| purification and properties of penicillin amidase from bacillus megaterium. | a penicillin amidase, obtained from the exogenous medium of a bacillus megaterium culture, was purified approximately 96-fold by means of two cycles of adsorption on, and elution from, celite, followed by a further fractionation on carboxymethylcellulose. on the basis of sedimentation centrifugation analysis, the final preparation was deemed to be homogeneous with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 120,000. the enzyme is specific for benzylpenicillin and has a ph optimum between 8 and ... | 1967 | 4960153 |
| substructure of the cytoplasmic membrane of bacillus megaterium. i. method for the fractionation of "ghosts". | a method of fractionation of "ghosts" was devised to identify the chemical components of the cytoplasmic membrane. the method consists of dialyzing the "ghosts" against distilled water, and then dissolving the ghosts in dilute alkali. the ghosts were fractionated into four fractions by use of differential centrifugation. the components of each fraction were analyzed in detail. the ratio of lipid to protein and content of carbohydrate were found to be different for the four fractions. the main tw ... | 1967 | 4960156 |
| degradation of accumulated different chloramphenicol-rna of bacillus megaterium during treatment with actinomycin d. | | 1966 | 4960254 |
| comparative studies concerning the effect of alkylating agents and of inhibitors of protein synthesis on the antagonic system staphylococcus 31a--bacillus megaterium 207. | | 1966 | 4960868 |
| biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation. iv. inorganic pyrophosphatase of vegetative cells and spores of bacillus megaterium. | inorganic pyrophosphatase activities extracted from vegetative cells and spores of bacillus megaterium were compared and found to be similar in behavior on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in metal and ph requirements for activity, and in response to inhibitors. in the sporulating cell, an additional electrophoretic species of the enzyme was observed which could be partially converted to the principal form by treatment with mn(++); both forms of the enzyme required mn(++) for stabilization in ... | 1967 | 4960894 |
| changes in spores of bacillus megaterium treated with thioglycolate at a low ph and restoration of germinability and heat resistance by cations. | spores of bacillus megaterium qm b1551 treated with thioglycolate (0.4 m, ph 2.6) at 50 c for 30 min remained refractile, but they became stainable, lysozymesensitive, and nonviable, and they lost dipicolinic acid (dpa). the loss of dpa and of viability were functions of the time and temperature of exposure to thioglycolate. spores treated with thioglycolate at a lower temperature and for a shorter time (30 c, 5 min) retained dpa, viability, and nonstainability. although these spores also retain ... | 1967 | 4960916 |
| synchronous growth and sporulation of bacillus megaterium. | filtration of late log-phase cultures of bacillus megaterium atcc 19213 grown on defined sucrose salts medium (ss) or ss plus glutamate medium (ssg) through nine layers of whatman no. 40 filter paper in a fritted-glass disc büchner funnel resulted in filtrates containing cells which showed synchronous growth and proceeded to sporulation. ss cells completed one synchronous division after filtration; sporulation ensued after the cessation of growth. ssg cells completed two synchronous divisions an ... | 1967 | 4960931 |
| a schizokinen (siderochrome) auxotroph of bacillus megaterium induced with n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine. | | 1966 | 4961150 |
| protein synthesis by long-lived messenger ribonucleic acid in bacteria. | 1. experiments were performed to investigate two hypotheses about the function of long-lived messenger rna in bacteria. after rna synthesis had been stopped by the addition of actinomycin, continuing protein synthesis was used as a measure of persistent messenger rna. 2. the hypothesis that messenger rna responsible for the synthesis of membrane protein is exceptionally long-lived was tested in experiments with protoplasts of bacillus megaterium. however, this messenger rna proved to be of appro ... | 1966 | 4961300 |
| a method for obtaining cytochrome c from bacillus megaterium and bacillus subtilis. | | 1966 | 4961322 |
| activation of bacillus megaterium spore germination by water in the vapor phase. | | 1966 | 4961530 |
| the action of ultraviolet radiations on the antagonic system staphylococcus 31a--bacillus megaterium 207. | | 1966 | 4961533 |
