| the incorporation of radio-labelled nucleic acid precursors by theileria parva in bovine blood and salivary glands of rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. | | 1981 | 6173342 |
| studies on the induction and specificity of cytotoxicity to theileria-transformed cell lines. | | 1982 | 6176641 |
| theileria parva: cell culture analysis of clones of macroschizont-infected bovine lymphoblastoid cells. | | 1982 | 6182017 |
| immune responses of cattle to theileria parva (east coast fever): specificity of cytotoxic cells generated in vivo and in vitro. | examination of the specificity of cytotoxicity generated in vitro and in vivo against infected bovine lymphoblasts revealed that cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) obtained from cattle immune to theileria parva recognized parasite-induced alterations associated with major histocompatibility complex (mhc) antigens on the membrane of infected autologous cells. by comparison, cytotoxicity generated in vitro in an autologous theilerial-lymphocyte culture (autlc) contained both ctl and activity akin to th ... | 1983 | 6187669 |
| incorporation of 3h-hypoxanthine by theileria parva during development in the feeding adult tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus. | | 1983 | 6187700 |
| evidence for a common protective antigenic determinant on sporozoites of several theileria parva strains. | the antigenic relationship amongst sporozoites of several theileria parva strans isolated from different parts of east africa was investigated. it was found that antibodies to t. parva ( muguga ) sporozoites neutralized the infectivity of homologous sporozoites as well as those of t. parva (uganda), t. parva lawrencei , t. parva ( kiambu 5), t. parva ( kabete 1) and t. parva ( marikebuni ). the results correlated with those obtained from an in vivo challenge, in that cattle immunized against t. ... | 1984 | 6203832 |
| evaluation of a range of antimicrobial agents against the parasitic protozoa, plasmodium falciparum, babesia rodhaini and theileria parva in vitro. | eighteen antimicrobials commonly used in tissue culture were screened in three different protozoan test systems in order to establish their suitability for routine inclusion in protozoal cultivation systems. the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum, was inhibited by more than half the antibiotics tested at concentrations recommended for normal tissue culture use. eight compounds were well tolerated and thus could be used prophylactically to prevent microbial contamination. these antimic ... | 1984 | 6206808 |
| detection of antibody to theileria parva schizonts and cell surface membrane antigens of infected lymphoblastoid cells by immunoperoxidase techniques. | peroxidase-labeled antibody procedures were described for detecting bovine antibodies reactive with intracellular theileria parva schizonts and cell surface membrane antigens of infected lymphoblastoid cells. indirect tests were performed where the reacting bovine antibodies were localized with affinity purified rabbit-anti-bovine igg coupled to horseradish peroxidase. a 4- to 8-fold increase in sensitivity for detecting bovine antibodies was obtained with unlabeled rabbit-anti-bovine igg which ... | 1984 | 6208672 |
| ultrastructural demonstration of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activity in sporozoites of babesia ovis and theileria annulata (apicomplexa: piroplasmea) in salivary glands of tick vectors (rhipicephalus bursa, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum). | salivary gland stages ("sporozoites") of babesia ovis and theileria annulata (apicomplexa: piroplasmea) in female ixodid ticks were studied for ultracytochemical activity of the respiratory enzymes, succinic dehydrogenase (sdh), and cytochrome oxidase. both sdh and cytochrome oxidase were demonstrated in the sporozoites and the mitochondria in these stages. identified in this way the final reaction product of sdh was located mainly at the inner side of the mitochondrial boundary, though it was a ... | 1980 | 6260921 |
| the genome of theileria parva: some structural properties. | the dna of the protozoan theileria parva, the causal agent of the bovine east coast fever, has been prepared at least 99% pure from the intra-erythrocytic form of the parasite. its buoyant density was found to be 1.696 g/cm3 and its calculated g + c content was 36.7%. fragmentation of t. parva by the restriction enzyme ecori provides some evidence of the presence of repetitive dna sequences. | 1984 | 6325246 |
| the effect of theileria annulata infection on the immune response of cattle to foot-and-mouth disease. | | 1983 | 6354355 |
| comparison of blood smear and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques in detection of haemoparasite infections in trade cattle in nigeria. | the incidence of blood parasites in trade cattle was surveyed with emphasis on tick-borne parasites, using blood smears and immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) techniques. with the blood smear method, about 9 and 8.9% of cattle examined were found positive for babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale, respectively. percentage infections with other parasites were 3.33, 1.92, 0.75, 0.75 and 0.58, respectively, for babesia bovis, trypanosoma brucei, anaplasma centrale, eperythrozoon and theileria spec ... | 1984 | 6369761 |
| protein antigens of theileria parva macroschizonts and immune precipitation studies. | the proteins of purified macroschizonts from theileria parva, t. lawrencei, and t. taurotragi were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the major proteins of all species had molecular weights of 120,000, 70,000, 65,000, 62,000, 55,000, 44,000, and 35,000. all further experiments were carried out with t. parva. using 125i surface labelling it was established that proteins with molecular weights of 70,000, 50,000, and 44,000 were membrane constituents. staphylococ ... | 1983 | 6402582 |
