| the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of some sulfonamide derivatives on rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase activity. | the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of 5-(3alpha, 12alpha-dihydroxy-5-beta-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (1), 5-(3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (2), 5-(3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triacetoxy-5-beta-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (3) and acetazolamide on rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) (rt) erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (ca) were investigated. the rt erythrocyte ca was obtained by affinity chromatography ... | 2003 | 14567552 |
| prevalence of listeria monocytogenes in, and microbiological and sensory quality of, rainbow trout, whitefish, and vendace roes from finnish retail markets. | the prevalence of listeria monocytogenes in retail roe, as well as the microbiological and sensory qualities of the roe, were studied for three fish species under three different storage conditions. a total of 147 finnish rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), whitefish (coregonus lavaretus), vendace (coregonus albula), and burbot (lota lota) roe samples were bought fresh, frozen, or frozen-thawed from finnish retail markets. the overall prevalence of l. monocytogenes was 5%; however, the prevalen ... | 2003 | 14572220 |
| mitochondrial dna variation of gyrodactylus spp (monogenea, gyrodactylidae) populations infecting atlantic salmon, grayling, and rainbow trout in norway and sweden. | approximately 800 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i (coi) gene were sequenced from 76 gyrodactylus specimens of 32 salmonid host populations, i.e. from salmo salar, thymallus thymallus, and oncorhynchus mykiss in norway, sweden and latvia. the coi sequences indicated a substantial intraspecific differentiation of gyrodactylus salaris and gyrodactylus thymalli. in total, 12 haplotypes were identified which group into five well supported clades, three clades with parasites from atlantic ... | 2003 | 14572510 |
| combined biological and chemical assessment of estrogenic activities in wastewater treatment plant effluents. | five wastewater treatment plant effluents were analyzed for known endocrine disrupters and estrogenicity. estrogenicity was determined by using the yeast estrogen screen (yes) and by measuring the blood plasma vitellogenin (vtg) concentrations in exposed male rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). while all wastewater treatment plant effluents contained measurable concentrations of estrogens and gave a positive response with the yes, only at two sites did the male fish have significantly increased ... | 2004 | 14574437 |
| relative resistance of pacific salmon to infectious salmon anaemia virus. | infectious salmon anaemia (isa) is a major disease of atlantic salmon, salmo salar, caused by an orthomyxovirus (isav). increases in global aquaculture and the international movement of fish made it important to determine if pacific salmon are at risk. steelhead trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, and chum, o. keta, chinook, o. tshawytscha, coho, o. kisutch, and atlantic salmon were injected intraperitoneally with a high, medium, or low dose of a norwegian strain of isav. in a second challenge, the same ... | 2003 | 14575369 |
| pathology and immunohistochemistry in three species of salmonids after experimental infection with flavobacterium psychrophilum. | rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), sea trout, salmo trutta l., and atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., were experimentally infected with flavobacterium psychrophilum in order to evaluate any species differences in susceptibility to the bacterium. furthermore, differences in pathological changes and distribution of the bacteria in internal organs were studied. the bacteria were injected intraperitoneally in two doses, high dose (hd) 1 x 10(7) colony forming units (cfu) fish(-1) and low do ... | 2003 | 14575371 |
| gonadotropin-releasing hormones modulate electrical activity of vasotocin and isotocin neurons in the brain of rainbow trout. | gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) is widely distributed in the vertebrate brains; however, its significance in the brain function is poorly understood. both gnrh and vasopressin-family hormones are involved in control of reproductive behavior. anatomical evidence indicated the possible action of gnrh on classical neurosecretory neurons. in the present study, we examined whether gnrh modulates electrical activity of vasotocin (vt) and isotocin (it) neurons in the brain of rainbow trout (oncor ... | 2003 | 14583393 |
| mapping multiple genetic loci associated with ceratomyxa shasta resistance in oncorhynchus mykiss. | ceratomyxa shasta is enzootic to some rivers of the pacific northwest and california, and has caused extensive mortalities of salmonids, the only known host of the actinosporean stage of the pathogen. mortalities from c. shasta are induced by severe inflammation and necrosis of the intestinal tract, and no therapeutants have been discovered for the treatment of ceratomyxosis. inheritance studies by previous investigators suggested that c. shasta resistance is genetically controlled, but none hav ... | 2003 | 14598990 |
| antibodies against discocotyle sagittata (monogenea) in farmed trout. | the relationship between discocotyle sagittata intensities and host length, weight and specific anti-parasite antibody titres was studied in 3 year-classes of farmed rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout salmo trutta at the end of the annual transmission cycle. antibody titres were significantly higher in infected farmed fish than in naive controls, indicating that infection elicits immunoglobulin production. no correlation was found between host size and parasite burdens, nor betwee ... | 2003 | 14598994 |
| recombinant human erythropoietin induces proliferation and ca(2+)-influx in specific leukocyte subpopulations of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) blood and head kidney cells. | in mammals, erythropoietin regulates the development and differentiation of erythrocytes. although hematopoietic cells of bony fish correspond in their ontogeneic development, morphology, and function to their mammalian counterparts, an erythropoietin (epo)-like molecule has not been identified. in this study we present evidence for a mitogenic response of blood and head kidney leukocytes of rainbow trout after stimulation by recombinant human epo (rhu epo). the modulation of cellular activities ... | 2004 | 14624307 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) c5a anaphylatoxin receptor. | in the course of suppression subtractive hybridization between the cdna of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated and non-stimulated head kidney cells in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), a cdna clone was obtained that showed most similarity to mammalian receptor for the anaphylatoxin of the fifth complement component (c5ar). the rainbow trout c5ar cdna contains a 1,679-bp nucleotide sequence that encodes a 350-amino-acid putative protein with 29.0-31.5% identity to mammalian c5ar. rainbow trout c5ar ... | 2003 | 14628104 |
| transmission dynamics of a trematode parasite: exposure, acquired resistance and parasite aggregation. | this paper examines the relative importance of exposure and susceptibility to the infection of rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss) with the trematode parasite diplostomum spathaceum under natural conditions. a total of 93 individually marked, similarly aged fish were introduced into three cages at regular time intervals and the intensity of infection in individuals recorded by counting parasites in live fish using ophthalmic techniques. fish introduced into the cages became infected faster than ... | 2004 | 14652746 |
