| molecular evolution of fibropapilloma-associated herpesviruses infecting juvenile green and loggerhead sea turtles. | chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (chhv5) has long been associated with fibropapillomatosis (fp) tumor disease in marine turtles. presenting primarily in juvenile animals, fp results in fibromas of the skin, connective tissue, and internal organs, which may indirectly affect fitness by obstructing normal turtle processes. chhv5 is near-universally present in tumorous tissues taken from affected animals, often at very high concentrations. however, there is also considerable asymptomatic carriage amongs ... | 2018 | 29960922 |
| conjunctival bacterial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility of captive and free-living sea turtles in brazil. | to describe the aerobic conjunctival bacterial flora of 3 especies of free-living and under human care sea turtles and determine its antimicrobial susceptibility in vitro. | 2019 | 29953719 |
| chronic debilitation in stranded loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) in the southeastern united states: morphometrics and clinicopathological findings. | chronically debilitated loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) (dt) are characterized by emaciation, lethargy, and heavy barnacle coverage. although histopathological findings associated with this condition have been reported, only limited data is available on health variables with clinical application. the objectives of this study were to 1) to compare morphometrics, clinicopathological variables, and immune functions of dts to a group of apparently healthy loggerhead turtles to better unders ... | 2018 | 29990325 |
| an immune response-based approach to evaluate physiological stress in rehabilitating loggerhead sea turtle. | the sea turtles maintaining in rescue centres can cause physiological stress to the animals with subsequent effects, such as the imbalance of immune system components. it is therefore crucial to investigate how innate immune responses are influenced by stress within recovery centers with the aim to use them as primary tools for the evaluation of the rescued specimens' health status and for developing more effective conservative strategies. in this study we monitored for the first time different ... | 2019 | 30593346 |
| aeromonas induced polyostotic osteomyelitis in a juvenile loggerhead sea turtle caretta caretta. | bacterial bone infections have been occasionally reported in wild sea turtles. this study reports on a sub-adult caretta caretta affected by aeromonas hydrophila osteomyelitis, with extensive involvement of cranial and caudal flippers. the turtle was severely debilitated, had limited flipper mobility and showed signs of pain in reaction to manipulation. radiographs and computed tomography revealed multiple lytic bone lesions. since an infectious polyostotic osteomyelitis was suspected, the turtl ... | 2018 | 30530932 |
| gene expression profiles of putative biomarkers in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. | there is evidence that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) are consistently the predominant organic contaminants in concentration found in loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) from the north and central adriatic sea. hence this study investigates the pah toxicity to loggerheads by using a particular set of genes [i.e. cyp1b, cat, gpx, gstt1, sod3, dnmt1, epoxide hydrolase 1 (ephx1), poly (adp-ribose) polymerase 1 (parp1), lamin-a/c isoform 3 (lmna), talin 1 (tln1), annexin a1 (anxa1)] wh ... | 2019 | 30529946 |
| marine debris as a barrier: assessing the impacts on sea turtle hatchlings on their way to the ocean. | marine debris is dispersed worldwide and has a considerable impact on biodiversity. in this study, the effect of marine debris on the time needed for hatchling loggerheads to reach the ocean once they have emerged from the nest was investigated. after a preliminary census of marine debris on different beaches of boa vista island, cape verde, a field test was carried out with four different scenarios: low density marine debris, medium density marine debris, high density marine debris, and a contr ... | 2018 | 30503459 |
| the true depth of the mediterranean plastic problem: extreme microplastic pollution on marine turtle nesting beaches in cyprus. | we sampled 17 nesting sites for loggerhead (caretta caretta) and green turtles (chelonia mydas) in cyprus. microplastics (<5 mm) were found at all locations and depths, with particularly high abundance in superficial sand. the top 2 cm of sand presented grand mean ± sd particle counts of 45,497 ± 11,456 particles m-3 (range 637-131,939 particles m-3). the most polluted beaches were among the worst thus far recorded, presenting levels approaching those previously recorded in guangdong, south chin ... | 2018 | 30509815 |
| sixteen year (2002-2017) record of sea turtle strandings on samandağ beach, the eastern mediterranean coast of turkey. | bektaş sönmez (2018) data on stranded sea turtles allow us to obtain information about age classes, temporal and spatial distributions, and mortality rates in turtles. this study aims to investigate life stages, temporal variation in the number of stranded, body size trend, causes of stranding, and scute deviation of stranded sea turtles on samandağ beach, the eastern mediterranean coast of turkey during 2002-2017. a total of 302 stranded dead turtles were found. among these, 167 (55.4%) of them ... | 2018 | 31966293 |
| assessing climate change associated sea-level rise impacts on sea turtle nesting beaches using drones, photogrammetry and a novel gps system. | climate change associated sea-level rise (slr) is expected to have profound impacts on coastal areas, affecting many species, including sea turtles which depend on these habitats for egg incubation. being able to accurately model beach topography using digital terrain models (dtms) is therefore crucial to project slr impacts and develop effective conservation strategies. traditional survey methods are typically low-cost with low accuracy or high-cost with high accuracy. we present a novel combin ... | 2019 | 30430701 |
| purpuriocillium lilacinum infection in captive loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings. | this paper reports a case of purpureocillium lilacinum infection in seven loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta) hatchlings kept in an aquarium under inadequate condition. the fungus was isolated from skin and pulmonary lesions. metilene blue and nacl solutions, schinus terebinthifolius and eucalyptus essential oils minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined indicating new possibilities for treatment. | 2019 | 30425920 |
| multidetector computed tomographic anatomy of the lungs in the loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta). | multidetector computed tomographic (ct) anatomy was used to evaluate the lungs of 10 loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta) without pulmonary disease, in order to provide a baseline of turtle lung anatomy by ct imaging. in all patients, in this retrospective anatomic study, the ct datasets were carefully evaluated for assessment of the bronchial tree morphology and branching pattern, of the arborization pattern of pulmonary arteries and veins and of the bronchoarterial-bronchovenous diameter ra ... | 2019 | 30418708 |
