| the prosequence of procaricain forms an alpha-helical domain that prevents access to the substrate-binding cleft. | cysteine proteases are involved in a variety of cellular processes including cartilage degradation in arthritis, the progression of alzheimer's disease and cancer invasion: these enzymes are therefore of immense biological importance. caricain is the most basic of the cysteine proteases found in the latex of carica papaya. it is a member of the papain superfamily and is homologous to other plant and animal cysteine proteases. caricain is naturally expressed as an inactive zymogen called procaric ... | 1996 | 8939744 |
| a genetic linkage map of papaya based on randomly amplified polymorphic dna markers. | a genetic linkage map of papaya (carica papaya l.) was constructed using randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers and a f2 population derived from a university of hawaii uh breeding line 356 x 'sunrise' cross. a total of 596 10-mer primers were screened, and 96 polymorphisms were detected. at lod 4.0, 62 of these markers mapped to 11 linkage groups comprising 999.3 cm. about 80% of the markers conformed to expected mendelian segregation ratios. we have mapped the locus that determines s ... | 1996 | 24162346 |
| transgenic papaya plants from agrobacterium-mediated transformation of petioles of in vitro propagated multishoots. | in order to establish a model system for introduction of foreign genes into papaya (carica papaya l.) plants by agrobacterium-mediated transformation, petioles from multishoots were used as explant source and bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase ii (npt ii) gene and β-glucuronidase (gus) gene were used as a selection marker and a reporter, respectively. cross sections of papaya petioles obtained from multishoots micropropagated in vitro were infected with a. tumefaciens lba4404 containing nptii ... | 1996 | 24178453 |
| reversible modification of thiol-containing polypeptides with poly (ethylene glycol) through formation of mixed disulfide bonds. the case of papaya proteinase iii. | papaya proteinase iii (ppiii) was purified, as the s-methylthio derivative from the latex of carica papaya l., by ion-exchange chromatography. separation of reactivable ppiii from the irreversibly oxidized molecular species of this enzyme was readily achieved after a selective conversion of the reactivated proteinase into the s-monomethoxypoly(ethylene glycol)thio derivative (s-mpeg thio ppiii). from this derivative, a ppiii preparation titrating 1 mol of thiol/mol of enzyme was regenerated. fro ... | 1996 | 8984898 |
| crystal structure of glycyl endopeptidase from carica papaya: a cysteine endopeptidase of unusual substrate specificity. | glycyl endopeptidase is a cysteine endopeptidase of the papain family, characterized by specificity for cleavage c-terminal to glycyl residues only and by resistance to inhibition by members of the cystatin family of cysteine proteinase inhibitors. glycyl endopeptidase has been crystallized from high salt with a substrate-like inhibitor covalently bound to the catalytic cys 25. the structure has been solved by molecular replacement with the structure of papain and refined at 2.1 a to an r factor ... | 1995 | 7548082 |
| immunoglobulin e antibodies to papaya proteinases and their relevance to chemonucleolysis. | levels of four papaya cysteine proteinases were determined in chymodiactin, a pharmaceutical preparation of chymopapain (ec 3.4.22.6) used in chemonucleolysis for the treatment of sciatica. twelve sera known to contain immunoglobulin e antibodies to chymodiactin were assayed for immunoglobulin e antibodies to these enzymes. | 1995 | 7631245 |
| herbicide resistant transgenic papaya plants produced by an efficient particle bombardment transformation method. | a system for the production of transgenic papaya (carica papaya l.) plants using zygotic embryos and embryogenic callus as target cells for particle bombardment is described. phosphinothricin (bar ) and kanamycin (npt ii) resistance genes were used as selectable markers, and the gus gene (uida) as a reporter gene. selection with 100 mg/l kanamycin and 4 mg/l phosphinothricin (ppt) yielded a total of over 90 resistant embryogenic colonies from three independent experiments using embryogenic callu ... | 1995 | 24185643 |
| a biochemical comparison between latex from carica candamarcensis and c. papaya. | 1. a group of plant proteinases is present mainly in the unripe fruit of the papaya tree (carica papaya), which is a member of the genus carica. c. candamarcensis is another species that belongs to this group. its latex contains several proteinases displaying high proteolytic activity. 2. we used several electrophoretic techniques to compare the protein composition of the latex from the two species. acid electrophoresis followed by staining or western blot revealed a total of 17 proteins in c. c ... | 1994 | 7550003 |
| structure of chymopapain m the late-eluted chymopapain deduced by comparative modelling techniques and active-centre characteristics determined by ph-dependent kinetics of catalysis and reactions with time-dependent inhibitors: the cys-25/his-159 ion-pair is insufficient for catalytic competence in both chymopapain m and papain. | chymopapain m, the monothiol cysteine proteinase component of the chymopapain band eluted after chymopapains a and b in cation-exchange chromatography, was isolated from the dried latex of carica papaya and characterized by kinetic and chromatographic analysis. this late-eluted chymopapain is probably a component of the cysteine proteinase fraction of papaya latex discovered by schack [(1967) compt. rend. trav. lab. carlsberg 36, 67-83], named papaya peptidase b by lynn [(1979) biochim. biophys. ... | 1994 | 8010964 |
| primary structure of cc-iii, the glycosylated cysteine proteinase from the latex of carica candamarcensis hook. | the amino acid sequence of the cysteine proteinase cc-iii from the latex of the subtropical species carica candamarcensis hook has been determined with the exception of seven residues (pos. 180-186). it was deduced from the sequence analysis of the whole chain and peptides obtained by tryptic, chymotryptic, peptic and thermolysinolytic hydrolysis. cc-iii consists of 214 amino acid residues. out of a total of eight cysteine residues, six are located at positions involved in the formation of the t ... | 1994 | 7980869 |