| isolation of a fraction of bacillus megaterium dna enriched in "minus" sequences. | | 1966 | 4961686 |
| [some properties of steroid esterase isolated from bacillus megaterium]. | | 1966 | 4961726 |
| effect of penicillin on the biosynthesis of cell envelope in bacillus megaterium. | | 1967 | 4962451 |
| biosynthesis of alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid in bacillus megaterium. | | 1967 | 4962540 |
| metabolic requirements for microcycle sporogenesis of bacillus megaterium. | spores of bacillus megaterium qm b1551 germinated, elongated, and resporulated (microcycle sporogenesis) in simple chemically defined media which permitted no cell division. the second-stage spores thus produced were heat-stable and required heat activation for germination. the original amount of spore deoxyribonucleic acid tripled before completion of the cycle. acetate and a small amount of a tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate were the minimal organic metabolic requirements for microcycle s ... | 1967 | 4962704 |
| fine structure of bacillus megaterium during microcycle sporogenesis. | ultrathin sections were prepared from cultures of bacillus megaterium qm b1551 undergoing microcycle sporogenesis (initial spore to primary cell to second-stage spore without intervening cell division) on a chemically defined medium. the cytoplasmic core of the dormant spore was surrounded by plasma membrane, cell-wall primordium, cortex, outer cortical layer, and spore coats. early in the cycle, the coat opened at the germinal groove, the cortex swelled, ribosomes and a chromatinic area associa ... | 1967 | 4962705 |
| [physiological studies of a bacteriocin from bacillus megaterium 337]. | | 1966 | 4963259 |
| synthesis and degradation of surface structures by growing and non-growing bacillus megaterium. | | 1967 | 4963362 |
| effect of tetracycline on pulse-labelling of polysomes with [3h]uridine in intact cells of bacillus megaterium km. | | 1967 | 4963396 |
| fractionation by density gradient centrifugation of membranous organella of bacillus megaterium. | | 1967 | 4963424 |
| effects of mitomycin c and thymidine deprivation on lysogenic and sensitive strains of bacillus megaterium. | a triple auxotroph of bacillus megaterium strain km was lysogenized with a phage suspension from b. megaterium 899a. the lysogenic and phage-sensitive derivatives of km were found to die at the same exponential rate during thymineless incubation, despite the fact that the lysogenic strain became induced. the lysogenic strain was also induced by mitomycin c, and died at an exponential rate which was approximately twice that of the sensitive strain. with both strains, the lethality of mitomycin c ... | 1967 | 4963773 |
| fine structure of bacillus megaterium during synchronous growth. | a fine-structure study of synchronously dividing bacillus megaterium revealed the sequence of events involved in the division of the cell. first, a mesosome develops as a concentric fold of the plasma membrane at the site of septum formation. the mesosome contains membrane-bound vesicular structures, 300 to 500 a in diameter, plus a large membrane-bound structure, 2,000 a in diameter. these larger vesicles are peculiar to mesosomes in this stage of division and are not observed in the mesosomes ... | 1967 | 4963778 |
| growth and division of protoplasts of bacillus megaterium and inhibition of division by penicillin. | protoplasts of bacillus megaterium grew well and divided in nutrient broth containing 0.5 m nacl as the stabilizer. protoplasts also grew when sucrose or succinate was used instead of nacl; however, no division phenomena were observed. the sequence of growth and division was similar to the results obtained by mcquillen. protoplasts enlarged from 1.8 to 3.5 mu in diameter, and then a small protuberance formed in the enlarged cells. the nodules enlarged until eventually symmetrical dumbbell-shaped ... | 1967 | 4963786 |
| [degradation of beta-hydroxybutyric lipid by an enzymatic extract of bacillus megaterium. depolymerase a]. | | 1966 | 4963901 |
| antibiotics and polyribosomes. chlortetracycline and polyribosomes of bacillus megaterium. | | 1967 | 4964035 |
| immunity to magacin a in protoplasts of megacinogenic bacillus megaterium. | | 1967 | 4964066 |
| alteration of permeability of protoplasts of bacillus megaterium by bacitracin and selected metallic ions. | | 1966 | 4964456 |
| studies of the phospholipids and morphology of protoplasts of bacillus megaterium. | | 1967 | 4965164 |
| effect of cell fragmentation on nutritive value of bacillus megaterium protein. | | 1967 | 4965208 |
| immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the antigenic components of bacillus megaterium. | | 1967 | 4965370 |
| evidence for excretion of certain enzymes during growth of protoplasts of bacillus megaterium. | | 1967 | 4965448 |
| glycopeptide synthesis during sporulation of bacillus megaterium. | | 1967 | 4966384 |
| combined lethal effect of zinc chloride and gamma irradiation on bacillus megaterium. | | 1968 | 4966682 |
| the ultraviolet photochemistry and photobiology of vegetative cells and spores of bacillus megaterium. | the ultraviolet (uv) photochemistry and photobiology of spores and vegetative cells of bacillus megaterium have been studied. the response of vegetative cells of b. megaterium appears qualitatively similar to those of escherichia coli, micrococcus radiodurans, and bacillus subtilis with respect to photoproduct formation and repair mechanisms. uv irradiation, however, does not produce cyclobutane-type thymine dimers in the dna of spores, although other thymine photo-products are produced. the pho ... | 1968 | 4966691 |
| salt-induced contraction of bacterial cell walls. | intact bacillus megaterium cells were found to contract as much as 26% in terms of dextran-impermeable volume when transferred from water to unbuffered, non-plasmolyzing nacl solutions. this shrinkage appeared to be primarily due to electrostatic wall contraction rather than to any osmotic response of the cells. a variety of salts (but not sucrose) added to water suspensions of isolated cell walls caused protons to be released from the walls with resultant lowering of suspension ph and contracti ... | 1968 | 4966824 |
| ["hydrophobic" specificity of an endopeptidase isolated from bacillus megaterium]. | | 1968 | 4966859 |
| nonesterified fatty acids and phospholipids in vegetative form and spores of bacillus megaterium and bacillus subtilis. | | 1968 | 4967779 |
| the internal structure of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate granules from bacillus megaterium. | | 1968 | 4968003 |
| activation of bacillus megaterium spores with aqueous ethyl alcohol; their deactivation and reactivation. | | 1967 | 4968611 |
| electronmicroscopic observation on the paracrystal fraction of spore coats of bacillus megaterium. | | 1967 | 4969277 |
| simultaneous measurements of potassium influx and efflux in bacillus megaterium. | | 1968 | 4969356 |
| the relationship of dipicolinate and lysine biosynthesis in bacillus megaterium. | | 1968 | 4969366 |
| synchronous sporulation in bacillus megaterium and some aspects of commitment to sporulation. | | 1968 | 4969664 |
| the chemical synthesis of glucosaminylphosphatidylglycerol. comparison with a new phospholipid isolated from bacillus megaterium. | 1. we describe the synthesis of a glucosamine derivative of phosphatidylglycerol having the same structure as that of the natural compound isolated from bacillus megaterium. 2. 2-o-(3,4,6-tri-o-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-d-glucopyranosyl)-3-o-benzyl-1-iodo-sn-glycerol was prepared by a königs-knorr condensation between 3-o-benzyl-1-toluene-p-sulphonyl-sn-glycerol and 3,4,6-tri-o-acetyl-1-bromo-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-d-glucopyranose followed by replacement of the toluene-p-sulphonyl group with i ... | 1968 | 4969864 |
| correlation between spore structure and spore properties in bacillus megaterium. | the spores of six strains of bacillus megaterium were divided into two distinct groups on the basis of germination. three of the strains germinated in a mixture of l-alanine and inosine (al type spores), and three strains germinated in a mixture of glucose and potassium nitrate (gn type spores); recriprocal germination in the respective solutions did not occur. the al spores and the gn spores were morphologically distinct. other differences between the two spore groups included germination inhib ... | 1968 | 4970217 |
| water vapor, aqueous ethyl alcohol, and heat activation of bacillus megaterium spore germination. | dormant spores of bacillus megaterium were activated for germination on glucose by heating them in aqueous suspension (but not if heated dry), by treating them with aqueous ethyl alcohol at 30 c, or by exposing them to water vapor at room temperature. the degree of water vapor activation depended upon the relative humidity, the time, and the temperature of exposure. activation increased the extent and rate of glucose-induced germination and decreased the average microlag. extended water vapor tr ... | 1968 | 4970224 |
