| reinvasion of calcutta city by aedes albopictus: the proven vector of dengue in suburban areas. | dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease transmitted by aedes aegypti in cities and a. albopictus in suburban and rural areas. dengue outbreaks occur almost regularly and sometimes reach epidemic proportions in cities and towns. dengue endemicity in calcutta was established for the first time in 1960, then re-established by another serosurvey in 1966. an outbreak of dengue was recently reported in the bankura district of the city, where it has not previously been reported. with the literatur ... | 1998 | 10389503 |
| the furin protease cleavage recognition sequence of sindbis virus pe2 can mediate virion attachment to cell surface heparan sulfate. | cell culture-adapted sindbis virus strains attach to heparan sulfate (hs) receptors during infection of cultured cells (w. b. klimstra, k. d. ryman, and r. e. johnston, j. virol. 72:7357-7366, 1998). at least three e2 glycoprotein mutations (e2 arg 1, e2 lys 70, and e2 arg 114) can independently confer hs attachment in the background of the consensus sequence sindbis virus (tr339). in the studies reported here, we have investigated the mechanism by which the e2 arg 1 mutation confers hs-dependen ... | 1999 | 10400721 |
| detection of dengue virus rna in patients after primary or secondary dengue infection by using the taqman automated amplification system. | in consecutive serum samples from 25 tourists with acute dengue fever, virus-specific rna was detected by using fully automated taqman reverse transcriptase pcr. for this amplification technique new primers and special fluorochrome-labeled probes had to be synthesized. during amplification the increasing amount of viral dna could simultaneously be measured in the tightly sealed tubes. dengue virus rna was found in almost all patients (17 of 18), if the samples had been taken soon after the onset ... | 1999 | 10405398 |
| sequencing of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region for strain identification of porphyromonas gingivalis. | the ribosomal intergenic spacer regions (isrs) of 19 laboratory strains and 30 clinical samples of porphyromonas gingivalis were amplified by pcr and sequenced to provide a strain identifier. the isr is a variable region of dna located between the conserved 16s and 23s rrna genes. this makes it an ideal locus for differentiation of strains within a species: primers specific for the conserved flanking genes were used to amplify the isr, which was then sequenced to identify the strain. we have con ... | 1999 | 10405432 |
| buoyancy and diving behavior in mosquito pupae. | mosquito pupal diving behavior has been studied mostly in aedes aegypti and in this species pupal buoyancy varies relative to several factors. the research reported herein addresses the 2 following questions. does diving behavior vary among different mosquito genera and species? how is diving behavior influenced by variation in buoyancy? depth and duration of dive, and dive pattern, were compared among ae. aegypti, culex pipiens, anopheles stephensi, aedes albopictus, and aedes triseriatus. in r ... | 1999 | 10412114 |
| aedes albopictus in the united states: current status and prospects for further spread. | since its initial discovery in the continental usa in 1985, the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, has spread rapidly throughout the eastern part of the country. infestations of ae. albopictus now have been reported to the centers for disease control and prevention from 919 counties in 26 states in the continental usa. this species is believed to be established in 911 counties in 25 states. single individuals or small numbers of ae. albopictus have been intercepted and destroyed in 3 additi ... | 1999 | 10412117 |
| [aedes albopictus in rural zone of brazil and its implication in the wild yellow fever transmission]. | larvae and adult forms of aedes albopictus were found during ecological study of anopheline mosquitos in the rural zone of the state of mato grosso do sul in brazil. this occurrence was registered, for the first time in brazil, in an enzoootic area if sylvatic yellow fever virus. this implies a potential risk of the transfer of this virus to an urban area infested with aedes aegypti. | 1999 | 10436626 |
| identification of a north american mosquito species, aedes atropalpus (diptera: culicidae), in italy. | in late september 1996, during a routine survey for aedes albopictus in italy, a population of aedes atropalpus s.s. was discovered in the veneto region (northern italy). larvae were collected in 2 tire storage areas belonging to tire recapping companies that imported loads of car and large equipment used tires from eastern europe and north america. aedes atropalpus is found only in north america and hence it is the origin of this species. control measures were carried out in october, but by the ... | 1997 | 9383765 |
| wolbachia, normally a symbiont of drosophila, can be virulent, causing degeneration and early death. | wolbachia, a maternally transmitted microorganism of the rickettsial family, is known to cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, or feminization in various insect species. the bacterium-host relationship is usually symbiotic: incompatibility between infected males and uninfected females can enhance reproductive isolation and evolution, whereas the other mechanisms enhance progeny production. we have discovered a variant wolbachia carried by drosophila melanogaster in which this cozy ... | 1997 | 9380712 |
| aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae): an experimental and natural host of dirofilaria immitis (filarioidea: onchocercidae) in florida, u.s.a. | females of an aedes albopictus (skuse) colony from southeastern florida, u.s.a., ingested low (22.9 +/- 3.2 mg/female) and high (243.2 +/- 37.6 mf/female) numbers of microfilariae from a dog infected with dirofilaria immitis (leidy). high mortality of females occurred during the first 4 d after infection regardless of the number of microfilariae ingested; daily mortality was almost negligible during 5-15 d after infection. percentage of survival 15 d after infection was higher (63%) in females t ... | 1999 | 10467770 |
| mosquito fauna in water-holding containers with emphasis on dengue vectors (diptera: culicidae) in chungho, taipei county, taiwan. | a survey was conducted to characterize the mosquito fauna in water-holding containers in residential and open areas with emphasis on aedes albopictus skuse, and to determine the prevalence of mosquito-positive containers to obtain background information for a source reduction program. seven container-inhabiting mosquito species were collected in residential areas, including ae. albopictus, culex quinquefasciatus say, c. pallidothorax theobald, c. neomimulus lien, c. bicornutus theobald, c. fusca ... | 1999 | 10467775 |
| semliki forest virus as an expression vector in insect cell lines. | studies were undertaken to determine if replication-deficient semliki forest virus expression vectors could be successfully used to express foreign gene constructs in insect cell lines. using green fluorescent protein (gfp) as a marker we recorded infection levels of nearly 100% in the aedes albopictus cell lines c6/36 and aa23t, as well as in the ae. aegypti cell line mos20. the virus was capable of infecting an anopheles gambiae cell line mos55. the amount of gfp protein produced in each cell ... | 1999 | 10469258 |