| qualitative and quantitative methods for estimating spirorchiidiasis burden in sea turtles. | infection by blood flukes hapalotrema mistroides and neospirorchis sp. (digenea: spirorchiidae) has been recently reported in caretta caretta (linnaeus, 1758) in the mediterranean sea. observations of post mortem lesions are generally used to assess disease severity, and few attempts have been made to standardize the evaluation of the parasitic burden from tissue egg counts. faeces and spleen homogenates of 105 loggerheads from the northwestern adriatic sea were submitted to a sedimentation-flot ... | 2018 | 30416958 |
| seafinding revisited: how hatchling marine turtles respond to natural lighting at a nesting beach. | hatchling marine turtles emerge at night from underground nests on oceanic beaches and then use visual cues to crawl from the nest site to the sea ("seafinding"). however, the light wavelengths (λ's) used to accomplish this orientation have not been thoroughly documented, nor do we understand why some λ's are favored over others. we measured nocturnal radiance on the horizon at 20 nm intervals between 340 and 600 nm at two nesting beach sites and then, under laboratory conditions, determined the ... | 2018 | 30367271 |
| two decades of monitoring in marine debris ingestion in loggerhead sea turtle, caretta caretta, from the western mediterranean. | anthropogenic marine debris is one of the major worldwide threats to marine ecosystems. the eu marine strategy framework directive (msfd) has established a protocol for data collection on marine debris from the gut contents of the loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta), and for determining assessment values of plastics for good environmental status (ges). ges values are calculated as percent turtles having more than average plastic weight per turtle. in the present study, we quantify marine deb ... | 2019 | 30352351 |
| deciphering function of the pulmonary arterial sphincters in loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta). | to provide new insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying gas emboli (ge) in bycaught loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta), we investigated the vasoactive characteristics of the pulmonary and systemic arteries, and the lung parenchyma (lp). tissues were opportunistically excised from recently dead animals for in vitro studies of vasoactive responses to four different neurotransmitters: acetylcholine (ach; parasympathetic), serotonin (5ht), adrenaline (adr; sympathetic) and his ... | 2018 | 30348649 |
| trace elements influence the hatching success and emergence of caretta caretta and chelonia mydas. | trace elements from industrial, domestic and agricultural activities can be transferred into marine environments, affecting the survival of sea species. due to their global distribution, sea turtles are recognized as indicators of ocean pollution. the aim of this work was to quantify ba, cd, cr, cu, fe, mn, pb, sr and zn using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (icp-oes) in the eggs and offspring of caretta caretta and chelonia mydas from two important nesting beaches, guan ... | 2018 | 30262268 |
| the global three: a malaysian lens on the challenges and opportunities facing restorative justice planning and implementation. | from the rise of restorative justice to evidence-based approaches to reducing recidivism, the intellectual landscape of criminal justice has seen considerable change in recent decades. the result is that an increasing number of countries have tackled the task of shifting preexisting political institutions to confirm with these new understandings. this is, of course, no easy feat. a great number of challenges confront willing policymakers, a reality that often puts philosophy at loggerheads with ... | 2019 | 30245370 |
| inhalant anesthetic recovery following intramuscular epinephrine in the loggerhead sea turtle ( caretta caretta). | prolonged anesthetic recovery time is a common complication of chelonian inhalant anesthesia and may be exacerbated by right-to-left intracardiac shunting of blood. epinephrine may decrease intracardiac shunting, which may shorten anesthetic recovery time. the study objective was to assess inhalant anesthetic recovery time following intramuscular epinephrine compared with saline in the loggerhead sea turtle ( caretta caretta). with the use of a prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover design ... | 2018 | 30212344 |
| polymer identification of plastic debris ingested by pelagic-phase sea turtles in the central pacific. | pelagic pacific sea turtles eat relatively large quantities of plastic (median 5 g in gut). using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we identified the polymers ingested by 37 olive ridley, 9 green, and 4 loggerhead turtles caught as bycatch in hawaii- and american samoa-based longline fisheries. unidentifiable samples were analyzed using high-temperature size exclusion chromatography with multiple detectors and/or x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. regardless of species differences in dive ... | 2018 | 30207718 |
| come on baby, let's do the twist: the kinematics of killing in loggerhead shrikes. | shrikes use their beaks for procuring, dispatching and processing their arthropod and vertebrate prey. however, it is not clear how the raptor-like bill of this predatory songbird functions to kill vertebrate prey that may weigh more than the shrike itself. in this paper, using high-speed videography, we observed that upon seizing prey with their beaks, shrikes performed rapid (6-17 hz; 49-71 rad s-1) axial head-rolling movements. these movements accelerated the bodies of their prey about their ... | 2018 | 30185607 |
| incidental catch of loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) along the sicilian coasts by longline fishery. | it has been estimated that 44,000 caretta caretta turtles die every year due to anthropomorphic activity in the mediterranean sea, and that longline fishing is one of the most significant causes of mortality. a total of 482 specimens of c. caretta were rescued from different parts of the sicilian coast (mediterranean sea) from 2014 to 2016. the most numerous stranding was recorded during the spring and summer seasons, mainly along the north and eastern coasts of sicily. the curved carapace lengt ... | 2018 | 30123712 |
| ingested micronizing plastic particle compositions and size distributions within stranded post-hatchling sea turtles. | from july 2015 to november 2016, 96 post-hatchling sea turtles were collected from 118 km of the atlantic coastline in florida, usa, including loggerhead, green, and hawksbill sea turtle species. forty-five of the recovered turtles were rehabilitated and released, but the remaining 52 died and were frozen. at necropsy, the gastrointestinal tracts of most the turtles contained visible plastic, and collected particles of 27 individuals were chemically characterized by raman microscopy as polyethyl ... | 2018 | 30118591 |
| the early ontogeny of carapace armoring in hawksbill sea turtles (eretmochelys imbricata), with comparisons to its close relatives (loggerhead, caretta caretta; kemp's ridley, lepidochelys kempii). | in this study, we compare and contrast armoring strategies during early ontogeny among three related species of marine turtles: the hawksbill, a species that diverged about 29 mya from the loggerhead and kemp's ridley, which diverged from one another about 16 mya. our purpose was to determine whether there was a correlation between divergence time and the evolution of unique morphological armoring specializations among these species. to find out, we completed a more detailed analysis of shell mo ... | 2018 | 30105840 |
