| molecular cloning and characterization of a novel glyoxalase i gene tagly i in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). | methylglyoxal is a kind of poisonous metabolite that can react with rna, dna and protein, which generally results in a number of side advert effects to cell. glyoxalase i is a member of glyoxalase system that can detoxify methylglyoxal. an est encoding a glyoxalase i was isolated from a ssh (suppression subtractive hybridization)-cdna library of wheat spike inoculated by fusarium graminearum. the corresponding full length gene, named tagly i, was cloned, sequenced and characterized. its genomic ... | 2010 | 19513813 |
| synthesis, antifungal activities, and potential detoxification of n-(2,3,4,6-tetra-o-acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)thiocarbamates. | a series of n-(2,3,4,6-tetra-o-acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)thiocarbamates were synthesized by the reaction of glucosyl isothiocyanates with monohydric and dihydric alcohols, and acetone oxime, using methods of both normal reaction and microwave-assisted synthesis. antifungal activities of the title compounds were determined with three kinds of plant pathogenic fungi, fusarium graminearum, rhizoctoria cerealis, and colletotrichum orbiculare. the synthesized glucosyl thiocarbamates easily reacted ... | 2009 | 19524218 |
| roles of the glyoxylate and methylcitrate cycles in sexual development and virulence in the cereal pathogen gibberella zeae. | the glyoxylate and methylcitrate cycles are involved in the metabolism of two- or three-carbon compounds in fungi. to elucidate the role(s) of these pathways in gibberella zeae, which causes head blight in cereal crops, we focused on the functions of g. zeae orthologs (gzicl1 and gzmcl1) of the genes that encode isocitrate lyase (icl) and methylisocitrate lyase (mcl), respectively, key enzymes in each cycle. the deletion of gzicl1 (deltagzicl1) caused defects in growth on acetate and in perithec ... | 2009 | 19525419 |
| optimization of the production medium for biosynthesis of antifungal antibiotic ak-111-81 by phosphate-deregulated mutant of streptomyces hygroscopicus. | experimental mathematical designs were applied for optimization of a nutrient medium for biosynthesis of the antifungal antibiotic ak-111-81 by phosphate-deregulated mutant of streptomyces hygroscopicus 111-81. antifungal antibiotic ak-111-81 possesses well-expressed activity against fusarium graminearum and other phytopathogenic fungi. the level of the production of the antibiotic ak-111-81 on this medium is more than three times higher than on the initial medium. the optimized quantitative com ... | 2009 | 19529894 |
| functional analysis and subcellular localization of two geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases from penicillium paxilli. | the filamentous fungus penicillium paxilli contains two distinct geranylgeranyl diphosphate (ggpp) synthases, ggsa and ggsb (paxg). paxg and its homologues in neotyphodium lolii and fusarium fujikuroi are associated with diterpene secondary metabolite gene clusters. the genomes of other filamentous fungi including aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus nidulans, aspergillus niger, aspergillus oryzae and fusarium graminearum also contain two or more copies of ggpp synthase genes, although the diterpe ... | 2009 | 19529962 |
| gibberella zeae chitin synthase genes, gzchs5 and gzchs7, are required for hyphal growth, perithecia formation, and pathogenicity. | gibberella zeae causes fusarium head blight of cereal crops, and sexual spores of the fungus play an important role as primary inocula. we isolated a restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi) transformant, zh431, of g. zeae with defects in perithecia formation and virulence. integration of the remi vector resulted in disruption of gzchs7 gene, which encodes a putative class vii chitin synthase with high similarity to fusarium oxysporum chsvb. a second chitin synthase, gzchs5, is adjacently ... | 2009 | 19547974 |
| screening the fusarium graminearum inhibitory mutant strain from bacillus subtilis by atmospheric-pressure plasma jet. | the aim of this study was to improve the antagonistic activity of bacillus subtilis ja towards fusarium graminearum by screening high-yielding mutant using the atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (appj). | 2010 | 19558467 |
| [studies on quantitative trait loci related to activity of lactate dehydrogenase in common carp (cyprinus carpio)]. | the reciprocal intergeneric hybrids between common wheat and roegneria kamoji were successfully obtained by means of embryo culture. morphology, chromosome pairing behavior at meiosis, fertility, and resistance to scab of the hybrid f1 and bc1 were studied. the results showed that the morphology of the reciprocal intergeneric hybrids f1 between r. kamoji and t. aestivum cv. chinese spring were intermediate type between the two parental species. the chromosome configuration at metaphase i (mi) of ... | 2009 | 19586894 |
| developing kernel and rachis node induce the trichothecene pathway of fusarium graminearum during wheat head infection. | the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is the most common agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) in small grain cereals and cob rot of maize. the threat posed by this fungus is due to a decrease in yield and, additionally, mycotoxin contamination of the harvested cereals. among the mycotoxins, trichothecenes influence virulence of f. graminearum in a highly complex manner that is strongly host- as well as chemotype-specific. the factors inducing mycotoxin production during plant infection are sti ... | 2009 | 19589066 |
| applying parallel factor analysis models to hplc diode array detector datasets reveals strain dependent regulation of polyketide biosynthesis in fusarium graminearum, fusarium culmorum and fusarium pseudograminearum. | fungal secondary metabolites confer an indiscriminate resource of bioactive compounds with both pharmaceutical and industrial relevance. synthesis of these compounds is tightly controlled through regulatory networks. these networks act in response to the environmental conditions in which the fungus grows. one class of fungal secondary metabolites that have drawn increased attention, is the polyketides produced by a high number of fungi and bacteria. the increasing number of publicly available ge ... | 2009 | 19591712 |
| plant cell wall degradation with a powerful fusarium graminearum enzymatic arsenal. | the complex enzyme pool secreted by the phytopathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum in response to glucose or hop cell wall material as sole carbon sources was analyzed. the biochemical characterization of the enzymes present in the supernatant of fungal cultures in the glucose medium revealed only 5 different glycosyl hydrolase activities; by contrast, when analyzing cultures in the cell wall medium, 17 different activities were detected. this dramatic increase reflects the adaptation of the fu ... | 2009 | 19597315 |
| effect of carbendazim resistance on trichothecene production and aggressiveness of fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum (teleomorph, gibberella zeae) causes head blight of cereals and contaminates grains with trichothecene mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and domesticated animals. control of fusarium head blight relies on carbendazim (mbc) in china, but resistance to mbc in f. graminearum is now widespread. sixty-seven strains were evaluated for trichothecene production in shake culture or in the field. the strains included 60 wild-type strains (30 mbc-resistant and 30 mbc-sensitive), th ... | 2009 | 19656048 |