| in vitro culture and phylogenetic analysis of "candidatus arsenophonus triatominarum," an intracellular bacterium from the triatomine bug, triatoma infestans. | an intracellular symbiotic bacterium was isolated from the hemolymph of triatoma infestans and cultured in an aedes albopictus cell line. 16s ribosomal dna sequence analysis revealed that the bacterium was a member of the gamma-3 subgroup of the class proteobacteria, having 96.2% sequence identity with the most closely related bacterium, arsenophonus nasoniae, the causative agent of the son-killer trait in the parasitoid wasp nasonia vitripennis. these bacteria share morphological features and a ... | 1997 | 9336921 |
| current status of aedes albopictus and aedes atropalpus in italy. | eight years after the 1st record in italy, scattered foci of aedes albopictus are reported in 9 regions and 107 municipalities belonging to 22 provinces, mainly located in the northeastern part of the country (veneto region). in almost all infested areas the species is well controlled and at low levels of density, through source reduction and antilarval treatments. aedes atropalpus, 1st recorded in 1996, remains limited to the original focus in the province of treviso. surveillance and control o ... | 1999 | 10480136 |
| genetic reassortment of rift valley fever virus in nature. | rift valley fever virus (rvfv), a phlebovirus of the bunyaviridae family, is an arthropod-borne virus which emerges periodically throughout africa, emphasizing that it poses a major threat for animal and human populations. to assess the genetic variability of rvfv, several isolates from diverse localities of africa were investigated by means of reverse transcription-pcr followed by direct sequencing of a region of the small (s), medium (m), and large (l) genomic segments. phylogenetic analysis s ... | 1999 | 10482570 |
| the severity of murray valley encephalitis in mice is linked to neutrophil infiltration and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in the central nervous system. | a study of immunopathology in the central nervous system (cns) during infection with a virulent strain of murray valley encephalitis virus (mve) in weanling swiss mice following peripheral inoculation is presented. it has previously been shown that virus enters the murine cns 4 days after peripheral inoculation, spreads to the anterior olfactory nucleus, the pyriform cortex, and the hippocampal formation at 5 days postinfection (p.i.), and then spreads throughout the cerebral cortex, caudate put ... | 1999 | 10482632 |
| analysis of lacrosse virus s mrna 5' termini in infected mosquito cells and aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. | nucleotide sequences were determined for the 5' termini of la crosse virus (lac) s segment mrna from persistently infected mosquito cell cultures (c6/36 from aedes albopictus) and embryos (aedes triseriatus). lac primes transcription of its mrna with "scavenged" 5' caps and adjacent oligonucleotides from host mrnas, and these non-virus-encoded 5'-terminal extensions are heterogeneous in infected mammalian cells. the nature of mosquito host-derived primers has not been previously investigated. du ... | 1997 | 9151829 |
| biophysical properties of heterotypic gap junctions newly formed between two types of insect cells. | 1. cell pairs of the insect cell line sf9 (spodoptera frugiperda) were chosen to examine the electrical properties of gap junction channels. the dual voltage-clamp method was used to control the membrane potential of each cell (vm,1 and vm,2) and hence the junctional voltage gradient (vj), and to measure intercellular current. 2. studies with preformed pairs revealed that the gap junction conductance (gj) is controlled by a vj- and a vm-sensitive gate. at steady state, gj = f(vj) was bell shaped ... | 1997 | 9130166 |
| [an evaluation of municipal actions in the control of dengue vectors in the region of são josé do rio prêto, são paulo, 1989 to 1995]. | the aim of this study was to determine the coverage of municipal activities in terms of the control of aedes aegypti and/or aedes albopictus by routine house-to-house visits and by emergency activity, carried out between 1989 and 1995 in the area of são josé do rio prêto, são paulo state, and to evaluate the cross-correlation between them and the breteau index (bi). for towns with up to 50,000 real estate properties, the joint coverage by routine and emergency activities was mostly appropriate a ... | 1999 | 10495663 |
| evaluation of a heterologous metallothionein gene promoter in transfected mosquito cells. | mosquito cells from the c7-10 aedes albopictus line were transfected with a recombinant plasmid containing the escherichia coli galactokinase gene under control of the promoter from the drosophila melanogaster metallothionein gene, mtn. consistent with what has been observed with heterologous metallothionein promoters in several vertebrate systems, treatment of transiently transfected mosquito cells with cuso4 or cdcl2 induced a 2- to 5-fold increase in galactokinase gene expression. levels of e ... | 1997 | 9114495 |
| an amino acid change in the exodomain of the e2 protein of sindbis virus, which impairs the release of virus from chicken cells but not from mosquito cells. | in order to obtain a mutant of sindbis virus (sv) with a low methionine-resistant (lmr) phenotype, i.e., able to replicate in methionine-deprived aedes albopictus mosquito cells, standard sv (sv(std)) was passaged 17 times in mosquito cells maintained in a low methionine medium and then plaque-purified, also in mosquito cells. although the virus obtained by this procedure, sv(lm17), did have the desired lmr phenotype, it also appeared to have acquired a host-range phenotype. we have now characte ... | 1999 | 10544144 |
| a mosquito densovirus infecting aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus from thailand. | a previously undescribed mosquito densovirus was detected in colonies of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus from thailand, using a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based assay. phylogenetic analysis of this virus showed it to be most closely related to adnv isolated from russian ae. aegypti. both aedes species were susceptible to oral infection with the thai-strain virus. larval mortality for ae. albopictus was higher (82%) than for ae. aegypti (51%). aedes aegypti were able to transmit the virus v ... | 1999 | 10548296 |
| identification of mayaro virus nucleocapsid protein in nucleus of aedes albopictus cells. | the modifications in the pattern of nuclear proteins of aedes albopictus cells in response to mayaro virus infection were analysed early and late after infection. the viral capsid (c) protein of 34 kda (p34) could be detected in the nuclear compartment 4 h after infection, soon after its synthesis in the cytoplasm. in addition to p34, a group of high molecular weight proteins was also present in this compartment late after infection. the exposition of infected cells to supra optimal temperature ... | 1997 | 9037738 |
| inhibition of luciferase expression in transgenic aedes aegypti mosquitoes by sindbis virus expression of antisense luciferase rna. | a rapid and reproducible method of inhibiting the expression of specific genes in mosquitoes should further our understanding of gene function and may lead to the identification of mosquito genes that determine vector competence or are involved in pathogen transmission. we hypothesized that the virus expression system based on the mosquito-borne alphavirus, sindbis (togaviridae), may efficiently transcribe effector rnas that inhibit expression of a targeted mosquito gene. to test this hypothesis ... | 1999 | 10557332 |
| rescue of a segmented negative-strand rna virus entirely from cloned complementary dnas. | we provide the first report, to our knowledge, of a helper-independent system for rescuing a segmented, negative-strand rna genome virus entirely from cloned cdnas. plasmids were constructed containing full-length cdna copies of the three bunyamwera bunyavirus rna genome segments flanked by bacteriophage t7 promoter and hepatitis delta virus ribozyme sequences. when cells expressing both bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase and recombinant bunyamwera bunyavirus proteins were transfected with these pl ... | 1996 | 8986823 |