| incubation and water temperatures influence the performances of loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings during the dispersal phase. | artificial manipulation of incubation temperature has been proposed as a potential strategy for mitigating the effects of climate change on sea turtles for which sex determination is temperature-dependent, but thermal manipulation may also affect hatchling survival. here, we demonstrated that incubation and water temperatures influenced several performance traits that contribute to the survival of loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) during the post-hatchling dispersal phase. hatchlings from ... | 2018 | 30093615 |
| faecal bacterial communities from mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta). | the loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta) is the most widespread sea turtle species in the mediterranean sea and a relevant pollution 'flagship species'. here, we profiled the faecal microbiota from 29 c. caretta from a rescue centre, and explored the impact of several variables linked to both the animal itself and the environment (i.e., tank water ecosystem). we show that loggerhead turtles share more gut microbiota features with carnivorous marine mammals, than with phylogenetically close, b ... | 2019 | 30047254 |
| expression of human mutant cyclin dependent kinase 4, cyclin d and telomerase extends the life span but does not immortalize fibroblasts derived from loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta). | conservation of the genetic resources of endangered animals is crucial for future generations. the loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta) is a critically endangered species, because of human hunting, hybridisation with other sea turtle species, and infectious diseases. in the present study, we established primary fibroblast cell lines from the loggerhead sea turtle, and showed its species specific chromosome number is 2n = 56, which is identical to that of the hawksbill and olive ridley sea tur ... | 2018 | 29925962 |
| histopathological, ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic analysis of a novel microsporidium in a loggerhead sea turtle caretta caretta. | microsporidial spores were identified in the musculature of a loggerhead sea turtle caretta caretta found dead on the shore in new brunswick, canada. gastroenteritis was diagnosed on gross postmortem examination, with no gross abnormalities detected in the skeletal muscle. histologically, the microsporidial spores were associated with inflammation and muscular necrosis and measured 1.1-1.7 × 2.2-3.4 µm. spores were typically identified within sporophorous vesicles and, less often, in sporophoroc ... | 2018 | 29916390 |
| microplastic at nesting grounds used by the northern gulf of mexico loggerhead recovery unit. | microplastics can impact key habitats used by endangered species, such as marine turtles. they impact the environment by transporting toxicants and altering sediment properties affecting temperature and sediment permeability. our study determined the exposure of the ten most important nesting sites for the northern gulf of mexico loggerhead recovery unit to microplastic. sand samples were obtained at each nesting site during the 2017 nesting season and analyzed for abundance and characteristics ... | 2018 | 29886953 |
| ultrasonographic detection of ingested fishing lines in loggerheads ( caretta caretta). | loggerhead sea turtles ( caretta caretta) are among the most frequent victims of bycatch in drifting longlines, and the ingestion of fish hooks and fishing lines is one of the most frequent causes of death of sea turtles. the aim of this study was to evaluate whether coelomic ultrasound (us) can be decisive, not only for diagnosis but also to optimize surgical planning based on preoperative evaluation of the bowel conditions and, in addition, to see if there are characteristic sonographic findin ... | 2018 | 29791295 |
| monoclonal antibodies against loggerhead sea turtle, caretta caretta, igy isoforms reveal differential contributions to antibody titers and relatedness among other sea turtles. | serum from loggerhead sea turtles, caretta caretta, was collected from the southeast atlantic ocean during routine summer monitoring studies in 2017. serum immunoglobulin igy was purified and used to develop igy isoform-specific monoclonal antibodies (mab). mab lh12 was developed against the 66 kda heavy chain of igy, mab lh1 was developed against the truncated heavy chain of approximately 37 kda, and mab lh9 was developed against the 23 kda light chains. mab lh9 reacts with the light chains of ... | 2018 | 29787778 |
| high resting metabolic rates with low thermal dependence induce active dives in overwintering pacific juvenile loggerhead turtles. | the metabolic rate and activity of sea turtles generally decreases with decreasing seasonal ambient temperature. juvenile loggerhead turtles in the mediterranean sea made prolonged inactive dives (>400 min), indicating a state of dormancy during the cold winter period. however, seasonal differences in dive duration were not detected in juvenile loggerheads in the western north pacific, even though the ambient water temperature changed by more than 10°c. thus, metabolic states might differ among ... | 2018 | 29748215 |
| first ecotoxicological assessment of caretta caretta (linnaeus, 1758) in the mediterranean sea using an integrated nondestructive protocol. | the loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta) is a long-lived carnivorous reptile included in the iucn red list. the iucn assessment for this species underlines the lack of information regarding pollution and pathogens and indicates as a priority effort to investigate and reduce the impacts of these threats. in this contest, the aim of our study was to conduct the first ecotoxicological assessment of this species in the mediterranean sea using a nondestructive integrated methodology. we set up and ... | 2018 | 29727947 |
| combined use of two supervised learning algorithms to model sea turtle behaviours from tri-axial acceleration data. | accelerometers are becoming ever more important sensors in animal-attached technology, providing data that allow determination of body posture and movement and thereby helping to elucidate behaviour in animals that are difficult to observe. we sought to validate the identification of sea turtle behaviours from accelerometer signals by deploying tags on the carapace of a juvenile loggerhead (caretta caretta), an adult hawksbill (eretmochelys imbricata) and an adult green turtle (chelonia mydas) a ... | 2018 | 29661804 |
| evidence that magnetic navigation and geomagnetic imprinting shape spatial genetic variation in sea turtles. | the canonical drivers of population genetic structure, or spatial genetic variation, are isolation by distance and isolation by environment. isolation by distance predicts that neighboring populations will be genetically similar and geographically distant populations will be genetically distinct [1]. numerous examples also exist of isolation by environment, a phenomenon in which populations that inhabit similar environments (e.g., same elevation, temperature, or vegetation) are genetically simil ... | 2018 | 29657117 |
