione s-transferase-based vector. the recombinant polypeptide could be purified in good yields and was uridylylated in vitro from [alpha-32p]utp in a reaction catalyzed by the recombinant rna-dependent rna polymerase from rhdv in the absence of added template rna. the use of deletion and point mutants allowed the identification of ty ... | 2001 | 11369764 |
| molecular epidemiology of viral pathogens and tracing of transmission routes: hepatitis-, calici- and hantaviruses. | background: the need to rapidly identify new therapeutic drugs and vaccines for clinically important viral infections has resulted in intensive study of the molecular properties of viruses. modern molecular techniques have provided tools for tracing infections and studying the evolution of viruses. objective study and design: two examples illustrating how modern molecular techniques can be used in clinical virology and molecular epidemiology (hepatitis and caliciviruses), and one example documen ... | 2001 | 11397654 |
| heminested multiplex reverse transcription-pcr for detection and differentiation of norwalk-like virus genogroups 1 and 2 in fecal samples. | the present study describes a heminested multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assay which enables simultaneous detection and differentiation of norwalk-like virus (nlv) genogroups from clinical fecal samples without the need to perform sequencing or hybridization. the assay developed was able to detect concentrations of fewer than 100 viral particles per 5 microl of clarified fecal extract and could differentiate the two genogroups with a specificity of 100%. although the multiplex rt-pcr as ... | 2001 | 11427598 |
| molecular detection of human calicivirus in young children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in melbourne, australia, during 1999. | reverse transcription-pcr and sequence analysis identified calciviruses in 32 of 60 stool specimens (negative for other enteric pathogens) obtained from children admitted to our hospital with acute gastroenteritis. the overall annual incidence rate for calcivirus was 9% (32 of 354 children). molecular analysis identified 30 "norwalk-like virus" genogroup ii (predominantly lordsdale cluster) and 2 "sapporo-like virus" strains. | 2001 | 11427606 |
| university outbreak of calicivirus infection mistakenly attributed to shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157:h7--virginia, 2000. | on february 21-22, 2000, the virginia department of health (vdh) was notified by a university student health center of two suspected cases of escherichia coli o157:h7. at a local hospital laboratory, stool specimens from the two ill students tested positive for shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (eia) kit. further investigation revealed that the outbreak of gastrointestinal illness was caused by a norwalk-like virus (nlv), a member of the calic ... | 2001 | 11428728 |
| an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis in a mother-and-child health clinic. | an outbreak of diarrhoeal disease in a modern mother-and-child health clinic prompted the health authorities to initiate a retrospective cohort study in order to assess the scope of the outbreak and to identify possible risk factors. the management of the clinic had been rather concerned because four similar outbreaks had occurred during the last two years. a total of 151 guests, i.e. mothers with their children, who had arrived some days before the peak of the outbreak for a three-week-stay and ... | 2001 | 11434217 |
| the molecular biology of human caliciviruses. | within the last decade molecular analyses of the genome of norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) have confirmed that this important group of infectious agents belongs to the caliciviridae family. nlvs have a positive-sense, single-stranded rna genome of approximately 7700 nucleotides excluding the polyadenylated tail. the genome encodes three open reading frames: orf 1 is the largest (approximately 1700 amino acids) and is expressed as a polyprotein precursor that is cleaved by the viral 3c-like protease; ... | 2001 | 11444026 |
| molecular epidemiology of human enteric caliciviruses in the netherlands. | caliciviruses are among the most common causes of gastroenteritis in people of all age groups. these antigenetically and genetically diverse viruses have been grouped into two genera within the family caliciviridae, designated norwalk-like viruses (nlv) and sapporo-like viruses (slv). to gain more insight in their epidemiology, we have developed a tentative genotyping scheme, which was used to differentiate the viruses detected in a set of epidemiological studies. nlvs and slvs were detected by ... | 2001 | 11444027 |