| a larval mosquito survey in northeastern arkansas including a new record for aedes albopictus. | an extensive larval mosquito survey was conducted in craighead county in northeastern arkansas in 1990-91. nineteen species representing 8 genera were collected. culex restuans was the most cosmopolitan species in relation to habitat utilization, being collected in 5 or 7 habitat types sampled. a major range extension of aedes taeniorhynchus in arkansas was documented as well as the first known collection of aedes albopictus in the northeastern part of the state. | 1994 | 8965075 |
| aedes albopictus from albania: a potential vector of dengue viruses. | aedes albopictus collected in durazzo, the main port of albania, were tested for oral susceptibility to dengue type 2 virus and their infection rates were compared to those of an aedes aegypti strain (paea) and another strain of ae. albopictus (tananarive). infection rates for the albanian ae. albopictus were dose dependent, ranging from 38.9 +/- 13.6% to 85.1% with the titer of the meal increasing from 10 x 8.1 to 10 x 9.1 50% mosquito infectious doses (mid50)/ml. the percentage of infected fem ... | 1999 | 10612611 |
| comparison of two rapid diagnostic assays for detection of immunoglobulin m antibodies to dengue virus. | two easy-to-use commercial diagnostic assays, a dipstick enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) (integrated diagnostics, baltimore, md.) and an immunochromatographic card assay (panbio, brisbane, australia) were evaluated for detection of immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody to dengue virus with an in-house igm antibody capture microplate elisa as a reference assay. the dipstick elisa was based on the indirect-elisa format using dengue 2 virus as the only antigen and enzyme-labeled goat anti-human ... | 2000 | 10618287 |
| perspectives for the treatment of infections with flaviviridae. | the family flaviviridae contains three genera: hepacivirus, flavivirus, and pestivirus. worldwide, more than 170 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis c virus and are at risk of developing cirrhosis and/or liver cancer. in addition, infections with arthropod-borne flaviviruses (such as dengue fever, japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, st. louis encephalitis, murray valley encephalitis, west nile, and yellow fever viruses) are emerging throughout the world. the pestiv ... | 2000 | 10627492 |
| the fragmentation of incoming semliki forest virus nucleocapsids in mosquito (aedes albopictus) cells might be coupled to virion uncoating. | the fate of semliki forest virus (sfv) nucleocapsid, especially the capsid protein (c-protein), was investigated during the early stages of a productive infection in mosquito aedes albopictus cells. infection of the cells resulted in a time dependent accumulation of a c-protein derived fragment. this fragmentation of incoming viral nucleocapsid was prevented by nh4cl, an agent generally used to elevate the ph in acidic intracellular compartments, suggesting that a low intravesicular ph is requir ... | 1996 | 8920817 |
| field efficacy of fipronil 3g, lambda-cyhalothrin 10%cs, and sumithion 50ec against the dengue vector aedes albopictus in discarded tires. | the efficacy of three insecticides, fipronil 3g, lambda-cyhalothrin 10%cs, and sumithion 50ec were evaluated against the dengue vector aedes albopictus in discarded tires in kuala lumpur, malaysia. the dosage given for each insecticide was 0.01 g of active ingredient/m2. fipronil 3g was the most effective larvicide with a residual activity of up to two weeks, causing 88% mortality in aedes albopictus. lambda-cyhalothrin 10%cs was effective for one week causing 92% larval mortality and two weeks ... | 1999 | 10672544 |
| a case of dengue from pune, india. | dengue is an acute infectious disease, caused by a single stranded ribonucleic acid (rna) virus of the family of flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, transmitted by aedes mosquitos, the most important vectors being aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. there are four serotypes, den-1, den-2, den-3, den-4 that are nearly human specific. the geographical distribution of dengue is pantropical, except for madagascar and some african regions. it is endemo-epidemic in tropical and subtropical countries inclu ... | 2000 | 10689245 |
| [mosquitoes potential vectors of canine heartworm in the northeast region from brazil]. | in some coastal districts of são luís, capital of the state of maranhão, brazil, the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis is more than 40% in house dogs. natural potential vectors, as found in other areas of northeastern brazil, are unknown. the aim of this study was to identify probable vectors of the disease. | 1999 | 10689372 |
| an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reveals high levels of the dengue virus protein ns1 in the sera of infected patients. | we describe the development of a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of the dengue virus nonstructural protein ns1. the assay employs rabbit polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies as the capture and detection antibodies, respectively. immunoaffinity-purified ns1 derived from dengue 2 virus-infected cells was used as a standard to establish a detection sensitivity of approximately 4 ng/ml for an assay employing monoclonal antibodies recognizing a dengue 2 serotype-specific e ... | 2000 | 10698995 |
| rapid subtyping of dengue virus serotypes 1 and 4 by restriction site-specific pcr. | we previously reported a simple subtyping method, restriction site-specific pcr (rss-pcr), for dengue virus serotypes 2 and 3; here we describe its application for subtyping dengue virus serotypes 1 and 4. three major rss-pcr types were observed for dengue virus serotype 1 and two types were observed for dengue virus serotype 4, in agreement with previous strain classifications based on sequence analysis. because of its simplicity, this method is amenable to rapid subtyping and application to ep ... | 2000 | 10699044 |
| genetics of mosquito vector competence. | mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality throughout the world. efforts to control mosquito-borne diseases have been impeded, in part, by the development of drug-resistant parasites, insecticide-resistant mosquitoes, and environmental concerns over the application of insecticides. therefore, there is a need to develop novel disease control strategies that can complement or replace existing control methods. one such strategy is to generate pathogen-resi ... | 2000 | 10704476 |
| attenuation markers of a candidate dengue type 2 vaccine virus, strain 16681 (pdk-53), are defined by mutations in the 5' noncoding region and nonstructural proteins 1 and 3. | the genome of a candidate dengue type 2 (den-2) vaccine virus, strain pdk-53, differs from its den-2 16681 parent by nine nucleotides. using infectious cdna clones, we constructed 18 recombinant 16681/pdk-53 viruses to analyze four 16681-to-pdk-53 mutations, including 5' noncoding region (5'nc)-57 c-to-t, premembrane (prm)-29 asp-to-val (the only mutation that occurs in the structural proteins), nonstructural protein 1 (ns1)-53 gly-to-asp, and ns3-250 glu-to-val. the viruses were studied for pla ... | 2000 | 10708415 |