| callus culture and plantlet production in carica papaya (var. honey dew). | in order to develop techniques for efficient callus production and regeneration in carica papaya (var. honey dew), lamina, petiole, stem and root explants from in vitro plantlets were cultured in media supplemented with 2.0 mg/1 iba and 0.5 mg/1 bap. use of in vitro-grown plantlets as an explant source helped to avoid contamination common in papaya tissue culture. callusing was maximum in root explants cultured in a modified ms (half-strength) medium. shoot reganeration was maxium in root-derive ... | 1994 | 24193908 |
| effects of crude aqueous extract of carica papaya seeds in male albino mice. | the effect of an aqueous extract of carica papaya seeds (5 mg/kg body/day im and 20 mg/kg body wt/day oral) were investigated in male mice treated for 60 days. reversibility studies were also carried out to elucidate if any induced effects were transient. the aqueous extract did not manifest any estrogenic effects in male mice, and ld50 studies indicated its nontoxic nature. the body weight or the weights of reproductive organs, kidney, and adrenal were not affected, indicating that the extract ... | 2006 | 8186628 |
| high efficiency plant regeneration from petiole explants of carica papaya l. through organogenesis. | callus cultures were obrained from petiole explants of carica papaya on ms medium containing 0.5-10.5 μm α-naphthaleneacetic acid (naa) in combination with 0.5-5 μm benzyladenine (ba). hard-green calli were transferred to ms medium containing 100 mgl(-1) casein hydrolysate (ch) with specific ba-naa formulation, where they developed adventitious buds within 2 weeks of culture. maximum number of adventitious buds were obtained in 2 μm ba and 0.1 μm naa. shoot regeneration occurred from these adven ... | 1993 | 24196296 |
| cooperativity in the unfolding transitions of cysteine proteinases. calorimetric study of the heat denaturation of chymopapain and papain. | differential scanning calorimetry (dsc) was employed to study the thermal unfolding of chymopapain (ec 3.4.22.6) and papain (ec 3.4.22.2), two highly homologous cysteine proteinases from carica papaya. under all ph conditions used, both enzymes showed irreversible thermal denaturation. however, results from experiments performed at two different scanning rates suggest that interpretation of data in terms of equilibrium thermodynamics is not unreasonable. for papain, the ratio of calorimetric (de ... | 1993 | 8218380 |
| factors effecting the thermostability of cysteine proteinases from carica papaya. | thermal denaturation of four carica papaya cysteine proteinases (papain, chymopapain, papaya proteinases 3 and 4) was studied as a function of ph using high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. the ratios of calorimetric enthalpy to van't hoff enthalpy suggest that, for all these proteins, denaturation occurs as a non two state process, via an intermediate structure. differences in the thermal stabilities of the proteinases; chymopapain > papaya proteinase 3 > papain > papaya proteinas ... | 1993 | 8508784 |
| using randomly amplified polymorphic dna for evaluating genetic relationships among papaya cultivars. | we have applied the recently developed technique of random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) to the analysis of the relationships among ten cultivars of papaya (carica papaya l.). eleven ten-base synthetic oligonucleotides were chosen that gave multiple pcr amplification products using papaya dna as template. these 11 primers amplified a total of 102 distinct fragments. cultivars were scored for presence or absence of rapd fragments and grouped by cluster analysis using simple matching coe ... | 1993 | 24196038 |
| determination of papain in raw meat by immunoassay. | an antibody raised to papain, a meat tenderising proteolytic enzyme obtained from papaya (carica papaya), has been used in the development of an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (elisa) for the determination of papain in raw meat. quantitative determinations of papain up to 4 mg/kg of raw meat have been obtained using standard extracts prepared by the exogeneous addition of papain to raw beef. a sample of commercially treated 'tenderised beef' was shown to contain papain at the level of 0·40 ... | 1993 | 22060266 |
| plant regeneration from carica protoplasts. | rapidly proliferating and highly regenerable suspension cultures of somatic embryos of carica papaya x c. cauliflora were used for protoplast isolation. on average, protoplast yield was 1.5×10(6)/g fresh weight of somatic embryos. protoplasts were first cultured in liquid km8p-s medium for 2 weeks and then plated in the same medium solidified with 1% agarose. about 1.4% of the protoplasts developed directly into somatic embryos. protoplast-derived somatic embryos proliferated rapidly through dir ... | 1992 | 24201542 |
| cystatin activity in gingival crevicular fluid from periodontal disease patients measured by a new quantitative analysis method. | cystatins are protein inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, which are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. in this study, we report a new sensitive method for the quantitative analysis of cystatin activity in a small amount of crude sample such as gingival crevicular fluid. cystatin activity in the crude sample was determined by using active site-titrated papain, which is a cysteine proteinase from the plant carica papaya. crude samples usually contain end ... | 1992 | 1532201 |
| structure-function relationships in the cysteine proteinases actinidin, papain and papaya proteinase omega. three-dimensional structure of papaya proteinase omega deduced by knowledge-based modelling and active-centre characteristics determined by two-hydronic-state reactivity probe kinetics and kinetics of catalysis. | 1. a model of the three-dimensional structure of papaya proteinase omega, the most basic cysteine proteinase component of the latex of papaya (carica papaya), was built from its amino acid sequence and the two currently known high-resolution crystal structures of the homologous enzymes papain (ec 3.4.22.2) and actinidin (ec 3.4.22.14). the method used a knowledge-based approach incorporated in the composer suite of programs and refinement by using the interactive graphics program frodo on an eva ... | 1991 | 1741760 |