| purification and properties of membrane bound nadh2 dehydrogenase in bacillus megaterium. | | 1968 | 4970391 |
| protein turnover in nitrogen starving and shift down cells of bacillus megaterium. | | 1967 | 4970547 |
| a comparison of the segregation of chromosomes within microcolonies developing from single bacillus subtilis and bacillus megaterium spores. | | 1968 | 4970602 |
| synthesis of cell-wall mucopeptide by particulate preparations from bacillus megaterium and bacillus stearothermophilus. | | 1968 | 4971163 |
| the bioassay of aflatoxins and related substances with bacillus megaterium spores and chick embryos. | | 1968 | 4971342 |
| biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation and germination. ix. ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases in nuclear fractions of vegetative cells and spores of bacillus megaterium. | | 1968 | 4971347 |
| biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation and germination. x. ribosomes and nucleic acids of vegetative cells and spores of bacillus megaterium. | | 1968 | 4971348 |
| biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation and germination. xi. protein-synthesizing systems from vegetative cells and spores of bacillus megaterium. | | 1968 | 4971349 |
| metabolism of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. i. purification, composition, and properties of native poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate granules from bacillus megaterium. | | 1968 | 4971458 |
| cores, microbial organelles possibly specific to group d streptococci. | a long, thin, approximately cylindrical core spans the interior of cells of 24-hr cultures of all group d streptococci that were examined, five strains of streptococcus faecalis, single strains of s. faecalis subsp. zymogenes and s. durans, and three strains of streptococcus spp. in one strain of s. faecalis, serial section electron microscopy showed that most cells possess a core. the core is 0.10 to 0.16 mum thick and consists of a matrix and an axial array of ribosomelike particles. it resemb ... | 1968 | 4971888 |
| bacteriocin (hemolysin) of streptococcus zymogenes. | the sensitivity of streptococcus faecalis (attc 8043) to s. zymogenes x-14 bacteriocin depends greatly on its physiological age. sensitivity decreases from the mid-log phase on and is completely lost in the stationary phase. the sensitivity of erythrocytes to the hemolytic capacity of the bacteriocin showed considerable species variation. the order of increasing sensitivity was goose < sheep < dog < horse < human < rabbit. however, when red cell stromata were used as inhibitors of hemolysis in a ... | 1968 | 4972910 |
| fractionation by density gradient centrifugation of membranous organellae from synchronous cultures of bacillus megaterium. | | 1968 | 4972944 |
| interference contrast and phase contrast microscopy of sporulation and germination of bacillus megaterium. | the techniques of nomarski interference contrast microscopy and phase-contrast microscopy were compared for their utility in monitoring sporulation and germination in bacillus megaterium. the nomarski technique permitted rapid and easy delineation of septation and engulfment during sporulation, whereas with phase contrast microscopy these stages were not detected at all. the later stages of sporulation were easily seen by either technique. thus, of the seven stages of sporulation as recognized b ... | 1968 | 4973131 |
| 2,3-butanedione, an electron-stabilizing compound, as a modifier of sensitivy of bacillus megaterium spores to x-rays. | | 1968 | 4973307 |
| direct measurement of acetylesterase in living protist cells. | the fluorogenic acetylesterase (acetic ester hydrolase ec 3.1.1.6.) substrate, fluorescein diacetate, was used to measure enzyme activity in living protist cells. the visual enzyme assay was done by monitoring fluorochromasia by fluorescent microscopy. quantitative fluorogenic assays were done by measuring the evolved fluorescein in a fluorometer. of 59 strains of bacteria, 35 were fluorochromatically positive. eight of the fluorochromatically negative strains were fluorogenically positive. of 2 ... | 1969 | 4974398 |
| ultrastructure and its relation to the fractions isolated from spore coat of bacillus megaterium. | | 1969 | 4975156 |
| structural investigations on glucosaminyl phosphatidylglycerol from bacillus megaterium. | | 1969 | 4975666 |
| antibiotic inhibition of the septation stage in sporulation of bacillus megaterium. | the inhibition of sporulation septation (stage ii) in bacillus megaterium was shown with penicillin, d-cycloserine, bacitracin, vancomycin, novobiocin, chloromycetin, streptomycin, mitomycin c, and nalidixic acid. | 1969 | 4975753 |