| association between nighttime artificial light pollution and sea turtle nest density along florida coast: a geospatial study using viirs remote sensing data. | artificial lighting at night has becoming a new type of pollution posing an important anthropogenic environmental pressure on organisms. the objective of this research was to examine the potential association between nighttime artificial light pollution and nest densities of the three main sea turtle species along florida beaches, including green turtles, loggerheads, and leatherbacks. sea turtle survey data was obtained from the "florida statewide nesting beach survey program". we used the new ... | 2018 | 29649758 |
| effect of maternal foraging habitat on offspring quality in the loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta). | exploring a trade-off between quantity and quality of offspring allows differences in the fitness between alternative life histories to be accurately evaluated. we addressed the mechanism that maintains alternative life histories (small oceanic planktivores vs. large neritic benthivores) observed in a loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta) population, which has been suggested to be environmental, based on the lack of genetic structure and a large difference in reproductive output. we examined w ... | 2018 | 29607045 |
| humoral immune responses to select marine bacteria in loggerhead sea turtles caretta caretta and kemp's ridley sea turtles lepidochelys kempii from the southeastern united states. | serum from kemp's ridley sea turtles lepidochelys kempii and loggerhead sea turtles caretta caretta was collected during summer in 2011, 2012, and 2013. serum immunoglobulin y (igy) recognition of lysate proteins from nine bacterial species and whole bacterium-specific igy titers to these pathogens were quantified. serum and purified igy recognized proteins of all bacteria, with protein recognition for some species being more pronounced than others. circulating igy titers against vibrio vulnific ... | 2018 | 29595888 |
| baseline corticosterone, hematology, and biochemistry results and correlations to reproductive success in nesting loggerhead sea turtles ( caretta caretta). | characterizing the health status and reproductive success of wild populations of sea turtles can be difficult; however, obtaining data to do this can provide important insight into the stability and long-term success of a population. this study examined the use of baseline corticosterone to assess reproductive success of a population of nesting loggerhead sea turtles ( caretta caretta) on jekyll island, georgia and investigated hematological and biochemical trends in this population. a total of ... | 2018 | 29517442 |
| author correction: sporadic nesting reveals long distance colonisation in the philopatric loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta). | a correction to this article has been published and is linked from the html and pdf versions of this paper. the error has been fixed in the paper. | 2018 | 29515173 |
| blood analytes of oceanic-juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) from azorean waters: reference intervals, size-relevant correlations and comparisons to neritic loggerheads from western atlantic coastal waters. | blood analyte reference intervals are scarce for immature life stages of the loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta). the objectives of this study were to (1) document reference intervals of packed cell volume (pcv) and 20 plasma chemistry analytes from wild oceanic-juvenile stage loggerhead turtles from azorean waters, (2) investigate correlations with body size (minimum straight carapace length: sclmin) and (3) compare plasma chemistry data to those from older, larger neritic juveniles (<80 cm ... | 2018 | 29479433 |
| chasing phthalates in tissues of marine turtles from the mediterranean sea. | tissues from thirteen specimens of marine turtles, one dermochelys coriacea and twelve caretta caretta, found dead along the sicilian coasts in 2016 were analyzed for the presence of phthalates. four phthalates (dep, dbp, bbp, and dehp) were found at different significant concentrations in liver and gonads, while only dbp was found in muscle tissues and at a fourfold lower concentration than other phthalates in dermochelys coriacea. no traces of dep were detected in c. caretta tissues where dotp ... | 2018 | 29475650 |
| impact of gas emboli and hyperbaric treatment on respiratory function of loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta). | fisheries interactions are the most serious threats for sea turtle populations. despite the existence of some rescue centres providing post-traumatic care and rehabilitation, adequate treatment is hampered by the lack of understanding of the problems incurred while turtles remain entrapped in fishing gears. recently it was shown that bycaught loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) could experience formation of gas emboli (ge) and develop decompression sickness (dcs) after trawl and gillnet int ... | 2018 | 29340152 |
| 1h-nmr metabolomic study of whole blood from hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) exposed to crude oil and/or corexit. | we used proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1h-nmr) to evaluate metabolic impacts of environmentally relevant crude oil and corexit exposures on the physiology of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta). sample extraction and data acquisition methods for very small volume whole blood samples and sources of variation between individual hatchlings were assessed. sixteen unclotted, whole blood samples were obtained from 7-day-old hatchlings after a 4-day cutaneous exposure to ... | 2017 | 29291126 |
| contribution to the morphological description of the marine leech, <i>ozobranchus</i> <i>margoi</i> (apáthy) (rhynchobdellida: ozobranchidae) by using combined histology, micro-ct and sem. | the ozobranchid leech, ozobranchus margoi (apáthy, 1890), parasite of the loggerhead turtle, caretta caretta (linnæus), was described through a multilevel approach including three different techniques: scanning electronic microscopy, histology and micro-ct. new insights are provided concerning the structure of the sensilla on the body, the eyes with emphasis on the structure of photoreceptors, the digestive system and the reproductive organs. | 2017 | 29242432 |
| first satellite tracks of south atlantic sea turtle 'lost years': seasonal variation in trans-equatorial movement. | in the south atlantic ocean, few data exist regarding the dispersal of young oceanic sea turtles. we characterized the movements of laboratory-reared yearling loggerhead turtles from brazilian rookeries using novel telemetry techniques, testing for differences in dispersal during different periods of the sea turtle hatching season that correspond to seasonal changes in ocean currents. oceanographic drifters deployed alongside satellite-tagged turtles allowed us to explore the mechanisms of dispe ... | 2017 | 29212722 |
| foraging and recruitment hotspot dynamics for the largest atlantic loggerhead turtle rookery. | determining patterns of migratory connectivity for highly-mobile, wide-ranging species, such as sea turtles, is challenging. here, we combined satellite telemetry and stable isotope analysis to estimate foraging locations for 749 individual loggerheads nesting along the east central florida (usa) coast, the largest rookery for the northwest atlantic population. we aggregated individual results by year, identified seven foraging hotspots and tracked these summaries to describe the dynamics of int ... | 2017 | 29203929 |