| rhipicephalus zambeziensis as a vector of bovine theileriae. | rhipicephalus zambeziensis was shown experimentally to transmit theileria parva parva in cattle from nymph to adult and theileria parva lawrencei, theileria parva bovis and theileria taurotragi from larva to nymph and nymph to adult. in a single trial the tick failed to transmit theileria mutans. the tick is believed to be a vector of t. parva lawrencei in the field in zimbabwe. | 1983 | 6405516 |
| morphology of normal and theileria parva-infected salivary glands of rhipicephalus appendiculatus (acari: ixodoidea). | | 1983 | 6406660 |
| infection of mammalian cells with theileria species. | experiments were carried out to determine the susceptibility of mammalian cells to infection with different species of theileria in vitro. sporozoites of theileria parva (parva), theileria parva (lawrencei) and theileria taurotragi were isolated from rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks by grinding infected ticks in medium, filtering the suspension and concentrating by centrifugation. the sporozoites were used in attempts to infect in vitro peripheral blood leucocytes harvested from 16 different m ... | 1983 | 6406967 |
| transmission of theileria parva by a population of rhipicephalus appendiculatus under simulated natural conditions. | a 2 hectare paddock on the muguga estate, kiambu district of kenya (altitude 2100 m) free of theileria parva-infected ticks was seeded by applying rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphs to cattle infected with theileria parva (kiambu 4). it was estimated that over 50 000 engorged nymphs fell onto the pasture from 4 cattle with high parasitaemias during the cold season (june). samples of these ticks were placed in plastic cylinders under the vegetation in the paddock and sexual stages of t. parva we ... | 1983 | 6406968 |
| transmission of theileria annulata (dschunkowsky & luhs, 1904) by hyalomma excavatum (koch, 1844). | theileria annulata was transmitted transtadially by an israeli strain of hyalomma excavatum from larvae to nymphs and from nymphs to adults. however, the adults developing from larvae which engorged on infected calves and fed during the nymphal stage on non-infected calves, rabbits or gerbils (meriones tristrami), did not transmit theileriosis. suspensions of infected unfed nymphs or adults did not produce theileriosis but both nymphs and adults of the same batch became infective to cattle after ... | 1983 | 6406969 |
| fine structure and invasive behaviour of the early developmental stages of theileria annulata in vitro. | the interaction, in vitro, between bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes and sporozoites of theileria annulata (ankara) was studied by light and electron microscopy. beginning five minutes following incubation, samples were taken for giemsa-stained smears and glutaraldehyde-fixed pellets, for light and electron microscopy, respectively. sporozoites of t. annulata measure an average of 0.9 microns long, 0.8 microns broad and possess a limiting unit membrane, the pellicle; a round-to-ovoid, eccentri ... | 1983 | 6407181 |
| selection, by major histocompatibility type (bola), of lymphoid cells derived from a bovine chimaera and transformed by theileria parasites. | | 1983 | 6408589 |
| complement activation and fibrinolysis during infection with theileria parva (east coast fever) in cattle. | the role played by complement and fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of pulmonary oedema and the disseminated, subendothelial, petechial haemorrhages in cattle infected with theileria parva was investigated. there was a marked reduction in total haemolytic complement in animals that died of this disease whereas the survivors showed only transient changes. the reduction in c3 levels in animals with severe disease, however, was equivalent to that in the survivors. neither circulating soluble immune ... | 1983 | 6408786 |
| observations on the separation of theileria sporozoites from ticks. | | 1983 | 6409832 |
| theileria orientalis in cattle in ethiopia. | | 1983 | 6410475 |
| isoelectric focusing in agarose: a highly discriminatory method for the detection of enzyme heterogeneity. | a comparison was made of the effectiveness of starch gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in agarose for the separation of isoenzymes. lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) of theileria parva and glucose phosphate isomerase (gpi) of various cestodes were examined by the two techniques. isoelectric focusing proved to be highly discriminatory, clearly distinguishing cestode orders and taenia spp. which were closely similar by starch gel electrophoresis, and separating seven bands of theileria-specif ... | 1983 | 6411010 |
| ultrastructural characteristics of in vitro parasite-lymphocyte behaviour in invasions with theileria annulata and theileria parva. | host-parasite relationships have been studied by electron microscopy using glutaraldehyde-oso4-fixed pellets of lymphoid cultures infected in vitro by theileria annulata and t. parva. intracellular presence of the parasite resulted in a progressive and marked lymphoblastoid transformation. the schizont stage periodically provoked the formation of, and adopted an intimate association with, cytoplasmic annulate lamellae in the interphase cell. annulate lamellae developed from the outer nuclear mem ... | 1983 | 6412424 |
| the early events of infection with theileria parva in cattle: infectivity for cattle of leukocytes incubated in vitro with sporozoites. | leukocytes were isolated from bovine blood and, after short periods of incubation in vitro with sporozoites of theileria parva, were washed thoroughly, and their infectivity tested in autologous and allogeneic hosts. using a standard inoculum of 10(6) viable cells, it was found that, after incubation in vitro for either 1 or 24 h, the cells initiated lethal infections in autologous cattle, but failed to infect allogeneic animals. autologous and allogeneic erythrocytes and mouse lymphocytes simil ... | 1983 | 6412425 |