| structure of the meso-diaminopimelic acid containing peptidoglycans in escherichia coli b and bacillus megaterium km. | | 1969 | 4975910 |
| membrane proteins from bacillus megaterium km. | | 1969 | 4976404 |
| antigenic components of germinated spores of bacillus megaterium. | | 1969 | 4976461 |
| biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation and germination. xv. fatty acids in growth, sporulation, and germination of bacillus megaterium. | the levels of fatty acids and their distribution were determined in cultures of bacillus megaterium during growth, sporulation, and germination. branched-chain pentadecanoates (br-c15) were the principal fatty acids of log-phase cells. synthesis of branched-chain tetradecanoates (br-c14) during sporulation increased the relative proportion of these branched fatty acids in sporulating cells and in mature spores. the log-phase distribution was reestablished during outgrowth of the spore. the ratio ... | 1969 | 4976472 |
| preparation and some properties of active protoplasts of bacillus megaterium. | | 1968 | 4976559 |
| effect of lysozyme on resting spores of bacillus megaterium. | resting spores of bacillus megaterium atcc 9885 were found to be markedly affected by lysozyme. exposure to as little as 1.5 mug of lysozyme per ml caused the spores to lose refractility, the darkened spores to shed their coat structures, and the spore central bodies to lyse. the spores of seven other strains of b. megaterium and seven other bacillus species were not similarly affected by lysozyme. proteolytic enzymes such as pronase, trypsin, pepsin, and subtilisin did not induce the change. th ... | 1969 | 4977688 |
| biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation and germination. xii. a sulfonic acid as a major sulfur compound of bacillus subtilis spores. | a sulfonic acid found to be a major constituent of spores of bacillus subtilis was provisionally identified as 3-l-sulfolactic acid. this compound was completely absent from vegetative cells during growth, but large amounts accumulated in sporulating cells just before the development of refractile spores. essentially all of the accumulated sulfolactic acid was eventually incorporated into the nature spore, where it may represent more than 5% of the dry weight of the spore. germination resulted i ... | 1969 | 4977690 |
| biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation and germination. xiv. phospholipids in bacillus megaterium. | the principal phospholipids of bacillus megaterium throughout the cycle of growth and sporulation were found to be phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and a hitherto unidentified isomer of glycosaminyl-phosphatidylglycerol. phosphatidylglycerol predominated during vegetative cell growth and then declined as spores developed, whereas diphosphatidylglycerol became more prominent during spore maturation. the latter phosphatide was relatively inaccessible in the v ... | 1969 | 4977691 |
| aflatoxin b1 binding and toxic effects on bacillus megaterium. | | 1968 | 4977730 |
| regulation of the formation of protease in bacillus megaterium. 3. enzyme production under limitation of nitrogen source. | | 1969 | 4977833 |
| growth during the bacterial cell cycle: analysis of cell size distribution. | cell volume distributions were determined electronically for steady-state cultures of escherichia coli, bacillus megaterium, bacillus subtilis, and salmonella typhimurium by use of a coulter transducer-multichannel analyzer system of good resolution. all of the cell volume distributions had the same general shape, even though cultures were grown at widely different rates. some results were independent of any particular growth model. both the variability in the volumes of dividing cells and the f ... | 1969 | 4978435 |
| [variants of lysogenic bacillus megaterium 899 culture with different ability for spontaneous induction]. | | 1968 | 4978790 |
| [growth curves of bacillus megaterium on solid media]. | | 1966 | 4978981 |
| cyanide metabolism by bacillus megaterium. | | 1969 | 4979237 |
| [study of megateriopeptidase, exocellular protease of bacillus megaterium. i. purification and general properties]. | | 1969 | 4980196 |
| uptake of zn65 and mn54 by irradiated bacillus megaterium. | | 1969 | 4980204 |
| antimicrobial activity of dimethyl sulfoxide against escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and bacillus megaterium. | | 1969 | 4980332 |
| the nature of ribosomes of spores of bacillus cereus t. and bacillus megaterium. | | 1969 | 4980591 |
