| evolution of a homopurine-homopyrimidine pentanucleotide repeat sequence upstream of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. | we have identified a highly polymorphic pentanucleotide repeat (ccttt)n within the 5'-putative promoter region of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene (inos, nos2). using a pair of specific primers derived from the human inos gene, we have also amplified this inos repeat in dna from the following species: chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan and macaque. as is found in man, both chimpanzees and gorillas are polymorphic at this locus. in contrast, the locus is monomorphic in macaques and oran ... | 1997 | 9434180 |
| estimation of african ape body length from femur length. | the estimation from long bone lengths of stature in humans or body size in apes has a deep history in physical anthropology. to date, we can enumerate at least five different statistical methods for making such estimations. these methods are: (1) the regression of body length on long bone length (inverse calibration), (2) regression of long bone length on body length followed by solving for body length (classical calibration), (3) major axis regression of body length on long bone length, (4) red ... | 1998 | 9595359 |
| concerted evolution of members of the multisequence family chab4 located on various nonhomologous chromosomes. | during the last years it became obvious that a lot of families of long-range repetitive dna elements are located within the genomes of mammals. the principles underlying the evolution of such families, therefore, may have a greater impact than anticipated on the evolution of the mammalian genome as a whole. one of these families, called chab4, is represented with about 50 copies within the human and the chimpanzee genomes and with only a few copies in the genomes of gorilla, orang-utan, and gibb ... | 1998 | 9434947 |
| secnidazole vs. paromomycin: comparative antiprotozoan treatment in captive primates. | the antiprotozoan activity of secnidazole was studied in cercocebus t. torquatus, cercopithecus campbelli, erythrocebus patas (cercopithecidae), and gorilla gorilla (pongidae) compared with that of paromomycin in cercocebus t. lunulatus (cercopithecidae), e. patas, and g. gorilla (pongidae) by coprological analysis. the antiprotozoan activity of both drugs depended on the parasite species and the host species. the drugs acted in a similar way on entamoeba coli parasitising c. t. torquatus, and e ... | 1998 | 9606042 |
| comparative mapping of human alphoid satellite dna repeat sequences in the great apes. | heterochromatic regions of chromosomes contain highly repetitive, tandemly arranged dna sequences that undergo very rapid variation compared to unique dna sequences that are predominantly conserved. in this study the chromosomal basis of speciation has been looked at in terms of repeat sequences. we have hybridized twenty-one chromosome-specific human alphoid satellite dna probes to metaphase spreads of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) t ... | 1997 | 9465402 |
| mhc-e polymorphism in pongidae primates: the same allele is found in two different species. | mhc-e intron 1, exon 2, intron 2, and exon 3 from pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) have been sequenced; six new mhc-e alleles have been obtained but sequence changes are only placed either in introns or in synonymous exonic bases. one pygmy chimpanzee mhc-e dna sequence is identical to another sequence from chimpanzee; the fact that no variation is found also at the intronic level suggests that these two speci ... | 1997 | 9458133 |
| variation in tooth morphology of gorilla gorilla. | gorilla gorilla exemplifies a species that shows considerable variation in habitat, behaviour, genetic structure and morphology. this study examines variation of dental morphology in gorillas. despite the marked size dimorphism, there are no significant shape differences between the sexes within subspecies. differences in dental morphology, including tooth cusp proportions between the western g. g. gorilla and the eastern g. g. beringei are considerable. although more similar to g. g. beringei t ... | 1998 | 9467781 |
| morphological and morphometric aspects of primate cornea: a comparative study with human cornea. | morphological and morphometric features of the cornea of 13 species of primates have been studied in order to determine possible morphological differences between them. the existence of relationships between different morphometric corneal variables was also examined to establish which variables best defined and characterized the cornea. the present aim is to determine which primate cornea resembles that of the human being most with a view to possible future clinical and experimental studies. the ... | 1997 | 9253587 |
| human endogenous retrovirus k homologous sequences and their coding capacity in old world primates. | the coding capacity for retroviral gag and env proteins has been maintained in human endogenous retroviruses of the herv-k family. herv-k homologous sequences have been found in all old world primates. here, we examined old world primate species for the presence of full-length herv-k gag and env genes and the presence of gag and env open reading frames as determined by the protein truncation test. full-length herv-k env genes were found in dnas of all old world primate species, whereas open read ... | 1998 | 9499038 |
| physical mapping of human 7q and 14q subtelomeric dna sequences in the great apes. | phylogenetic divergence of the members of the pongidae family has been based on genetic evidence. the terminal repeat array (t2ag3) has lately been considered as an additional basis to analyze genomes of highly related species. the recent isolation of subtelomeric dna probes specific for human (hsa) chromosomes 7q and 14q has prompted us to cross-hybridize them to the chromosomes of the chimpanzee (ptr), gorilla (ggo) and orangutan (ppy) to search for its equivalent locations in the great ape sp ... | 1997 | 9330913 |
| cortical bone distribution in the femoral neck of hominoids: implications for the locomotion of australopithecus afarensis. | contiguous high resolution computed tomography images were obtained at a 1.5 mm slice thickness perpendicular to the neck axis from the base of the femoral head to the trochanteric line in a sample of 10 specimens each of homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, and gorilla gorilla, plus five specimens of pan paniscus. superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior cortical thicknesses were automatically measured directly from these digital images. throughout the femoral neck h. sapiens displays thin superio ... | 1997 | 9331457 |
| expanding the functional human mitochondrial dna database by the establishment of primate xenomitochondrial cybrids. | the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes coevolve to optimize approximately 100 different interactions necessary for an efficient atp-generating system. this coevolution led to a species-specific compatibility between these genomes. we introduced mitochondrial dna (mtdna) from different primates into mtdna-less human cells and selected for growth of cells with a functional oxidative phosphorylation system. mtdna from common chimpanzee, pigmy chimpanzee, and gorilla were able to restore oxidative ph ... | 1997 | 9256447 |