| the preparation of fully active chymopapain free of contaminating proteinases. | chymopapain (ec 3.4.22.6) was purified from commercially available dried latex of papaya (carica papaya) by extraction at acidic ph, cation-exchange chromatography and active site-directed affinity chromatography on immobilized alanyl-phenyl-alaninaldehyde semicarbazone, with elution by mercuric chloride. the product was found by immunoassay to be essentially free of the other cysteine proteinases from papaya, including papaya proteinase iv, and was fully active. the rate of alkylation of the ac ... | 1990 | 2085414 |
| somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature zygotic embryos of papaya (carica papaya l.). | immature zygotic embryos from open-pollinated and selfed carica papaya l. fruits, 90 to 114 days post-anthesis, produced 2 to 20 somatic embryos on apical domes, cotyledonary nodes, and radicle meristems after culture for three weeks on half-strength murashige and skoog (ms) medium supplemented with 0.1 to 25 mg l(-1) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d), 400 mg l(-1) glutamine, and 6% sucrose. after six weeks of culture, about 40 to 50% of the zygotic embryos had become embryogenic, and each ... | 1990 | 24226942 |
| stable transformation of papaya via microprojectile bombardment. | stable transformation of papaya (carica papaya l.) has been achieved following dna delivery via high velocity microprojectiles. three types of embryogenic tissues, including immature zygotic embryos, freshly explanted hypocotyl sections, and somatic embryos derived from both, were bombarded with tungsten particles carrying chimeric nptii and gus genes. all tissue types were cultured prior to and following bombardment on half-strength ms medium supplemented with 10 mg 1(-1) 2,4-d, 400 mg 1(-1) gl ... | 1990 | 24226700 |
| preliminary crystallographic data for protease omega. | protease omega from carica papaya l. has been purified and crystallized. the crystals are trigonal, space group p3(1)12 (or p3(2)12), with a = 7.42 +/- 0.02 nm, c = 7.79 +/- 0.02 nm with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. the crystals diffract to 0.19-nm resolution using synchrotron radiation. | 1990 | 2194805 |
| in vitro propagation of shoot buds of carica papaya l. (caricaceae) var. honey dew. | shoot buds from the saplings and the fruit bearing plants of carica papaya l.. var. honey dew (papaya) initially treated with gentamycin were cultured in modified ms media, each with a different hormonal combination, for the establishment of cultures and multiplication and rooting of plants. about 43% of explants from fruit bearing plants and 69% of those from saplings remained free of contamination and retained regeneration capacity when treated in 500 mg/l gentamycin. for the establishment of ... | 1990 | 24232683 |
| the amino acid sequence of chymopapain from carica papaya. | chymopapain is a polypeptide of 218 amino acid residues. it has considerable structural similarity with papain and papaya proteinase omega, including conservation of the catalytic site and of the disulphide bonding. chymopapain is like papaya proteinase omega in carrying four extra residues between papain positions 168 and 169, but differs from both papaya proteinases in the composition of its s2 subsite, as well as in having a second thiol group, cys-117. some evidence for the amino acid sequen ... | 1990 | 2106878 |
| papaya proteinase iv amino acid sequence. | the amino acid sequence of papaya proteinase iv (ppiv), a major proteinase from the latex of carica papaya [(1989) biochem. j. 261, 469-476] is described. the enzyme has a high degree of sequence identity with papaya proteinase iii, chymopapain and papain (81, 70 and 67%, respectively), and is clearly a member of the papain superfamily of cysteine proteinases. nevertheless, the sequence shows substitution of certain residues conserved in all other known members of the superfamily. it is suggeste ... | 1989 | 2591528 |
| the thiol proteinases from the latex of carica papaya l. iii. the primary structure of chymopapain. | the amino-acid sequence of chymopapain is presented. it was isolated from the latex of the fruits from the tropical species carica papaya l. and is, besides papain and papaya proteinase omega, the third thiol proteinase from this source. the primary structure contains 218 amino-acid residues. it was deduced from sequence analysis of the native enzyme and of peptides obtained by tryptic, chymotryptic, peptic, thermolysinolytic and mild acidic hydrolysis. out of a total of eight cysteine residues, ... | 1989 | 2500950 |
| the thiol proteinases from the latex of carica papaya l. i. fractionation, purification and preliminary characterization. | three thiol proteinases, namely papain, chymopapain and proteinase omega were purified to homogeneity from the latex of carica papaya l. during the purification procedure, the thiol function of the cysteinyl residues were protected either as mixed disulfides with cysteamine or 2-thiopyridone or as s-sulphenylthiosulfate derivative or after blocking with p-chloromercuribenzoic acid. in marked contrast with earlier publications, chymopapain also was found to be a monothiol proteinase as papain and ... | 1988 | 3214554 |
| the thiol proteinases from the latex of carica papaya l. ii. the primary structure of proteinase omega. | the complete primary structure of the proteinase omega isolated from the latex of the carica papaya fruits is given. the polypeptide chain contains 216 amino-acid residues, the alignment of which was deduced from sequence analyses of the native enzyme, the tryptic, chymotryptic, peptic and thermolysinolytic peptides and facilitated due to the considerable degree of homology with papain and actinidin. the location of the three disulfide bridges could be established with the help of peptic and the ... | 1988 | 3063283 |
| somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in carica papaya l. tissue culture derived from root explants. | the regeneration potential of shoot tip, stem, leaf, cotyledon and root explants of two papaya cultivars (carica papaya cv. 'solo' and cv. 'sunrise') were studed. callus induction of these two cultivars of papaya showed that the shoot tips and stems are most suitable for forming callus, while leaves, cotyledons and roots are comparatively difficult to induce callus. callus induction also varied with the varities. somatic embryogenesis was obtained from 3-month-old root cultures. a medium contain ... | 1987 | 24248842 |
| antisickling agent in an extract of unripe pawpaw fruit (carica papaya). | | 1987 | 3686643 |
| enzymatic difference between laticifers and cultured cells of papaya. | cell suspension cultures of carica papaya were found to produce a papain-like enzyme showing an amidase activity similar to papain. experiments suggested that the enzyme was an sh-enzyme, but an immunological test indicated the absence of papain in cultured cells. the isoelectric point (4.3) of the enzyme of cultured cells was the same as that of the leaf extract, but was different from that of papain or other amidases in the latex of the fruit. | 1986 | 24248244 |
| the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol of higher plants in relation to chilling sensitivity. | the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol has been measured in the leaves of 27 species of higher plants from six families whose members differed in their degrees of chilling sensitivity. the content of high melting point fatty acids (represented by the sum of hexadecanoic, trans-3-hexadecenoic and octadecanoic acids) in phosphatidylglycerols varied little between members of the same plant family and was not obviously related to the relative chilling se ... | 1986 | 16664962 |
| monoclonal antibodies to the two most basic papaya proteinases. | the proteinases from carica papaya include papain, isoenzymes of chymopapain and two proteinases a and b distinguished by their unusually high pi. the identity of one of the most basic proteinases has been questioned. the present report describes the preparation and characterisation of two monoclonal antibodies that react specifically with papaya proteinases a and b respectively and a third that identifies a common structural feature found in papain and proteinase a. | 1986 | 3545314 |
| molecular cloning of two cysteine proteinases from paw-paw (carica papaya). | two cdna clones for plant cysteine proteinases have been isolated from a carica papaya (paw-paw, papaya) leaf tissue cdna library by using a mixture of 16 synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides as a hybridization probe. the inserted regions are 311 and 440 base-pairs in length and have the potential to encode a region corresponding to the c-terminal region of two proteins which are homologous with the known plant cysteine proteinases and the mammalian thiol cathepsins. one of the sequences shows a ... | 1986 | 3541893 |
| chymopapain a. purification and investigation by covalent chromatography and characterization by two-protonic-state reactivity-probe kinetics, steady-state kinetics and resonance raman spectroscopy of some dithioacyl derivatives. | chymopapain a was isolated from the dried latex of papaya (carica papaya) by ion-exchange chromatography followed by covalent chromatography by thiol-disulphide interchange. the latter procedure was used to produce fully active enzyme containing one essential thiol group per molecule of protein, to establish that the chymopapain a molecule contains, in addition, one non-essential thiol group per molecule and to recalculate the literature value of epsilon 280 for the enzyme as 36 000 m-1 x cm -1. ... | 1986 | 3513753 |
| cloning and sequencing of papain-encoding cdna. | messenger rna extracted from carica papaya fruit was converted to cdna and cloned into the psti restriction site of plasmid pbr322. subclones of the approximately 1.4-kb fragment were sequenced. the nucleotide sequence matched that expected, based on the amino acid (aa) sequence for papain, with the following exceptions: at aa positions 47, 118 and 135 the codon for glutamate was found instead of glutamine; at aa position 169 the codon for asparagine was found instead of glycine; at aa positions ... | 1986 | 2881845 |
| fresh non-fruit latex of carica papaya contains papain, multiple forms of chymopapain a and papaya proteinase omega. | | 1985 | 4015629 |
| [volatile acids in tropical fruits: cherimoya (annona cherimolia, mill.), guava (psidium guajava, l.), mango (mangifera indica, l., var. alphonso), papaya (carica papaya, l.)]. | the volatile acids extracted by pentane/dichloromethane (2 + 1) from tropical fruit pulps were identified and determined by capillary gas chromatography (hrgc) and combined capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using ei- and ci mode (hrgc-ei/cims). in cherimoya (a. cherimolia, mill.) fruit pulp 47 acids were characterized; major compounds were hexanoic (3 mg/kg) and octanoic (1 mg/kg) acid. fifty one acids were identified in guava (p. guajava, l.), 54 in mango (m, indica, l., var. alpho ... | 1985 | 4013523 |
| [aroma of the papaya fruit (carica papaya, l.): indication of volatile precursors of terpene compounds]. | in fruit pulp of papaya (carica papaya, l.) the enzymes were inhibited by hg2+. these sample were compared with others, in which the enzymes had not been inhibited. after separation and prefractionation of volatiles by means of high vacuum distillation/solvent extraction and subsequent adsorption chromatography on silicagel, capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that in the experiment with hg2+ the formation of terpene alcohols and hydrocarbons as well as benzylisothiocyanate was ... | 1985 | 4002865 |