| magnesium ion-dependent dissociation of polysomes and free 70 s ribosomes in bacillus megaterium. | | 1969 | 4980603 |
| amino acid stimulation of proteinase synthesis in a sporogenous bacillus megaterium km. | | 1969 | 4980921 |
| [chemical composition of bacillus megaterium cells in continuous culture]. | | 1967 | 4981236 |
| [effect of a low phosphorus concentration in the medium on the morpho-physiological properties of bacillus megaterium under conditions of continuous cultivation]. | | 1968 | 4981269 |
| 4hpyran-2,6-dicarboxylate as a substitute for dipicolinate in the spolation of bacillus megaterium. | | 1969 | 4981583 |
| [the electron transport system of bacillus megaterium]. | | 1969 | 4981993 |
| heterogeneous circular dna elements in vegetative cultures of bacillus megaterium. | dna preparations from two strains of bacillus megaterium, one which produces megacin and another that is megacin sensitive, were analyzed by dye-buoyant density centrifugation, cesium chloride gradient equilibrium centrifugation in the absence of dye, zone sedimentation in sucrose, and electron microscopy. both strains were found to contain a substantial proportion of their total dna as circular, covalently closed, double helical molecules. these dna elements were heterogeneous in size and appea ... | 1969 | 4982358 |
| lipid synthesis in relation to the cell cycle of bacillus megaterium km and escherichia coli. | lipid synthesis during the cell duplication cycle of bacillus megaterium km and escherichia coli was studied by glycerol incorporation both in synchronized cultures and in unsynchronized exponentially growing populations subsequently fractionated according to size (and age). a large transient increase in the rate of incorporation per unit cell mass was observed around the time of cell division, probably reflecting the synthesis of the division septum. | 1969 | 4982416 |
| heat activation kinetics of bacillus megaterium spores. | | 1969 | 4982876 |
| biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation and germination. xvii. sulfhydryl and disulfide levels in dormancy and germination. | a fourfold increase in sulfhydryl content upon germination of bacillus megaterium spores was observed by the standard fluorescein mercuric acetate assay as reported by others. however, assay of ruptured dormant spores or the use of n-ethylmaleimide and a denaturing agent on intact spores showed a constant sulfhydryl level in dormancy and in germination. the apparent increase in sulfhydryl groups observed on germination was shown to be due to inaccessibility of most sulfhydryl groups in the dorma ... | 1969 | 4982889 |
| biochemical and physiological properties of an extracellular protease produced by bacillus megaterium. | | 1969 | 4983542 |
| aspects of membrane synthesis during the cell cycle of bacillus megaterium and escherichia coli. | | 1969 | 4983573 |
| mucopeptide synthesis by protoplast membrane preparations of bacillus megaterium. | | 1969 | 4983574 |
| partial purification and characterization of dihydrodipicolinic acid synthetase from sporulating bacillus megaterium. | sporulation of bacillus megaterium km (atcc 13632) was synchronized by a technique employing three 10% transfers. the culture was harvested when 60% of the cells contained spore forms. dihydrodipicolinic acid synthetase was purified 150-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation at ph 6.5, heating for 15 min at 45 c at ph 6.0, ammonium sulfate fractionation at ph 6.0, and subsequent chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. during the final stage of the purification procedure, the enzyme exhibi ... | 1970 | 4983642 |
| biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation and germination. xxi. temperature-sensitive mutants for initiation of germination. | mutants of bacillus megaterium have been isolated that are temperature-sensitive for the initiation of germination. | 1970 | 4983653 |
| effects of temperature on activation, germination, and outgrowth of bacillus megaterium spores. | the effects of temperature on the activation, glucose-induced germination, and outgrowth of bacillus megaterium qm b1551 spores were investigated. there was no evidence for discontinuities in the response of spores to temperature in these processes reflecting reported thermal anomalies in the physical structure of water. increasing the temperature of heat activation (aqueous suspensions, 5 min) increased the germinability of spores. activation, as measured by extent of germination, was optimal a ... | 1970 | 4983656 |