| complex fish probes for the subtelomeric regions of all human chromosomes: comparative hybridization of ceph yacs to chromosomes of the old world monkey presbytis cristata and great apes. | we have generated a human subtelomere probe panel, utilizing well characterized ceph yacs, for the investigation of human chromosome pathology and evolution through fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish). region-specific fish probes will be extremely valuable for detecting cytogenetically cryptic telomere abnormalities. here, we present the first comparative mapping study (with 29 subtelomere probes and 6 chromosome paints) to the old world monkey presbytis cristata, followed by hybridizations ... | 1997 | 9345897 |
| brief communication: comparative mapping of the human estrogen receptor (esr) and the kallmann (kal) regions to the chromosomes of the great apes. | human and great ape chromosomes display significant concordance by molecular and cytogenetic techniques, which may reflect their common origin. nevertheless, chromosomal banding techniques did not reflect the syntenic homology at the dna level, which created controversy and debate. the recent availability of the unique sequence loci-specific human estrogen receptor (esr) (bq25.1) region and kallmann (kal) (xp22.3) dna probes have prompted us to search the degree of dna sequence synteny among chi ... | 1997 | 9292171 |
| sequences from higher primates orthologous to the human xp/yp telomere junction region reveal gross rearrangements and high levels of divergence. | a high level of sequence polymorphism combined with linkage disequilibrium has created a limited number of highly diverged haplotypes across the human xp/yp telomere junction region. to gain insight into the unusual genetic characteristics of this region, we have examined the orthologous sequences in the common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes ), the gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and the orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus). divergence from the human xp/yp sequence is higher (average 2.6-fold) than that observed ... | 1997 | 9361036 |
| neuropeptide y in the infundibular nucleus and hypophysis of great apes. | we studied the distribution of neuropeptide y (npy) immunoreactivity in the infundibular nucleus and the hypophysis of the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. using antibodies developed in rabbit against synthetic porcine npy, we found numerous npy-immunoreactive neuronal somata in the infundibular nucleus; this nucleus was also filled with short npy-positive processes and an abundance of punctate structures that could be indicative of synaptic terminals. numerous varicose npy-positive fibers we ... | 1997 | 9369542 |
| evolutionary sequence comparisons using high-density oligonucleotide arrays. | we explored the utility of high-density oligonucleotide arrays (dna chips) for obtaining sequence information from homologous genes in closely related species. orthologues of the human brca1 exon 11, all approximately 3.4 kb in length and ranging from 98.2% to 83.5% nucleotide identity, were subjected to hybridization-based and conventional dideoxysequencing analysis. retrospective guidelines for identifying high-fidelity hybridization-based sequence calls were formulated based upon dideoxyseque ... | 1998 | 9462745 |
| members of the olfactory receptor gene family are contained in large blocks of dna duplicated polymorphically near the ends of human chromosomes. | we have identified three new members of the olfactory receptor (or) gene family within a large segment of dna that is duplicated with high similarity near many human telomeres. this segment is present at 3q, 15q, and 19p in each of 45 unrelated humans sampled from various populations. additional copies are present polymorphically at 11 other subtelomeric locations. the frequency with which the block is present at some locations varies among populations. while humans carry seven to 11 copies of t ... | 1998 | 9384599 |
| the 5-ht transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-httlpr) in evolutionary perspective: alternative biallelic variation in rhesus monkeys. rapid communication. | by conferring allele-specific transcriptional activity on the 5-ht transporter gene promoter in humans, the 5-ht transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-httlpr) influences a constellation of personality traits related to anxiety and increases the risk for neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. here we have analyzed the presence and variability of the 5-httlpr in several species of primates including humans, and other mammals. pcr, southern blot, and sequence anal ... | 1997 | 9503271 |
| allelic diversity at the primate mhc-dmb locus: presence of a conserved tyrosine inhibitory motif in the cytoplasmic tail. | ten new primate mhc-dmb complete cdna sequences have been obtained in chimpanzee (n=four), gorilla (n=three) and orangutan (n=three); this gene has not been previously studied in these species. exonic allelism has been recorded all along the molecule domains and also in the leader peptide, but not in the transmembrane segment. an analysis of the residues critical in the conformation of the mhc-dr peptide-binding site was done in order to look for a mhc-dr homologue site; synonymous substitutions ... | 1998 | 9510373 |
| mitochondrial dna variability in grauer's gorillas of kahuzi-biega national park. | eastern lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla graueri) are the least studied of the three gorilla subspecies; particularly at the molecular level. we sequenced an internal region of the mitochondrial dna cytochrome oxidase subunit ii (coii) region and a hypervariable portion of the mitochondrial dna control region (d-loop) from wild gorillas in both the montane and lowland habitats of kahuzl-blega national park, democratic republic of congo. all individuals (n = 38) were identical at the coii region ... | 1998 | 9542160 |
| stick throwing by gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) at the san diego wild animal park. | | 1998 | 9751834 |
| contrasting levels of dna polymorphism at the autosomal and x-linked visual color pigment loci in humans and squirrel monkeys. | the x-linked color pigment (opsin) locus is known to be highly polymorphic in the squirrel monkey and other new world monkeys. to see whether this is also the case for the autosomal (blue) opsin locus, we obtained 32 squirrel monkey and 30 human blue opsin gene sequences. no amino acid polymorphism was found in either the squirrel monkey sample or the human sample, contrary to the situation at the x-linked opsin locus. this sharp contrast in the level of polymorphism might be due to differences ... | 1998 | 9549095 |
| a hominoid-specific nuclear insertion of the mitochondrial d-loop: implications for reconstructing ancestral mitochondrial sequences. | a nuclear integration of a mitochondrial control region sequence on human chromosome 9 has been isolated. pcr analyses with primers specific for the respective insertion-flanking nuclear regions showed that the insertion took place on the lineage leading to hominoidea (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and human) after the old world monkey-hominoidea split. the sequences of the control region integrations were determined for humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and siamangs. these se ... | 1998 | 9549097 |