| the effects of extended crawling on the physiology and swim performance of loggerhead and green sea turtle hatchlings. | following emergence from the nest, sea turtle hatchling dispersal can be disrupted by artificial lights or skyglow from urban areas. misorientation or disorientation may increase exposure to predation, thermal stress and dehydration, and consume valuable energy, thus decreasing the likelihood of survival. in this study hatchlings were run on a treadmill for 200 or 500 m to investigate the physiological impacts of disorientation crawling in loggerhead (caretta caretta) and green (chelonia mydas) ... | 2018 | 29122949 |
| toxic elements and associations with hematology, plasma biochemistry, and protein electrophoresis in nesting loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) from casey key, florida. | toxic elements (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, selenium, thallium) are a group of contaminants that are known to elicit developmental, reproductive, general health, and immune system effects in reptiles, even at low concentrations. reptiles, including marine turtles, are susceptible to accumulation of toxic elements due to their long life span, low metabolic rate, and highly efficient conversion of prey into biomass. the objectives of this study were to (1) document concentrations of arsenic, ... | 2017 | 28939125 |
| parallel patterns of host-specific morphology and genetic admixture in sister lineages of a commensal barnacle. | symbiotic relationships are often species specific, allowing symbionts to adapt to their host environments. host generalists, on the other hand, have to cope with diverse environments. one coping strategy is phenotypic plasticity, defined by the presence of host-specific phenotypes in the absence of genetic differentiation. recent work indicates that such host-specific phenotypic plasticity is present in the west pacific lineage of the commensal barnacle chelonibia testudinaria (linnaeus, 1758). ... | 2017 | 28898602 |
| polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) modulate both phagocytosis and nk cell activity in vitro in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta). | threatened loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) face numerous environmental challenges, including exposure to anthropogenic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). despite being banned by the usa in the 1970s, pcbs persist in the environment and produce immunotoxic effects in a wide range of marine vertebrate species. this is of particular concern, as the modulation of the immune system may enhance the susceptibility to a variety of pathogens. blood samples were collected from 19 ... | 2017 | 28841368 |
| heavy metal distribution in blood, liver and kidneys of loggerhead (caretta caretta) and green (chelonia mydas) sea turtles from the northeast mediterranean sea. | the aim of the present study was to determine the concentrations of the most investigated environmentally relevant heavy metals in two highly endangered sea turtle species (caretta caretta and chelonia mydas) from the important nesting area on the northeast mediterranean sea. the highest mean concentration was of fe, while hg and pb were lowest. all tissue concentrations of al, as, fe and mn were significantly different between the species. in particular, as, cd, cu, mn, ni, se, zn concentration ... | 2017 | 28802660 |
| experimental assessment of the effects of moisture on loggerhead sea turtle hatchling sex ratios. | many reptiles have temperature-dependent sex determination (tsd). sex determination in marine turtles is described by a cool-male, warm-female pattern. nest sand temperature strongly influences sea turtle embryo development and sex differentiation. yet, variation in hatchling sex ratios is explained only partially by nest temperature and can be predicted only at the warmest and coolest temperatures. hence, other factors during development influence sex determination. rainfall is a common environ ... | 2017 | 28764866 |
| changes of loggerhead turtle (caretta caretta) dive behavior associated with tropical storm passage during the inter-nesting period. | to improve conservation strategies for threatened sea turtles, more knowledge on their ecology, behavior, and how they cope with severe and changing weather conditions is needed. satellite and animal motion datalogging tags were used to study the inter-nesting behavior of two female loggerhead turtles in the gulf of mexico, which regularly has hurricanes and tropical storms during nesting season. we contrast the behavioral patterns and swimming energetics of these two turtles, the first tracked ... | 2017 | 28754715 |
| tissue lesions due to spirorchiid eggs in a loggerhead turtle ( caretta caretta linnaeus 1758) from brazil: first report outside of the united states. | spirorchiids (family spirorchiidae stunkard 1921) are a group of flukes that inhabit the circulatory system of turtles. infection by members of the family spirorchiidae involves egg deposition in the host bloodstream and accumulation in tissues, which cause inflammatory reactions and embolisms, leading or contributing to the death of the host. reports of spirorchiid egg lesions in loggerhead turtles ( caretta caretta linnaeus, 1758) have only been reported from u.s. hosts. in the present report ... | 2017 | 28737483 |
| haemodynamic changes occurring in a loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta) during mechanical ventilation under general anaesthesia. | | 2017 | 28733106 |
| light pollution affects nesting behavior of loggerhead turtles and predation risk of nests and hatchlings. | the introduction of artificial light into wildlife habitats is a rapidly expanding aspect of global change, which has many negative impacts on a wide range of taxa. in this experimental study, which took place on a beach located on the island of boa vista (cabo verde), three types of artificial light were tested on nesting loggerhead sea turtles as well as on ghost crabs, which intensively predate on nests and hatchlings, to determine the effects they would produce on the behavior of both specie ... | 2017 | 28601036 |
| parasitic outbreak of the copepod balaenophilus manatorum in neonate loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) from a head-starting program. | diseases associated to external parasitosis are scarcely reported in sea turtles. during the last decades several organism have been documented as a part of normal epibiont community connected to sea turtles. the copepod balaenophilus manatorum has been cited as a part of epibiont fauna with some concern about its parasitic capacity. this study serves three purposes, i.e. (i) it sheds light on the type of life style that b. manatorum has developed with its hosts, particularly turtles; (ii) it ma ... | 2017 | 28577532 |
| defining risk variables causing gas embolism in loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) caught in trawls and gillnets. | incidental capture, or 'bycatch' in fishing gear is a major global threat to sea turtle populations. a recent study showed that underwater entrapment in fishing gear followed by rapid decompression may cause gas bubble formation within the blood stream (embolism) and tissues leading to organ injury, impairment, and even mortality in some bycaught individuals. we analyzed data from 128 capture events using logistic and ordinal regression to examine risk factors associated with gas embolism in sea ... | 2017 | 28572687 |