| anther culture of papaya (carica papaya l.). | papaya (carica papaya l.) anther containing microspores in tetrad to early-binucleate stages were successfully cultured on 1/2 strength ms salts and vitamins with full strength na-fe-edta supplemented with 2 mg/l naa, 1 mg/l ba and 6% sucrose for callus initiation and formation. highest frequencies of callus induction were obtained when anthers at the uninucleate stage were cultured in the dark. haploid plantlets and pollen-derived embryoids were obtained from anthers cultured at the uninucleate ... | 1985 | 24253639 |
| [allergy to chymopapain: value of predictive tests before chemonucleolysis]. | it is possible to treat vertebral disc hernias by chemonucleolysis because of the enzymatic properties of chymopapain extracted from carica papaya. but, 1% of the general population would seem to have a latent sensitivity to this protein, and would thus be at risk of presenting life-threatening anaphylactic shock. recent clinical studies have identified different risk factors: atopy, previous food and drug allergies. a case is here reported of a 35 year old woman with a history of urticaria foll ... | 1985 | 3893237 |
| comparative resonance raman spectroscopic and kinetic studies of acyl-enzymes involving papain, actinidin and papaya peptidase ii. | resonance raman spectra are reported for a series of dithioacyl-enzymes involving actinidin (ec 3.4.22.14) and papaya peptidase ii (the more basic monothiol cysteine proteinase of carica papaya). the acyl groups are n-benzoylglycine and n-(beta-phenylpropionyl)glycine containing c = s or 13c = s at the ester function. comparison of the data with those for the corresponding papain (ec 3.4.22.2) analogues [storer, lee & carey (1983) biochemistry 22, 4789-4796] allows us to define the conformation ... | 1984 | 6391467 |
| chymopapain. chromatographic purification and immunological characterization. | chymopapain (ec 3.4.22.6) was purified from commercially available spray-dried latex of papaya (carica papaya) fruit by (nh4)2so4 fractionation and fast protein chromatography on the mono s cation-exchange column. multiple forms of chymopapain separated chromatographically were shown to be immunologically identical. a major form was isolated and found to be homogeneous by several criteria, and fully active, and its n-terminal amino acid was identified as tyrosine. latex from fresh unripe papaya ... | 1984 | 6437389 |
| quantitation of a bioactive metabolite in undisturbed rhizosphere-benzyl isothiocyanate fromcarica papaya l. | a "continuous root exudate trapping system" was recently developed in this laboratory by which the allelopathic metabolites from the undisturbed rhizosphere ofhemarthria altissima (poir.) stapf. et hubb. were collected. twelve phenolic compounds were identified by capillary gc-ms (tang and young, 1982). in this report, we further describe its use for the quantitation of benzyl isothiocyanate (bitc), a highly bioactive volatile compound, in the rhizosphere of growing papaya plants. samples were c ... | 1983 | 24407815 |
| a re-evaluation of the nomenclature of the cysteine proteinases of carica papaya and a rational basis for their identification. | | 1983 | 6351846 |
| postharvest variation in cell wall-degrading enzymes of papaya (carica papaya l.) during fruit ripening. | pectin methylesterase (pme), polygalacturonase (pg), xylanase, cellulase, and proteinase activity were determined and related to respiration, ethylene evolution, and changes in skin color of papaya (carica papaya l.) fruit from harvest through to the start of fruit breakdown. pme gradually increased from the start of the climacteric rise reaching a peak 2 days after the respiratory peak. pg and xylanase were not detectable in the preclimacteric stage but increased during the climacteric: during ... | 1983 | 16663010 |
| characterization of papaya peptidase a as a cysteine proteinase of carica papaya l. with active-centre properties that differ from those of papain by using 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan as reactivity probes. use of two-protonic-state electrophiles in the identification of catalytic-site thiol groups. | 1. the proteinase papaya peptidase a, one of the major components of the latex of carica papaya l., was shown to contain 1 thiol group per molecule; this thiol group is essential for catalytic activity and is part of the catalytic site. 2. the usefulness of two-protonic-state reactivity probes coupled with modification/activity-loss data in assigning a thiol group as an integral part of the catalytic site as against merely 'essential' for activity is discussed. 3. the active centre of papaya pep ... | 1982 | 6751321 |
| beta-carotene content of two main varieties of pawpaw (carica papaya-family caricaceae) grown in tanzania. | | 1982 | 7173082 |
| evidence that the active centre of chymopapain a is different from the active centres of some other cysteine proteinases and that the brønsted coefficient (beta nuc.) for the reactions of thiolate anions with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide may be decreased by reagent protonation. | the active centres of chymopapains a and b (jointly designated ec 3.4.22.6) and papaya (carica papaya l.) peptidase a were investigated by using 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) as thiol-specific reactivity probes. whereas the first active-centre pka values for chymopapain b and papaya peptidase a are less than 5, is as the case for papain (ec 3.4.22.2) and ficin (ec 3.4.22.3), that for chymopapain a is about 6.8. the reason why the reactions of thiols of pka ap ... | 1980 | 7006597 |
| [the treatment of lumbosciatica by intra-discal injection of proteolytic enzymes (nucleolysis). 80 cases (author's transl)]. | proteolytic enzymes originated from carica papaya, injected extra durally in the lumbar intervertebral disc of 80 patients suffering from intractable root pain due to herniated discs, led to 85% of satisfactory results as far as root pain is concerned. strong motivation and appropriate deals with residual lumbar pain which was absent or kept under control in 85% of all cases. surgery can be successfully carried out after nucleolysis, when an adherent root and/or an extruded fragment is responsib ... | 1980 | 6446083 |