| chimeric dengue type 2 (vaccine strain pdk-53)/dengue type 1 virus as a potential candidate dengue type 1 virus vaccine. | we constructed chimeric dengue type 2/type 1 (den-2/den-1) viruses containing the nonstructural genes of den-2 16681 virus or its vaccine derivative, strain pdk-53, and the structural genes (encoding capsid protein, premembrane protein, and envelope glycoprotein) of den-1 16007 virus or its vaccine derivative, strain pdk-13. we previously reported that attenuation markers of den-2 pdk-53 virus were encoded by genetic loci located outside the structural gene region of the pdk-53 virus genome. chi ... | 2000 | 10708416 |
| evolutionary relationships of endemic/epidemic and sylvatic dengue viruses. | endemic/epidemic dengue viruses (den) that are transmitted among humans by the mosquito vectors aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus are hypothesized to have evolved from sylvatic den strains that are transmitted among nonhuman primates in west africa and malaysia by other aedes mosquitoes. we tested this hypothesis with phylogenetic studies using envelope protein gene sequences of both endemic/epidemic and sylvatic strains. the basal position of sylvatic lineages of den-1, -2, and -4 suggested th ... | 2000 | 10708439 |
| morphological features of murray valley encephalitis virus infection in the central nervous system of swiss mice. | we have examined the histological and ultrastructural features of cns infection with murray valley encephalitis (mve) virus in mice inoculated with a virulent parental strain (bh3479). light microscopic examination revealed neuronal necrosis in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus of mve-infected brains by 5 days post-infection (pi). electron microscopy of these regions showed endoplasmic reticulum membrane proliferation, and tubular and spherical structures in the cisternae of the endoplasmic ret ... | 2000 | 10718862 |
| stimulation of dengue virus replication in cultured aedes albopictus (c6/36) mosquito cells by the antifungal imidazoles ketoconazole and miconazole. | replication of dengue type 3 virus in aedes albopictus c6/36 cells was enhanced more than 50-fold by addition of the antifungal imidazole derivative ketoconazole within the first 4 h of infection. the stimulatory effect was reflected in the yield of infectious virus and in levels of viral rna and protein synthesis. enhanced yields were observed also for other flaviviruses, including dengue type 2 virus and murray valley encephalitis virus. increased yields of dengue type 3 virus were not observe ... | 2000 | 10725192 |
| production of viral antigens in culture fluid of c6/36 mosquito cell line infected with dengue type 4 virus strains isolated from patients with different clinical severities. | viral antigen production was examined in the culture fluid of aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cell line incubated at 28 degrees c and 37 degrees c after infection with four strains of dengue type 4 (den-4) virus which were isolated from patients with different clinical severities. during the observation period from day 1 to day 18, the number of infected cells at each day for all four strains did not show any significant difference (p >0.05). antigen production as determined by the hemagglutination ... | 1999 | 10749366 |
| a single deletion in the membrane-proximal region of the sindbis virus glycoprotein e2 endodomain blocks virus assembly. | the envelopment of the sindbis virus nucleocapsid in the modified cell plasma membrane involves a highly specific interaction between the capsid (c) protein and the endodomain of the e2 glycoprotein. we have previously identified a domain of the sindbis virus c protein involved in binding to the e2 endodomain (h. lee and d. t. brown, virology 202:390-400, 1994). the c-e2 binding domain resides in a hydrophobic cleft with c y180 and w247 on opposing sides of the cleft. structural modeling studies ... | 2000 | 10756035 |
| keys for the identification of the mosquitoes of greece. | keys to the adult females and 4th instar larvae of the mosquitoes of greece are presented. in all, 53 species in 7 genera are included. also, aedes albopictus is added because of the potential for its introduction into greece. | 1997 | 9383766 |
| [anthropophilic behavior of aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) in the vale do paraíba region, southeastern brazil]. | the epidemiological role of aedes albopictus has been investigated in the state of s. paulo by the study of its biological and ecological characteristics. the biting activity of ae.albopictus taking stationary and moving collectors as parameters, is determined. | 1997 | 9497558 |
| electron microscopic examination of aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cells infected with dengue virus 2 at elevated incubation temperature. | morphological changes such as loss of cytoplasm, membrane destruction and vacuolar swelling in aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cells infected with dengue virus 2 (dv-2) new guinea b strain and incubated at 28 degrees c and 37 degrees c, were observed under electron microscope. both infected and uninfected cells showed significant damage at 37 degrees c in contrast to normal appearance at 28 degrees c. a higher number of virus particles were observed in the cytoplasm at 37 degrees c than at 28 degre ... | 1998 | 9645241 |
| a new densovirus isolated from the mosquito culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae). | we have isolated from a laboratory strain of culex pipiens in which abnormal larval mortality occurred a small icosahedral nonenveloped dna virus sharing the main biological and biophysical properties of densoviruses (dnvs). unlike dnvs isolated previously from aedes species, i.e. the aaednv and the aaldnv (afanasiev, b.n., galyov, e. e., buchatsky, l.p., kozlov, y.v., 1991. nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of aedes densonucleosis virus. virology 185, 323-336; boublik, y., jousset, f ... | 2000 | 10773314 |
| dengue virus infection during post-epidemic period in delhi, india. | dengue fever (df) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) are major public health problems in india. during the period following an epidemic, a study was carried out using virological and serological tests for confirmation of suspected cases of dengue virus infection in fever cases presenting to the all india institute of medical sciences. serum samples of suspected df/dhf cases were processed from january to december 1997. in 37 samples from patients with fever of less than 5-day duration, received ... | 1999 | 10774660 |
| identification of a putative ribosomal protein mrna in chironomus riparius and its response to cadmium, heat shock, and actinomycin d. | a putative ribosomal protein (rp) mrna in chironomus riparius has been found using differential display (dd). its sequence has 84.8% identity with mosquito rp l8, aedes albopictus, and is approximately 0.9 kb. studies were undertaken in order to evaluate rp as a control for environmentally relevant genes. responses of drosophila heat shock 70 gene (hsp70) were used to establish heat shock temperatures and cadmium (cd) concentrations for chironomus experiments and to validate dd. expression of hs ... | 2000 | 10789497 |
| modulation of dengue virus infection in human cells by alpha, beta, and gamma interferons. | a role for interferon (ifn) in modulating infection by dengue virus (dv) has been suggested by studies in dv-infected patients and ifn receptor-deficient mice. to address how ifn modulates dv type 2 infection, we have assayed ifn-alpha, -beta, and -gamma for the ability to enhance or diminish antibody-independent and antibody-dependent cell infection using a competitive, asymmetric reverse transcriptase-mediated pcr (rt-pcr) assay that quantitates positive and negative strands of viral rna, a fl ... | 2000 | 10799569 |