| identification of a unique transcript down-regulated in the retina of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) at smoltification. | developmental and physiological changes in the retina of salmonid fishes occur during smoltification, a metamorphic event associated with thyroid hormone that prepares salmon for oceanic migration. these changes include loss of ultraviolet-sensitive (uvs) cone photoreceptors, switching of visual pigments, alterations in thyroid hormone regulation, and associated changes in behavior. this model provides an opportunity to study substantial neuronal development within an established retina. little ... | 2003 | 14662307 |
| haematological analyses in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss affected by viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs). | rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss weighing 87 +/- 15 g (mean +/- sd) were infected with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) and the haematological and biochemical profiles of peripheral blood examined. depending on the clinical signs and gross pathology, the fish were divided into 2 groups: group a included fish in the acute stage, group b comprised fish in the chronic stage. red blood cells were subjected to 6 haematological tests and blood plasma to 14 biochemical tests, which provided ... | 2003 | 14667029 |
| effect of intraperitoneally administered il-1beta-derived peptides on resistance to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | the present work provides the first information concerning the immunostimulatory activity of trout interleukin (il)-1beta-derived peptides in vivo. previous studies have demonstrated the ability of 2 such peptides, referred to as p1 and p3, to up-regulate a range of important immune parameters in vitro. p1 corresponds to fragment 146-157 (yvtpvpietear) of the trout sequence and is analogous to a biologically active mammalian il-1beta-derived peptide, whilst p3 was synthesised to complex with the ... | 2003 | 14667030 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of calreticulin from rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss). | calreticulin (crt) is a highly conserved, high-capacity, calcium-binding protein shared among vertebrates, invertebrates and higher plants. its biological importance, highlighted by its highly conserved nature, is supported by its crucial physiological and immunological functions. within the endoplasmic reticulum, crt serves as a calcium modulator and a lectin-like chaperone for glycoproteins, especially class i major histocompatibility receptors. to date, crt cdna clones have been isolated from ... | 2004 | 14669059 |
| partial purification of antibacterial proteinaceous factors from erythrocytes of oncorhynchus mykiss. | antimicrobial peptides are natural antibiotics known to be present in both myeloid cells and epithelial surfaces of vertebrates. nevertheless, the reports of antimicrobial peptides isolated from blood cells of teleosts are scarce. in this paper we show that acid-soluble erythrocyte extracts from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, display antibacterial activity against planococcus citreus on a radial diffusion assay. following tc18 solid phase extraction, cationic exchange chromatography and c18 ... | 2004 | 14675829 |
| phylogenetic analysis and in situ identification of the intestinal microbial community of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum). | to identify the dominant culturable and nonculturable microbiota of rainbow trout intestine. | 2004 | 14678165 |
| immunohistochemical localization of two otolith matrix proteins in the otolith and inner ear of the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss: comparative aspects between the adult inner ear and embryonic otocysts. | the fish otolith consists mainly of calcium carbonate and organic matrices, the latter of which may play important roles in the process of otolith formation. we previously identified two otolith matrix proteins, named otolith matrix protein-1 (omp-1) and otolin-1, from the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, and the chum salmon, o. keta. in this study, recombinant proteins corresponding to omp-1 and otolin-1 were synthesized using yeast and bacterial expression systems, respectively, to produce ... | 2004 | 14689310 |
| cortisol influences the host-parasite interaction between the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and the crustacean ectoparasite argulus japonicus. | the host-parasite interaction between the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and the fish louse argulus japonicus was investigated by administering low levels of dietary cortisol before infecting the fish with low numbers of the parasite. after 24 h, the dietary cortisol treatment elevated blood cortisol and glucose levels and stimulated the synthesis of secretory granules in the upper layer of skin cells. infection with 6 lice per fish caused skin infiltration by lymphocytes, also in areas witho ... | 2003 | 14700191 |
| first isolation of sleeping disease virus from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in the united kingdom. | | 2003 | 14710763 |
| constituents within pulp mill effluent deplete retinoid stores in white sucker and bind to rainbow trout retinoic acid receptors and retinoid x receptors. | wild female and male white sucker (catostomus commersoni) inhabiting an area receiving pulp mill effluent had reduced hepatic levels of retinol, didehydroretinol, retinyl esters, and didehydroretinyl esters, while vitamin e levels were unaffected. this disruption of the retinoid system led us to test methanol and dichloromethane extracts from the effluent of 11 pulp mills from across canada for their ability to bind to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) retinoic acid receptors (rars) from the g ... | 2003 | 14713038 |
| the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbst) on tissue igf-i, igf-i receptor, and gh mrna levels in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. | numerous studies demonstrated that rbst increased growth rates in several fish species, and several species exhibit gh production in tissues other than the pituitary. the role of tissue gh and igf-i in regulating fish growth is poorly understood. therefore an experiment was conducted to examine the effects of rbst treatment on tissue gh, igf-i, and igf-i receptor-a (ra) expression in rainbow trout. rainbow trout (550 +/- 10 g) received either intra-peritoneal injections of rbst (120 microg/g bod ... | 2004 | 14723884 |
| efficacy of passive sand filtration in reducing exposure of salmonids to the actinospore of myxobolus cerebralis. | the aquatic oligochaete tubifex tubifex parasitized by myxobolus cerebralis releases triactinomyxon (tam) actinospores that can infect some species of salmonids and cause salmonid whirling disease. silica sand was tested as a filtration medium for removal of tams from water containing the parasite. laboratory tests indicated sand filtration removed > 99.99% of tams. in 2 different field tests, groups of 1 mo old rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed for 2 wk to filtered and unfiltered w ... | 2003 | 14735924 |
| immunity in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, against the monogenean discocotyle sagittata following primary infection. | rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were experimentally infected by continuous or single exposure with the monogenean discocotyle sagittata. to determine whether immunity follows primary infection, fish were exposed to a secondary challenge by one of two modes: (1) primary infections were cleared with praziquantel (pzq) and hosts re-infected with 100 oncomiracidia; (2) parasites were allowed to reach maturity and hosts super-infected with 100 oncomiracidia. fish challenged after initial continuo ... | 2004 | 14740206 |
| expression of immune response genes in rainbow trout skin induced by gyrodactylus derjavini infections. | by means of semi-quantitative rt-pcr, expression of a number of immune relevant genes was studied in skin of small rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum, 1792) fry during both primary and secondary infections with the ectoparasitic monogenean gyrodactylus derjavini mikailov, 1975. the target genes studied included the cyto- and chemokines tnf-alpha1, tnf-alpha2, tgf-beta and il-8, the inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) and cyclooxygenase (cox-2) genes and finally, two cell markers, the ... | 2004 | 14741133 |