| identification of conserved potentially regulatory sequences of the sry gene from 10 different species of mammals. | we have sequenced the 5' region of the sry gene from human, chimpanzee, sheep, and mouse and from four additional mammalian species, not previously characterized (gorilla, gazelle, rat, and guinea pig). in order to identify conserved dna elements potentially involved in the regulation of the sry gene, the newly determined sequences were analyzed and compared to all mammalian sry promoter sequences available at present. ten highly conserved potential regulatory elements have been identified in al ... | 1998 | 9571157 |
| lowland gorillas and seed dispersal: the importance of nest sites. | lowland gorillas eat the fruit and disperse the seeds of many tree species in the lopé reserve, gabon. this study aimed to show whether deposition of seeds at gorilla ground nest sites conferred any advantage for germination and seedling establishment as compared to the fate of seeds deposited in gorilla dung on trails or under parents. four tree species were chosen for study, which had a range of fruit types and fruiting patterns but which were all important foods for gorillas. data showed that ... | 1998 | 9573442 |
| comparative study of the genomic organization of dna repeats within the 5'-flanking region of the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein gene (nramp1) between humans and great apes. | the human nramp1 gene located on chromosome (chr) region 2q35 is a candidate gene for increased risk of infection by several intracellular macrophage parasites, including m. tuberculosis and m. leprae. in search for a possible mutational hot spot, we have analyzed a 3.5-kb region 5' to nramp1 that is highly enriched for dna repeat sequences. the repeat sequences could be grouped into one mer element and six alu elements, representing five alu subfamilies, that had integrated in the same dna regi ... | 1998 | 9585430 |
| orangutan alpha-satellite monomers are closely related to the human consensus sequence. | alpha-satellite is a family of tandemly repeated dna found at the centromeric regions of all human and primate chromosomes. human alpha-satellite subsets are largely chromosome-specific and have been further grouped into four suprachromosomal families (sfs), each characterized by a unique set of monomeric types. although chimpanzee and gorilla alpha-satellites share sufficient sequence similarity to fit the established sfs, the assumption that the derived human alpha-satellite consensus and mono ... | 1998 | 9585431 |
| human xenomitochondrial cybrids. cellular models of mitochondrial complex i deficiency. | the subunits forming the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system are coded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genes. recently, we attempted to introduce mtdna from non-human apes into a human cell line lacking mtdna (rho degrees), and succeeded in producing human-common chimpanzee, human-pigmy chimpanzee, and human-gorilla xenomitochondrial cybrids (hxc). here, we present a comprehensive characterization of oxidative phosphorylation function in these cells. mitochondrial complexes ii, iii, ... | 1998 | 9603924 |
| characterization of a novel class of interspersed ltr elements in primate genomes: structure, genomic distribution, and evolution. | retrovirus-like sequences and their solitary (solo) long terminal repeats (ltrs) are common repetitive elements in eukaryotic genomes. we reported previously that the tandemly arrayed genes encoding u2 snrna (the rnu2 locus) in humans and apes contain a solo ltr (u2-ltr) which was presumably generated by homologous recombination between the two ltrs of an ancestral provirus that is retained in the orthologous baboon rnu2 locus. we have now sequenced the orthologous u2-ltrs in human, chimpanzee, ... | 1998 | 9608047 |
| limbic frontal cortex in hominoids: a comparative study of area 13. | the limbic frontal cortex forms part of the neural substrate responsible for emotional reactions to social stimuli. area 13 is one of the cortical areas long known to be part of the posterior orbitofrontal cortex in several monkey species, such as the macaque. its presence nevertheless in the human brain has been unclear, and the cortex of the frontal lobe of the great and lesser apes remains largely unknown. in this study area 13 was identified in human, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, orangutan, ... | 1998 | 9637180 |
| toward a phylogenetic classification of primates based on dna evidence complemented by fossil evidence. | a highly resolved primate cladogram based on dna evidence is congruent with extant and fossil osteological evidence. a provisional primate classification based on this cladogram and the time scale provided by fossils and the model of local molecular clocks has all named taxa represent clades and assigns the same taxonomic rank to those clades of roughly equivalent age. order primates divides into strepsirhini and haplorhini. strepsirhines divide into lemuriformes and loriformes, whereas haplorhi ... | 1998 | 9668008 |
| molecular definition of pericentric inversion breakpoints occurring during the evolution of humans and chimpanzees. | high-resolution g-banding analysis has demonstrated remarkable morphological conservation of the chromosomes of the hominidae family members (humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans), with the most notable differences between the genomes appearing as changes in heterochromatin distribution and pericentric inversions. pericentric inversions may have been important for the establishment of reproductive isolation and speciation of the hominoids as they diverged from a common ancestor. here th ... | 1998 | 9676431 |
| chromosomal localization of rdna in the gorilla. | twenty-five specimens of lowland gorilla, including 24 specimens of the western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and 1 specimen of the eastern lowland gorilla (g. gorilla graueri), were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization with a human-derived 18s + 28s rdna probe. specific hybridization was constitutively seen on the short arms of gorilla acrocentric chromosome pairs 22 and 23, corresponding to human pairs 21 and 22. only one specimen of western lowland gorilla investigat ... | 1998 | 9678355 |
| dental microwear of griphopithecus alpani. | the examination of microscopic dental wear allows inferences to be made about diet in extinct species. this study reconstructs the diet of griphopithecus alpani, a 15 ma fossil hominoid from the miocene site of paşalar in north-western turkey, using scanning electron microscopy (sem) to examine the microscopic wear on its molar teeth. the microwear patterns of griphopithecus are compared with those of three extant hominoid taxa-gorilla gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes verus, and pongo pygmaeus p ... | 1999 | 9924132 |
| shape of the piriform aperture in gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes, and modern homo sapiens: characterization and polymorphism analysis. | by using new methodologies based on automatic image analysis, the shape of the piriform aperture was analyzed in gorilla gorilla (33 males, 13 females), pan troglodytes (35 males, 22 females), and modern homo sapiens (30 males, 12 females). the determination of the piriform aperture index (breadth/height) allowed the authors to demonstrate a marked elongation of the aperture in homo compared with gorilla and pan. individual characterization of the shape was possible with great precision and with ... | 1998 | 9696146 |