| [first report of aedes albopictus (skuse, 1984) in metropolitan france]. | the first record of aedes albopictus in metropolitan france has been made in a village of orne (basse-normandie). a few larvae were collected in october 1999, in the used tire stock of an important tire recycling company, importing in particular from the usa and japan. reproduction of the species has taken place in france, and the environmental conditions make the implantation of the species probable. | 2000 | 10803348 |
| the surface conformation of sindbis virus glycoproteins e1 and e2 at neutral and low ph, as determined by mass spectrometry-based mapping. | sindbis virus contains two membrane glycoproteins, e1 and e2, which are organized into 80 trimers of heterodimers (spikes). these trimers form a precise t=4 icosahedral protein lattice on the surface of the virus. very little is known about the organization of the e1 and e2 glycoproteins within the spike trimer. to gain a better understanding of how the proteins e1 and e2 are arranged in the virus membrane, we have used the techniques of limited proteolysis and amino acid chemical modification i ... | 2000 | 10823875 |
| vectors vs. humans in australia--who is on top down under? an update on vector-borne disease and research on vectors in australia. | australia has a diversity of vectors and vector-borne human diseases. mosquito-borne arboviruses are of greatest concern, but there are issues with other vector and pathogen systems. mosquitoes were responsible for more than 35,000 cases of ross river virus during 1991-1997. barmah forest virus is increasing nationwide, and unidentified bunyaviruses suspected of causing illness have been isolated. cases of murray valley encephalitis have occurred in 14 of the past 20 years in northern australia. ... | 1998 | 9673928 |
| peptide sequence of an antibiotic cecropin from the vector mosquito, aedes albopictus. | we have identified a 35-amino acid antibiotic cecropin secreted by an established mosquito cell line. c7-10 cells from the vector mosquito, aedes albopictus, were incubated with heat-killed escherichia coli, and materials secreted into the cell culture supernatant were recovered by acid precipitation. following batch elution from sep-pak c18 cartridges and further purification by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (rp-hplc) a predominant peak of antibacterial activity was chara ... | 1998 | 9712710 |
| anopheles gambiae pilot gene discovery project: identification of mosquito innate immunity genes from expressed sequence tags generated from immune-competent cell lines. | together with aids and tuberculosis, malaria is at the top of the list of devastating infectious diseases. however, molecular genetic studies of its major vector, anopheles gambiae, are still quite limited. we have conducted a pilot gene discovery project to accelerate progress in the molecular analysis of vector biology, with emphasis on the mosquito's antimalarial immune defense. a total of 5,925 expressed sequence tags were determined from normalized cdna libraries derived from immune-respons ... | 2000 | 10841561 |
| competence of aedes albopictus and culex quinquefasciatus as vector of dirofilaria immitis after blood meal with different microfilarial density. | aedes albopictus and culex quinquefasciatus were fed canine blood with different microfilarial density of dirofilaria immitis ranging from 2500 to 25,000 mff/ml. larval development in these two mosquito species did not differ significantly. although c. quinquefasciatus ingested more microfilariae, the number of larvae which developed in a. albopictus was invariably greater than in c. quinquefasciatus. mortality of the engorged a. albopictus was significantly greater than that of c. quinquefascia ... | 2000 | 10842003 |
| a mutant of sindbis virus that is resistant to pyrazofurin encodes an altered rna polymerase. | pyrazofurin (pzf), a cytidine analog and an inhibitor of orotate monophosphate decarboxylase, has been shown to decrease the levels of utp and ctp in treated cells. when sindbis virus (sv)-infected aedes albopictus cells were treated with pzf, the yield of virus was reduced 100- to 1000-fold. by serial passage of our standard sv(std) in ae. albopictus cells in the presence of increasing concentrations of pzf, a mutant, sv(pzf), was derived, which was not inhibited by pzf. sv(pzf) is also resista ... | 2000 | 10873749 |
| parasporin, a human leukemic cell-recognizing parasporal protein of bacillus thuringiensis. | an unusual property, human leukemic cell-recognizing activity, associated with parasporal inclusions of a noninsecticidal bacillus thuringiensis soil isolate was investigated, and a protein (named parasporin in this study) responsible for the activity was cloned. the parasporin, encoded by a gene 2,169 bp long, was a polypeptide of 723 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 81, 045. the sequence of parasporin contained the five conserved blocks commonly found in b. thuringiensi ... | 2000 | 10882663 |
| integrated control of the dengue vector aedes aegypti in liu-chiu village, ping-tung county, taiwan. | because of an inadequate supply of potable water, villagers of small liu-chiu isle, ping-tung county, taiwan, store water in containers supporting a large population of aedes aegypti. in 1989-96, integrated control measures against ae. aegypti were implemented on the basis of community participation. these measures included release of mosquito larvivorous fish in the drinking water storage facilities, application of larvicides to the water storage facilities in vegetable gardens, removal of disc ... | 2000 | 10901632 |
| comparison of dengue infection in human mononuclear leukocytes with mosquito c6/36 and mammalian vero cells using flow cytometry to detect virus antigen. | fluorescent activated cell sorter (facs) analysis is useful for the detection of cellular surface antigens and intracellular proteins. we used this methodology in order to detect and quantify dengue antigens in highly susceptible cells such as clone c6/36 (aedes albopictus) and vero cells (green monkey kidney). additionally, we analyzed the infection in vitro of human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (pbml). facs analysis turned out to be a reliable technique to quantify virus growth in t ... | 2000 | 10904403 |
| proboscis amputation facilitates the study of mosquito (diptera: culicidae) attractants, repellents, and host preference. | proboscis amputation has facilitated the study of mosquito behavior. using humans as a host is very important in the study of mosquito attractants, repellents, and host preference. however, mosquito bites cause potential medical problems because of hypersensitivity and perhaps secondary bacterial infection, even using laboratory mosquitoes. moreover, once a normal female mosquito bites and feeds on human blood, it cannot be used in subsequent probing tests. these problems were resolved by probos ... | 2000 | 10916308 |
| basic surface properties of aedes albopictus cells: effect of mayaro virus infection on electrostatic charge and surface tension. | aedes albopictus cells possess a negative cell surface charge of -12.7 mv with an isoelectrophoretic point (iep) located between ph 3.0 and 4.0. infection with mayaro virus rendered the surface of a. albopictus cells less negative reaching a zeta-potential value of -9.7 mv after 100 h of infection. concomitantly, the iep of the infected cells were also altered from 3.0-4.0 to 4.0-5.0. furthermore, the contact angle measurements clearly showed qualitative alterations in the cell surface of infect ... | 1997 | 9722418 |