| regulation of mitochondrial energy production in cardiac cells of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | in skinned rat cardiac fibres, mitochondrial affinity for endogenous adp generated by creatine kinase and ca2+-activated atpases is higher than for exogenous adp added to the surrounding medium, suggesting that mitochondria are functionally coupled to creatine kinase and atpases. such a coupling may be weaker or absent in ectothermic vertebrate cardiac cells, because they typically have less elaborate intracellular membrane structures, higher glycolytic capacity and lower working temperature. th ... | 2004 | 14758500 |
| differential expression of two somatostatin receptor subtype 1 mrnas in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | somatostatins (sss) play important roles in the growth, development and metabolism of vertebrates. in this study, cdnas for two unique somatostatin receptor variants were cloned and sequenced from rainbow trout. the two cdnas, one consisting of 1755 bp and the other of 1743 bp, share 63.6% identity in nucleotide sequence and 94.1% identity in deduced amino acid sequence and presumably arose through gene duplication. each cdna encodes for a putative 371-amino acid somatostatin receptor (one desig ... | 2004 | 14766000 |
| analysis of ribosomal rna intergenic spacer (igs) sequences in species and populations of gyrodactylus (platyhelminthes: monogenea) from salmonid fish in northern europe. | the intergenic spacer (igs) region of ribosomal rna genes was amplified and sequenced from a variety of gyrodactylus specimens collected from wild and farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar, rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, and grayling thymallus thymallus, from various locations in northern europe. phylogenetic analysis of the sequences confirmed the distinction between g. salaris malmberg, 1957 and g. thymalli zitnan, 1960, supporting their validity as separate species. g. salaris adapted to rai ... | 2003 | 14960037 |
| gene transfer to fish cells by attenuated invasive escherichia coli. | genetic immunization has proved effective in a number of applications including vaccination of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against the fish pathogen infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. however, injection vaccines, especially in aquaculture, are not as desirable as oral or immersion dosing schemes. in this report we present evidence that attenuated invasive escherichia coli can infect and deliver plasmid dna to salmonid fish cells. | 2002 | 14961263 |
| development and application of a salmonid est database and cdna microarray: data mining and interspecific hybridization characteristics. | we report 80,388 ests from 23 atlantic salmon (salmo salar) cdna libraries (61,819 ests), 6 rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) cdna libraries (14,544 ests), 2 chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) cdna libraries (1317 ests), 2 sockeye salmon (oncorhynchus nerka) cdna libraries (1243 ests), and 2 lake whitefish (coregonus clupeaformis) cdna libraries (1465 ests). the majority of these are 3' sequences, allowing discrimination between paralogs arising from a recent genome duplication in the s ... | 2004 | 14962987 |
| cloning, tissue distribution, pharmacology and three-dimensional modelling of melanocortin receptors 4 and 5 in rainbow trout suggest close evolutionary relationship of these subtypes. | the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most widely used fish species in aquaculture and physiological research. in the present paper, we report the first cloning, 3d (three-dimensional) modelling, pharmacological characterization and tissue distribution of two melanocortin (mc) receptors in rainbow trout. phylogenetic analysis indicates that these receptors are orthologues of the human mc4 and mc5 receptors. we created 3d molecular models of these rainbow trout receptors and their ... | 2004 | 14965341 |
| a single major chromosomal region controls natural killer cell-like activity in rainbow trout. | we report the identification of a single major chromosomal region controlling natural killer (nk) cell-like activity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). a genetic map based on 484 aflp and 39 microsatellite genotypes from 106 doubled haploid fish was constructed. these fish were produced by androgenesis from a hybrid of two clonal lines divergent in nk-like activity. nk-like activities for 75 of the doubled haploids were quantified by an in vitro chromium release assay utilizing (51)cr-label ... | 2004 | 14968267 |
| differential handling of urea and its analogues suggests carrier-mediated urea excretion in freshwater rainbow trout. | the possible presence of urea transport mechanisms in the gill and kidney of the freshwater rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated in vivo by comparing the branchial and renal handling of analogues acetamide and thiourea with the handling of urea. trout were fitted with indwelling dorsal aortic catheters and urinary catheters and injected with an isosmotic dose of [(14)c]-labeled urea analogue (acetamide or thiourea) calculated to bring plasma analogue concentrations close to plasm ... | 2003 | 14988794 |
| myxobolus cerebralis: identification of a cathepsin z-like protease gene (myxcp-1) expressed during parasite development in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. | cysteine proteases are essential to the biological function of parasitic organisms and are gaining interest as the target of chemotherapeutics aimed at their control. we report a cysteine protease gene from the myxozoan myxobolus cerebralis, the cause of whirling disease in salmonid fish. the mature gene (myxcp-1) encodes a 248-amino acid polypeptide that includes catalytic residues similar to the papain family of cysteine proteases. myxcp-1 features a propeptide region and sequence insertions t ... | 2003 | 14990313 |
| detection and antigenic characterization of salmonid alphavirus isolates from sera obtained from farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | a simple method of detecting the presence of the salmonid alphaviruses (savs), salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) and sleeping disease virus (sdv), from serum samples is described. using a 96-well tissue-culture plate format, test sera are diluted in medium and added to chinook salmon embryo (chse-214) cells. after incubation for 3 days at 15 degrees c, plates are fixed and stained using a monoclonal antibody (mab)-based immunoperoxidase (ipx) detection system, and virus-infected cells are obs ... | 2004 | 15009240 |
| initial steps of speciation by geographic isolation and host switch in salmonid pathogen gyrodactylus salaris (monogenea: gyrodactylidae). | to test the hypothesis that host-switching can be an important step in the speciation of gyrodactylid monogenean flatworms, we inferred the phylogeny within a cluster of parasites morphologically close to gyrodactylus salaris malmberg 1957, collected from atlantic, baltic and white sea salmon (salmo salar), farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and grayling (thymallus thymallus) from northern europe. the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal gene was sequenced for tax ... | 2004 | 15013741 |
| binding of vibrio anguillarum to neutral glycosphingolipids from intestinal mucosa of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | to test whether glycosphingolipids (gsls) on the intestinal mucosa of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) serve as a binding receptor for vibrio anguillarum, we analyzed neutral gsls from rainbow trout intestinal mucosa and investigated the binding of bacteria to neutral gsls. two kinds of neutral gsls, designated n-1 and n-2, were identified on high-performance thin-layer chromatography (tlc) plates. in tlc immunostaining tests, v. anguillarum bound only to galactosylceramide (galcer), lactosyl ... | 2004 | 15031552 |