| [biological evaluation of cuban plants. iii]. | aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts were prepared from different parts of species of the families martiniaceae, caricaceae, umbeliferae, nictaginaceae and fitolacaceae in order to prove their antimicrobial action on bacteria which have a clinical interest in humans and live in our environment. the gel double-layer diffusion method was applied. the best results were obtained from carica papaya leave extracts. | 2009 | 382279 |
| preparation and characterization of enzymes from spray-dried papaya (carica papaya) latex [proceedings]. | | 1978 | 640180 |
| separation of chymopapain from papaya latex (carica papaya) on amberlite ir-120 (hg2+). | the quantitative separation of chymopapain from papaya latex has been carried out by chromatography on amberlite ir-120 (hg2+). the product obtained was further studied to determine its homogeneity. | 1976 | 932135 |
| inhibition of ethylene evolution in papaya pulp tissue by benzyl isothiocyanate. | papaya (carica papaya l.) pulp tissue disks in an incubation medium composed of 0.4 m sucrose evolve ethylene at an optimum ph of 5.25 at 30 c. disks of young preclimacteric fruit evolve the gas linearly with fruit age until fruit age reaches 4 months. disks from 5-month-old postclimacteric fruit produce approximately 5-fold more ethylene than disks from 4-month-old fruit. ethylene evolution by unaged papaya disks is inhibited potently by benzyl isothiocyanate. the compound inhibits production o ... | 1974 | 16658747 |
| carica papaya as ancillary therapy for athletic injuries. | | 1969 | 4981306 |
| effect of treatment with carica papaya on resolution of edema and ecchymosis following rhinoplasty. | | 1969 | 4979982 |
| carica papaya in head and neck surgery. | | 1969 | 4885451 |
| pistillate papaya flower: a morphological anomaly. | the pistillate flower of carica papaya is a pleurogynous unisexual form derived intraspecifically from a perigynous bisexual ancestor. it is a morphological anomaly in that the ovary consists of two cycles of carpels which, in the ancestor, arise on the receptacle at different levels as dissimilar orders of organs. the bulk of the pentamerous ovary and the dorsal carpellary vascular system are derived from a cycle of five stamens in the ancestor. the ventral carpellary system is inherited intact ... | 1969 | 17730186 |
| relationship of water potential to growth of leaves. | a thermocouple psychrometer that measures water potentials of intact leaves was used to study the water potentials at which leaves grow. water potentials and water uptake during recovery from water deficits were measured simultaneously with leaves of sunflower (helianthus annuus l.), tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.), papaya (carica papaya l.), and abutilon striatum dickson. recovery occurred in 2 phases. the first was associated with elimination of water deficits; the second with cell enla ... | 1968 | 16656882 |
| observations on the taste, flavour and consistency of the channa prepared by the use of carica papaya juice and citric acid. | | 1966 | 5977583 |
| effect of butea frondosa, vernonia anthelmintica and carica papaya against oxyurids in mice. | | 1966 | 5974809 |
| use of carica papaya juice in chhena making. | | 1965 | 14338107 |
| the use of proteolytic enzymes from carica papaya in nasal plastic surgery. | | 1965 | 14269726 |
| comparison of the carotenoids in yellow- and red-fleshed carica papaya. | | 1964 | 14191593 |
| allergy to papaya tree (carica papaya linn). | | 1963 | 13988585 |
| oral administration of enzymes from carica papaya: report of a double-blind clinical study. | | 1962 | 14487616 |
| pharmacological study of carica papaya seeds with special reference to its anthelmintic action. preliminary report. | | 1961 | 13871550 |
| studies on the anti-helminthic activities of seeds of carica papaya linn. | | 1960 | 14459697 |
| half-apocarpy in carica papaya linn. | | 1950 | 15427371 |
| digest culture media using paw-paw (carica papaya) in the tropics. | | 1950 | 15420490 |
| effect of antibiotics on the milk-clotting enzymes of carica papaya and ficus carica. | | 1948 | 18911583 |
| transmission of the bunchy top disease of papaya (carica papaya l.) by the leaf hopper empoasca papayae oman. | | 1947 | 17750791 |
| phytophthora palmivora butler on cyphomandra betacea sendt. and carica papaya linn. | | 1947 | 20344183 |
| hydrolytic properties of carica papaya latex and latex preparations. | | 1937 | 16746530 |
| observations on change of sex in carica papaya. | | 1908 | 17820401 |
| isolation and identification of fungi associated with spoilt fruits vended in gwagwalada market, abuja, nigeria. | annual reports have shown that 20% of fruits and vegetables produced are lost to spoilage. this study was undertaken to isolate and identify fungi that are associated with spoilt fruits commonly sold in gwagwalada market, abuja, and recommend appropriate control measure. | 2017 | 28507410 |
| a purely green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using carica papaya, manihot esculenta, and morinda citrifolia: synthesis and antibacterial evaluations. | green procedure for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (agnps) is currently considered due to its economy and toxic-free effects. several existing works on synthesizing agnps using leaves extract still involve the use of physical or mechanical treatment such as heating or stirring, which consume a lot of energy. to extend and explore the green extraction philosophy, we report here the synthesis and antibacterial evaluations of a purely green procedure to synthesize agnps using carica papaya, mani ... | 2017 | 28597212 |
| the candida albicans inhibitory activity of the extract from papaya (carica papaya l.) seed relates to mitochondria dysfunction. | the inhibitory activity of the papaya seed extract (pse) on candida albicans (c. albicans) was determined by turbidimetry method. the inhibitory mechanisms were also evaluated from the prospective of reactive oxygen species (ros) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (mmp) decrease, and the activities of four complex enzymes in mitochondria respiratory chain. results obtained from this study indicated that the pse exhibited an effective inhibitory activity on c. albicans and induced signi ... | 2017 | 28841152 |