| infection of human cells by dengue virus is modulated by different cell types and viral strains. | although prior studies have investigated cellular infection by dengue virus (dv), many have used highly passaged strains. we have reassessed cellular infection by dv type 2 (dv2) using prototype and low-passage isolates representing genotypes from different geographic areas. we observed marked variation in the susceptibility to infection among cell types by different dv2 strains. hepg2 hepatoma cells were susceptible to infection by all dv2 strains assayed. although the prototype strain generate ... | 2000 | 10933688 |
| an unusual ground larval habitat of aedes albopictus. | | 1998 | 9755568 |
| comparison of rapid centrifugation assay with conventional tissue culture method for isolation of dengue 2 virus in c6/36-ht cells. | a rapid centrifugation assay was compared with conventional tube cell culture for dengue virus isolation in both sera and autopsy samples from dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome fatal cases. the rapid centrifugation assay allowed isolation of virus from 16.6% more samples than the conventional method, and it shortened the time for dengue virus detection. finally, it allowed the isolation of dengue 2 virus in 42.8% of tissue samples from five fatal cases. our results sugges ... | 2000 | 10970418 |
| serotype-cross-reactive immunoglobulin m responses in dengue virus infections determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | we developed immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) with four monovalent dengue virus antigens. we attempted to determine whether igm responses in dengue virus infections are serotype specific or serotype cross-reactive. serum samples from 14 confirmed dengue cases were examined. in these 14 cases, which consisted of 12 japanese and 2 non-japanese patients, infecting dengue virus serotypes were defined by reverse transcription-pcr. thirteen of the 14 ... | 2000 | 10973453 |
| [studies on the susceptibility of two northern taiwan strains of aedes albopictus mosquitoes to japanese encephalitis virus]. | aedes albopictus is a dominant mosquito species in northern taiwan. in laboratory, the vector competence of 2 geographical strains of aedes albopictus mosquitoes to nt 113 strain of japanese encephalitis virus was examined. the mosquito infection dose50 (mi-d50) of sanhsia (sh) strain by intrathoracic (i.t.) inoculation was shown to be -1.1 log wmicld50 (weanling mice intracerebrum lethal dose), while that of yungho (yh) strain was -2.0 log wmicld50. the infection dose for 50% mosquitoes transmi ... | 1995 | 9774983 |
| effect of salt concentration in larval rearing water on susceptibility of aedes mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) to eastern equine and venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. | the effect of salt concentration in larval rearing water on the susceptibility of adult aedes taeniorhynchus (wiedemann) and aedes sollicitans (skuse) to infection with eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus was tested in the laboratory. ae. sollicitans was more susceptible to infection (79%, n = 82) and viral dissemination (16%) with eee virus than was ae. taeniorhynchus (42%, n = 184) and (5%), respectively, when fed on a chick with a viremia of 10(7) +/- 0.1 plaque-forming units/ml; how ... | 1998 | 9775590 |
| newly recognized focus of la crosse encephalitis in tennessee. | la crosse virus is a mosquito-borne arbovirus that causes encephalitis in children. only nine cases were reported in tennessee during the 33-year period from 1964-1996. we investigated a cluster of la crosse encephalitis cases in eastern tennessee in 1997. medical records of all suspected cases of la crosse virus infection at a pediatric referral hospital were reviewed, and surveillance was enhanced in the region. previous unreported cases were identified by surveying 20 hospitals in the surroun ... | 1999 | 10028077 |
| effects of heptanol on the neurogenic and myogenic contractions of the guinea-pig vas deferens. | 1. the effects of the putative gap junction uncoupler, 1-heptanol, on the neurogenic and myogenic contractile responses of guinea-pig vas deferens were studied in vitro. 2. superfusion of 2.0 mm heptanol for 20-30 min produced the following reversible changes in the biphasic neurogenic contractile response (8 trials): (i) suppression of both phases; (ii) delayed development of both the first as well as the second phase, accompanied by complete temporal separation of the two phases; (iii) promine ... | 1999 | 10051140 |
| construction of modular and versatile plasmid vectors for the high-level expression of single or multiple genes in insects and insect cell lines. | we have constructed a series of plasmid vectors for the expression of foreign genes in insects or insect cell lines. we incorporated the drosophila hsp70 and actin 5c promoters, as well as the hr5 enhancer-driven baculovirus ie1 promoter, into plasmids that allow convenient cloning of heterologous genes into multiple cloning sites. we combined these promoters with either a short, double poly-adenylation site derived from the heliothis virescens p63 chaperonin gene, or with a fusion of the small ... | 1999 | 10329122 |
| results of a survey to detect the mosquito aedes albopictus in the french riviera. | a programme of surveillance was initiated in 1992, in the french riviera, to detect a possible introduction of aedes albopictus from italy and to prevent nuisances caused by mosquitoes in the touristic localities of the côte d'azur. in five years, numerous mosquito breeding places have been located. nine species have been collected: anopheles claviger, an. plumbeus, aedes geniculatus, ae. vittatus, culex hortensis, cx. impudicus, cx. pipiens, culiseta fumipennis, cs. longiareolata but no ae. alb ... | 1998 | 10376290 |
| presence of dirofilaria repens and an insect immunocyte (plasmatocyte) in a human subcutaneous nodule, induced by a mosquito bite. | it is well known that the nematode dirofilaria repens is transmitted to humans by vector mosquito bite. examination of a fine needle aspiration biopsy drawn from a month-old nodule on the chest of a woman, residing in garlasco, province of pavia, northern italy, revealed the presence of not only one immature female of d. repens, but also some scattered cells that we believe to be mosquito's blood cells, plasmatocytes (immunocytes). we presume that plasmatocytes were carried into the bite wound w ... | 1998 | 10376295 |
| biophysical properties of mouse connexin30 gap junction channels studied in transfected human hela cells. | 1. human hela cells expressing mouse connexin30 (cx30) were used to study the electrical properties of cx30 gap junction channels. experiments were performed on cell pairs with the dual voltage-clamp method. 2. the gap junction conductance (gj) at steady state showed a bell-shaped dependence on junctional voltage (vj; boltzmann fit: vj,0 = 27 mv, gj,min = 0.15, z = 4). the instantaneous gj decreased slightly with increasing vj. 3. the gap junction currents (ij) declined with time following a sin ... | 1999 | 10457079 |
| potential for evolution of california serogroup bunyaviruses by genome reassortment in aedes albopictus. | aedes albopictus was introduced into the united states in used tires in 1985. its successful colonization of the upper midwest has potential to alter the current epidemiology of bunyaviruses that circulate in the region. it is permissive for the replication of several arboviruses, including la crosse (lacv) and jamestown canyon (jcv) bunyaviruses. in this study, we demonstrate the ability of lacv and jcv to coinfect ae. albopictus mosquitoes and to form all six possible reassortant genotypes. al ... | 1999 | 10466972 |