| fppi: fusarium graminearum protein-protein interaction database. | the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum (telomorph gibberella zeae) is the causal agent of several destructive crop diseases. identifying interactions among f. graminearum proteins and understanding their functions can provide insights into pathogenic mechanisms underlying f. graminearum-host interactions. f. graminearum protein-protein interaction (fppi) database provides comprehensive information of protein-protein interactions (ppis) of f. graminearum predicted based on both interologs from ... | 2009 | 19673500 |
| deoxynivalenol suppresses circulating and splenic leukocyte subpopulations in balb/c mice: dose response, time course and sex differences. | it was hypothesized that suppression of peripheral blood leukocyte subsets were markers of exposure to dietary deoxynivalenol (don), a fusarium graminearum mycotoxin in grain, at 1.0 mg kg(-1) but not at lesser doses in balb/c mice. groups of 10 female and 10 male balb/c mice were fed 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg kg(-1) don for 14 and 28 days. using flow cytometry with staining for leukocyte surface markers, the percentage of cd19(+) leukocytes (b cells) in peripheral blood was decreased in bot ... | 2009 | 19680982 |
| design, synthesis, and fungicidal activity of novel analogues of pyrrolnitrin. | a series of novel analogues of pyrrolnitrin containing a thiophene moiety were designed and synthesized by a facile method, and their structures were characterized by (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) and high-resolution mass spectrometry. the isomers iv-h and v-h were isolated, and their structures were identified by 2d nmr, including heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (hmqc), heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (hmbc), and nuclear overhauser effect spectrometry (noesy) spectra. t ... | 2009 | 19681615 |
| expressed sequence tags from the flower pathogen claviceps purpurea. | summary the ascomycete claviceps purpurea (ergot) is a biotrophic flower pathogen of rye and other grasses. the deleterious toxic effects of infected rye seeds on humans and grazing animals have been known since the middle ages. to gain further insight into the molecular basis of this disease, we generated about 10 000 expressed sequence tags (ests)-about 25% originating from axenic fungal culture and about 75% from tissues collected 6-20 days after infection of rye spikes. the pattern of axenic ... | 2009 | 19694956 |
| the genome of nectria haematococca: contribution of supernumerary chromosomes to gene expansion. | the ascomycetous fungus nectria haematococca, (asexual name fusarium solani), is a member of a group of >50 species known as the "fusarium solani species complex". members of this complex have diverse biological properties including the ability to cause disease on >100 genera of plants and opportunistic infections in humans. the current research analyzed the most extensively studied member of this complex, n. haematococca mating population vi (mpvi). several genes controlling the ability of indi ... | 2009 | 19714214 |
| toxigenic potential of fusarium graminearum sensu stricto isolates from wheat in argentina. | the toxigenic potential of 144 fusarium graminearum sensu stricto strains isolated from wheat in different subregions of the main production area in argentina during 2001, 2003 and 2004 harvests was studied. the mycotoxin producing ability of the isolates was examined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and confirmed by mass spectrometry. analysis of the trichothecene chemotype distribution across the argentinean wheat cropping area revealed that 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was the ... | 2009 | 19717200 |
| study of the antifungal activity of bacillus vallismortis zz185 in vitro and identification of its antifungal components. | an endophytic bacillus vallismortis zz185 was isolated from healthy stems of the plant broadleaf holly (ilex latifolia thunb) collected in nanjing, china. both the culture filtrate and the n-butanol extract of strain zz185 showed strong growth inhibition activity in vitro against the phytopathogens fusarium graminearum, alternaria alternata, rhizoctonia solani, cryphonectria parasitica and phytophthora capsici. the results showed that the filtrate and extract reduced the symptoms of wheat seedli ... | 2010 | 19717300 |
| insect peptide metchnikowin confers on barley a selective capacity for resistance to fungal ascomycetes pathogens. | the potential of metchnikowin, a 26-amino acid residue proline-rich antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the fat body of drosophila melanogaster was explored to engineer disease resistance in barley against devastating fungal plant pathogens. the synthetic peptide caused strong in vitro growth inhibition (ic(50) value approximately 1 mum) of the pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. transgenic barley expressing the metchnikowin gene in its 52-amino acid pre-pro-peptide form under the control o ... | 2009 | 19734262 |
| a reference-gene-based quantitative pcr method as a tool to determine fusarium resistance in wheat. | in recent years, plant breeders made great progress in breeding fusarium-tolerant wheat lines. however, total resistance to this genus of plant pathogenic fungi has not yet been achieved as the resistance genes are located on several distinct genetic regions. visual scoring of disease symptoms in combination with the analysis of mycotoxins is commonly applied to assess the tolerance of new lines. both approaches are indirect methods and do not mandatorily determine the accumulated fungal biomass ... | 2009 | 19756538 |
| fgend1 is a putative component of the endocytic machinery and mediates ferrichrome uptake in f. graminearum. | the function of endocytic pathway in filamentous fungi has remained elusive. recently, we have identified that fgend1, which has a 27% amino acid homology and shares specific eh3 domain with scend3 of saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a putative member of the endocytic machinery in fusarium graminearum. the failure of the scend3 mutant to uptake lucifer yellow (ly) was recovered by introducing fgend1 into s. cerevisiae. the deletion of fgend1 in f. graminearum resulted in a 2-fold decrease in the rat ... | 2009 | 19756628 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of double-stranded rna viruses from fusarium graminearum strain dk3. | the complete genomes two different dsrna mycoviruses, fusarium graminearum virus 3 (fgv3) and fusarium graminearum virus 4 (fgv4), was sequenced and analyzed. the viral genome of fgv3 is 9,098 base pairs (bp) long and contains two open reading frames (orf) encoding a putative rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) and a protein of unknown function. the fgv4 genome is composed of two dsrna genome segments of 2,383 bp and 1,739 bp. fgv4 dsrna-1 contains a single orf, which has a conserved rdrp motif, ... | 2009 | 19777156 |
| new caloporoside derivatives and their inhibition of fungal spore germination. | in our ongoing screening culture fluid extracts of gloeoporus (caloporus) dichrous strain 83065 inhibited the germination of magnaporthe grisea and fusarium graminearum spores. while isolating the active metabolites two new caloporosides, caloporoside g and caloporoside h, in addition to the known caloporoside derivatives f-16438g, caloporoside a, and 2-hydroxy-6-(16-hydroxyheptadecyl)benzoic acid were obtained. | 2009 | 19791504 |
| action and reaction of host and pathogen during fusarium head blight disease. | the fusarium species fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum, which are responsible for fusarium head blight (fhb) disease, reduce world-wide cereal crop yield and, as a consequence of their mycotoxin production in cereal grain, impact on both human and animal health. their study is greatly promoted by the availability of the genomic sequence of f. graminearum and transcriptomic resources for both f. graminearum and its cereal hosts. functional genomic, proteomic and metabolomic studies, in c ... | 2010 | 19807873 |