| natural infection rates of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum with theileria in sudan. | hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks were collected around cattle pens at two locations close to khartoum. they were assessed for theileria infection by four methods. salivary glands were stained whole with methyl green pyronin and examined for parasite masses. adult ticks were partially fed on rabbits, ground up in medium, and the suspensions were examined in giemsa stained smears and by inoculation into bovine lymphocyte cultures. ticks were fully fed on calves which were monitored for develop ... | 1983 | 6414066 |
| the maturation of theileria annulata in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum stimulated by incubation or feeding to produce sporozoites. | adult hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks infected with theileria annulata (hissar strain) were incubated at 36 degrees c or fed on rabbits. tick salivary glands were stained whole with methyl green pyronin or ground up and deposited on microscope slides and stained with giemsa's solution. separate batches of ticks from both treatments were ground up, centrifuged and filtered to produce sporozoite suspensions. the suspensions were examined as deposits on microscope slides stained with giemsa's ... | 1983 | 6414152 |
| clinical and diagnostic features of east coast fever (theileria parva) infection of cattle. | east coast fever is a tick-borne protozoal disease affecting cattle in a large part of east and central africa. since the vector occurs over an even wider range there is considerable potential for the disease to spread to countries which are currently disease free. this article, describing the clinical and diagnostic features of east coast fever, may remind authorities in these countries of the potential hazards posed by the disease. | 1983 | 6415893 |
| note on the transmission of theileria annulata by hyalomma ticks in the sudan. | nymphs of hyalomma impeltatum and h. dromedarii, fed as larvae on an infected calf, transmitted fatal theileria annulata infection to two susceptible calves. the significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the epidemiology of tropical theileriosis in the sudan. | 1983 | 6415894 |
| infection rates of theileria annulata in the salivary glands of the tick hyalomma marginatum rufipes. | theileria annulata was experimentally transmitted to cattle on two occasions by the two-host tick hyalomma marginatum rufipes. transmission was transstadial; engorged nymphs fed on theileria annulata-infected calves transmitted the disease as adults. salivary glands of all partially fed and incubated adult ticks were heavily infected with theileria parasites. immatures attached rapidly and fed successfully on cattle. however, since the immature stages of this species normally feed on birds, this ... | 1983 | 6415895 |
| entry of sporozoites of theileria into bovine lymphocytes. | | 1983 | 6416768 |
| preparation of suspensions of hyalomma excavatum ticks infected with theileria annulata. | partially engorged adult hyalomma excavatum ticks infected with theileria annulata were reared for the preparation of an infective suspension. about 6000 partially engorged infected adults were obtained from 420 non-infective adult ticks. the entire cycle required about 4 months. six rabbits were used for the production of the fully engorged females. the larvae were fed on 180 gerbils, the nymphs on 17 infected calves and the partially fed adults on 22 goats, 7 sheep and 7 rabbits the adult tick ... | 1983 | 6419443 |
| characterisation of stocks of theileria parva by monoclonal antibody profiles. | sixteen monoclonal antibodies, raised against macroschizonts of theileria parva, were tested against 10 different stocks of the parasite. the indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to demonstrate that these antibodies showed different binding affinities to macroschizonts of the various stocks. a profile of antibody binding could thus be prepared for each stock. for a given stock the profile was consistently the same irrespective of culture passage level, host cell background and method of a ... | 1983 | 6420853 |
| immunisation against east coast fever: correlation between monoclonal antibody profiles of theileria parva stocks and cross immunity in vivo. | stocks of theileria parva, which had been characterised by monoclonal antibody profiles, were used to challenge cattle previously immunised against east coast fever (ecf). when cattle were subjected to homologous challenge, or heterologous challenge with a stock of identical profile to that which had initiated immunity, they showed mild or inapparent reactions. however, when cattle were challenged with a stock of a different profile many underwent severe or fatal ecf reactions. thus, there appea ... | 1983 | 6420854 |
| dose dependent responses of cattle to theileria parva stabilate. | | 1984 | 6423557 |
| some factors controlling the stimulation of sporogony of theileria parva in its tick vector rhipicephalus appendiculatus. | | 1984 | 6423558 |
| [existence of theileria mutans and theileria velifera (sporozoa, theileriidae) in guadeloupe (french west indies)]. | | 1983 | 6424188 |
| isolation and transmission of theileria mutans (chisamba) in zambia. | theileria mutans (chisamba) was isolated from a steer at chisamba, central province, zambia by inoculation of blood into a susceptible unsplenectomised calf. the parasite was then transmitted on three occasions by nymphs and once by adult amblyomma variegatum ticks. macroschizonts, typical for t mutans, were detected in two calves for short periods. the parasite caused varying degrees of anaemia in all experimental calves, whose sera showed high antibody titres to t mutans in the indirect fluore ... | 1984 | 6424195 |
| theileria orientalis in iran. | a benign species of theileria of cattle in northern iran proved to be indistinguishable from t. orientalis in the indirect fluorescent antibody test as well as in the morphology of its piroplasms. it was transmissible transstadially by haemaphysalis punctata. | 1984 | 6428030 |