| transformation of lepidopteran and coleopteran insect cell lines by glyptapanteles indiensis polydnavirus dna. | recently investigators showed that polydnavirus dna from the parasitic wasp glyptapanteles indiensis could transform gypsy moth l. dispar cell lines in vitro (mckelvey et al., 1996). here we show gipdv dna is capable of transforming in vitro to varying degrees lepidopteran (iplb-tn-r2, iplb-sf-21, ial-pid2, iplb-hvt1) and coleopteran (iplb-du182e) insect cell lines derived from various somatic tissue types. an insect cell line derived from dipteran aedes albopictus (c7/10) could not be transform ... | 1999 | 10475266 |
| dengue epidemic in the state of rio grande do norte, brazil, in 1997. | during 1997 a large dengue epidemic occurred in rio grande do norte, a state in north-east brazil. the co-circulation of dengue virus type 1 and dengue virus type 2 was demonstrated by virus isolation in aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cell-line and by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). igm capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed 52.3% of the 8105 studied cases and dengue antigen was demonstrated by immunohistochemical reaction on hepatocytes from 2 out of 5 fatal ... | 1999 | 10492750 |
| dengue haemorrhagic fever in children in the 1996 delhi epidemic. | an epidemic of dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) occurred in delhi in 1996. a total of 240 children between the age of 4 months to 13 years of either sex, admitted in one hospital, were evaluated. two hundred and sixteen (90%) children were from delhi. a clinical diagnosis of dengue fever (df) was made in 25 (10%), dengue fever with unusual bleeding (dfb) in 22 (9%), dhf in 80 (33%) and dengue shock syndrome (dss) in 113 (47%) of the children strictly according to the who classification. the age p ... | 1999 | 10492762 |
| quantal evoked depolarizations underlying the excitatory junction potential of the guinea-pig isolated vas deferens. | 1. the effects of a putative gap junction uncoupling agent, heptanol, on the intracellularly recorded junction potentials of the guinea-pig isolated vas deferens have been investigated. 2. after the stimulation-evoked excitatory junction potentials (ejps) had been suppressed by heptanol (2.0 mm) to undetectable levels, a different pattern of evoked activity ensued. this consisted of transient depolarizations that were similar to ejps in being stimulus locked and in occurring at a fixed latency, ... | 1999 | 10523420 |
| [aedes albopictus, a threat to france?]. | | 1999 | 10549023 |
| identification of porphyromonas gingivalis strains by heteroduplex analysis and detection of multiple strains. | heteroduplex analysis has been used extensively to identify allelic variation among mammalian genes. it provides a rapid and reliable method for determining and cataloging minor differences between two closely related dna sequences. we have adapted this technique to distinguish among strains or clonal types of porphyromonas gingivalis. the ribosomal intergenic spacer region (isr) was amplified directly from a subgingival plaque sample by pcr with species-specific primers, avoiding the need for c ... | 1999 | 10565905 |
| the ribosomal protein l34 gene from the mosquito, aedes albopictus: exon-intron organization, copy number, and potential regulatory elements. | we describe the structural analysis of genomic dna encoding ribosomal protein (rp) l34 from the mosquito, aedes albopictus. comparison of genomic dna sequences encompassing approximately 8 kb with the rpl34 cdna sequence showed that the gene contains three exons and two introns, encoding a primary transcript with a deduced size of 6196 nucleotides from the transcription start site to the polyadenylation site. exon 1, which is not translated, measures only 45 bp, and is separated from exon 2 by a ... | 1999 | 10612044 |
| effects of partial blood engorgement and pretest carbohydrate availability on the repellency of deet to aedes albopictus. | the pretest availability of 10% sucrose solution and/or partial blood engorgement in aedes albopictus skuse significantly influenced mosquito attack rates and the time of repellent protection in laboratory bioassays. in 46 cm l x 38 cm w x 37 cm h cages used in usda repellent tests, non-blood-fed and partially blood-fed mosquitoes attempted to bite at similar rates. in small cages (5 cm dia. x 4 cm h), holding individual females, mean mosquito attack rates were reduced when females were partiall ... | 1999 | 10672540 |
| a single intramuscular injection of recombinant plasmid dna induces protective immunity and prevents japanese encephalitis in mice. | plasmid vectors containing japanese encephalitis virus (jev) premembrane (prm) and envelope (e) genes were constructed that expressed prm and e proteins under the control of a cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene promoter. cos-1 cells transformed with this plasmid vector (je-4b clone) secreted jev-specific extracellular particles (eps) into the culture media. groups of outbred icr mice were given one or two doses of recombinant plasmid dna or two doses of the commercial vaccine jevax. all mice t ... | 2000 | 10756038 |
| population structure of aedes albopictus (skuse): the mosquito which is colonizing mediterranean countries. | multilocus electrophoresis analysis has been used to study the genetic structure of 18 populations of aedes albopictus newly introduced to italy, in comparison with two populations in the united states, four in japan, and four in indonesia. allozyme analysis revealed that 15 out of the 18 studied loci were polymorphic among the 28 populations. no significant deviations from hardy-weinberg equilibrium were found at polymorphic loci. high genetic affinity was observed between the italian populatio ... | 2000 | 10762403 |
| inflammatory responses induced by the filarial nematode brugia malayi are mediated by lipopolysaccharide-like activity from endosymbiotic wolbachia bacteria. | the pathogenesis of filarial disease is characterized by acute and chronic inflammation. inflammatory responses are thought to be generated by either the parasite, the immune response, or opportunistic infection. we show that soluble extracts of the human filarial parasite brugia malayi can induce potent inflammatory responses, including tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha, interleukin (il)-1beta, and nitric oxide (no) from macrophages. the active component is heat stable, reacts positively in the ... | 2000 | 10770808 |
| effect of brefeldin a on mayaro virus replication in aedes albopictus and vero cells. | brefeldin a (bfa), a fungal metabolite that blocks transport of newly synthesized proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, was found to inhibit mayaro virus replication. at the concentration of 0.05 microgram/ml, the yield of the virus was inhibited by 94% in aedes albopictus cells and by 99.5% in vero cells. treatment of a. albopictus cells with bfa did not inhibit the virus protein synthesis. however, this compound drastically reduced viral protein synthesis in vero cells. the inhibitory effec ... | 1999 | 10825924 |
| evaluation of immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg enzyme immunoassays in serologic diagnosis of west nile virus infection. | a unique urban encephalitis epidemic in romania signaled the emergence of neurological infection due to west nile (wn) virus as a novel public health threat in eastern europe and provided an opportunity to evaluate patterns of immunoglobulin g (igg) and igm reactivity in igm capture and igg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas). wn virus infection was diagnosed serologically in 236 of 290 patients from whom acute serum or cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples were available. in 37% of serum sa ... | 2000 | 10834982 |