| comparative susceptibility of atlantic salmon, lake trout and rainbow trout to myxobolus cerebralis in controlled laboratory exposures. | the susceptibility of lake trout salvelinus namaycush, rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and atlantic salmon salmo salar to myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, was compared in controlled laboratory exposures. a total of 450 (225 for each dose) fry for each species were exposed to a low (200 spores per fish) or high (2000 spores per fish) dose of the infective triactinomyxon. at 22 wk post-exposure, 60 fish from each group, as well as controls for each species, were exa ... | 2004 | 15038448 |
| intra-strain dioxin sensitivity and morphometric effects in swim-up rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | inter and intra-specific differences in sensitivity of early life stage salmonids to 2,3,7,8-tcdd exposure have been reported, but intra-strain differences have not been found in the literature. our results indicate that intra-strain variability in terms of embryo mortality (ld50) is small in eagle lake strain of rainbow trout, ld50 values ranging from 285 to 457 pg tcdd egg g(-1). these results confirm eagle lake as a less sensitive strain within rainbow trout, and do not indicate overlap with ... | 2004 | 15050925 |
| modelling of fish interleukin-1 and its receptor. | this paper presents original data regarding: the three-dimensional modelling of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax) il-1beta, the modelling of trout il-1 receptor type i (il-1ri) and the modelling of trout il-1beta bound to its receptor. the 3d models of trout and sea bass il-1beta molecules were predicted by comparison with those already available of human and mouse, and, in both cases, a structure consisting of a beta-trefoil fold was obtained, a motif well ... | 2004 | 15062642 |
| experimental infection of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolates from european marine and farmed fishes. | the susceptibility of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss to infection with various isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) was examined. a total of 8 experiments with rainbow trout ranging from 0.6 to 6.2 g was conducted for 139 isolates originating from wild marine fishes in european waters (115 isolates), farmed turbot from scotland and ireland (2 isolates), and farmed rainbow trout (22 isolates). the isolates were tested by immersion and/or intraperitoneal injection either as p ... | 2004 | 15109131 |
| impact of a water temperature shift on xenoma clearance and recovery time during a loma salmonae (microsporidia) infection in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | previous studies have modelled the relationship between water temperature and the rate of sporulation as defined by xenoma formation during microsporidial gill disease (mgd) in salmon caused by loma salmonae. although offering insight into the epidemiology of mgd, a key unexplored area is the role of temperature in the rate of xenoma dissolution including spore release into the environment, and this is crucial to our ability to model horizontal transmission of mgd within confined net-pen populat ... | 2004 | 15109141 |
| effect of temperature on the structure of trout troponin c. | adaptation for life at different temperatures can cause changes in many aspects of an organism. one example is the expression of different protein isoforms in species adapted to different temperatures. the calcium regulatory protein cardiac troponin c (ctnc), from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), is a good model for studying temperature effects, both because of its low physiological temperature and because mammalian ctnc, extensively studied at higher temperatures, can be used for comparison ... | 2004 | 15109253 |
| expression of map1b protein and its phosphorylated form map1b-p in the cns of a continuously growing fish, the rainbow trout. | microtubule-associated protein-1b (map1b), and particularly its phosphorylated isoform map1b-p, play an important role in axonal outgrowth during development of the mammalian nervous system and have also been shown to be associated with axonal plasticity in the adult. here, we used antibodies and mrna probes directed against mammalian map1b to extend our analysis to fish species, trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), at different stages of development. the specificity of the cross-reaction of our anti-to ... | 2004 | 15120583 |
| enhancement of innate immunity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) associated with dietary intake of carotenoids from natural products. | the effects of orally administered carotenoids from natural sources on the non-specific defense mechanisms of rainbow trout were evaluated in a nine-week feeding trial. fish were fed four diets containing either beta-carotene or astaxanthin at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 from the marine algae dunaliella salina and red yeast phaffia rhodozyma, respectively, and a control diet containing no supplemented carotenoids. specific growth rate and feed:gain ratio were not affected by dietary carotenoid supplemen ... | 2004 | 15123294 |
| sequencing and expression of the second allele of the interleukin-1beta1 gene in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): identification of a novel sine in the third intron. | a lambda clone containing a rainbow trout il-1beta1 gene was isolated by a pcr screening strategy from a genomic library cloned in lambda gem-11, and an ecori fragment from this clone was fully sequenced, and contained 1680 bp 5'-flanking sequence, the whole il-1beta1 gene open reading frame, and the 3'-flanking region with two potential poly a signals and poly a sites. this clone encoded a protein that shared 99.8% identity to the previously published trout il-1beta1 cdna sequence, with only th ... | 2004 | 15123302 |
| analysis and characterisation of il-1beta processing in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. | mammalian il-1beta is produced as a biologically inactive 31 kda precursor, which is converted to the active 18 kda form by proteolytic processing. synthesis and processing of native piscine il-1beta is poorly understood. in the present study, the native il-1beta precursor or mature peptides were detected at sizes of approx. 29 kda and 24 kda in cell lysates of a rainbow trout macrophage cell line rts-11, with or without lps stimulation, by western blot analysis using a polyclonal antibody again ... | 2004 | 15123312 |
| the auxotrophic aroa mutant of aeromonas hydrophila as a live attenuated vaccine against a. salmonicida infections in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | an auxotrophic aroa mutant of the aeromonas hydrophila ag2 strain is a live attenuated vaccine against a. hydrophila infection in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the protection conferred by the live attenuated vaccine against a. salmonicida strains is reported here, and several parameters of the specific and non-specific immune response in vaccinated trout were characterised. vaccination with a dose of 10(7)cells/fish of the aroa mutant elicited significant protection against the hooke and ... | 2004 | 15123323 |
| identification and expression analysis of an il-18 homologue and its alternatively spliced form in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | a homologue of interleukin 18 has been identified from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. the trout il-18 gene spans 3.7 kb and consists of six exons and five introns, sharing the same gene organization with its human counterpart. the putative translated protein is 199 amino acids in length with no predicted signal peptide. analysis of the multiple sequence alignment reveals a conserved ice cut site, resulting in a mature peptide of 162 amino acids. the trout il-18 shares 41-45% similarity with ... | 2004 | 15128301 |