| cultivation of theileria. i. attempts to complete the cycle of theileria parva in vitro. | microschizonts and free merozoites developed in bovine lymphoblastoid cell cultures containing macroschizonts of 6 different strains of theileria parva. clean bovine red cells were added to the cultures, which were incubated in various ways. no penetration of red cells by merozoites was observed, not even when cultures in diffusion chambers were introduced into the peritoneal cavity of non-infected cattle. | 1984 | 6428031 |
| cultivation of theileria. ii. attempts to cultivate erythrocytic stages of theileria mutans. | blood from calves with a parasitaemia of theileria mutans was cultivated in vitro in various ways. no significant increase in the percentage of infected red cells was observed, but the percentage of dividing forms of the parasite rose sharply during the first two days of incubation. the conditions of the cultures were apparently unsuitable for the invasion of erythrocytes. | 1984 | 6428032 |
| blast transformation of adherent macrophages infected in vitro with sporozoites of theileria parva. | rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks were fed on cows with parasitemia from theileria parva infection (east coast fever). homogenates of salivary glands with infective sporozoites were added to cultures of (i) monocyte-derived adherent macrophages from normal bovine peripheral blood and (ii) macrophages from spleen and bone marrow. it was shown by light, phase-contrast, and electron microscopies and by tests for lysosomal enzymes, phagocytosis of carbon particles, and cell markers (fibronectin and ... | 1984 | 6428284 |
| monoclonal antibody neutralizes the sporozoite stage of different theileria parva stocks. | monoclonal antibodies were raised against sporozoites of theileria parva. one of these antibodies (mabd1) neutralized the infectivity of sporozoites for lymphocytes in vitro and for cattle in vivo. neutralization seemed to occur by blocking sporozoite entry into the cell. mabd1 neutralized sporozoites of four unrelated stocks of t. parva, indicating the presence of a common antigenic determinant which may be important in initiating protective immunity. | 1984 | 6433306 |
| the development of theileria annulata in the salivary glands of the vector tick hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. | the development at 28 degrees c of theileria annulata (hissar) in the salivary glands of its tick vector, hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, was studied using giemsa-stained smears, methyl green-pyronin-stained preparations of whole glands, and electron microscopy. nymphs which had engorged on t. annulata-infected calves showed kinetes in the haemolymph from day 7 to day 14 post engorgement, when all ticks had completed moult. intracellular sporonts were observed within salivary gland acini from da ... | 1984 | 6433817 |
| passage of host serum components, including antibodies specific for theileria sergenti, across the digestive tract of argasid and ixodid ticks. | | 1984 | 6433818 |
| theileria mutans infection in nigerian cattle. | in a 12 year survey in the former northern provinces of nigeria antibodies to theileria mutans were found to have a prevalence rate of 32.6 to 85%. the indirect fluorescent antibody test was found to be more efficient than thin blood smear examination in detecting cattle exposed to t. mutans. the high prevalence of t. mutans infection was attributed to the high prevalence of amblyomma species in the area under study. | 1984 | 6435298 |
| titration in cattle of infectivity and immunogenicity of autologous cell lines infected with theileria parva. | cell lines infected with theileria parva were derived by infection of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes with sporozoites in vitro. cattle were inoculated with doses of autologous infected cells ranging from 1 x 10(1) to 1 x 10(8). infection became established in animals which received 1 x 10(2) or more cells. while 1 x 10(2) cells resulted in sub-patent infection with development of immunity to challenge with sporozoites, larger doses of cells gave rise to patent infections of increasing sever ... | 1984 | 6435303 |
| superinfection of established theileria-infected bovid cell lines with theileria parva sporozoites. | | 1984 | 6435553 |
| chemotherapy of east coast fever: parvaquone treatment of clinical disease induced by isolates of theileria parva. | two experiments were carried out in which parvaquone was used to treat experimentally-induced acute clinical east coast fever infections. in the first experiment, infections with theileria parva parva (kiambu 5) were induced by applying infected rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks or by inoculation of triturated infected-tick stabilate. the character of the disease was similar with both methods of infection and following a single treatment with parvaquone at 20 mg kg-1, 5 of 7 cattle in each grou ... | 1984 | 6437050 |
| comparison of long acting oxytetracycline and parvaquone in immunisation against east coast fever by infection and treatment. | two groups of five cattle were immunised with a field isolate of theileria parva as stabilate and simultaneously treated with long acting oxytetracycline or parvaquone in early clinical disease. the oxytetracycline group suffered a marked fall in leucocyte count and one animal died during immunisation. the parvaquone group suffered a less severe fall in leucocyte count and all survived. the surviving immunised cattle were immune to homologous challenge but susceptible to subsequent challenge wit ... | 1984 | 6438743 |
| infection of the host cells of theileria annulata with t. parva. | | 1984 | 6438936 |
| survival of rhipicephalus appendiculatus (acarina: ixodidae) and persistence of theileria parva (apicomplexa: theileriidae) in the field. | | 1984 | 6439668 |
| a rapid method to select rhipicephalus appendiculatus salivary glands infected with theileria parva. | | 1984 | 6439849 |