| [first report of aedes albopictus in areas of mata atlantica, recife, pe, brazil]. | this is the first report of the presence of aedes albopictus in the native rain forest, near the urban area of recife (state of pernambuco, brazil). adult female mosquitoes were collected using human bait. mosquitoes in aquatic stages were looked for in treeholes, bamboos, bromeliads and old tires. the existence of ae. albopictus in the metropolitan area of recife poses a potential risk for the interaction of this mosquito species with the urban human population. | 2000 | 10920457 |
| inhibition of t lymphocyte activation in mice heterozygous for loss of the impdh ii gene. | inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (impdh) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, which are also synthesized from guanine by a salvage reaction catalyzed by the x chromosome-linked enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt). since inhibitors of impdh are in clinical use as immunosuppressive agents, we have examined the consequences of knocking out the impdh type ii enzyme by gene targeting in a mouse model. loss of both alleles of the g ... | 2000 | 10953035 |
| substitutions at the putative receptor-binding site of an encephalitic flavivirus alter virulence and host cell tropism and reveal a role for glycosaminoglycans in entry. | the flavivirus receptor-binding domain has been putatively assigned to a hydrophilic region (fg loop) in the envelope (e) protein. in some flaviviruses this domain harbors the integrin-binding motif arg-gly-asp (rgd). one of us has shown earlier that host cell adaptation of murray valley encephalitis virus (mve) can result in the selection of attenuated variants altered at e protein residue asp(390), which is part of an rgd motif. here, a full-length, infectious cdna clone of mve was constructed ... | 2000 | 10982329 |
| effect of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus on the survival of aedes albopictus, anopheles quadrimaculatus, and coquillettidia perturbans (diptera: culicidae). | the effect of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus on the survivorship of aedes albopictus (skuse), anopheles quadrimaculatus say, and coquillettidia perturbans (walker) was determined experimentally. female mosquitoes were allowed to feed on eee viremic chicks, and survival rates were compared for infected and uninfected mosquitoes. additionally, the survival of female cq. perturbans and an. quadrimaculatus intrathoracically (i.t.) inoculated with eee was compared with controls receivin ... | 2000 | 11004781 |
| rubella virus replication and links to teratogenicity. | rubella virus (rv) is the causative agent of the disease known more popularly as german measles. rubella is predominantly a childhood disease and is endemic throughout the world. natural infections of rubella occur only in humans and are generally mild. complications of rubella infection, most commonly polyarthralgia in adult women, do exist; occasionally more serious sequelae occur. however, the primary public health concern of rv infection is its teratogenicity. rv infection of women during th ... | 2000 | 11023958 |
| molecular strategies for interrupting arthropod-borne virus transmission by mosquitoes. | arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infections cause a number of emerging and resurgent human and veterinary infectious diseases. traditional means of controlling arbovirus diseases include vaccination of susceptible vertebrates and mosquito control, but in many cases these have been unavailable or ineffective, and so novel strategies for disease control are needed. one possibility is genetic manipulation of mosquito vectors to render them unable to transmit arboviruses. this review describes rece ... | 2000 | 11023962 |
| in vitro evaluation of newly synthesised [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5a]pyrimidine derivatives against trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania donovani and phytomonas staheli. | the antiprotozoal activity of newly synthesised compounds, all [1,2,4]triazolo [1,5a]pyrimidine derivatives, was tested against the protozoan parasites trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania donovani and phytotmonas staheli. six of these compounds significantly inhibited in vitro cell growth of the epimastigote forms of t. cruzi, and the promastigote forms of l. donovani and p. staheli. some of the compounds reached complete growth inhibition at 1 microg/ml for 48 h of parasite/drug interaction. none of ... | 2000 | 11048663 |
| rapid detection of west nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a taqman reverse transcriptase-pcr assay. | the authors report on the development and application of a rapid taqman assay for the detection of west nile (wn) virus in a variety of human clinical specimens and field-collected specimens. oligonucleotide primers and fam- and tamra-labeled wn virus-specific probes were designed by using the nucleotide sequence of the new york 1999 wn virus isolate. the taqman assay was compared to a traditional reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr assay and to virus isolation in vero cells with a large number ( app ... | 2000 | 11060069 |
| infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus of shrimp is related to mosquito brevidensoviruses. | we purified and sequenced infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihhnv), a small dna virus of shrimp, from wild penaeus stylirostris. the virion has a buoyant density of 1.45 as determined by cesium chloride gradient. analysis of 3873 nucleotides of the viral genome revealed three large open reading frames (orfs) and parts of the noncoding termini of the viral genome. the left, mid, and right orfs on the complementary (plus) strand have potential coding capacities of 666 amino a ... | 2000 | 11062047 |
| evaluation of six immunoassays for detection of dengue virus-specific immunoglobulin m and g antibodies. | the performance of six commercially available immunoassay systems for the detection of dengue virus-specific immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg antibodies in serum was evaluated. these included two igm and igg enzyme immunoassays (eia) from mrl laboratories and panbio, a rapid immunochromatographic test (rit) from panbio, immunofluorescence assays (ifa) from progen, a dot blot assay from genelabs, and a dipstick eia from integrated diagnostics (indx). for this study a panel of 132 serum samples, inc ... | 2000 | 11063489 |
| the host range phenotype displayed by a sindbis virus glycoprotein variant results from virion aggregation and retention on the surface of mosquito cells. | the sindbis virus variant ne2g216 is a pe2-containing host range mutant that is growth restricted in cultured mosquito cells (c6/36) due to inefficient release of virions from this cell type. the maturation defect of ne2g216 has been linked to the structures of n-linked oligosaccharides synthesized by arthropod cells. analysis of c6/36 cells infected with ne2g216 by transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of dense virus aggregates within cytoplasmic vacuoles and virus aggregates a ... | 2000 | 11070041 |
| field efficacy of four insect repellent products against vector mosquitoes in a tropical environment. | four insect repellent products (rps) (rp 1, experimental repellent lotion [bayrepel 12%]; rp 2, experimental repellent cream [bayrepel 5%]; rp 3, off! insect repellent ii aerosol [deet 15%]; and rp 4, off! skintastic ii cream [deet 7.5%]) were evaluated simultaneously for their efficacy against vector and nuisance mosquitoes. the aim of this study was to compare the relative efficacy of rps based on a new repellent compound, bayrepel (1-piperidinecarboxylic acid, 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylpropy ... | 2000 | 11081653 |