| transcriptome analysis of a wheat near-isogenic line pair carrying fusarium head blight-resistant and -susceptible alleles. | fusarium head blight (fhb), caused primarily by fusarium graminearum, decreases grain yield and quality in wheat and barley. disease severity, deoxynivalenol (don), fungal biomass, and transcript accumulation were examined in a wheat near-isogenic line pair carrying either the resistant or susceptible allele for the chromosome 3bs fhb-resistance quantitative trait locus (fhb1). fhb1 restricts spread of disease symptoms but does not provide resistance to initial infection or initial don accumulat ... | 2009 | 19810806 |
| gene transcription profiling of fusarium graminearum treated with an azole fungicide tebuconazole. | using a deep serial analysis of gene expression (deepsage) sequencing approach, we profiled the transcriptional response of fusarium graminearum to tebuconazole, a most widely used azole fungicide. by comparing the expression of genes in f. graminearum treated and untreated with tebuconazole, we identified 324 and 155 genes showing more than a 5-fold increase and decrease, respectively, in expression upon tebuconazole treatment. these genes are involved in a variety of cell functions including e ... | 2010 | 19820924 |
| evidence that a secondary metabolic biosynthetic gene cluster has grown by gene relocation during evolution of the filamentous fungus fusarium. | trichothecenes are terpene-derived secondary metabolites produced by multiple genera of filamentous fungi, including many plant pathogenic species of fusarium. these metabolites are of interest because they are toxic to animals and plants and can contribute to pathogenesis of fusarium on some crop species. fusarium graminearum and f. sporotrichioides have trichothecene biosynthetic genes (tri) at three loci: a 12-gene tri cluster and two smaller tri loci that consist of one or two genes. here, c ... | 2009 | 19843228 |
| sphaerodes mycoparasitica sp. nov., a new biotrophic mycoparasite on fusarium avenaceum, f. graminearum and f. oxysporum. | a new species, sphaerodes mycoparasitica (ascomycetes, melanosporales), was isolated from isolates of fusarium avenaceum and fusarium graminearum originating from wheat fields in saskatchewan, and from fusarium oxysporum originating from asparagus fields in quebec, canada. the species is characterized by a unique combination of ascospore size, shape (fusiform and triangular) and wall ornamentation (reticulate and smooth). also, conidia are produced from simple phialides on the surface of ascoma ... | 2009 | 19857813 |
| de novo biosynthesis of defense root exudates in response to fusarium attack in barley. | summary *despite recent advances in elucidation of natural products in root exudates, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the ecological significance of products in the rhizosphere. *here, we investigated the potential of barley (hordeum vulgare) to secrete defense root exudates when challenged by the soilborne pathogen fusarium graminearum. *liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (lc-dad) was used to profile induced small-molecular-weight exudates. thus, t-cinnamic ... | 2010 | 19878462 |
| clm1 of fusarium graminearum encodes a longiborneol synthase required for culmorin production. | fusarium graminearum is a fungal pathogen of cereal crops (e.g., wheat, barley, maize) and produces a number of mycotoxins, including 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, butenolide, zearalenone, and culmorin. to identify a biosynthetic gene for the culmorin pathway, an expressed-sequence-tag database was examined for terpene cyclase genes. a gene designated clm1 was expressed under trichothecene-inducing conditions. expression of clm1 in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) resulted in the production of a sesq ... | 2010 | 19880637 |
| triacylglyceride metabolism by fusarium graminearum during colonization and sexual development on wheat. | fusarium graminearum, a devastating pathogen of small grains, overwinters on crop residues and produces ephemeral perithecia. accumulation of lipids in overwintering hyphae would provide reserves for overwinter survival and perithecium development. fatty acid composition of cultures during perithecium development indicated a drop in neutral lipid levels during development but little change in fatty acid composition across stages. microscopic examination of cultures early in sexual development re ... | 2009 | 19888815 |
| novel genes of fusarium graminearum that negatively regulate deoxynivalenol production and virulence. | fusarium head blight of wheat, caused by fusarium graminearum, is a serious disease resulting in both reduced yields and contamination of grain with trichothecene toxins, with severe consequences for mammalian health. recently, we have identified several related amine compounds such as agmatine and putrescine that promote the production of high levels of trichothecene toxins, such as deoxynivalenol (don), in culture by f. graminearum and f. sporotrichioides. here, a global analysis of fungal gen ... | 2009 | 19888824 |
| investigation of the effect of nitrogen on severity of fusarium head blight in barley. | the effect of nitrogen on fusarium head blight (fhb) in a susceptible barley cultivar was investigated using gel-based proteomics. barley grown with either 15 or 100kgha(-1)n fertilizer was inoculated with fusarium graminearum (fg). the storage protein fraction did not change significantly in response either to n level or fg, whereas eighty protein spots in the water-soluble albumin fraction increased and 108 spots decreased more than two-fold in intensity in response to fg. spots with greater i ... | 2010 | 19895910 |
| the phosphoproteome of fusarium graminearum at the onset of nitrogen starvation. | fusarium graminearum grown under stress, such as nutrient deprivation, activates, among others, the trichothecene pathway that produces the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its derivatives. the kinase inhibitor staurosporine reduced the production of trichothecenes by 39% compared with control in vitro. on the other hand, phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid increased the amount by 72% compared with the control in vitro. this suggests that phosphorylation events are involved in the signalling pathway, ... | 2010 | 19899075 |
| mutations in a beta-tubulin confer resistance of gibberella zeae to benzimidazole fungicides. | abstract wheat head blight caused by gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum) is a threat to food safety in china because of mycotoxin contamination of the harvested grain, the frequent occurrence of the disease, and the failure of chemical control in some areas due to benzimidazole resistance in the pathogen population. the molecular resistance mechanism, however, of g. zeae to benzimidazole fungicides (especially carbendazim; active ingredient: methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate [mbc]) ... | 2009 | 19900007 |
| the cid1 cyclin c-like gene is important for plant infection in fusarium graminearum. | head blight or scab caused by fusarium graminearum is a destructive disease of wheat and barley. the pathogen can cause severe yield losses and contaminates infested kernels with harmful mycotoxins. in this study, we characterized the cid1 gene in f. graminearum that is an ortholog of the fusarium verticilloidesfcc1 and yeast ume3 genes. the protein encoded by cid1 has typical structural features of c-type cyclins. deletion of cid1 resulted in a reduction in conidiation and vegetative growth but ... | 2010 | 19909822 |
| a novel asian clade within the fusarium graminearum species complex includes a newly discovered cereal head blight pathogen from the russian far east. | we investigated fusarium graminearum complex (fg complex) species diversity and toxin potential in european and asian regions of the russian federation and adjoining regions northwest to finland and south near harbin, heilongjiang province, china, to expand our knowledge of the host range and geographic distribution of these economically devastating cereal head blight pathogens. results of a recently described multilocus genotyping (mlgt) assay revealed that f. graminearum was the sole fg comple ... | 2009 | 19927749 |