| electron microscopy of theileria sergenti in bovine erythrocytes. | | 1984 | 6439931 |
| morphological studies of theileria sergenti. ii. feeding mechanism by the cytostome of theileria sergenti. | | 1983 | 6439941 |
| factors affecting the capacity of theileria annulata sporozoites to invade bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes. | the number of t. annulata sporozoites invading bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) under different conditions (in vitro) was determined. heat-inactivation of t. annulata sporozoites for 45 min, in a thermostatically controlled, shaking water bath preset and stabilised at 60 degrees c resulted in an almost total lack of invasion of fresh, normal pbl by the sporozoites, indicating that the interiorization process is parasite-effected. the mean number of t. annulata sporozoites interiorizatio ... | 1984 | 6440349 |
| observations on blood-borne parasites of domestic livestock in the lower juba region of somalia. | the commonest parasite to be found in blood of cattle in the lower juba region is theileria mutans. antibodies against trypanosoma spp. and anaplasma marginale could be detected serologically whereas no antibodies against t. parva and t. annulata were present. a list of ticks collected between 1980 and 1982 in the above mentioned area shows that vectors of t. mutans are common. as the cattle throughout the region are indigenous somali boran it seems that endemic stability is maintained and morta ... | 1984 | 6441324 |
| glucose phosphate isomerase polymorphism in theileria annulata and t. parva. | six stocks of theileria annulata isolated from the sudan and nine stocks of t. parva, isolated in kenya and malawi were grown in bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines. lysates prepared from the infected cultures were examined electrophoretically on thin layer starch gels for evidence of glucose phosphate isomerase polymorphism. the six stocks of t. annulata showed major variations in their parasite enzyme patterns but no variation was detected in nine stocks of t. parva. | 1984 | 6441326 |
| characterization of theileria annulata infected lymphoblastoid cells. | | 1984 | 6441375 |
| interaction of sporozoites of theileria parva with bovine lymphocytes in vitro. i. early events after invasion. | sporozoites of theileria parva rapidly enter bovine lymphocytes by a mechanism of passive endocytosis that depends upon progressive circumferential binding of ligands on the parasite to receptors on the host-cell membrane. within 10 min of entry, the micronemes of the sporozoite discharge their content and the enveloping host-cell membrane is lysed. the host cell responds within 30 min of invasion by polymerization of microtubules arrayed tangential to the sporozoite and converging upon the cyto ... | 1984 | 6442474 |
| serodiagnosis of bovine besnoitiosis by elisa and immunofluorescence tests. | sera from non-infected cattle and cattle infected with anaplasma, babesia, theileria and sarcocystis were tested for antibodies to besnoitia in elisa and immunofluorescence tests (ift) with besnoitia besnoiti of blue wildebeest origin as antigen. only 2 out of 86 sera gave false positive reactions in elisa and none in the ift, indicating a high specificity for the tests. three-hundred-and-three bovine sera from 3 farms in an area endemic for besnoitiosis were similarly tested and the results wer ... | 1984 | 6442765 |
| generation of autologous mixed leucocyte reactions during the course of infection with theileria parva (east coast fever) in cattle. | during the course of east coast fever (ecf) in cattle, an examination was made of the evolution of autologous mixed leucocyte reactions (mlr) between normal responder lymphocytes collected prior to infection and stimulators cells prepared from infected lymphoid organs at intervals after challenge. proliferative responses were induced by spleen cells, peripheral blood leucocytes (pbl) and cells (lnc) from both regional and distant lymph nodes. the proliferation by normal pbl in response to lnc oc ... | 1980 | 6447668 |
| genetically restricted cell-mediated cytotoxicity in cattle immune to theileria parva. | | 1981 | 6451808 |
| cell-mediated immune responses to theileria parva (east coast fever) during immunization and lethal infections in cattle. | leucocytes from cattle with lethal or sub-lethal infections with theileria parva were examined for responses in autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions (mlr) and for specific and non-specific cytotoxicity against cultured cell lines. during lethal infections, lymphoblasts isolated from central lymph from days 8 to 14 stimulated proliferation in autologous lymphatic lymphocytes and peripheral blood leucocytes (pbl), although cytotoxicity was not generated in such cultures. after day 14, non-specifi ... | 1981 | 6454652 |
| chemotherapy of bovine tropical theileriosis: theileria annulata infection. | seven groups of calves were treated with parvaquone (993c: clexon, wellcome) (20 mg kg-1 intramuscularly) or halofuginone lactate (1.2 mg kg-1 orally) on the first, third or sixth day of significant pyrexia following artificial infection with the hissar strain of theileria annulata. eight untreated control animals developed severe theileriosis and five died. all animals treated with parvaquone or halofuginone lactate on the first or third day of fever underwent relatively mild theileriosis and a ... | 1984 | 6505404 |
| elleipsisoma thomsoni franca, 1912: an apicomplexan parasite in the red blood cells of the mole (talpa europaea). | the rediscovery of elleipsisoma thomsoni franca 1912 from talpa europaea is reported. this organism, whose identity as a parasite was initially doubted, is shown to be an intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasite. light microscope observation confirmed the original description and 22/53 (42.5%) moles examined from a locality near blackpool were positive. organ impression smears demonstrated that e. thomsoni was concentrated in the heart and lungs, occasionally in the kidneys, liver and spleen. elect ... | 1984 | 6514376 |