| brain glucose and insulin: effects on food intake and brain biogenic amines of rainbow trout. | the effects of central (intracerebroventricular, 9 microg fish(-1)) and peripheral (intraperitoneal, 4 mg kg(-1)) administration of bovine insulin, as well as the effect of hyperglycemia (oral administration of 1 g glucose fish(-1)) and brain glucodeprivation (intracerebroventricular administration of 2-deoxy-d-glucose) on food intake and levels of brain (telencephalon, preoptic area, and hypothalamus) biogenic amines (serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and their metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleaceti ... | 2004 | 15138792 |
| two novel muramidases from skin mucosa of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | two novel antibacterial muramidases were purified to homogeneity from skin exudates of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). unusually, one has an acidic isoelectric point and it is the first anionic muramidase to be reported for fish. its molecular mass is 14,268 da, as determined by mass spectrometry. the other muramidase is cationic with a mass of 14,252 da. partial n-terminal amino acid sequencing and peptide mapping strongly point to it being a c-type lysozyme, the first to be purified and c ... | 2004 | 15142536 |
| toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. part i: histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout. | human and veterinary pharmaceuticals have been shown to occur in considerably high amounts in sewage treatment plant (stp) effluents and surface waters. the non-steroidal inflammatory drug diclofenac represents one of the most commonly detected compounds. information concerning possible ecotoxicological risks of the substance are rather scarce. so far there are no data available on its possible effects in fish after prolonged exposure. in order to evaluate sublethal toxic effects of diclofenac i ... | 2004 | 15145224 |
| expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) during an infection with ichthyophthirius multifiliis. | inflammatory processes are known to take place in the skin of fish during an infection with the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis. the present study shows that the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta (il-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), the chemokine interleukin 8 (il-8) and the type ii il-1 receptor (il-1rii) are expressed in rainbow trout during an infection. in the skin an up to 17.8 times increase in the expression level of il-1beta relative to uninf ... | 2004 | 15145419 |
| evaluation of five diagnostic methods for the detection and quantification of myxobolus cerebralis. | diagnostic methods were used to identify and quantify myxobolus cerebralis, a myxozoan parasite of salmonid fish. in this study, 7-week-old, pathogen-free rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were experimentally infected with m. cerebralis and at 7 months postinfection were evaluated with 5 diagnostic assays: 1) pepsin-trypsin digest (ptd) to detect and enumerate spores found in cranial cartilage, 2) 2 different histopathology grading scales that provide a numerical score for severity of microsco ... | 2004 | 15152834 |
| effects of fish stocking on ecosystem services: an overview and case study using the stockholm archipelago. | in this article, we focus on documented and possible effects of fish stocking in terms of ecosystem services. the increasing use of fish stocking between 1970 and 2000 in the semiurban setting of stockholm archipelago, sweden, is used as case study. the objective is to analyze this management practice from an ecosystem perspective, accounting for both the ecological and social context of releasing fish. the results show that enhancements of four native species (salmo s. trutta, salmo salar, stiz ... | 2004 | 15156349 |
| a stream mesocosm study on the ecological effects of a c12-15 linear alcohol ethoxylate surfactant. | the responses of fish, invertebrates, and periphyton during a 56-day exposure to a c(12-15) linear alcohol ethoxylate surfactant were studied in stream mesocosms. an individual stream consisted of a slow-flowing pool section and a faster-flowing riffle section. the surfactant has an average distribution of nine ethoxylate groups per mole of alcohol. eight stream mesocosms were used to test the effects of seven concentrations of the surfactant. time-averaged, mean, measured concentrations were 20 ... | 2004 | 15157571 |
| effect of environmental temperature on rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) innate immunity. | phagocytosis, complement lytic activity and opsonization capacity of rainbow trout plasma as well as the ability of phagocytes to recognize foreign particles were studied at different temperatures. respiratory burst (rb) activity and opsonization capacity were assessed as chemiluminescence emission from diluted whole blood of fish which were acclimatized for 57 days at temperatures between 5 and 20 degrees c. rb activity was higher at higher acclimatization and in vitro assay temperatures. the p ... | 2004 | 15177112 |
| prevalence and diagnosis of bacterial kidney disease (bkd) in scotland between 1990 and 2002. | bacterial kidney disease (bkd) is a notifiable disease for salmonids under united kingdom and european union legislation. within the uk, legislation and the control of infected fish with bkd has been operating for 25 yr. infection by the bacterium renibacterium salmoninarum results in a chronic, debilitating infection and mortality. records of bkd outbreaks and the detection of r. salmoninarum were monitored from 1990 through to 2002 for atlantic salmon salmo salar and rainbow trout oncorhynchus ... | 2004 | 15212278 |
| protective immunity in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss following immunization with distinct molecular mass fractions isolated from flavobacterium psychrophilum. | vaccine development for coldwater disease (cwd), also known as rainbow trout fry syndrome (rtfs), has been based primarily on whole-cell bacterins or outer membrane fractions of flavobacterium psychrophilum. in the present study, immunogenic regions of the bacterium corresponding to 18-28, 41-49, and 70-100 kda were identified by western blot analysis using rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss immune sera. following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), antigens with ... | 2004 | 15212288 |
| evidence of complement-mediated killing of discocotyle sagittata (platyhelminthes, monogenea) oncomiracidia. | discocotyle sagittata oncomiracidia were rapidly killed when incubated in naïve plasma and immune sera from both rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (salmo trutta), the killing proceeding at a faster rate with blood material from the latter fish species. the lethal activity of naïve plasma and immune sera was comparable. this was abolished after incubation at 45 degrees c for 30 min and by the addition of edta but not egta supplemented with mg(2+), indicating that complement acti ... | 2004 | 15212729 |
| an inhibitor of bacterial quorum sensing reduces mortalities caused by vibriosis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum). | the fish pathogen vibrio anguillarum produces quorum sensing signal molecules, n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls), which in several gram-negative human and plant pathogenic bacteria regulate virulence factors. expression of these factors can be blocked using specific quorum-sensing inhibitors (qsis). the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a qsi, furanone c-30, on mortality of rainbow trout during challenge with v. anguillarum. addition of 0.01 or 0.1 microm furanone c-30 to ra ... | 2004 | 15214641 |