| a gene recently inactivated in human defines a new olfactory receptor family in mammals. | the olfactory receptor (or) gene family constitutes one of the largest multigene families and is distributed among many chromosomal sites in the human genome. four or families have been defined in mammals. we previously demonstrated that a high fraction of human or sequences have incurred deleterious mutations, thus reducing the repertoire of functional or genes. in this study, we have characterized a new or gene, 912-93, in primates. this gene is unique and it defines a new or family. it locali ... | 1998 | 9700185 |
| the members of the rh gene family (rh50 and rh30) followed different evolutionary pathways. | the evolution of the rh gene family is characterized by two major duplication events, the first one originating the rh50 and rh30 genes and the second one giving rise to rhce and rhd, the two paralogous rh30 genes which encode the rh blood group antigens in human. the new sequence data obtained here for mouse rh50 and rh30 and for macaque rh50 allowed us to compare the evolutionary rates of the two genes and to show that rh50 evolved about 2.6 times more slowly than rh30 at nonsynonymous positio ... | 1999 | 9929383 |
| sequence analysis of a variety of primate fertilin alpha genes: evidence for non-functional genes in the gorilla and man. | the sperm surface fertilin complex was first described in the guinea pig where it was found as a heterodimer of alpha and beta subunits, both of which were proposed to play a role in sperm-oolemma recognition and plasma membrane fusion during fertilisation. whilst the beta subunit is apparently testis-specific, the finding of low levels of fertilin alpha in nonreproductive tissues has cast some doubt on a unique role in fertilisation. moreover, the absence of a functional fertilin alpha gene in ... | 1998 | 9712322 |
| comparative mapping of the cri du chat and digeorge syndrome regions in the great apes. | structural variations between great ape and human chromosomes due to pericentric inversions and translocations have created at apparent controversy during the reconstruction of hominoid phylogeny. one such variation involves human chromosome 5, which is equivalent to chromosome 4 in chimpanzee and orangutan but equivalent to segments of chromosomes 4 and 19 in gorilla. obviously, neither banding patterns nor centromeric indecies in these chromosomes match. the pathological condition of cri du ch ... | 1998 | 9718678 |
| evolutionary divergence of the oncogenes gli, hst and int2. | almost a quarter of a century ago, the banding patterns of human and other higher primate chromosomes were compared, creating a barrage of speculation. consequently, a number of approaches have been used to understand human descent. chromosome modifications are believed to be important in the origin of species, and pericentric inversions account for the majority of evolutionary chromosomal alterations seen in hominoidea. a comparative mapping fluorescence in situ hybridization technique, using l ... | 1998 | 9720300 |
| analysis of urine from free-ranging mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) for normal physiologic values. | voided urine samples were collected from apparently healthy free-living mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) and analyzed for normal physiologic values. mountain gorillas were found to have a high urinary ph (x = 8.45) and low specific gravity (x = 1.013). commercial dipsticks appear to be unreliable for the measurement of specific gravity and leukocytes. the establishment of urinary reference intervals should aid in the noninvasive detection of certain diseases in the mountain gorilla a ... | 1998 | 10065852 |
| full-length l1 elements have arisen recently in the same 1-kb region of the gorilla and human genomes. | new copies of the mammalian retrotransposon l1 arise in the germline at an undetermined rate. each new l1 copy appears at a specific evolutionary time point that can be estimated by phylogenetic analysis. in humans, the active l1 sequence l1.2 resides at the genomic locus lre1. here we analyzed the region surrounding the lre1 locus in humans and gorillas to determine the evolutionary history of the region and to estimate the age of l1.2. we found that the region was composed of an ancient l1, l1 ... | 1998 | 9732456 |
| technical note: modeling primate occlusal topography using geographic information systems technology. | most functional analyses of primate tooth form have been limited to linear or area measurements. such studies have offered but a limited glimpse at differences in occlusal relief among taxa. such differences in dental topography may relate to tooth function and, so, have considerable implications for the inference of diet from fossil teeth. in this article, we describe a technique to model and compare primate molars in three dimensions using geographic resources analysis support system (grass) s ... | 1998 | 9740307 |
| gorilla behaviour. | | 1998 | 9751818 |
| interindividual spatial proximity in two captive groups of western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | | 1998 | 9751832 |
| evidence from urinary cortisol that maternal behavior is related to stress in gorillas. | by studying western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla, n = 8) in zoological gardens via ethological and non-invasive physiological techniques, we have demonstrated that their postpartum maternal behavior is related negatively to their postpartum urinary titers of cortisol. on the basis of this finding, it is proposed that postpartum stress contributes to disrupted maternal behavior in the gorilla in captivity. morning urine samples were collected with a mean sampling interval of 1.6 days ... | 1998 | 9761215 |
| spontaneous cleft palate in a newborn gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | objective: we report the first case of cleft palate in a newborn male gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). case history and results: the full-term infant was born to clinically healthy, wild-caught parents and survived 5 days. autopsy disclosed a unilateral cleft palate, moderate scalp hemorrhage (birth versus postnatal trauma), cerebral edema, and a sterile fibrin vegetation in the heart. the palate was also shorter and narrower than expected, and the biorbital breadth was reduced; otherwise, gro ... | 1998 | 9761564 |
| the government's use of the civil false claims act to enforce standards of quality of care: ingenuity or the heavy hand of the 800-pound gorilla. | fraud and abuse issues abound in health care. a new, rather unique assertion is that submitting a bill for health care that is inadequate constitutes a violation of the civil false claims act. the authors contend that there are more effective and appropriate ways to address poor quality of care, and that using the false claims act in this matter is like fitting a square peg in a round hole. | 1997 | 10173276 |