| investigation of plastic debris ingestion by four species of sea turtles collected as bycatch in pelagic pacific longline fisheries. | ingestion of marine debris is an established threat to sea turtles. the amount, type, color and location of ingested plastics in the gastrointestinal tracts of 55 sea turtles from pacific longline fisheries from 2012 to 2016 were quantified, and compared across species, turtle length, body condition, sex, capture location, season and year. six approaches for quantifying amounts of ingested plastic strongly correlated with one another and included: number of pieces, mass, volume and surface area ... | 2017 | 28487057 |
| exploring the presence of pollutants at sea: monitoring heavy metals and pesticides in loggerhead turtles (caretta caretta) from the western mediterranean. | marine turtles are considered good sentinel species for environmental assessment because of their long lifespan, feeding ecology, habitat use and migratory nature. in the present study, we assessed presence of cadmium, lead and mercury, together with organic pollutants, both in fat and muscle tissue of 25 stranded loggerhead turtles (caretta caretta) stranded along the valencian community coast (east spain) (43.7±13.5cm). mean concentrations of cd, pb and hg were 0.04μg/g w.w., 0.09μg/g w.w. and ... | 2017 | 28482460 |
| an interview-based approach to assess sea turtle bycatch in italian waters. | the loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta, linnaeus, 1758) is the most abundant sea turtle species in the mediterranean sea, where commercial fishing appears to be the main driver of mortality. so far, information on sea turtle bycatch in italy is limited both in space and time due to logistical problems in data collected through onboard observations and on a limited number of vessels involved. in the present study, sea turtle bycatch in italian waters was examined by collecting fishermen's inf ... | 2017 | 28462017 |
| working alliances not loggerheads: understanding and addressing dissonance between families and treating teams in older people's mental health. | to identify and describe common sources of dissonance which arise for treating teams in older person's mental health and the strategies for addressing them. | 2015 | 25788570 |
| plasma biochemistry and haematology values in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles undergoing rehabilitation. | | 2009 | 19465758 |
| turtles all the way down: loggerheads at the root of the chelonian tree. | | 2010 | 19245543 |
| high frequency of multiple paternity in the largest rookery of mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles. | mating systems are a central component in the evolution of animal life histories and in conservation genetics. the patterns of male reproductive skew and of paternal shares in batches of offspring, for example, affect genetic effective population size. a prominent characteristic of mating systems of sea turtles seem to be a considerable intra- and interspecific variability in the degree of polyandry. because of the difficulty of observing the mating behaviour of sea turtles directly in the open ... | 2007 | 17845442 |
| analysis of sugarcane herbicides in marine turtle nesting areas and assessment of risk using in vitro toxicity assays. | agricultural processes are associated with many different herbicides that can contaminate surrounding environments. in queensland, australia, herbicides applied to agricultural crops may pose a threat to valuable coastal habitats including nesting beaches for threatened loggerhead turtles (caretta caretta). this study 1) measured concentrations of herbicides in the beach sand of mon repos, an important marine turtle nesting beach in australia that is adjacent to significant sugarcane crops, and ... | 2017 | 28728123 |
| effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on estrogen receptor alpha and heat shock protein 60 gene expression in primary cultures of loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta) erythrocytes. | the loggerhead turtle (caretta caretta) can be considered a good indicator species for studying the ecological impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals (edcs) on wildlife. however, the effect of these environmental pollutants on nuclear steroid hormone signaling has not yet been addressed in sea turtles mainly due to the legal constraints of their endangered status. here we describe the use of primary erythrocyte cell cultures as in vitro models for evaluating the effects of different edcs on th ... | 2017 | 28719870 |
| loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta): a target species for monitoring litter ingested by marine organisms in the mediterranean sea. | marine litter is any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in the marine and coastal environment. ingestion of marine litter can have lethal and sub-lethal effects on wildlife that accidentally ingests it, and sea turtles are particularly susceptible to this threat. the european commission drafted the 2008/56/ec marine strategy framework directive with the aim to achieve a good environmental status (ges), and the loggerhead sea turtle (caretta c ... | 2017 | 28651091 |
| de novo transcriptome assembly of loggerhead sea turtle nesting of the colombian caribbean. | loggerhead sea turtle caretta caretta is widely distributed in the oceans of tropical and subtropical latitude. this turtle is an endangered species due to anthropic and natural factors that have decreased their population levels. in this study, rna sequencing and de-novo assembly of genes expressed in blood were performed. the raw fastq files have been deposited on ncbi's sra database with accession number srx2629512. a total of 5.4 gb raw sequence data were obtained, corresponding to 48,257,01 ... | 2017 | 28649496 |
| climate change and temperature-linked hatchling mortality at a globally important sea turtle nesting site. | the study of temperature-dependent sex determination (tsd) in vertebrates has attracted major scientific interest. recently, concerns for species with tsd in a warming world have increased because imbalanced sex ratios could potentially threaten population viability. in contrast, relatively little attention has been given to the direct effects of increased temperatures on successful embryonic development. using 6603 days of sand temperature data recorded across 6 years at a globally important lo ... | 2017 | 28621028 |
| plastic ingestion in oceanic-stage loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) off the north atlantic subtropical gyre. | juvenile oceanic-stage sea turtles are particularly vulnerable to the increasing quantity of plastic coming into the oceans. in this study, we analysed the gastrointestinal tracts of 24 juvenile oceanic-stage loggerheads (caretta caretta) collected off the north atlantic subtropical gyre, in the azores region, a key feeding ground for juvenile loggerheads. twenty individuals were found to have ingested marine debris (83%), composed exclusively of plastic items (primarily polyethylene and polypro ... | 2017 | 28606614 |
| linking loggerhead locations: using multiple methods to determine the origin of sea turtles in feeding grounds. | many marine megavertebrate taxa, including sea turtles, disperse widely from their hatching or birthing locations but display natal homing as adults. we used flipper tagging, satellite tracking and genetics to identify the origin of loggerhead turtles living in amvrakikos gulf, greece. this location has been identified as hosting regionally important numbers of large-juvenile to adult sized turtles that display long-term residency and/or association to the area, and also presents a male biased s ... | 2017 | 28133395 |