| [chemical constituents and bioactivity of teucrium pilosum]. | to study the chemical constituents and bioactivity of teurium pilosum. | 2009 | 19943482 |
| characterization of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in the ascomycete gibberella zeae. | carotenoids are a structurally diverse class of terpenoid pigments that are synthesized by many microorganisms and plants. in this study, we identified five putative carotenoid biosynthetic genes from the ascomycete gibberella zeae (gzcarb, gzcaro, gzcarra, gzcart, and gzcarx). hplc showed that the fungus produces two carotenoids: neurosporaxanthin and torulene. we deleted the five genes individually to determine their functions. gzcarb, gzcarra, and gzcart were required for neurosporaxanthin bi ... | 2010 | 20002186 |
| genetic fusarium chemotyping as a useful tool for predicting nivalenol contamination in winter wheat. | fusarium graminearum [teleomorph gibberella zeae] and fusarium culmorum together with fusarium poae are the main species known to produce nivalenol (niv). the niv content in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) harvested in luxembourg was investigated in 2007 and 2008 at 17 different locations. species determination and genetic chemotyping of f. graminearum and f. culmorum were used to understand the spatial distribution of niv producers in wheat from luxembourg. three hundred thirteen f. graminearum, 1 ... | 2010 | 20004994 |
| synthesis and biological activity of organotin 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxylates and benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazole-7-carboxylates. | a series of organotin 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxylates and benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazole-7-carboxylates have been synthesized and characterized by nmr ((1)h, (13)c, and (119)sn), ir, and elemental analyses. the structure of the dimeric complex {[(bthco(2))snet(2)](2)o}(2) (bth represents benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazol-7-yl) has been further confirmed by x-ray diffraction crystallography. assessment for fungicidal activity indicates that all of the newly synthesized compounds exhibit good growth inhib ... | 2010 | 20014765 |
| membrane-bound guaiacol peroxidases from maize (zea mays l.) roots are regulated by methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and pathogen elicitors. | plant peroxidases are involved in numerous cellular processes in plant development and stress responses. four plasma membrane-bound peroxidases have been identified and characterized in maize (zea mays l.) roots. in the present study, maize seedlings were treated with different stresses and signal compounds, and a functional analysis of these membrane-bound class iii peroxidases (pmpox1, pmpox2a, pmpox2b, and pmpox3) was carried out. total guaiacol peroxidase activities from soluble and microsom ... | 2010 | 20032108 |
| identification and validation of a major qtl conferring crown rot resistance in hexaploid wheat. | crown rot (cr), caused by various fusarium species, is a chronic wheat disease in australia. as part of our objective of improving the efficiency of breeding cr resistant wheat varieties, we have been searching for novel sources of resistance. this paper reports on the genetic control of one of these newly identified resistant genotypes, 'cscr6'. a population derived from a cross between cscr6 and an australian variety 'lang' was analyzed using two fusarium isolates belonging to two different sp ... | 2010 | 20035314 |
| population parameters for resistance to fusarium graminearum and fusarium verticillioides ear rot among large sets of early, mid-late and late maturing european maize (zea mays l.) inbred lines. | infection of maize ears with fusarium graminearum (fg) and fusarium verticillioides (fv) reduces yield and quality by mycotoxin contamination. breeding and growing varieties resistant to both fusarium spp. is the best alternative to minimize problems. the objectives of our study were to draw conclusions on breeding for ear rot resistance by estimating variance components, heritabilities and correlations between resistances to fv and fg severity and to investigate different inoculation methods. i ... | 2010 | 20035317 |
| chitinolytic and antifungal activity of a bacillus pumilus chitinase expressed in arabidopsis. | the bacillus pumilus sg2 chitinase gene (chis) and its truncated form lacking chitin binding (chbd) and fibronectin type iii (fniii) domains were transformed to arabidopsis plants and the expression, functionality and antifungal activity of the recombinant proteins were investigated. results showed that while the two enzyme forms showed almost equal hydrolytic activity toward colloidal chitin, they exhibited a significant difference in antifungal activity. recombinant chis in plant protein extra ... | 2010 | 20035370 |
| transfer of the beta-tubulin gene of botrytis cinerea with resistance to carbendazim into fusarium graminearum. | resistance to carbendazim and other benzimidazole fungicides in botrytis cinerea (pers. ex fr.) and most other fungi is usually conferred by mutation(s) in a single chromosomal beta-tubulin gene, often with several allelic mutations. in fusarium graminearum schwade, however, carbendazim resistance is not associated with a mutation in the corresponding beta-tubulin gene. | 2010 | 20063268 |
| functional analyses of two syntaxin-like snare genes, gzsyn1 and gzsyn2, in the ascomycete gibberella zeae. | we identified two syntaxin-like snare genes, named gzsyn1 and gzsyn2, from the plant pathogenic ascomycete gibberella zeae, and characterized the functions and cellular localization of these genes. the gzsyn1 deletion mutant (deltagzsyn1) had 71% reduced hyphal growth compared to the wild-type strain, but produced perithecia with normal ascospores. deltagzsyn2 had the same hyphal growth rate as the wild-type, but completely lost both self and female fertility. when deltagzsyn2 was spermatized fo ... | 2010 | 20102747 |
| trichothecene mycotoxins associated with potato dry rot caused by fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum, a known producer of trichothecene mycotoxins in cereal hosts, has been recently documented as a cause of dry rot of potato tubers in the united states. due to the uncertainty of trichothecene production in these tubers, a study was conducted to determine the accumulation and diffusion of trichothecenes in potato tubers affected with dry rot caused by f. graminearum. potato tubers of cv. russet burbank were inoculated with 14 f. graminearum isolates from potato, sugar beet, ... | 2010 | 20128703 |
| a native qtl for fusarium head blight resistance in north american barley (hordeum vulgare l.) independent of height, maturity, and spike type loci. | fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe (teleomorph gibberella zeae (schwein.) petch), is one of the major diseases of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) in eastern china, the upper midwest of the usa, and the eastern prairie provinces of canada. to identify quantitative trait loci (qtl) controlling fhb resistance, a recombinant inbred line population (f6:7) was developed from the cross zhenongda 7/pi 643302. the population was phenotyped for resistance to fhb in two experime ... | 2010 | 20140029 |
| activity of armillarisin b in vitro against plant pathogenic fungi. | the methanolic extract of the fruiting bodies of the mushroom armillariella tabescens was found to show antifungal activity against gibberella zeae. the active compound was isolated from the fruiting bodies of a. tabescens by bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract and identified as armillarisin b. armillarisin b eventually corresponds to 2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanediamide and its structure was confirmed on the basis of spectroscopic studies including 2d nmr experiments. | 2009 | 20158147 |