| sexuality in piroplasms as revealed by electron microscopy in babesia microti. | protozoa of the closely related genera babesia and theileria are intraerythrocytic parasites of vertebrates. they have a complex life cycle that includes development in an intermediate vector host, a tick. whether sexual stages occur in the tick has been a subject of great controversy. the small size of the organism and the complexity of developmental stages in the gut of the tick have prevented a definitive solution of this problem. by means of a simple and straightforward although time-consumi ... | 1983 | 6574467 |
| t- and b-lymphoid cell population in calves immunized against theileria annulata. | distribution of t- and b-lymphoid cells in peripheral blood, lymph node, spleen and bone marrow of normal healthy calves and valves immunized against theileria annulata followed by challenge on day 50 post-immunization were studied by rosette tests. significantly increased percentages of t- and b-lymphoid cells were recorded in immunized calves. | 1983 | 6605608 |
| ultrastructural study on the development of babesia equi (coccidia: piroplasmia) in the salivary glands of its vector ticks. | the formation of babesia equi sporozoites in the salivary glands of three tick species (hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, h. a. excavatum, rhipicephalus turanicus) was studied by electron microscopy. the development was identical in all three vectors. on the 8th day post repletionem kinetes of b. equi had invaded alveoli of the nymphal salivary glands and were transformed to sporonts bounded by a single membrane. the sporonts were polymorphous bodies each with a highly lobed nucleus and numerous m ... | 1983 | 6631774 |
| protection of cattle against theileria annulata infection using corynebacterium parvum. | four groups of calves (a, b, c and d) each consisting of five calves were used for the present study. group a calves were given corynebacterium parvum alone. group b calves were inoculated with inactivated ground-up-tick supernate (guts) prepared from hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum infected with theileria annulata plus c. parvum. group c received only inactivated guts. all the surviving calves of groups a to c were exposed on day 45 post-inoculation to a lethal tick challenge along with suscepti ... | 1983 | 6649060 |
| activity of 10 naphthoquinones, including parvaquone (993c) and menoctone, in cattle artificially infected with theileria parva. | ten naphthoquinones, including parvaquone (993c) (clexon; wellcome) and menoctone, were tested for activity in cattle artificially infected with theileria parva, the causative organism of east coast fever (ecf). parvaquone cured all 14 cattle treated with a single dose of 20 mg/kg intramuscularly and all five treated twice with 10 mg/kg intramuscularly. menoctone cured seven of 10 cattle treated with a single dose of 5 mg/kg intramuscularly. of 25 untreated control cattle, 22 died of ecf. none o ... | 1983 | 6665318 |
| non-specific immunization against bovine tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata) using killed corynebacterium parvum. | killed corynebacterium parvum was used as an adjuvant for the production of non-specific resistance against theileria annulata in cattle. groups of cross-bred (bos indicus x bos taurus) calves were administered c. parvum adjuvant subcutaneously and were then challenged with t. annulata-infected ticks on 45, 60 or 90 days later. the challenge caused mild reactions in the protected calves. none of the 10 immunized calves died due to theileriosis, whereas all three paris of susceptible control calv ... | 1983 | 6685397 |
| the use of tick transmission by boophilus microplus to isolate pure strains of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale from cattle with mixed infections. | pure strains of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale were isolated from cattle infected with all 3 species as well as theileria sp. and eperythrozoon teganodes, using only transmission by the tick, boophilus microplus. unengorged adult ticks transferred to susceptible cattle transmitted a. marginale, but not babesia. engorged adults gave rise to progeny that transmitted babesia, b. bovis by larvae and b. bigemina by male ticks. the theileria and e. teganodes were not transmitt ... | 1983 | 6686384 |
| a histocompatibility barrier to immunization against east coast fever using theileria parva-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines. | histocompatibility may be a barrier to the infection of cattle when theileria parva parva-infected tissues or in vitro cultured macroschizont-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines are used for immunization. by inoculating 10(3) and 10(5) infected cells into autologous recipients infection was achieved and immunity engendered. cell lines inoculated into bola matched recipients did not produce patent infections but some recipients developed antibodies to the parasite and 3/5 were immune to challenge. ... | 1984 | 6739121 |
| monoclonal antibodies detect antigenic diversity in theileria parva parasites. | | 1980 | 6766157 |
| methods for derivation and detection of anti-parasite monoclonal antibodies. | we describe detailed methods for derivation and cloning of myeloma hybrids which secrete antibodies specific for antigens of protozoan parasites. the methods were designed to enable the derivation of large numbers of specific monoclonal antibodies and to give high cloning efficiencies of desired hybrids. although special attention is paid to derivation and detection of anti-parasite antibodies, the methods can be applied to many different antibody-antigen systems. using the described methods we ... | 1980 | 6770007 |
| a probable relationship between the development of theileria species and the ecdysis of their tick hosts. | | 1980 | 6771374 |