| antithrombocytopenic and immunomodulatory potential of metabolically characterized aqueous extract of carica papaya leaves. | carica papaya linn. (caricaceae) leaf (cpl) juice has long been traditionally used in ethnomedicine for dengue fever. | 2017 | 28836477 |
| evolving herbal formulations in management of dengue fever. | dengue is endemic in more than 100 countries and it is estimated that annually above 390 million infections occur globally. during the period between 1996-2015, a massive increase of more than 500 per cent has been recorded in number of dengue cases reported in india. till date, there are no specific globally accepted treatments for dengue fever in any system of medicine. dengue does not cause very high mortality if properly handled and is currently being managed by clinicians through various ad ... | 2017 | 28823790 |
| phytochemical screening and in-vitro evaluation of pharmacological activities of peels of musa sapientum and carica papaya fruit. | aqueous, absolute and 80% ethanolic extract of fruit peels of musa sapientum and carica papaya were investigated for their antibacterial activity, measured by disc diffusion method and antioxidant activity, measured by four different methods. papaya and banana peels were found to contain terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins steroid, phenols, fixed oils and fats. 80% ethanolic extract of banana peel was found to contain highest total phenolic content (tpc), total flavonoid content (tfc) and a ... | 0 | 28627245 |
| transcriptome analysis of carica papaya embryogenic callus upon de-etiolated 1 (det1) gene suppression. | papaya is considered to be one of the most nutritional fruits. it is rich in vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids and other phytonutrient which function as antioxidant in our body [1]. previous studies revealed that the suppression of a negative regulator gene in photomorphogenesis, de-etiolated 1 (det1) can improve the phytonutrient in tomato and canola without affecting the fruit quality [2], [3]. this report contains the experimental data on high-throughput 3' mrna sequencing of transformed papa ... | 0 | 28516036 |
| properties of soluble dietary fiber-polysaccharide from papaya peel obtained through alkaline or ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction. | soluble dietary fiber (sdf) from the peel of papaya (carica papaya linn.) was recovered through alkaline extraction (alkaline-extracted sdf, a-sdf) and ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction (ultrasound-treated sdf, u-sdf) processes, and the composition, structure and properties of the extracts were compared. the optimal parameters for obtaining the maximum extraction yield of u-sdf were evaluated through response surface methodology. under optimal conditions, the maximum yield of u-sdf was 36. ... | 0 | 28606515 |
| plant extracts as a natural treatment against the fish ectoparasite neobenedenia sp. (monogenea: capsalidae). | the toxicity of water-ethanol extracts of garlic (allium sativum), ginger (zingiber officinale), basil (ocimum basilicum), bitter chaparro (castela tortuousa), onion (allium cepa) and papaya (carica papaya) against adults, eggs and oncomiracidia of neobenedenia spp. parasites was examined. parasites were exposed to continuous immersion and treated as follows: extracts were tested at three dilutions: 1:10, 1:50 and 1:100 made with filtered seawater (35 g l-1); ethanol (70%) was evaluated at the s ... | 2017 | 29248015 |
| treatment of malaria and related symptoms using traditional herbal medicine in ethiopia. | medicinal plants have always been an integral part of different cultures in ethiopia in the treatment of different illnesses including malaria and related symptoms. however, due to lack of proper documentation, urbanization, drought, acculturation and deforestation, there is an increased risk of losing this traditional knowledge. hence, the use of the indigenous knowledge should be well documented and validated for potential future use. | 2018 | 29102764 |
| soluble expression of biologically active methionine sulfoxide reductase b1 (pamsrb1) from carica papaya in escherichia coli and isolation of its protein targets. | plant methionine sulfoxide reductase b1 (msrb1) protects the photosynthetic apparatus from oxidative damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species to repair met-oxidized proteins in response to abiotic stresses and biotic attack. papaya msrb1 (pamsrb1) was identified previously to interact with papaya ringspot virus nia-pro, and this interaction inhibits the import of pamsrb1 into the chloroplast. further functional characterization of pamsrb1 requires the production of a biologically active puri ... | 2018 | 29373846 |
| gc-ms profiling, descriptive sensory analysis, and consumer acceptance of costa rican papaya (carica papaya l.) fruit purees. | volatiles of papaya purees from four costa rican cultivars were analysed by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. a total of 83 volatiles was assigned in the purees, of which 19 were detected for the first time as papaya constituents. as revealed by multivariate statistics, i.e., principal component analysis (pca) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (pls-da), the purees may be allocated to terpene- and lactone-rich ('sh-5'), ester-containing ('criolla' ... | 2018 | 29329850 |
| papain-like cysteine proteases in carica papaya: lineage-specific gene duplication and expansion. | papain-like cysteine proteases (plcps), a large group of cysteine proteases structurally related to papain, play important roles in plant development, senescence, and defense responses. papain, the first cysteine protease whose structure was determined by x-ray crystallography, plays a crucial role in protecting papaya from herbivorous insects. except the four major plcps purified and characterized in papaya latex, the rest of the plcps in papaya genome are largely unknown. | 2018 | 29306330 |