| synthesis and fungicidal activity of novel aminophenazine-1-carboxylate derivatives. | a series of novel 6-aminophenazine-1-, 7-aminophenazine-1- and 8-aminophenazine-1-carboxylate derivatives were synthesized by a facile method, and their structures were characterized by (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr and high-resolution mass spectrometry. some unexpected byproducts v-7b-v-8d were noticed and isolated, and their structures were identified by 2d nmr spectra including heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (hmqc), heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (hmbc) and h-h correlation spectromet ... | 2010 | 20166721 |
| acidic ph as a determinant of tri gene expression and trichothecene b biosynthesis in fusarium graminearum. | reducing production of type b trichothecenes by fusarium graminearum on cereals is necessary to control contamination, prevent yield reduction and protect human and animal health. thus, an understanding of how trichothecene biosynthesis is induced is essential. the effect of ambient ph on fungal growth, toxin biosynthesis and expression of tri genes was studied during in vitro liquid culture of f. graminearum on minimal medium. fungal development stopped at day 3 after a sharp ph drop in the med ... | 2010 | 20169482 |
| fine mapping fhb4, a major qtl conditioning resistance to fusarium infection in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.). | qfhi.nau-4b is a major quantitative trait locus (qtl) against fusarium graminearum infection identified in the fusarium head blight-resistant germplasm wangshuibai. to fine map this qtl, a recombinant inbred line (ril) population of 530 lines derived from nanda2419 x wangshuibai and the bc(3)f(2) population derived from the cross of a qfhi.nau-4b near isogenic line (nil) with susceptible cultivar mianyang 99-323 as the recurrent parent were screened for recombinants occurred between microsatelli ... | 2010 | 20198469 |
| comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in fusarium. | fusarium species are among the most important phytopathogenic and toxigenic fungi. to understand the molecular underpinnings of pathogenicity in the genus fusarium, we compared the genomes of three phenotypically diverse species: fusarium graminearum, fusarium verticillioides and fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. our analysis revealed lineage-specific (ls) genomic regions in f. oxysporum that include four entire chromosomes and account for more than one-quarter of the genome. ls regions are ... | 2010 | 20237561 |
| development of impala-based transposon systems for gene tagging in filamentous fungi. | genome sequences of many filamentous fungi are now available and additional genomes are currently being sequenced. one of the next strategic goals is to generate collections of tagged genes in order to establish a link between the several thousands of predicted genes and their function. transposable elements have been invaluable for the identification and isolation of genes of interest as insertion of a transposon both disrupts and tags a gene. in an effort to exploit active transposons identifi ... | 2010 | 20238260 |
| measuring protein kinase and sugar kinase activity in plant pathogenic fusarium species. | as ubiquitous metabolic and signaling intermediaries, kinases regulate innumerable aspects of fungal growth and development. at its simplest, the enzymatic function of a kinase is to transfer a phosphate from a donor molecule (such as adenosine triphosphate) to an acceptor molecule, such as a protein, carbohydrate, or lipid. kinase activity is intricately interwoven into signal transduction, and ultimately modulates gene expression, downstream phosphorylation events, and other mechanisms of post ... | 2010 | 20238271 |
| systematic discovery of regulatory motifs in fusarium graminearum by comparing four fusarium genomes. | fusarium graminearum (fg), a major fungal pathogen of cultivated cereals, is responsible for billions of dollars in agriculture losses. there is a growing interest in understanding the transcriptional regulation of this organism, especially the regulation of genes underlying its pathogenicity. the generation of whole genome sequence assemblies for fg and three closely related fusarium species provides a unique opportunity for such a study. | 2010 | 20346147 |
| development of a conditional gene expression system using a zearalenone-inducible promoter for the ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae. | the ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae is an important plant pathogen that causes fusarium head blight on small grains. molecular studies of this fungus have been performed extensively to uncover the biological mechanisms related to pathogenicity, toxin production, and sexual reproduction. molecular methods, such as targeted gene deletion, gene overexpression, and gene fusion to green fluorescent protein (gfp), are relatively easy to perform with this fungus; however, conditional expression syste ... | 2010 | 20348311 |
| a role for topoisomerase i in fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum pathogenesis and sporulation. | fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum are the causal agents of fusarium ear blight (feb) in wheat. a forward genetics approach was taken to discover novel pathogenicity genes in the genome of f. graminearum. a library of transformants created by random plasmid insertional mutagenesis was screened on wheat ears for virulence defects. plasmid rescue on one of the reduced-virulence mutants revealed a single-copy plasmid insertion in the gene coding for the dna interacting enzyme, topoisomerase i. ta ... | 2010 | 20367465 |
| adaptation of fusarium graminearum to tebuconazole yielded descendants diverging for levels of fitness, fungicide resistance, virulence, and mycotoxin production. | azole fungicides play a prominent role for reliable plant disease management. however, quantitative azole resistance has been shown to develop in fungal pathogens, including fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb). due to widespread application of azole fungicides, resistance may accumulate to higher degrees in fungal field populations over time. although azole fungicides are prominent components in fhb control, little effort has been made to investigate azole resist ... | 2010 | 20373965 |
| 2-d dige reveals changes in wheat xylanase inhibitor protein families due to fusarium graminearum deltatri5 infection and grain development. | wheat contains three different classes of proteinaceous xylanase inhibitors (xis), i.e. triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitors (taxis) xylanase-inhibiting proteins (xips), and thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitors (tlxis) which are believed to act as a defensive barrier against phytopathogenic attack. in the absence of relevant data in wheat kernels, we here examined the response of the different members of the xi protein population to infection with a deltatri5 mutant of fusarium graminearum, the w ... | 2010 | 20391529 |
| hydrogen peroxide induced by the fungicide prothioconazole triggers deoxynivalenol (don) production by fusarium graminearum. | fusarium head blight is a very important disease of small grain cereals with f. graminearum as one of the most important causal agents. it not only causes reduction in yield and quality but from a human and animal healthcare point of view, it produces mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don) which can accumulate to toxic levels. little is known about external triggers influencing don production. | 2010 | 20398299 |