| sea turtle symbiosis facilitates social monogamy in oceanic crabs via refuge size. | the capacity for resource monopolization by individuals often dictates the size and composition of animal groups, and ultimately, the adoption of mating strategies. for refuge-dwelling animals, the ability (or inability) of individuals to monopolize refuges should depend on the relative size of the refuge. in theory, groups should be larger and more inclusive when refuges are large, and smaller and more exclusive when refuges are small, regardless of refuge type. we test this prediction by compa ... | 2016 | 27651538 |
| the feeding habit of sea turtles influences their reaction to artificial marine debris. | ingestion of artificial debris is considered as a significant stress for wildlife including sea turtles. to investigate how turtles react to artificial debris under natural conditions, we deployed animal-borne video cameras on loggerhead and green turtles in addition to feces and gut contents analyses from 2007 to 2015. frequency of occurrences of artificial debris in feces and gut contents collected from loggerhead turtles were 35.7% (10/28) and 84.6% (11/13), respectively. artificial debris ap ... | 2016 | 27305858 |
| size scaling in western north atlantic loggerhead turtles permits extrapolation between regions, but not life stages. | sea turtles face threats globally and are protected by national and international laws. allometry and scaling models greatly aid sea turtle conservation and research, and help to better understand the biology of sea turtles. scaling, however, may differ between regions and/or life stages. we analyze differences between (i) two different regional subsets and (ii) three different life stage subsets of the western north atlantic loggerhead turtles by comparing the relative growth of body width and ... | 2015 | 26629702 |
| physiological ramifications for loggerhead turtles captured in pelagic longlines. | bycatch of endangered loggerhead turtles in longline fisheries results in high rates of post-release mortality that may negatively impact populations. the factors contributing to post-release mortality have not been well studied, but traumatic injuries and physiological disturbances experienced as a result of capture are thought to play a role. the goal of our study was to gauge the physiological status of loggerhead turtles immediately upon removal from longline gear in order to refine our unde ... | 2015 | 26490415 |
| conservation hotspots for the turtles on the high seas of the atlantic ocean. | understanding the distribution of bycaught sea turtles could inform conservation strategies and priorities. this research analyses the distribution of turtles caught as longline fisheries bycatch on the high seas of the atlantic ocean. this research collected 18,142 bycatch observations and 47.1 million hooks from large-scale taiwanese longline vessels in the atlantic ocean from june 2002 to december 2013. the coverage rates were ranged from 0.48% to 17.54% by year. seven hundred and sixty-seven ... | 2015 | 26267796 |
| determining origin in a migratory marine vertebrate: a novel method to integrate stable isotopes and satellite tracking. | stable isotope analysis is a useful tool to track animal movements in both terrestrial and marine environments. these intrinsic markers are assimilated through the diet and may exhibit spatial gradients as a result of biogeochemical processes at the base of the food web. in the marine environment, maps to predict the spatial distribution of stable isotopes are limited, and thus determining geographic origin has been reliant upon integrating satellite telemetry and stable isotope data. migratory ... | 2015 | 26263657 |
| loggerhead sea turtle environmental sex determination: implications of moisture and temperature for climate change based predictions for species survival. | it has been proposed that because marine turtles have environmentally determined sex by incubation temperature, elevated temperatures might skew sex ratios to unsustainable levels, leading to extinction. elevated temperatures may also reduce availability of suitable nesting sites via sea level rise. increased tropical storm activity can directly affect nest site moisture, embryonic development, and the probability that nests will survive. here, we question some of these assumptions and review th ... | 2015 | 25877336 |
| reply to: heinz bodies and erythrophagocytosis in the peripheral blood of loggerhead sea turtles. | | 2015 | 25777541 |
| letter to the editor: heinz bodies and erythrophagocytosis in the peripheral blood of loggerhead sea turtles. | | 2015 | 25777323 |
| estimating at-sea mortality of marine turtles from stranding frequencies and drifter experiments. | strandings of marine megafauna can provide valuable information on cause of death at sea. however, as stranding probabilities are usually very low and highly variable in space and time, interpreting the results can be challenging. we evaluated the magnitude and distribution of at-sea mortality of marine turtles along the pacific coast of baja california sur, méxico during 2010-11, using a combination of counting stranded animals and drifter experiments. a total of 594 carcasses were found during ... | 2013 | 23483880 |
| blood concentrations of lactate, glucose and corticosterone in dispersing hatchling sea turtles. | natal dispersal of sea turtles is an energetically demanding activity that is fuelled primarily by aerobic metabolism. however, during intense exercise reptiles can use anaerobic metabolism to supplement their energy requirements. we assessed anaerobic metabolism in dispersing hatchling loggerhead and flatback turtles by measuring the concentrations of blood lactate during crawling and at different times during the first four hours of their frenzy swim. we also measured concentrations of blood g ... | 2013 | 23336077 |
| inferring foraging areas of nesting loggerhead turtles using satellite telemetry and stable isotopes. | in recent years, the use of intrinsic markers such as stable isotopes to link breeding and foraging grounds of migratory species has increased. nevertheless, several assumptions still must be tested to interpret isotopic patterns found in the marine realm. we used a combination of satellite telemetry and stable isotope analysis to (i) identify key foraging grounds used by female loggerheads nesting in florida and (ii) examine the relationship between stable isotope ratios and post-nesting migrat ... | 2012 | 23028943 |
| marine turtle mitogenome phylogenetics and evolution. | the sea turtles are a group of cretaceous origin containing seven recognized living species: leatherback, hawksbill, kemp's ridley, olive ridley, loggerhead, green, and flatback. the leatherback is the single member of the dermochelidae family, whereas all other sea turtles belong in cheloniidae. analyses of partial mitochondrial sequences and some nuclear markers have revealed phylogenetic inconsistencies within cheloniidae, especially regarding the placement of the flatback. population genetic ... | 2012 | 22750111 |