| correlation between production of acyl homoserine lactones and proteases in an aeromonas hydrophila aroa live vaccine. | aeromonas hydrophila is a pathogen that causes disease in a wide range of homeothermic and poikilothermic hosts due to its multifactorial virulence. we have previously described the characterisation and use of an auxotrophic aroa mutant of the a. hydrophila ag2 strain as a live attenuated vaccine against a. hydrophila infections in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). in this study we report the expression of extracellular proteolytic activities and of quorum-sensing molecules by this mutant gro ... | 2004 | 15223121 |
| the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis induces expression of immune relevant genes in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | abstract during an infection with the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis, expression of genes encoding complement factor c3, inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), immunoglobulin (igm) and major histocompatibility complex (mhc-ii) was examined in the skin, head kidney and spleen of rainbow trout using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. induction of c3 transcription levels was evident in the skin and spleen showing extra-hepatic production of c3. mhc-i ... | 2004 | 15228610 |
| timing of changes in growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), experimentally infected with loma salmonae (microspora). | | 2004 | 15228612 |
| trout cc chemokines: comparison of their sequences and expression patterns. | several thousand est sequences were recently made available in the embl sequence database from the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. blast based searches were utilised to identify sequences resembling mammalian cc chemokines within these ests. fifteen new and unique cc chemokine-like sequences were identified for trout, bringing the total of known cc chemokine sequences in trout to 18 when including those already published. some of these trout chemokines appeared highly related (in pairs) sugge ... | 2004 | 15234559 |
| temperature acclimation modifies na+ current in fish cardiac myocytes. | the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that temperature acclimation modifies sarcolemmal na+ current (ina) of the fish cardiac myocytes differently depending on the animal's lifestyle in the cold. two eurythermal fish species with different physiological strategies for surviving in the cold, a cold-dormant crucian carp (carassius carassius l.) and a cold-active rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), were used in acclimation experiments. the ina of carp and trout were also compared w ... | 2004 | 15235011 |
| growth hormone differentially regulates muscle myostatin1 and -2 and increases circulating cortisol in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | myostatin (mstn) negatively regulates muscle growth in vertebrates. salmonids produce two myostatin transcripts from separate genes. surprisingly, quantitative analyses indicate different regulatory mechanisms for the two myostatin genes in rainbow trout. mstn1 mrna levels were elevated 26% following recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbgh) treatment, while mstn2 mrna levels were reduced 74% compared to controls. mstn precursor protein (42kda) levels were elevated in rbgh treated fish compared t ... | 2004 | 15242749 |
| a test battery for the ecotoxicological evaluation of the agri-chemical environ. | the ecotoxicological effects of the agri-chemical environ were evaluated using a test battery comprising organisms representing three trophic levels of the aquatic ecosystem. the sensitivities of the test species to environ were as follows: microtox > daphnia magna > pseudokirchneriella subcapitata = thamnocephalus platyurus = oncorhynchus mykiss > artemia salina > tetrahymena thermophilia. an order of magnitude sensitivity between the test species was observed which emphasizes the importance of ... | 2004 | 15261732 |
| effects of fish age and parasite dose on the development of whirling disease in rainbow trout. | we determined the ages at which juvenile rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss became resistant to the effects of whirling disease following exposure to a range of parasite doses. heretofore, the development and severity of whirling disease in salmonids was known to be generally dependent on the age or size of fish when first exposed to the triactinomyxon spores of myxobolus cerebralis; larger, older individuals tended to be less diseased. however, no systematic determination had been made of the ex ... | 2004 | 15264719 |
| identification of a serine protease gene expressed by myxobolus cerebralis during development in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | serine proteases have been recognized as key factors in parasite physiology and disease development. we have identified a serine protease gene from myxobolus cerebralis, myxsp-1, the myxozoan parasite causing whirling disease in salmonid fishes. the amino acid sequence, as deduced from the cdna sequence, included a catalytic residue arrangement similar to that of the chymotrypsin family of serine proteases. a real-time taqman polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis revealed differences in the t ... | 2004 | 15264720 |
| localization of ghrelin-producing cells in the stomach of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (ghs-r), was isolated from the rat stomach and determined to be n-octanoylated 28-amino-acid peptide. in this study, we studied the distribution of ghrelin-producing cells (ghrelin cells) in the gastrointestinal tract of male and female rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) by immunohistochemistry using n-terminal region-recognizing antibody and also by in situ hybridization using a trout ghrelin-specific crna probe. ghreli ... | 2004 | 15277719 |
| novel fatty acid elongases and their use for the reconstitution of docosahexaenoic acid biosynthesis. | in algae, the biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6omega3; dha) proceeds via the elongation of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5omega3; epa) to 22:5omega3, which is required as a substrate for the final delta4 desaturation. to isolate the elongase specific for this step, we searched expressed sequence tag and genomic databases from the algae ostreococcus tauri and thalassiosira pseudonana, from the fish oncorhynchus mykiss, from the frog xenopus laevis, and from the sea squirt ciona intestinalis ... | 2004 | 15292371 |
| refined crystal structure of lysozyme from the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | lysozymes (e.c. 3.2.1.17) are well characterized ubiquitous enzymes that have an antibacterial effect. the lysozymes from rainbow trout (rbtl) (oncorhynchus mykiss) could be particularly interesting in aquaculture since they show higher activity than egg-white lysozyme and lysozymes from other fish species against a variety of pathogenic bacteria. two lysozymes, i and ii, differing only in a single amino acid, were purified from the kidney of rainbow trout and shown to belong to the c-type class ... | 1995 | 15299303 |
| an immunohistochemical study on the neuroendocrine system in the alimentary canal of the brown trout, salmo trutta, l., 1758. | several neurohormonal peptides of the gastrointestinal system of fish have been revealed by immunohistochemical methods. among salmonids, the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) is the most studied species, whereas the informations about other species of the taxonomic group are lacking. the regional distribution and relative densities of cells belonging to the neuroendocrine system have been in this paper demonstrated in the gut of the brown trout, salmo trutta linnaeus. in the gastric ... | 2004 | 15302266 |
| influence of chronic exposure to treated sewage effluent on the distribution of white blood cell populations in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) spleen. | impairment of immune function in aquatic animals has been proposed as a possible consequence of low-level contamination of surface waters with anthropogenic substances such as through the discharge of wastewater into rivers, lakes, and oceans. the study at hand investigated the effects of chronic (32 weeks) exposure to sewage treatment plant (stp) effluent on the prevalence and distribution of different leucocyte populations in spleen samples of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). to simulate a ... | 2004 | 15310861 |