| a major qtl for resistance to gibberella stalk rot in maize. | fusarium graminearum schwabe, the conidial form of gibberella zeae, is the causal fungal pathogen responsible for gibberella stalk rot of maize. using a bc(1)f(1) backcross mapping population derived from a cross between '1145' (donor parent, completely resistant) and 'y331' (recurrent parent, highly susceptible), two quantitative trait loci (qtls), qrfg1 and qrfg2, conferring resistance to gibberella stalk rot have been detected. the major qtl qrfg1 was further confirmed in the double haploid, ... | 2010 | 20401458 |
| rapd-pcr analysis of genetic variation among isolates of fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum from wheat in adana turkey. | the aim of the current study was to estimate the genetic diversity of f. graminearum and f. culmorum isolated from wheat in adana province of turkey by investigating by rapd-pcr polymorphisms. fusarium sp. affecting wheat crops were surveyed for 2 years during growing seasons in adana, turkey. thirty two isolates of fusarium were isolated from seeds and basal stem nodes of wheat displaying disease symptoms. these isolates were identified as f. avenecaum, f. culmorum, f. graminearum and f. croock ... | 2010 | 20437703 |
| effect of solute stress and temperature on growth rate and tri5 gene expression using real time rt-pcr in fusarium graminearum from spanish wheat. | the objective of this work was to study the effect of ecophysiological factors on trichothecene gene expression and growth in fusarium graminearum. the effect of non-ionic solute water potentials and temperature was examined on in vitro mycelial growth rates and on expression of the tri5 gene, involved in trichothecene biosynthesis, quantified by real time rt-pcr. this study showed optimal values of 25 degrees c and -2.8mpa (0.982a(w)) for growth. marginal temperatures such as 15 degrees c and 3 ... | 2010 | 20439126 |
| detection of fusarium graminearum dna using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay. | loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) of dna is a simple, cost effective, and rapid method for the specific detection of genomic dna using a set of six oligonucleotide primers with eight binding sites hybridizing specifically to different regions of a target gene, and a thermophilic dna polymerase from geobacillus stearothermophilus for dna amplification. the method has been applied in various assays for the diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections of humans and animals, sexing of bov ... | 2010 | 20442002 |
| the type 2c protein phosphatase fgptc1p of the plant fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is involved in lithium toxicity and virulence. | type 2c protein phosphatases (pp2cs) are monomeric protein serine/threonine phosphatases that play various roles in eukaryotic organisms. in this study, we characterized the pp2c encoded by fgptc1 in fusarium graminearum, the major causal agent of fusarium head blight on wheat and barley. we found that deletion of fgptc1 delays the mycelium growth of f. graminearum in response to lithium. consistently, fgptc1 complemented the function of scptc1 in lithium toxicity in saccharomyces cerevisiae. fu ... | 2010 | 20447276 |
| an in vitro method for the analysis of infection-related morphogenesis in fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum is a significant pathogen of many cereal crops. with its genetic tractability, ease of culture, genome sequence availability and economic significance, f. graminearum has become the subject of intensive molecular research. although molecular tools have been developed to enhance research into virulence determinants of f. graminearum, simple assays for infection-related development are lacking. as such, the objective of this study was to develop an in vitro protocol for the an ... | 2010 | 20447284 |
| limiting mycotoxins in stored wheat. | the quality of harvested wheat grain can deteriorate markedly during the post-harvest management stages. biotic factors, such as grain type and ripeness, coupled with the prevailing abiotic factors, such as water content and temperature, and also preservative concentration will influence the safe storage life and the level of contamination with mycotoxins. these mycotoxins include deoxynivalenol (don) produced pre-harvest and zearalenone (zea) produced post-harvest by fusarium graminearum and fu ... | 2010 | 20455159 |
| modelling the relationship between environmental factors, transcriptional genes and deoxynivalenol mycotoxin production by strains of two fusarium species. | the effect of changes in temperature/water activity (a(w)) on growth, deoxynivalenol (don) production and trichothecene gene cluster expression (18 genes) for strains of fusarium culmorum and fusarium graminearum was studied. the expression data for six key transcription genes (tri4, tri5, tri6, tri10, tri12 and tri13) were analysed using multiple regression analyses to model the relationship between these various factors for the first time. changes in a(w) and temperature significantly (p = 0.0 ... | 2011 | 20462881 |
| development of a specific taqman real-time pcr assay for quantification of fusarium graminearum clade 7 and comparison of fungal biomass determined by pcr with deoxynivalenol content in wheat and barley. | a fusarium graminearum clade 7 specific real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) assay was developed in this study based on unique polymorphisms in sequences of the mating type protein (mat) gene. pcr amplification was not observed in eight phylogenetic lineages of the f. graminearum complex and four other closely related fusarium species. accuracy of the quantification of the real-time pcr assay was verified with wheat dna spiked with f. graminearum clade 7 dna. wheat samples representing two canadian ... | 2010 | 20483187 |
| characterization of arabidopsis thaliana-fusarium graminearum interactions and identification of variation in resistance among ecotypes. | summary fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat and other cereals. resistance of wheat to fhb is incomplete and the defence mechanisms involved are poorly understood owing to the complex genome and long life cycle of the host. a robust and reproducible bioassay system was established for the study of interactions between f. graminearum and arabidopsis by wound inoculation of detached leaves embedded in agar medium. amendment of the inoculum with deoxynivalenol enhanced sy ... | 2006 | 20507455 |
| involvement of trichothecenes in fusarioses of wheat, barley and maize evaluated by gene disruption of the trichodiene synthase (tri5) gene in three field isolates of different chemotype and virulence. | summary fusarium graminearum is the main causative agent of fusarium head blight on small grain cereals and of ear rot on maize. the disease leads to dramatic yield losses and to an accumulation of mycotoxins. the most dominant f. graminearum mycotoxins are the trichothecenes, with deoxynivalenol and nivalenol being the most prevalent derivatives. to investigate the involvement of trichothecenes in the virulence of the pathogen, the gene coding for the initial enzyme of the trichothecene pathway ... | 2006 | 20507460 |
| the siderophore biosynthetic gene sid1, but not the ferroxidase gene fet3, is required for full fusarium graminearum virulence. | summary: to acquire iron from plant hosts, fungal pathogens have evolved at least two pathways for iron uptake. one system is hinged on the secretion and subsequent uptake of low-molecular-weight iron chelators termed siderophores, while the other uses cell-surface reductases to solubilize ferric iron by reducing it to ferrous iron for uptake. we identified five iron uptake-related genes from the head blight pathogen fusarium graminearum and showed that they were transcribed in response to iron ... | 2007 | 20507510 |