| perfluoroalkyl contaminants in plasma of five sea turtle species: comparisons in concentration and potential health risks. | the authors compared blood plasma concentrations of 13 perfluoroalkyl contaminants (pfcs) in five sea turtle species with differing trophic levels. wild sea turtles were blood sampled from the southeastern region of the united states, and plasma was analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. mean concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos), the predominant pfc, increased with trophic level from herbivorous greens (2.41 ng/g), jellyfish-eating leatherbacks (3.95 ng/g), ... | 2012 | 22447337 |
| locomotor activity during the frenzy swim: analysing early swimming behaviour in hatchling sea turtles. | swimming effort of hatchling sea turtles varies across species. in this study we analysed how swim thrust is produced in terms of power stroke rate, mean maximum thrust per power stroke and percentage of time spent power stroking throughout the first 18 h of swimming after entering the water, in both loggerhead and flatback turtle hatchlings and compared this with previous data from green turtle hatchlings. loggerhead and green turtle hatchlings had similar power stroke rates and percentage of t ... | 2011 | 22071188 |
| levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine compounds in sea turtles from japan. | three species of sea turtles (green, hawksbill and loggerhead turtles) stranded along the coasts or caught (by-catch) around ishigaki island and kochi, japan were collected between 1998 and 2006 and analyzed for six organohalogen compounds viz., pbdes, pcbs, ddts, chls, hchs and hcb. the present study is the first and foremost to report the occurrence of organohalogen compounds in the sea turtles from japan. among the compounds analyzed, concentrations of pcbs, ddts and chls were the highest in ... | 2011 | 21377171 |
| clinical judgement & evidence-based medicine: time for reconciliation. | there is a popular perception that clinical judgement and evidence-based medicine are at loggerheads with each other. we examine the concepts of evidence and judgment as applied to clinical practice, and attempt to understand the reasons behind this imaginary divide. | 2010 | 21150015 |
| complexity and variation in loggerhead sea turtle life history. | juvenile loggerhead sea turtles spend more than a decade in the open ocean before returning to neritic waters to mature and reproduce. it has been assumed that this transition from an oceanic to neritic existence is a discrete ontogenetic niche shift. we tested this hypothesis by tracking the movements of large juveniles collected in a neritic foraging ground in north carolina, usa. our work shows that the shift from the oceanic to neritic waters is both complex and reversible; some individuals ... | 2007 | 17698451 |
| magnetic orientation and navigation in marine turtles, lobsters, and molluscs: concepts and conundrums. | the earth's magnetic field provides a pervasive source of directional information used by phylogenetically diverse marine animals. behavioral experiments with sea turtles, spiny lobsters, and sea slugs have revealed that all have a magnetic compass sense, despite vast differences in the environment each inhabits and the spatial scale over which each moves. for two of these animals, the earth's field also serves as a source of positional information. hatchling loggerhead sea turtles from florida ... | 2005 | 21676799 |
| navigation and seasonal migratory orientation in juvenile sea turtles. | juvenile loggerhead and green turtles that inhabit inshore waters of north carolina, usa undertake long seasonal migrations, after which they often return to specific feeding areas. in addition, juvenile turtles are capable of homing to specific sites after being displaced. as a first step towards investigating the navigational mechanisms that underlie these movements, juvenile turtles were captured in coastal waters of north carolina and displaced 30-167 km along circuitous routes while deprive ... | 2004 | 15107432 |
| reproduction in shark-attacked sea turtles is supported by stress-reduction mechanisms. | vertebrates exhibit varied behavioural and physiological tactics to promote reproductive success. we examined mechanisms that could enable female loggerhead turtles to undertake nesting activities and maintain seasonal reproduction despite recent shark injuries of varying severity. we proposed that endocrinal mechanisms that regulate both a turtle's stress response and reproductive ability are modified to promote successful and continued reproduction. irrespective of the degree of injury, female ... | 2004 | 15101429 |
| toxicology and new social ethics for animals. | the issue of animal treatment has emerged as a major social concern over the past three decades. this ramified in a new ethic for animal treatment that goes beyond concern about cruelty and attempts to eliminate animal pain and suffering, whatever its source. this is evidenced by laws governing animal research in many countries. insofar as toxicology can entail significant and prolonged animal suffering, it is at loggerheads with this new ethic. ways are suggested for the toxicological community ... | 2017 | 12597441 |
| morphology of the airways and lung parenchyma in hatchlings of the loggerhead sea turtle, caretta caretta. | light microscopy as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed the lungs of loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta), hatchlings to be multichambered with several separate open chambers communicating with a cartilage-reinforced central intrapulmonary bronchus. this central bronchus is structurally analogous to an oversized mammalian respiratory bronchiole. the subsequent branching airways, chambers and niches, are in many ways structurally and functionally similar to mammalian ... | 1996 | 29852575 |
| long voyage for loggerheads. | | 1995 | 17792168 |
| global phylogeography of the loggerhead turtle (caretta caretta) as indicated by mitochondrial dna haplotypes. | restriction-site analyses of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) from the loggerhead sea turtle (caretta caretta) reveal substantial phylogeographic structure among major nesting populations in the atlantic, indian, and pacific oceans and the mediterranean sea. based on 176 samples from eight nesting populations, most breeding colonies were distinguished from other assayed nesting locations by diagnostic and often fixed restriction-site differences, indicating a strong propensity for natal homing by nesti ... | 1994 | 28565168 |
| the development of caretta caretta, at 25-34°c, in artificial nests. | scanning electron microscopy has been used to enhance the description of a single species, caretta caretta (the loggerhead turtle), staged according to miller's system for the development of marine turtles. incubation over a temperature range of 25°-34°c confirms previous observations that, under artificial conditions and at a constant incubation temperature, normal development is confined to a limited temperature range. premature pipping is a feature of incubation at the lower end of this range ... | 1992 | 29865613 |
| the origin, development, and degeneration of the pronephros in caretta caretta. | an sem and tem study revealed details of the development of the pronephros of caretta caretta. the pronephros develops and degenerates over 13 days from day 7 to day 20 in embryos incubated at 33°c. podocytes, with primary branches, secondary branches, and pedicles, on a basal lamina, can be seen from day 11, as can ciliated pronephric tubule ostia opening into the coelom. at this stage the embryo has four pharyngeal arches with unfused mandibular processes, and small fore-limb buds each with an ... | 1990 | 29865741 |