| qualitative risk assessment of routes of transmission of the exotic fish parasite gyrodactylus salaris between river catchments in england and wales. | gyrodactylus salaris is a freshwater, monogenean ecto-parasite of atlantic-salmon. infection of its natural host, the baltic strain of atlantic-salmon, is inapparent. g. salaris also can infect rainbow-trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) permanently, and cause infection of < or =50 days in several other species. it is only on atlantic stocks of atlantic-salmon (salmo salar) that the parasite multiplies unchecked by an immune response, causes death in juveniles and dramatic reductions in wild populations ... | 2004 | 15325771 |
| vertebrate phylogeny of hydrogen sulfide vasoactivity. | hydrogen sulfide (h(2)s) is a recently identified endogenous vasodilator in mammals. in steelhead/rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, osteichthyes), h(2)s produces both dose-dependent dilation and a unique dose-dependent constriction. in this study, we examined h(2)s vasoactivity in all vertebrate classes to determine whether h(2)s is universally vasoactive and to identify phylogenetic and/or environmental trends. h(2)s was generated from nahs and examined in unstimulated and precontracted syste ... | 2005 | 15345473 |
| cpg oligodeoxynucleotides stimulate immune cell proliferation but not specific antibody production in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | bacterial dna and cpg odn have both been shown to have immunostimulatory effects in mammals, activating apcs and inducing a potent th1 type immune response. they have also been shown to have a strong adjuvant effect and up-regulate mhc class 2 expression in murine cells, augment human and murine nk cell lytic activity, activate human b cells and induce murine b cell proliferation. however, little work has been carried out with regard to their effects on the piscine immune system. here it is show ... | 2004 | 15350751 |
| discovery and characterization of two types of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (leap-2) genes in rainbow trout. | the sequences and gene organisation of two leap-2 molecules (leap-2a and leap-2b) from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss are presented. both genes consist of a 3 exon/2 intron structure, with exon sizes comparable to known mammalian genes. leap-2a notably differs from leap-2b in having larger introns and a larger 3' utr. the predicted proteins contain a signal peptide and prodomain, followed by a mature peptide of 41 aa containing four conserved cysteines. the rxxr cleavage site to release the ... | 2004 | 15350756 |
| impact of pcb on resistance to flavobacterium psychrophilum after experimental infection of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss eggs by nanoinjection. | the effects of sublethal exposure of a commercial blend of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcb), i.e. clophen a50, on disease resistance to the aetiological agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome, flavobacterium psychrophilum, were investigated. newly fertilised rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss eggs were nanoinjected with 2 doses of clophen a50 (0.4 or 2 microg egg(-1)) and/or 100 colony forming units of f. psychrophilum. the mean cumulative mortality in control groups, and groups exposed to the lower ... | 2004 | 15352522 |
| ultrastructure of spironucleus salmonis n. comb. (formerly octomitus salmonis sensu moore 1922, davis 1926, and hexamita salmonis sensu ferguson 1979), with a guide to spironucleus species. | diplomonad flagellates can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality in fishes, particularly in farmed salmonids. diagnosis using only light microscopy is limited, and species cannot be confirmed. we therefore undertook a comprehensive transmission electron microscopy study of 20 trophozoites from the intestine of farmed juvenile rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss from northern ireland (reported as hexamita salmonis by ferguson in 1979). re-assignment to the genus spironucleus was de ... | 2004 | 15352524 |
| comparative susceptibility of brown trout and rainbow trout to discocotyle sagittata (monogenea). | the susceptibility of brown trout (salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to the monogenean discocotyle sagittata in the united kingdom was assessed by experimental infection of naive fish. one month postinfection with 100 oncomiracidia/host, brown trout harbored significantly lower burdens (27.7 worms/host +/- 4.13 se) than rainbow trout (47.8 worms/host +/- 3.90; p = 0.002). this indicates that the consistently lower prevalence and intensity of d. sagittata recorded in naturally ... | 2004 | 15357099 |
| extensive release of an antigen associated with the sporogonic stages of myxobolus cerebralis (myxozoa: myxosporea) is detected by a heterologous antibody raised to tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (myxozoa: malacosporea). | monoclonal antibody b4 (mab b4) was previously developed to the myxozoan parasite tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae canning, curry, feist, longshaw et okamura, 1999, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease of salmonids, here we describe the reaction of mab b4 against myxobolus cerebralis hofer, 1903, the parasite that causes 'whirling disease' in salmonids. tissues examined were collected from experimentally infected rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) and the aquatic oligochaete ... | 2004 | 15357400 |
| homing of gyrodactylus salaris and g. derjavini (monogenea) on different hosts and response post-attachment. | in natural european waters, the congeneric monogeneans gyrodactylus derjavini mikailov, 1975 and g. salaris malmberg, 1957 are primarily found on brown trout salmo trutta l. and atlantic salmon salmo salar l., respectively. interestingly, rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), originating from north america, is as susceptible as brown trout to g. derjavini. however, the mechanisms involved in this host specificity are poorly understood but may include behavioural, mechanical and chemical ... | 2004 | 15357405 |
| parasite resistance and avoidance behaviour in preventing eye fluke infections in fish. | this paper examines the efficiency of acquired resistance in protecting the fish host, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), against the trematode parasite diplostomum spathaceum, and the hypothesis that fish recognize areas where infective stages are aggregated and show avoidance behaviour. we found that when fish with a low level of infection were held in restricted cages in natural conditions they became infected and developed cataracts as a result of this infection. this suggests that acquire ... | 2004 | 15376775 |
| homologs of cd83 from elasmobranch and teleost fish. | dendritic cells are one of the most important cell types connecting innate and adaptive immunity, but very little is known about their evolutionary origins. to begin to study dendritic cells from lower vertebrates, we isolated and characterized cd83 from the nurse shark (ginglymostoma cirratum (gici)) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss (onmy)). the open reading frames for gici-cd83 (194 aa) and onmy-cd83 (218 aa) display approximately 28-32% identity to mammalian cd83 with the presence of tw ... | 2004 | 15383588 |
| molecular cloning of the seventh component of complement in rainbow trout. | c7 is an integral component of the lytic pathway of complement, which interacts in a sequence of polymerization reactions with other terminal components to form the membrane attack complex. c7 plays a central role in the terminal complement cascade, since its incorporation into the nascent complex allows its hydrophilic-amphiphilic transition, which subsequently leads to the direct binding of the complex to the target membrane. to date, only human and porcine c7 have been cloned and characterize ... | 2005 | 15450749 |