| gastroenteritis viruses: an overview. | acute gastroenteritis is among the most common illnesses of humankind, and its associated morbidity and mortality are greatest among those at the extremes of age, children and the elderly. in developing countries, gastroenteritis is a common cause of death in children < 5 years that can be linked to a wide variety of pathogens. in developed countries, while deaths from diarrhoea are less common, much illness leads to hospitalization or doctor visits. much of the gastroenteritis in children is ca ... | 2001 | 11444035 |
| outbreak of norwalk virus in a caribbean island resort: application of molecular diagnostics to ascertain the vehicle of infection. | in 1998, an outbreak of gastroenteritis affected at least 448 persons including 122 staff at a resort hotel in bermuda. a survey among staff indicated that gastroenteritis was associated with eating or drinking at the hotel (or = 60, 95% ci = 2.4-15.1). multiple specimens of drinking water had elevated faecal coliform levels and escherichia coli present, suggestive of faecal contamination. stools from 18 of the 19 persons with gastroenteritis that were tested were positive for genogroup-ii norwa ... | 2001 | 11467799 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis and development of consensus primers of rt-pcr for detection of norwalk-like viruses prevailing in japan. | a total of 177 different nucleotide sequences of the rna polymerase region of norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) genomes, collected via a nation-wide survey project in japan between 1989 and 1998, were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) employing various primer pairs. the nucleotide sequences of different strains showed great diversity, with a range of 57 to 100% identities among strains. the strains could be classified into five clusters: norwalk (nv), snow mountain a ... | 2001 | 11468745 |
| clinical spectrum and transmission characteristics of infection with norwalk-like virus: findings from a large community outbreak in sweden. | a large foodborne outbreak caused by norwalk-like virus (nlv) among children and staff at 30 day care centers provided an opportunity to study symptomatology and attack rates among patients in different age groups, as well as secondary transmission rates in centers and households. a retrospective cohort study of 775 subjects from 13 randomly chosen centers was performed. diarrhea was more common in adults than in children (p=.001), whereas the reverse was noted with regard to vomiting (p=.003). ... | 2001 | 11477530 |
| "norwalk-like viruses" as a cause of foodborne disease outbreaks. | while outbreaks of foodborne disease remain an important public health concern, their aetiology is not identified in a majority of instances. in targeted studies, the application of newly developed molecular assays has demonstrated that a large proportion of these outbreaks may be caused by the "norwalk-like viruses" (nlv), a genus of genetically related viruses belonging to the family caliciviridae. nlv outbreaks associated with consumption of faecally contaminated oysters are frequently report ... | 2001 | 11479930 |
| immunocapture-rt-pcr assay for detection and molecular epidemiology studies of rabbit haemorrhagic disease and european brown hare syndrome viruses. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus and european brown hare syndrome virus are two members of the genus lagovirus in the family caliciviridae. they are the causative agents of highly contagious and fatal diseases of rabbits and hares respectively. we adjusted one assay for the detection and the genomic characterisation of each virus, based on viral purification by immunocapture and genomic amplification by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (ic-rt-pcr). it is carried out directly with ... | 2001 | 11483216 |
| endemic infection of a cat colony with a feline calicivirus closely related to an isolate used in live attenuated vaccines. | we have typed three feline calicivirus (fcv) isolates obtained over a 5-month-period from an endemically infected cat colony. sequence analysis from variable region e of the capsid gene from these isolates strongly suggests they are minor variants of a single fcv strain, and that this strain is closely related to the one used in many live-attenuated fcv vaccines. such a vaccine was last used approximately 2 months before the first of the isolates in this study was obtained. sequence differences ... | 2001 | 11483259 |
| first field trial of a transmissible recombinant vaccine against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease. | as a novel approach for immunisation of wild rabbits, we have recently developed a transmissible vaccine against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease (rhd) based on a recombinant myxoma virus (mv) expressing the rhdv capsid protein [j. virol. 74 (2000) 1114]. the efficacy and safety of the vaccine have been extensively evaluated under laboratory conditions. in this study, we report the first limited field trial of the candidate vaccine that was undertaken in an island of 34 has containing ... | 2001 | 11483281 |