| disinfection of water with new chitosan-modified hybrid clay composite adsorbent. | hybrid clay composites were prepared from kaolinite clay and carica papaya seeds via modification with chitosan, alum, naoh, and zncl2 in different ratios, using solvothermal and surface modification techniques. several composite adsorbents were prepared, and the most efficient of them for the removal of gram negative enteric bacteria was the hybrid clay composite that was surface-modified with chitosan, ch-nhyca 1:5 (chitosan: nhyca = 1:5). this composite adsorbent had a maximum adsorption remo ... | 2017 | 29296686 |
| effect of the combination hot water - calcium chloride on the in vitro growth of colletotrichum gloeosporioides and the postharvest quality of infected papaya. | anthracnose of papaya fruit caused by the fungus colletotrichum gloeosporioides is one of the most economically important postharvest diseases. hot water immersion (hw) and calcium chloride (ca) treatments have been used to control papaya postharvest diseases; however, the effect of the combination hw-ca on the pathogen growth and the development of the disease in infected papaya fruit has been scarcely studied. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the hw-ca treatment on the in vi ... | 2017 | 29238280 |
| ripening-induced chemical modifications of papaya pectin inhibit cancer cell proliferation. | papaya (carica papaya l.) is a fleshy fruit with a rapid pulp softening during ripening. ripening events are accompanied by gradual depolymerization of pectic polysaccharides, including homogalacturonans, rhamnogalacturonans, arabinogalactans, and their modified forms. during intermediate phases of papaya ripening, partial depolymerization of pectin to small size with decreased branching had enhanced pectin anti-cancer properties. these properties were lost with continued decomposition at later ... | 2017 | 29185464 |
| control of anthracnose caused by colletotrichum species in guava, mango and papaya using synergistic combinations of chitosan and cymbopogon citratus (d.c. ex nees) stapf. essential oil. | this study assessed the efficacy of chitosan (chi) and cymbopogon citratus (d.c. ex nees) stapf. essential oil (cceo) combinations to control the mycelial growth of five pathogenic colletotrichum species (c. asianum, c. siamense, c. fructicola, c. tropicale and c. karstii) in vitro, as well as the anthracnose development in guava (psidium guajava l.) cv. paluma, mango (mangifera indica l.) cv. tommy atkins and papaya (carica papaya l.) cv. papaya artificially inoculated with these species. combi ... | 2017 | 29182924 |
| optimization of headspace solid phase micro-extraction of volatile compounds from papaya fruit assisted by gc-olfactometry. | optimization of the extraction conditions to investigate the volatile composition of papaya fruit involving headspace solid phase micro-extraction was carried out using multivariate strategies such as factorial design and response surface methodology. the performance of different combinations of time for reaching the equilibrium in the headspace and time for maximum extraction of volatiles was evaluated by gc-olfactometry of the extract (intensity of papaya characteristic aroma), number of peaks ... | 2017 | 29085147 |
| management of fruit species in urban home gardens of argentina atlantic forest as an influence for landscape domestication. | home gardens are considered germplasm repositories and places for experimentation, thus they are key sites for the domestication of plants. domestication is considered a constant process that occurs along a continuum from wild to managed to domesticated populations. management may lead to the modification of populations and in other cases to their distribution, changing population structure in a landscape. our objective is focused on the management received in home gardens by perennial species o ... | 2017 | 29033964 |
| anti-proliferation and apoptosis induction of aqueous leaf extract of carica papaya l. on human breast cancer cells mcf-7. | breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women. chemotherapy is the main method of breast cancer treatment but there are side effects. carica papaya leaves is vegetable foods consumed by most people of indonesia have potential as anticancer. the aim of this study was to investigate anti-proliferative and apoptotic induced effect of aqueous papaya leaves extracts on human breast cancer cell lines mcf-7. | 2017 | 29023013 |
| use of rnai technology to develop a prsv-resistant transgenic papaya. | papaya ringspot virus (prsv) seriously limits papaya (carica papaya l.) production in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. coat protein (cp)- transgenic papaya lines resistant to prsv isolates in the sequence-homology-dependent manner have been developed in the u.s.a. and taiwan. a previous investigation revealed that genetic divergence among hainan isolates of prsv has allowed the virus to overcome the cp-mediated transgenic resistance. in this study, we designed a comprehensive ... | 2017 | 28974762 |
| the high content of β-carotene present in orange-pulp fruits of carica papaya l. is not correlated with a high expression of the cplcy-β2 gene. | we investigated the transcriptional regulation of six genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, together with the carotenoid accumulation during postharvest ripening of three different papaya genotypes of contrasting pulp color. red-pulp genotype (rpg) showed the lowest content of yellow pigments (yp), such as β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and violaxanthin, together with the lowest relative expression levels (rel) of cplcy-β2 and cpchx-β genes. on the contrary, the yellow-pulp genotype (ypg) sho ... | 2017 | 28888458 |
| procedures of mitochondria purification and gene expression to study alternative respiratory and uncoupling pathways in fruits. | we describe detailed procedures to get intact and well-coupled mitochondria from a variety of fruit species such as papaya (carica papaya), guava (psidium guajava), tomato (solanum lycopersicum), and strawberry (fragaria x ananassa) as well as the protocols to assess the capacities of aox and ucp pathways in intact fruit mitochondria. the procedures presented here were tested for the species mentioned above; their use with other types of fruits must be tested for yield of intact and active mitoc ... | 2017 | 28871541 |