| patterns of sexual dimorphism in the hominoid distal humerus. | basic biomechanical principles predict that body size differences and differences in the positional behavior of primates should impact on the design of the locomotor skeleton. allometric distortions in joint shape might be expected between sexes if the degree of body size dimorphism is substantial and/or if sex-specific differences exist in behavior. nevertheless, there are few documented cases of sexual dimorphism in the limb joints of hominoids, despite substantial body size dimorphism and som ... | 1999 | 10208792 |
| variations in molar enamel thickness among primates. | because of its hardness, resistance to abrasion and its influence on crown morphology, molar enamel thickness is an important factor in adaptation of the dentition to the diet. enamel thickness has also been discussed extensively in relation to the phylogenetic relationships among the hominoids. the aims of this study were: (1) to analyse enamel thickness/tooth size relationships among primates as a whole, and (2) to evaluate variations in enamel thickness among hominoids against the background ... | 1998 | 9774508 |
| a structural difference between the cell surfaces of humans and the great apes. | the sialic acids are major components of the cell surfaces of animals of the deuterostome lineage. earlier studies suggested that humans may not express n-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (neu5gc), a hydroxylated form of the common sialic acid n-acetyl-neuraminic acid (neu5ac). we find that while neu5gc is essentially undetectable on human plasma proteins and erythrocytes, it is a major component in all the four extant great apes (chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla and orangutan) as well as in many other mamma ... | 1998 | 9786333 |
| the flavin-containing monooxygenase 2 gene (fmo2) of humans, but not of other primates, encodes a truncated, nonfunctional protein. | flavin-containing monooxygenases (fmos) are nadph-dependent flavoenzymes that catalyze the oxidation of heteroatom centers in numerous drugs and xenobiotics. fmo2, or "pulmonary" fmo, one of five forms of the enzyme identified in mammals, is expressed predominantly in lung and differs from other fmos in that it can catalyze the n-oxidation of certain primary alkylamines. we describe here the isolation and characterization of cdnas for human fmo2. analysis of the sequence of the cdnas and of a se ... | 1998 | 9804831 |
| protein deficiency in a colony of western lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla) | a syndrome of alopecia and weight loss in a colony of 10 western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in gabon during a 3-yr period was apparently due to a dietary protein deficiency, with nine individuals affected to some extent. the most severely afflicted was a 4-yr-old female who eventually died as a result of acute gastroenteritis caused by shigella flexneri. clinical signs included chronic alopecia, hair discoloration, failure to thrive, and weight loss, and their severity was direct ... | 1998 | 9809596 |
| identification of evolutionarily invariant sequences in the protein c gene promoter. | recent studies on human protein c gene expression have revealed the presence of three transcription factor binding sites in close proximity to the transcription start site. binding sites for the liver-enriched hepatocyte nuclear factors 1 and 3 (hnf-1 and hnf-3, respectively) are located immediately upstream of the transcription start site, whereas just downstream of the start site a presently unidentified transcription factor may bind. to identify other candidate transcription factor binding si ... | 1998 | 9847407 |
| molecular timing of primate divergences as estimated by two nonprimate calibration points. | the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) molecule of the hamadryas baboon, papio hamadryas, was sequenced and included in a molecular analysis of 24 complete mammalian mtdnas. the particular aim of the study was to time the divergence between cercopithecoidea and hominoidea. that divergence, set at 30 million years before present (mybp) was a fundamental reference for the original proposal of recent hominoid divergences, according to which the split among gorilla, chimpanzee, and homo took place 5 ... | 1998 | 9847414 |
| interspecies comparative genome hybridization and interspecies representational difference analysis reveal gross dna differences between humans and great apes. | comparative chromosome g-/r-banding, comparative gene mapping and chromosome painting techniques have demonstrated that only few chromosomal rearrangements occurred during great ape and human evolution. interspecies comparative genome hybridization (cgh), used here in this study, between human, gorilla and pygmy chimpanzee revealed species-specific regions in all three species. in contrast to the human, a far more complex distribution of species-specific blocks was detected with cgh in gorilla a ... | 1998 | 9865788 |
| a long terminal repeat of the human endogenous retrovirus erv-9 is located in the 5' boundary area of the human beta-globin locus control region. | transcription of the human beta-like globin genes in erythroid cells is regulated by the far-upstream locus control region (lcr). in an attempt to define the 5' border of the lcr, we have cloned and sequenced 5 kb of new upstream dna. we found an ltr retrotransposon belonging to the erv-9 family of human endogenous retroviruses in the apparent 5' boundary area of the lcr. this erv-9 ltr contains an unusual u3 enhancer region composed of 14 tandem repeats with recurrent gata, caccc, and ccaat mot ... | 1998 | 9878258 |
| laminar organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the gorilla. | | 1998 | 9885341 |
| articular surface defects in the third metatarsal and third cuneiform: nonosseous tarsal coalition. | frequencies of articular surface defects on the third metatarsal and third cuneiform, seen as pits of varying sizes on the plantar one third of the tarsometatarsal articular face, were investigated in skeletal populations from north america and japan, as well as in gibbon, orangutan, chimpanzee, and gorilla skeletons. the apes did not exhibit the defects, although the number of observed specimens of each type was small. the newly presented human frequencies corresponded well with those from othe ... | 1999 | 10342465 |
| gorilla rh-like genes and antigens. | it has been previously shown that most of the human igg monoclonal d-specific antibodies define a polymorphism in the gorilla consisting of two phenotypes: dgor-positive and dgor-negative. by quantitative indirect immunofluorescence assay and quantitative immunoblotting it was evaluated that the number of dgor antigenic sites per gorilla red cell varies from a level equivalent to that observed for human rhd-positive cells to a level eight times higher. by immunoblotting with a rabbit reagent spe ... | 1999 | 9887349 |
| determination of ancestral alleles for human single-nucleotide polymorphisms using high-density oligonucleotide arrays. | here we report the application of high-density oligonucleotide array (dna chip)-based analysis to determine the distant history of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in current human populations. we analysed orthologues for 397 human snp sites (identified in ceph pedigrees from amish, venezuelan and utah populations) from 23 common chimpanzee, 19 pygmy chimpanzee and 11 gorilla genomic dna samples. from this data we determined 214 proposed ancestral alleles (the sequence found in the last co ... | 1999 | 10369258 |