| raw oyster consumption and outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in new zealand: evidence for risk to the public's health. | to investigate the relationship between consumption of raw pacific half shell oysters and outbreaks of norwalk-like virus (nlv) gastroenteritis in auckland in the last third of 1999. | 2001 | 11494991 |
| antibody response of dogs inoculated with a large number of cultured canine monocytes adsorbed with a calicivirus in advance. | five conventional beagle dogs were intravenously injected with ten million canine monocyte cells (cn/k99) cultured in vitro (kadoi, 2000) adsorbed with a strain of calicivirus originally isolated from lions (kadoi et al., 1997). another two beagle dogs were injected similarly with the virus suspension solely as control. serum samples were collected from these dogs at intervals and specific seroneutralizing antibody production against the virus was measured in vitro. a significantly higher antibo ... | 2001 | 11497089 |
| gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with norwalk-like viruses and their investigation by nested rt-pcr. | norwalk-like viruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks and sporadic cases of vomiting and diarrhoea. in healthy individuals infection is often mild and short-lived but in debilitated patients infection can be severe. it is essential that the virus laboratory can offer a sensitive and specific test, delivered in a timely manner. | 2001 | 11511325 |
| the emergence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus: will a non-pathogenic strain protect the uk? | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus emerged in china in 1984, and has killed hundreds of millions of wild rabbits in australia and europe. in the uk there appears to be an endemic non-pathogenic strain, with high levels of seroprevalence being recorded, in the absence of associated mortality. using a seasonal, age-structured model we examine the hypothesis that differences in rabbit population demography differentially affect the basic reproductive rates (r(0)) of the pathogenic and non-pathogenic ... | 2001 | 11516386 |
| comparative pathogenesis of tissue culture-adapted and wild-type cowden porcine enteric calicivirus (pec) in gnotobiotic pigs and induction of diarrhea by intravenous inoculation of wild-type pec. | porcine enteric calicivirus (pec/cowden) causes diarrhea in pigs, grows in cell culture, and is morphologically and genetically similar to the sapporo-like human caliciviruses. genetic analysis revealed that the tissue culture-adapted (tc) cowden pec has one distant and three clustered amino acid substitutions in the capsid region and 2 amino acid changes in the rna polymerase region compared to wild-type (wt) pec (m. guo, k.-o. chang, m. e. hardy, q. zhang, a. v. parwani, and l. j. saif, j. vir ... | 2001 | 11533186 |
| molecular detection and sequencing of "norwalk-like viruses" in outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in ireland. | norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are now established as the most important causative agents of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. the overall objective of this study was to determine the molecular epidemiology of irish nlv isolates for the first time by obtaining sequence data from specimens originating from outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis. eight samples from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis and nine isolates from separate nlv outbreaks were examined. of the sporadic isolates, six w ... | 2001 | 11536249 |
| sensitive detection and differentiation of sapporo virus, a member of the family caliciviridae, by standard and booster nested polymerase chain reaction. | norwalk virus and sapporo virus (sv) were approved as type species of the genus norwalk-like viruses and the genus sapporo-like viruses, respectively, in the family caliciviridae. nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr), using newly designed primers in the rna-dependent rna polymerase region, was developed to detect and differentiate viruses in the three genetic groups of sv based on the relative size of the pcr products obtained. in addition, a booster nested pcr that performs nested pcr in a si ... | 2001 | 11536253 |
| biological control of the rabbit in australia: lessons not learned? | the story of the spread of the european rabbit across australia, and of the two viruses used to control it, is an interesting way to look at some of the issues associated with biological control. what can be learned from the way this system developed, and what has been learned, or not learned, from the mistakes made? here, we look at these events and examine what insights can be gained from this history. | 2001 | 11553459 |