| involvement of salicylate and jasmonate signaling pathways in arabidopsis interaction with fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum is the principal causative agent of fusarium head blight (fhb), a devastating disease of wheat and barley. this fungus can also colonize arabidopsis thaliana. disease resistance was enhanced in transgenic wheat and arabidopsis plants that constitutively overexpress the nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (npr1) gene, which regulates salicylic acid (sa) signaling and modulates the activation of jasmonic acid (ja)-dependent defenses. here, we provide several lines of ... | 2010 | 20521949 |
| transcriptome analysis of the barley-deoxynivalenol interaction: evidence for a role of glutathione in deoxynivalenol detoxification. | trichothecenes are a major group of toxins produced by phytopathogenic fungi, including fusarium graminearum. trichothecenes inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells and are toxicologically relevant mycotoxins for humans and animals. because they promote plant disease, the role of host responses to trichothecene accumulation is considered to be an important aspect of plant defense and resistance to fungal infection. our overall objective was to examine the barley response to application of ... | 2010 | 20521958 |
| plump kernels with high deoxynivalenol linked to late gibberella zeae infection and marginal disease conditions in winter wheat. | deoxynivalenol (don) concentrations in mature wheat grain are usually correlated with symptoms produced by gibberella zeae infection. however, there have been numerous observations of unacceptably high don in asymptomatic crops, which can lead to lower-than-expected milling reductions in don. we conducted a field experiment with winter wheat to examine the effect of infection timing and postanthesis moisture on grain quality and don accumulation. seven to eight soft red winter wheat cultivars we ... | 2010 | 20528190 |
| determination of deoxynivalenol in infant cereal by immunoaffinity column cleanup and high-pressure liquid chromatography-uv detection. | the presence of deoxynivalenol (don) in cereal-based baby food, a primary source of the first solid food for infants, was studied in order to develop a method to detect its presence at low concentrations. don, produced primarily by fusarium graminearum, is commonly isolated from grains and feed around the world and affects both animal and human health, producing diarrhea, vomiting, gastrointestinal inflammation, and immunomodulation. an aqueous extract of infant cereal was cleaned by means of an ... | 2010 | 20537262 |
| plant-feeding insects harbor double-stranded rna viruses encoding a novel proline-alanine rich protein and a polymerase distantly related to that of fungal viruses. | novel double-stranded rnas (approximately 8 kbp) were isolated from threecornered alfalfa hopper (spissistilus festinus) and beet leafhopper (circulifer tenellus), two plant-feeding hemipteran insect pests. the two new viruses, designated spissistilus festinus virus 1 (spfv1) and circulifer tenellus virus 1 (citv1), do not appear to be encapsidated in conventional virions and shared a genome organization similar to that of several unclassified fungal viruses. spfv1 and citvl encode a proline-ala ... | 2010 | 20541786 |
| methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity is involved in the plasma membrane redox system required for pigment biosynthesis in filamentous fungi. | methylenetetrahydrofolate reductases (mthfrs) play a key role in biosynthesis of methionine and s-adenosyl-l-methionine (sam) via the recharging methionine biosynthetic pathway. analysis of 32 complete fungal genomes showed that fungi were unique among eukaryotes by having two mthfrs, met12 and met13. the met12 type contained an additional conserved sequence motif compared to the sequences of met13 and mthfrs from other eukaryotes and bacteria. targeted gene replacement of either of the two mthf ... | 2010 | 20543064 |
| heading for disaster: fusarium graminearum on cereal crops. | summary the rapid global re-emergence of fusarium head blight disease of wheat and barley in the last decade along with contamination of grains with mycotoxins attributable to the disease have spurred basic research on the fungal causal agent. as a result, fusarium graminearum quickly has become one of the most intensively studied fungal plant pathogens. this review briefly summarizes current knowledge on the pathogenicity, population genetics, evolution and genomics of fusarium graminearum. tax ... | 2004 | 20565626 |
| the fusarium graminearum map1 gene is essential for pathogenicity and development of perithecia. | summary fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of ear blight disease of cereals. infection occurs at anthesis when ascospores and/or conidia directly penetrate exposed anther and ovary tissue. the hemibiotrophic hyphae colonize floral tissues and developing grains to cause premature ear senescence. during infection, fusarium hyphae can also produce hazardous trichothecene mycotoxins, thereby posing a threat to human and animal health and safety. the fusarium map1 gene was identified using a pc ... | 2003 | 20569395 |
| occurrence of different species of fusarium from wheat in relation to disease levels predicted by a weather-based model in argentina pampas region. | fusarium head blight (fhb) is an important disease throughout many of the world wheat-growing areas that have humid to semi-humid climate. the infection happens mainly during the anthesis of the wheat, when there have been favorable conditions of moisture and temperature. the direct relation of the infection to environmental factors makes possible the formulation of mathematical models that predict the disease. the causal agent of the fhb of the spike of wheat is attributed principally to fusari ... | 2011 | 20582631 |
| structural similarity between the prion domain of het-s and a homologue can explain amyloid cross-seeding in spite of limited sequence identity. | we describe a distant homologue of the fungal het-s prion, which is found in the fungus fusarium graminearum. the domain fghet-s(218-289), which corresponds to the prion domain in het-s from podospora anserina, forms amyloid fibrils in vitro and is able to efficiently cross-seed het-s(218-289) prion formation. we structurally characterize fghet-s(218-289), which displays 38% sequence identity with het-s(218-289). solid-state nmr and hydrogen/deuterium exchange detected by nmr show that the fold ... | 2010 | 20600104 |
| a partial chromosomal deletion caused by random plasmid integration resulted in a reduced virulence phenotype in fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: gibberella zeae) is an ascomycete fungal plant pathogen which infects a range of agriculturally important crops, including wheat, barley, and maize. a random plasmid insertion mutagenesis approach was used to analyze the pathogenicity of the ph-1 strain, for which full genomic information is available. fungal transformants were initially screened for their ability to infect wheat ears. from a total of 1,170 transformants screened, eight were confirmed to be high ... | 2010 | 20615118 |
| fgtep1p is linked to the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signalling pathway and plays a role in the virulence of fusarium graminearum on wheat. | both mammalian tensin-like phosphatase 1 [tep1; also known as phosphatase deleted on chromosome 10 (pten) or mutated in multiple advanced cancer 1 (mmac1)] and saccharomyces cerevisiae sctep1p are involved in the phosphatidylinositol pathway. in this study, we identified the fusarium graminearum locus fgsg_04982.3 (named fgtep1) as the functional homologue of sctep1 in the sensitivity of s. cerevisiae cells to wortmannin, the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor. deletion of fgtep1 causes f. ... | 2010 | 20618707 |