| evolution of chromosome y in primates. | we have investigated, by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish), the cytogenetic evolution of the y chromosome in primates using 17 yeast artificial chromosomes, representative of the y-specific euchromatic region of the human chromosome y. the fish experiments were performed on great apes (homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla and pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus), and on two old world monkeys species as an outgroup (cercopitecidae macaca fascicularis and papio anubis). the results showed th ... | 1998 | 9745049 |
| characterization of a macaque anti-rh17-like monoclonal antibody. | in order to produce macaque monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against human red blood cell (rbc) antigens, macaques were immunized with human and gorilla rbcs and their spleen lymphocytes were fused with man-mouse heteromyeloma cells. one macaque-mouse heterohybridoma produced a macaque iggx (cvn2-4d5) which agglutinated all human rbcs but not rare human variants dc-,d-, and rhnull. thus, cyn2-4d5 exhibited rh17-like reactivity. the specificity of cyn2-4d5 for rhce-encoded polypeptides was confirmed ... | 1998 | 9745155 |
| molecular phylogenetics of the hominoid y chromosome. | the human y-chromosome plays a central role in sex determination, and is composed of dna sequences homologous to the y-chromosome, families of y-specific repetitive dna sequences, and single copy sequences. we investigated the chromosomal location of y-specific dna sequences, in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) technique. the yq subtelomeric dna sequences (dys427) have been observed to be ... | 1998 | 9747032 |
| south turkwel: a new pliocene hominid site in kenya. | new fossils discovered south of the turkwel river in northern kenya include an associated metacarpal, capitate, hamate, lunate, pedal phalanx, mandibular fragment, and teeth. these fossils probably date to around 3.5 m.y.a. faunal information suggests that the environment at south turkwel was predominantly bushland. the mandibular and dental remains are fragmentary, but the postcranial fossils are informative. comparisons with australopithecus, modern human, chimpanzee and gorilla hand bones sug ... | 1999 | 9924134 |
| the influence of alveolar structures on the torsional strain field in a gorilla corporeal cross-section. | anthropologists have often used mandibular torsional properties to make inferences about primate dietary adaptations. most of the methods employed are based on assumptions related to periodontal and alveolar properties. this study uses the finite element method to evaluate some of these assumptions with a cross-section through the third molar of a gorilla. results indicate that the properties of alveolar bone play an important role in determining the strain field. in comparison, the exact stiffn ... | 1998 | 9929172 |
| localization of human midisatellite and macrosatellite dna sequences on chromosomes 1 and x in the great apes. | the mechanism of speciation has remained largely unresolved, and hominoid evolutionary history based on chromosome rearrangements has been continuously challenged. the recent availability of the human-derived chromosome 1-specific midisatellite (d1z2) and chromosome x-specific macrosatellite (dxz4) dna sequence probes has prompted us to hybridize the aforementioned to the members of the hominoid clade (chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan), using the fluorescence in-situ hybridization technique. i ... | 1999 | 9929980 |
| recent amplification of the human frg1 gene during primate evolution. | there is evidence of multiple copies of the fshd region candidate gene 1 (frg1) in humans. analysis of human frg1 ests showed many of them to be non-processed pseudogenes dispersed throughout the genome. to determine when the amplification of frg1 occurred, we used a pcr-based approach to identify frg1 sequences from great apes, chimpanzee, gorilla and orang-utan, and an old world monkey, macaca mulatta. in common with humans, multiple copies of frg1 were detected in the great apes. however, in ... | 1999 | 9931447 |
| description of two mhc-c-related sequences in the new world monkey saguinus oedipus. | two new mhc class i partial exon 1, intron 1, exon 2, intron 2 and partial exon 3 dna sequences from the new world monkey saguinus oedipus (saoe) are described. these two sequences show certain mhc-c sequence-specific changes. the only difference between these two new sequences is a productive substitution at position 152 [gcg (ala)-->gag (glu)]. this change occurs in a position which in mhc classical class i molecules affects the interaction between the peptide and the t-cell receptor. a dendro ... | 1998 | 9949946 |
| did knuckle walking evolve twice? | although african great apes share a similar quadrupedal locomotor behaviour, there are marked differences in hand morphology and size between the species. hence, whilst all three species (two genera) of african ape frequently knuckle walk as adults, debate remains as to whether this behaviour is derived from a common ancestor or whether it evolved in parallel in chimpanzees and gorillas. this exploratory morphometric study of the sub-adult and adult wrist of these two genera aims to contribute t ... | 1999 | 10068065 |
| conservation of pericentromeric duplications of a 200-kb part of the human 21q22.1 region in primates. | we analyzed the conservation of large paralogous regions (more than 200 kb) on human chromosome regions 21q22.1 and 21q11.2 and on pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 2, 13, and 18 in three nonhuman primate species. orthologous regions were found by fish analysis of metaphase chromosomes from gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes, and pongo pygmaeus. only one orthologous region was detected in chromosomes of p. pygmaeus, showing that the original locus was at 21q22.1 and that the duplication arose ... | 1998 | 10072600 |
| growth changes in measurements of upper facial positioning. | growth changes in the position of the midline upper face are examined for samples of pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and modern humans. horizontal and vertical distances between nasion and the anterior end of the cribriform plate are plotted against stage of dental development. kendall's nonparametric correlations between facial positioning and stage of dental development are tested for significance. in african apes, the upper face becomes more projecting and positioned higher relative to the ... | 1999 | 10096679 |
| high polymorphism at the human melanocortin 1 receptor locus. | variation in human skin/hair pigmentation is due to varied amounts of eumelanin (brown/black melanins) and phaeomelanin (red/yellow melanins) produced by the melanocytes. the melanocortin 1 receptor (mc1r) is a regulator of eu- and phaeomelanin production in the melanocytes, and mc1r mutations causing coat color changes are known in many mammals. we have sequenced the mc1r gene in 121 individuals sampled from world populations with an emphasis on asian populations. we found variation at five non ... | 1999 | 10101176 |
| learn to manage the gorilla. | | 1995 | 10156668 |
| preparing its first national brand, columbia seeds an identity among its local hospitals. columbia/hca, nashville, tennessee. | columbia/hca, the industry's 800-pound gorilla, is at last building a national brand. in the process, it has created one of the largest-circulation in-house magazines in the u.s. and found a way to build an enviable direct mail database at the same time. | 1996 | 10161965 |