| the genome of hawaii virus and its relationship with other members of the caliciviridae. | hawaii virus (hu/nlv/gii/hawaii virus/1971/us), a member of the genus 'norwalk-like viruses' (nlvs) in the family caliciviridae, has served as one of the reference strains for the fastidious caliciviruses associated with epidemic gastroenteritis in humans. the consensus sequence of the rna genome of hawaii virus was determined in order to establish its relatedness with other members of the family. the rna genome is 7,513 nucleotides (nts) in length, excluding the 3'-end poly (a) tract, and is or ... | 2001 | 11556401 |
| recombinant norwalk virus-like particles administered intranasally to mice induce systemic and mucosal (fecal and vaginal) immune responses. | recombinant norwalk virus-like particles (rnv vlps) were administered to balb/c mice by the intranasal (i.n.) route to evaluate the induction of mucosal antibody responses. the results were compared to systemic and mucosal responses observed in new and previous studies (j. m. ball, m. e. hardy, r. l. atmar, m. e. connor, and m. k. estes, j. virol. 72:1345-1353, 1998) after oral administration of rnv vlps. immunizations were given in the presence or absence of a mucosal adjuvant, mutant escherich ... | 2001 | 11559804 |
| efficacy of commonly used disinfectants for the inactivation of calicivirus on strawberry, lettuce, and a food-contact surface. | norwalk and norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are important causes of foodborne gastroenteritis in restaurant-related outbreaks. efficacy of common disinfection methods against these viruses on food-contact surfaces and fresh produce is not known partially because of their nonculturability. seven commercial disinfectants for food-contact surfaces and three sanitizers for fruits and vegetables were tested against cultivable feline calicivirus (fcv). disks of stainless steel, strawberry, and lettuce wer ... | 2001 | 11563523 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. norwalk-like virus outbreaks at two summer camps--wisconsin, june 2001. | | 2001 | 11575312 |
| outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis associated with norwalk-like viruses in campus settings. | norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are transmitted by fecally contaminated food, water, fomites, and person-to-person contact. they are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis epidemics in industrialized countries. nlv outbreaks are characterized by a 12- to 48-hour incubation period; nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea for 24 to 72 hours; and high secondary attack rates. nlv infections spread rapidly on college and university campuses because of close living quarters, shared bathrooms and common rooms, ma ... | 2001 | 11590984 |
| enteric virus contamination of foods through industrial practices: a primer on intervention strategies. | hepatitis a and e viruses, rotaviruses, norwalk-like caliciviruses, and astroviruses are among the enteric viruses known to cause food- and waterborne illness. these viruses are spread by the fecal-oral route and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. foods may be contaminated at any time pre- or post-harvest; however, many outbreaks are associated with foods handled by infected restaurant workers. produce may be contaminated by improper irrigation or fertilization practices, by ... | 2001 | 11641770 |
| prevalence of norwalk viruses in southern and northern parts of hiroshima prefecture, japan in 2000/2001 season. | | 2001 | 11684786 |
| molecular analysis of isolates of feline calicivirus from a population of cats in a rescue shelter. | two visits, six weeks apart, were made to a cat rescue shelter and single oropharyngeal swabs were taken from all the compliant cats. feline calicivirus was isolated from 14 of 45 swabs (31 per cent) taken on the first visit and 12 of 46 swabs (26 per cent) taken on the second visit. nucleotide sequences were obtained for nine isolates from the first visit, six isolates from the second visit, and for the vaccine virus used in the cattery. distance analysis showed that the majority of the isolate ... | 2001 | 11700925 |
| a field trial to assess the effect of vaccination against feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus and feline panleucopenia virus in 6-week-old kittens. | a trivalent (feline panleucopenia, feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus), modified live, commercially available cat vaccine was used at either 6, 9 and 12 weeks of age (early schedule) or 9 and 12 weeks of age (conventional schedule), and the serological response to vaccination was assessed. the level of maternally derived antibody present at 6 weeks of age was also established. the use of early vaccination at 6 weeks of age induced an antibody response to each virus by 9 weeks of age in a sig ... | 2001 | 11716626 |