| kinetics of mx expression in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) parr in response to vhs-dna vaccination. | the duration of the mx mrna response to an intramuscular injection of the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) glycoprotein (g) gene dna vaccine as well as to the control plasmid was determined in rainbow trout at 14 degrees c over a period of 11 weeks. the mx response was detectable on day 7, peaked on day 14 and returned to pretreatment levels on day 21 and thereafter. no increase in mx expression was detectable to the control plasmid. in further experiments, the kinetics of the mx resp ... | 2005 | 15450971 |
| infectious salmon anemia virus: causative agent, pathogenesis and immunity. | infectious salmon anemia (isa) virus (isav), an economically important new pathogen in marine aquaculture, is classified in the family orthomyxoviridae, genus isavirus. the main structural properties of this genus include enveloped virions 90-140 nm in diameter with surface projections of a combined receptor-binding hemagglutinin and receptor-destroying enzyme activity demonstrated to be an esterase, hence recently designated he, and a genome composed of eight segments of linear, single-stranded ... | 2004 | 15460541 |
| consumption of drugs for sea lice infestations in norwegian fish farms: methods for assessment of treatment patterns and treatment rate. | sea lice are a major problem in norwegian fish farms; however, data on drug treatment patterns or treatment rates of sea lice infestations are not available. such data are important for analysing resistance patterns against drugs used for such infestations. the main objective of the present study was to develop a method to estimate the treatment patterns and treatment rates for drugs used in the treatment against sea lice (lepeophtheirus salmonis and caligus elongatus) in farm salmonids by means ... | 2004 | 15460856 |
| development and characterization of a competitive polyclonal antibody enzyme-immunoassay for salmon insulin-like growth factor-ii. | this paper describes the development and validation of a competitive, polyclonal antibody enzyme-immunoassay (eia) for the measurement of salmon and trout insulin-like growth factor-ii (igf-ii). a polyclonal antiserum was raised against a synthetic peptide epitope, corresponding to amino acid residues 1-9 of the n-terminus of mature atlantic salmon (salmo salar) igf-ii. the antiserum was purified by hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (hcic). the partially purified immunoglobulins were u ... | 2004 | 15465665 |
| characterization and comparison of fatty acyl delta6 desaturase cdnas from freshwater and marine teleost fish species. | fish are the most important dietary source of the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (hufa), eicosapentaenoic (epa) and docosahexaenoic acid (dha), that have particularly important roles in human nutrition reflecting their roles in critical physiological processes. the objective of the study described here was to clone, functionally characterize and compare expressed fatty acid desaturase genes involved in the production of epa and dha in freshwater and marine teleost fish species. putative fatt ... | 2004 | 15465674 |
| analysis of genes isolated from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophages. | a primary cell culture system was used to obtain differentiated rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophages that were stimulated with escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (lps-10 microg/ml) for 12 h in vitro. messenger rna from the lps-stimulated cells was used to create two cdna libraries from which a total of 1048 sequences were analyzed. a large number of cdnas were obtained that could be related to immune function including structural proteins, proteases and antiproteases, regulators of t ... | 2004 | 15482855 |
| 11-deoxycorticosterone is a potent agonist of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) mineralocorticoid receptor. | the teleost fish are thought to lack the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone but possess mineralocorticoid receptor (mr) homologs. here we describe the characterization of two rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) mrs, called rtmra and rtmrb. the open reading frame of rtmra cdna encoded a protein of 1041 amino acids. the rtmrb predicted protein sequence is similar, differing in only 10 amino acids in the nonconserved a/b domain and lacking a three-amino acid insertion between the two zinc finger ... | 2005 | 15486226 |
| molecular cloning and expression analysis of a macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor-like gene from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. | the m-csf and its receptor (m-csfr, csf-1r or c-fms proto-oncogene) system were initially implicated as essential in mammals for normal monocyte development as well as for pregnancy. to allow a comparison with the m-csf and m-csfr system of an oviparous animal, we cloned a m-csfr-like gene from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the gene was cloned from a cdna library of head kidney. it contained an open reading frame encoding 967 amino acids with a predicted size of 109 kda. the putative amin ... | 2005 | 15488938 |
| resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in aeromonas hydrophila isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | bacterial infections caused by members of the genus aeromonas, with a relatively high antibiotic resistance, are among the most common and troublesome diseases of fish raised in ponds with recirculation systems. in this study, carried out at an experimental aquaculture station in northern portugal, 51 strains identified as belonging to the genus aeromonas were isolated from 20 rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) skin and kidney samples, as well as from raceway water samples. macro- and microscop ... | 2004 | 15492935 |
| characterization of a highly inducible novel cc chemokine from differentiated rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophages. | a full-length cdna clone encoding a novel trout cc chemokine was identified in expressed sequence tags generated from lipopolysaccharide (lps)-stimulated in vitro differentiated macrophages isolated from the head kidney of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the putative 101-amino-acid protein is 38% similar to macaca mulatta ccl4 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta) but is also similar to several other related mammalian cc chemokines, including human act-2. real-time pcr and conventiona ... | 2004 | 15503008 |
| the viscosity and glycoprotein biochemistry of salmonid mucus varies with species, salinity and the presence of amoebic gill disease. | fish mucus has previously been reported to change in appearance and composition among species and in response to changes in salinity and disease status. this study reports on the mucus viscosity and glycoprotein biochemistry of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.), brown trout (salmo trutta l.) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) in freshwater and seawater, both naive to and affected by amoebic gill disease (agd). cutaneous mucus viscosity was measured over a range of shear rates (11.5, ... | 2005 | 15517284 |
| modulation of the immune response to an aeromonas hydrophila aroa live vaccine in rainbow trout: effect of culture media on the humoral immune response and complement consumption. | the aeromonas hydrophila aroa is an attenuated strain that has been assessed as a live vaccine in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. in this study the effects of different culture media used to grow the strain on its survival after in vitro exposure to rainbow trout serum, and on its immunogenicity in rainbow trout were compared. four culture media were tested: luria broth (lb), luria broth with 0.25% glucose, trypticase soy broth (tsb), and brain-heart infusion broth (bhib). bacteria grown in ... | 2005 | 15519541 |