| a human endogenous retrovirus-like (herv) ltr formed more than 10 million years ago due to an insertion of herv-h ltr into the 5' ltr of herv-k is situated on human chromosomes 10, 19 and y. | a chimeric long terminal repeat (ltr) containing the whole ltr of a human endogenous retrovirus-like element of the h family (herv-h) inserted downstream of the core enhancer region of the 5' ltr of a herv-k retroelement was detected and sequenced in the human 19p12 locus, known to be enriched with genes encoding zinc finger proteins. similar chimeras were also detected in human chromosomes 10 and y in human-hamster hybrid cells containing individual human chromosomes. this finding was interpret ... | 1999 | 10211950 |
| phylogenetic history of hominoid drb loci and alleles inferred from intron sequences. | the evolutionary relationships among the mhc class ii drb4, drb5 and drb6 loci as well as the allelic lineages and alleles of the drb1 locus were studied based on intron 1 and intron 2 sequences from humans, chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), bonobo (pan paniscus) and gorilla (gorilla gorilla). the phylogenetic trees for these sequences indicate that most of the drb1 allelic lineages predate the separation of the hominoid species studied, consistent with previous analysis of the coding sequences of t ... | 1999 | 10319273 |
| population structure and group composition of western lowland gorillas in north-western republic of congo. | population studies are an essential part of conservation actions. under exceptional observation conditions we studied a western lowland gorilla population visiting the maya salt-clearing (north of the parc national d'odzala, p.n.o., congo) over an 8 month period; 36 groups and 18 solitary individuals (a total of 420 individuals) have been identified visiting the clearing, which suggests a high gorilla density in the region. ninety-six percent of the gorillas entered the clearing in groups. one-m ... | 1999 | 10326767 |
| factors affecting mirror behaviour in western lowland gorillas, gorilla gorilla. | to date, it has proven difficult to demonstrate mirror self-recognition in gorillas. however, gorillas display pronounced gaze aversion that may prevent them from spending a sufficient amount of time exploring their mirror images to understand that they are the source of their reflections. it has also been suggested that the presence of observers may inhibit gorillas from engaging in mark-directed behaviours. to overcome the problem of gaze aversion, we used an angled-mirror apparatus developed ... | 1999 | 10328785 |
| male mating patterns in wild multimale mountain gorilla groups. | although mountain gorillas, gorilla gorilla beringei, are classified as having a one-male mating system, approximately 40% of the social units are multimale groups. i observed two multimale groups of mountain gorillas at the karisoke research center, rwanda, africa, for 17 months to determine male mating patterns and male-male mating harassment in relation to both male dominance rank and female reproductive status. dominant males mated significantly more than did individual subordinate males, an ... | 1999 | 10328787 |
| comparative mapping of the region of human chromosome 7 deleted in williams syndrome. | williams syndrome (ws) is a complex developmental disorder resulting from the deletion of a large (approximately 1.5-2 mb) segment of human chromosome 7q11.23. physical mapping studies have revealed that this deleted region, which contains a number of known genes, is flanked by several large, nearly identical blocks of dna. the presence of such highly related dna segments in close physical proximity to one another has hampered efforts to elucidate the precise long-range organization of this segm ... | 1999 | 10330122 |
| evolution of a hoxb6 intergenic region within the great apes and humans. | data accumulated over the past decade from several loci suggest that nonhuman primates have a greater amount of intraspecific genetic variation relative to humans. in phylogenetic reconstructions among primates that are based on genetic data, therefore, it becomes essential to adequately sample the population(s) being analyzed. inadequate sampling may not only underestimate variation within any given population, but such an underestimate may confound any phylogenetic or population-specific concl ... | 1999 | 10330333 |
| tracing the origin of hla-drb1 alleles by microsatellite polymorphism. | we analyzed the origin of allelic diversity at the class ii hla-drb1 locus, using a complex microsatellite located in intron 2, close to the polymorphic second exon. a phylogenetic analysis of human, gorilla, and chimpanzee drb1 sequences indicated that the structure of the microsatellite has evolved, primarily by point mutations, from a putative ancestral (gt)x(ga)y-complex-dinucleotide repeat. in all contemporary drb1 allelic lineages, with the exception of the human *04 and the gorilla *08 li ... | 1999 | 10330359 |
| phylogenetic analysis of primate mic (perb11) sequences suggests that the representation of the gene family differs in different primates: comparison of mic (perb11) and c4. | duplication of segments within the mhc has led to numerous multicopy families such as class i, class ii, c4 and mic (perb11). different copy numbers between haplotypes and species may be explained by the extent of duplication and subsequent deletion. there are at least five copies of mic (perb11) in humans, but mica (perb11.1) appears to have been deleted from the chimpanzee. by comparing the sequences of primates (chimpanzee, gorilla, gibbon, orang-utan, pygmy chimpanzee, patas monkey, aethiops ... | 1999 | 10331161 |
| shape of the orbital opening: individual characterization and analysis of variability in modern humans, gorilla gorilla, and pan troglodytes. | the description of the human orbital shape is principally qualitative in the classical literature, and characterised by adjectives such as circular, rectangular or quadrangular. in order to provide a precise quantification and interpretation of this shape, a study based on automatic image analysis and fourier analysis was carried out on 45 human skulls (30 males, 15 females), and for comparison on 61 skulls of gorilla gorilla (40 males, 21 females), and 34 skulls of pan troglodytes (20 males, 14 ... | 1999 | 10363113 |
| origin and phylogenetic distribution of alu dna repeats: irreversible events in the evolution of primates. | over the past 60 million years, or so, approximately one million copies of alu dna repeats have accumulated in the genome of primates, in what appears to be an ongoing process. we determined the phylogenetic distribution of specific alu (and other) dna repeats in the genome of several primates: human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, baboon, rhesus, and macaque. at the population level studied, the majority of the repeats was found to be fixed in the primate species. our data suggest that new alu ... | 1999 | 10369767 |