| development of theileria mutans (theiler, 1906) in the gut and the haemolymph of the tick amblyomma variegatum (fabricius, 1794). | the development of theileria mutans in the gut and haemolymph of its tick vector, amblyomma variegatum, was studied by giemsa-stained smears after the nymphal tick had completed engorgement on parasitaemic calves. sexual stages occurred in the gut between five and seven days after repletion. the zygotes were observed in the gut from day 29 and the kinetes from day 30, i.e. three and four days after the nymphs moulted to adults. from day 34 kinetes were observed in the haemolymph. the development ... | 1980 | 6771935 |
| bovine lymphocyte antigens (bola) of bovine lymphocytes and derived lymphoblastoid lines transformed by theileria parva and theileria annulata. | the bola phenotypes of lymphocytes from seven cattle have been compared with those of 19 lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from them by infection in vitro with either theileria parva or t. annulata. two long-established lines were also studied. in all cases except one, the bola phenotypes of the lymphoblastoid lines were identical with those of the original animal from whose lymphocytes they were derived. the one exception was a chimeric twin where a minor population appeared to have been transf ... | 1980 | 6774305 |
| the development of theileria=cytauxzoon taurotragi (martin and brocklesby, 1960) from eland in its tick vector rhipicephalus appendiculatus. | the sexual cycle of theileria taurotragi was identified in the gut lumen of replete rhipicephalus appendiculatur nymphs maintained at 28 degrees c which had fed on eland with rising parasitaemias. macro- and micro-gametes developed from ring-form piroplasms within 24 h after repletion. the microgamonts were elongate with 2 or more lateral projections. the nuclei of the microgamonts divided into 4 and the microgamonts differentiated into 4 thread-like microgametes each with a central nucleus. rou ... | 1980 | 6775268 |
| synchronization of the division of theileria macroschizonts and their mammalian host cells. | | 1980 | 6776919 |
| clinico-hematologic and serological comparison of japanese and russian strains of theileria sergenti. | the japanese and russian strains of theileria sergenti were compared clinico-hematologically and serologically. they were subjected to passage in splenectomized calves 4 approximately 8 months old by the infectation of infected ticks or the inoculation of infected blood. as a result, the average of incubation of the japanese strain was proved to be 23 days by the tick infection and 21 days by the inoculation of infected blood stored in a frozen state. the rate of detection and the average size o ... | 1980 | 6777702 |
| immunological relationship between strains of theileria annulata dschunkowsky and luhs 1904. | the immunological relationship between the ludhiana and hissar strains, and between the uruli-kanchan, bangalore and jaipur strains of theileria annulata was studied. calves were immunised against the ludhiana strain by the infection-treatment method, against the uruli-kanchan strain by the infection-treatment method or by untreated low-grade infection and against the jaipur strain by untreated low-grade infection. after 45 days, groups of immune calves and susceptible controls were challenged w ... | 1980 | 6779361 |
| theileriosis: cell-mediated and humoral immunity. | the protozoan parasite of cattle theileria parva transforms lymphoid cells into permanently proliferating cell lines. antibodies reacting with parasite antigens can be detected by several methods, but there is no evidence that they are protective. two cellular responses to infection have been found. in immune animals powerful cytotoxicity restricted to syngeneic infected cells rapidly appears; this is thought to be mediated by t-lymphocytes and to play a major role in resistance to reinfection. ... | 1981 | 6781356 |
| immunisation of calves against bovine tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata) with graded doses of sporozoites and irradiated sporozoites. | | 1980 | 6782032 |
| identification of theileria infections in the salivary glands of hyalomma anatolicum anatoli cum and rhipicephalus appendiculatus using isoenzyme electrophoresis. | lysates prepared from the salivary glands of uninfected hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and rhipicephalus appendiculatus and from ticks of these species infected with 2 strains of theileria annulata and 1 strain of t. parva respectively have been examined for enzyme polymorphism using thin layer starch gel electrophoresis. representative enzymes from 3 of the major metabolic pathways, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway were investigated. only 1 ... | 1981 | 6785914 |
| theileria parva parasites transform a subpopulation of t lymphocytes. | | 1981 | 6787130 |
| the effect of irradiation on the susceptibility of rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks to theileria parva infection. | irradiation doses of 800 rad. or less had no detectable effect on the subsequent development of unfed nymphal rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. doses of 1600 rad. or above impaired feeding and moulting and delayed the subsequent development of unfed nymphs. at 6400 rad. no ticks completed their moult. unfed nymphal r. appendiculatus irradiated at 0, 400, 800 and 1600 rad. were applied to 3 cattle infected with t. parva (kiambu 4). the theileria infections in the salivary glands of the resultan ... | 1981 | 6787541 |
| preliminary investigations on isoenzyme variants of lymphoblastoid cell lines infected wih theileria species. | the electrophoretic mobilities of seven enzymes from eight theileria-infected bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines originating in kenya and iran were compared. the isoenzyme patterns of phosphoglucomutase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were the same for all cell lines infected with any of the three theileria species. theileria annulata could be clearly differentiated from t parva and t lawrencei on the basis of three enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase, gl ... | 1981 | 6787678 |