| gene expression profile of the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum under the antagonistic effect of pantoea agglomerans. | the pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum is an ongoing threat to agriculture, causing losses in grain yield and quality in diverse crops. substantial progress has been made in the identification of genes involved in the suppression of phytopathogens by antagonistic microorganisms; however, limited information regarding responses of plant pathogens to these biocontrol agents is available. gene expression analysis was used to identify differentially expressed transcripts of the fungal plant path ... | 2010 | 20623455 |
| a survey of pre-harvest ear rot diseases of maize and associated mycotoxins in south and central zambia. | maize ear rots reduce grain yield and quality with implication on food security and health. some of the pathogenic fungi produce mycotoxins in maize grain posing a health risk to humans and livestock. unfortunately, the levels of ear rot and mycotoxin infection in grain produced by subsistence farmers in sub-saharan countries are not known. a survey was thus conducted to determine the prevalence of the ear rot problem and levels of mycotoxins in maize grain. a total of 114 farmsteads were random ... | 2010 | 20626099 |
| deoxynivalenol and nivalenol accumulation in wheat infected with fusarium graminearum during grain development. | the manner in which deoxynivalenol (don) and nivalenol (niv) accumulation progresses in wheat grain infected with fusarium graminearum and the influence of the time of infection on the accumulation of toxins were investigated. four cultivars were tested in a greenhouse environment, where the plants were spray inoculated at three different stages with a mixture of don and niv chemotypes of f. graminearum. the results indicate that high levels of don and niv can be produced beyond 20 days after an ... | 2010 | 20626280 |
| a nitrogen response pathway regulates virulence functions in fusarium oxysporum via the protein kinase tor and the bzip protein meab. | during infection, fungal pathogens activate virulence mechanisms, such as host adhesion, penetration and invasive growth. in the vascular wilt fungus fusarium oxysporum, the mitogen-activated protein kinase fmk1 is required for plant infection and controls processes such as cellophane penetration, vegetative hyphal fusion, or root adhesion. here, we show that these virulence-related functions are repressed by the preferred nitrogen source ammonium and restored by treatment with l-methionine sulf ... | 2010 | 20639450 |
| genome-wide analysis of microsatellite sequence in seven filamentous fungi. | abundance of microsatellites with repeated unit lengths of 1-6 base pairs in seven fungi: aspergillus nidulans, coprinus cinereus, cryptococcus neoformans (serotype a), fusarium graminearum, magnaporthe grisea, neurospora crassa and ustilago maydis were investigated on genomic scale. the results showed that each species has its specific profile for different types and different motifs of ssr loci. ascomycetes fungi m. grisea, n. crassa and basidiomycete fungus u. maydis adopt much more microsate ... | 2009 | 20640828 |
| mass spectrometric analysis reveals remnants of host-pathogen molecular interactions at the starch granule surface in wheat endosperm. | the starch granules of wheat seed are solar energy-driven deposits of fixed carbon and, as such, present themselves as targets of pathogen attack. the seed's array of antimicrobial proteins, peptides, and small molecules comprises a molecular defense against penetrating pathogens. in turn, pathogens exhibit an arsenal of enzymes to facilitate the degradation of the host's endosperm. in this context, the starch granule surface is a relatively unexplored domain in which unique molecular barriers m ... | 2010 | 20701481 |
| variation and transgression of aggressiveness among two gibberella zeae crosses developed from highly aggressive parental isolates. | gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum) is the most common cause of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat (triticum aestivum) worldwide. aggressiveness is the most important fungal trait affecting disease severity and stability of host resistance. objectives were to analyze in two field experiments (i) segregation for aggressiveness among 120 progenies from each of two crosses of highly aggressive parents and (ii) stability of fhb resistance of seven moderately to highly resistant winter ... | 2010 | 20701488 |
| a combined ¹h nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis to understand the basal metabolism of plant-pathogenic fusarium spp. | many ascomycete fusarium spp. are plant pathogens that cause disease on both cereal and noncereal hosts. infection of wheat ears by fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum typically results in bleaching and a subsequent reduction in grain yield. also, a large proportion of the harvested grain can be spoiled when the colonizing fusarium mycelia produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (don). in this study, we have explored the intracellular polar metabolome of fusarium spp. in both t ... | 2010 | 20718668 |
| synthesis and antifungal activities of some 2,6-bis-(un)substituted phenoxymethylpyridines. | several 2,6-bis-(un)substituted phenoxymethylpyridines were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against fusarium graminearum, helminthosporium sorokinianum, alternaria brassicae, alternaria alternata, and fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. among all derivatives, compound 3a exhibited a broad-spectrum antifungal activity against the five phytopathogenic fungi. | 2010 | 20737909 |
| antifungal activities of some indole derivatives. | nine indole derivatives were evaluated in vitro against fusarium graminearum, alternaria alternata, helminthosporium sorokinianum, pyricularia oryzae, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumarinum, and alternaria brassicae. most of the compounds were found to possess antifungal activities. especially compounds 2, 5, 8, and 9 exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activities against the above-mentioned seven phytopathogenic fungi, and showed more potent activities than ... | 2010 | 20737910 |
| a novel transcriptional factor important for pathogenesis and ascosporogenesis in fusarium graminearum. | fusarium head blight or scab caused by fusarium graminearum is an important disease of wheat and barley. the pathogen not only causes severe yield losses but also contaminates infested grains with mycotoxins. in a previous study, we identified several pathogenicity mutants by random insertional mutagenesis. one of these mutants was disrupted in the zif1 gene, which encodes a b-zip transcription factor unique to filamentous ascomycetes. the δzif1 mutant generated by gene replacement was significa ... | 2011 | 20795857 |
| a novel gene, roa, is required for normal morphogenesis and discharge of ascospores in gibberella zeae. | head blight, caused by gibberella zeae, is a significant disease among cereal crops, including wheat, barley, and rice, due to contamination of grain with mycotoxins. g. zeae is spread by ascospores forcibly discharged from sexual fruiting bodies forming on crop residues. in this study, we characterized a novel gene, roa, which is required for normal sexual development. deletion of roa (δroa) resulted in an abnormal size and shape of asci and ascospores but did not affect vegetative growth. the ... | 2010 | 20802018 |
| nivalenol-type populations of fusarium graminearum and f. asiaticum are prevalent on wheat in southern louisiana. | u.s. populations of the fusarium graminearum clade cause head blight on wheat and barley and usually contaminate grain with the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don). recently, however, individual nivalenol (niv)-type isolates from the united states were described that belonged to either the newly described species f. gerlachii or the genetically distinct gulf coast population of f. graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.). here, we describe the discovery of niv-type f. graminearum s.s. populatio ... | 2011 | 20822434 |