| differential pharmacology between the guinea-pig and the gorilla 5-ht1d receptor as probed with isochromans (5-ht1d-selective ligands). | 1. both the 5-ht1d and 5-ht1b receptors are implicated in migraine pathophysiology. recently isochromans have been discovered to bind primate 5-ht1d receptors with much higher affinity than 5-ht1b receptors. in the guinea-pig, a primary animal model for anti-migraine drug testing, however, isochromans bound the 5-ht1d receptor with lower affinity than the gorilla receptor. 2. this species-specific pharmacology was investigated, using site-directed mutagenesis on cloned guinea-pig receptors heter ... | 1999 | 10385247 |
| pneumatic processes in the temporal bone of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) and gorilla (gorilla gorilla). | the ontogeny of human temporal bone pneumatization has been well studied from both comparative and clinical perspectives. while a difference in the extent of air cell distribution has been noted in our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas, the processes responsible have been relatively unexplored. to examine these processes, a large, age-graded series of hominoid skulls was radiographed and the progress of pneumatization recorded. additionally, a subsample of 30 chimpanzees and 12 ... | 1999 | 10420159 |
| corticotropin-releasing hormone in chimpanzee and gorilla pregnancies. | in humans, the length of gestation and the onset of parturition have been linked to the exponential production of placental crh and a late gestational decline in maternal plasma crh-binding protein (crh-bp). crh has been shown to have direct effects on the myometrium and on the fetal adrenal, where it stimulates production of the estrogen precursor dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate. in vitro placental crh production is stimulated by cortisol and inhibited by progesterone. to determine whether this ... | 1999 | 10443686 |
| total gorilla care. interview by charlotte alderman. | | 1999 | 10455665 |
| many human endogenous retrovirus k (herv-k) proviruses are unique to humans. | endogenous retroviruses contribute to the evolution of the host genome and can be associated with disease. human endogenous retrovirus k (herv-k) is related to the mouse mammary tumor virus and is present in the genomes of humans, apes and cercopithecoids (old world monkeys). it is unknown how long ago in primate evolution the full-length herv-k proviruses that are in the human genome today were formed. | 1999 | 10469592 |
| molecular evolution of the cmt1a-rep region: a human- and chimpanzee-specific repeat. | the cmt1a-rep repeat consists of two copies of a 24-kb sequence on human chromosome 17p11.2-12 that flank a 1.5-mb region containing a dosage-sensitive gene, peripheral nerve protein-22 (pmp22). unequal meiotic crossover mediated by misalignment of proximal and distal copies of the cmt1a-rep in humans leads to a 1.5-mb duplication or deletion associated with two common peripheral nerve diseases, charcot-marie-tooth disease type 1a (cmt1a) and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure pals ... | 1999 | 10474898 |
| anti-human red cell monoclonal antibodies produced by macaque-mouse heterohybridomas: their reactivity with human and nonhuman primate erythrocytes. | eighteen monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against human red blood cells (rbcs) produced by macaque mouse heterobybridomas gave uniformly positive reactions with all human samples except for some with particular null phenotypes. based on reactions with latter cells, the human antigenic targets of 11 antibodies could be identified: six were specific for glycophorin-related antigens (wr(b), en(a), ge4), and each of the live remaining antibodies showed one of the following specificities: cd55, cd44, cd5 ... | 1999 | 10475112 |
| evolution of mhc-g in primates: a different kind of molecule for each group of species. | when mhc-g molecules in primates (new world and old world monkeys, anthropoids and humans) were compared phylogenetically, very different evolutionary patterns within each species were found; their molecules did not have a straight forward and linear development throughout the postulated evolutionary pathway of primates. the earlier new world monkeys (south america) had relatively more alleles and the polymorphism was placed in the t-cell receptor (tcr), nk receptors and antigen binding sites; m ... | 1999 | 10479048 |
| localization of subtelomeric sequences of human chromosomes 1q, 11p, 13q, and 16q in the higher primates. | relative phylogenetic divergence of the members of the pongidae family has been based on genetic evidence. the recent isolation of subtelomeric probes specific for human (hsa) chromosomes 1q, 11p, 13q, and 16q has prompted us to cross-hybridize these to the chromosomes of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes, ptr), gorilla (gorilla gorilla, ggo), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus, ppy) to search for their equivalent locations in the great apes. hybridization signals to the 1q subtelomeric dna sequence pr ... | 1999 | 10483091 |
| chronic hypertension with subsequent congestive heart failure in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | chronic severe subclinical systemic hypertension was diagnosed in a 28-yr-old male western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, and echocardiography revealed an enlarged heart with a hypertrophied left ventricle, mitral regurgitation, and a persistent left bundle branch block. enalapril, later combined with nifedipine, was of some value in reducing the hypertension, with partial reversal of cardiac enlargement and resolution of the bundle branch b ... | 1999 | 10484143 |
| acute lymphocytic leukemia in a six-month-old western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | a 6-mo-old hand-raised male western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) was diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia based on complete blood count and bone marrow cytology. clinical signs of the disease were pyrexia, abdominal distention, splenomegaly, and lethargy. acute lymphocytic leukemia has rarely been reported in this species, and therapy was based on human oncologic protocols. remission induction chemotherapy resulted in complete clearing of leukemia cells from the bone marrow. co ... | 1999 | 10484144 |
| growth changes in internal and craniofacial flexion measurements. | growth changes in both internal and craniofacial flexion angles are presented for pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and modern humans. the internal flexion angle (ifa) was measured from lateral radiographs, and the craniofacial flexion angle (cfa) was calculated from coordinate data. stage of dental development is used as a baseline for examination of growth changes and nonparametric correlations between flexion angles and dental development stage are tested for significance. in gorilla, the ifa ... | 1999 | 10490467 |
| development of a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction procedure for the detection of marine caliciviruses with potential application for nucleotide sequencing. | a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) procedure is described for the detection of marine caliciviruses including vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv), san miguel sea lion virus (smsv), bovine tillamook virus (bcv bos-1) and caliciviruses (cv) isolated from dolphin (cetacean cv), gorilla (primate cv) and rattlesnake (reptile cv) using primers (1f and 1r) designed from the capsid-coding region of the viral genome. these primers were compared with those described by neill, ... | 1999 | 10507417 |