| isoenzyme studies on theileria (protozoa, sporozoa). enzyme activity associated with the erythrocytic stage. | bovine blood containing piroplasms of theileria parva, as well as non-infected blood, was lysed and subjected to iso-electric focussing. staining for 13 different enzymes revealed parasite-associated bands of glucose phosphate isomerase (gpi) activity, not of any of the other enzymes. there were no variations between individual donor animals in the host cell gpi bands and these bands did not interfere with the recognition of the parasite-associated bands, so that purification of the piroplasms w ... | 1981 | 6787731 |
| the fine structural relationship between theileria schizonts and infected bovine lymphoblasts from cultures. | the fine structure of theileria-lymphoblast relationship was studied using cultured bovine lymphoblastoid cells infected with theileria parva, t lawrencei, or t. annulata. the major findings of this study were: (1) the presence of a very active golgi complex with the associated annulate lamelae; (b) the presence of cytoplasmic microtubules which joined the parasites and host cell centriole during lymphoblast mitosis; and (c) the absence of morphological evidence to suggest that the host cell dev ... | 1981 | 6787815 |
| glucose phosphate isomerase isoenzyme patterns in bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with theileria annulata and t parva, with an improved enzyme visualisation method using meldola blue. | five strains of theileria annulata from three geographically different areas and one strain of t parva were grown in bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines. lysates of the parasitised cells were examined by thin layer starch gel electrophoresis for multiple forms of the enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase. a reported difference between the glucose phosphate isomerase isoenzyme patterns of t annulata and t parva was confirmed. cultures of one strain of t annulata grown in cells derived from four differe ... | 1980 | 6789417 |
| artificial infection of rhipicephalus appendiculatus with theileria parva by percutaneous injection. | rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphs were inoculated with fresh or cryopreserved blood containing theileria parva piroplasms, or with cell culture grown stages of t parva. the use of fresh blood was successful. cryopreserved blood containing dimethylsulphoxide (dmso), killed most nymphs after inoculation: dmso could be removed by slow dialysis, without destroying the infectivity of the blood. attempts to infect ticks by inoculating cell culture grown stages of t parva failed, even when large numb ... | 1980 | 6789418 |
| evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for serodiagnosis of infections with theileria parva and t annulata. | an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to determine antibody levels in cattle infected with theileria parva and t annulata, using antigens prepared from the intra-erythrocytic piroplasm stage of the parasites. antibody levels in calves infected with t parva increased from the 16th day after infection to reach peak values at days 28 to 35 and then declined rapidly, but in calves infected with t annulata antibody levels rose steadily up to day 40. similar patterns of antibody produc ... | 1980 | 6789420 |
| adoptive transfer of immunity to infection with theileria parva (east coast fever) between cattle twins. | resistance to a lethal challenge with theileria parva (muguga) was transferred between two pairs of chimeric bovine co-twins with 5 to 9 x 10(10) syngeneic thoracic duct leucocytes from the immunised partner. in one recipient, the infection became established and was eliminated. in the second recipient, the disease did not become patent. both recipients were immune to a second challenge of t parva (muguga). the results confirm both that chimeric twin calves are suitable as a model for the adopti ... | 1981 | 6789424 |
| immunological aspects of theileria annulata infection in calves. 1. e., ea, and eac rosette forming cells in calves infected with t. annulata. | peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) from normal and theilaria annulata-infected calves were assayed for e, ea, and eac rosette formation. the e rosette forming cells showed the first increase on day 8 of the infection. this continued in all animals till day 14 the maximum increase was recorded. after that they showed reduced percentages of e rosettes, reaching normal values (as obtained before the infection) on day 24 to 30. when the recovered animals were challenged 64 days after the first infe ... | 1981 | 6789510 |
| theileriosis in uganda. parasitological and serological responses in cattle continually exposed to natural infection. | cattle living in a circumscribed area in uganda, where both theileria parva and t. mutans occurred naturally, were monitored for periods of up to 1 year by examination of blood and lymph node smears for parasites and the indirect fluorescent antibody test for antibodies to theileria. uninfected control cattle were added at intervals to ensure continuous challenge and to monitor the challenge. although all 29 control animals became infected with t. parva, challenge was light at first as mortality ... | 1981 | 6789516 |
| the piroplasm theileria ovis detected in sheep in south wales. | | 1981 | 6789542 |
| in vitro activity of 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones against theileria parva. | a variety of naphthoquinones have veen prepared and evaluated in vitro against the causative agent of the cattle disease east coast fever-theileria parva infection. it is concluded from structure-activity studies that a 2-hydroxyl moiety es essential for high activity. the most active compounds tested were 2-hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones in which the alkyl moiety was cyclohexyl, cyclohexylcyclohexyl, tridecyl, or tetradecyl. | 1981 | 6790703 |