| comparative analysis of putative periodontopathic bacteria by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been applied for the rapid and specific detection of periodontopathic bacteria in subgingival plaque and is potentially of clinical benefit in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis subjects. however, several technical points need to be modified before the conventional pcr detection system can be used by clinicians. | 2008 | 18447853 |
| salk/salr, a two-component signal transduction system, is essential for full virulence of highly invasive streptococcus suis serotype 2. | streptococcus suis serotype 2 (s. suis 2, ss2) has evolved into a highly infectious entity, which caused the two recent large-scale outbreaks of human ss2 epidemic in china, and is characterized by a toxic shock-like syndrome. however, the molecular pathogenesis of this new emerging pathogen is still poorly understood. | 2008 | 18461172 |
| [meningitis following spinal anaesthesia]. | we report a case of meningitis by streptococcus salivarius following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. the possible aetiological causes are discussed, and the literature on the disease and the effectiveness of surgical face-masks are reviewed. | 2008 | 18513482 |
| short-term relative antibacterial effect of octenidine dihydrochloride on the oral microflora in orthodontically treated patients. | to evaluate the efficacy of common antiseptic mouth rinses and octenidine dihydrochloride (oct). | 2008 | 18538605 |
| preliminary investigations of the colonisation of upper respiratory tract tissues of infants using a paediatric formulation of the oral probiotic streptococcus salivarius k12. | a powder preparation of the oral probiotic streptococcus salivarius k12 has been given to 19 young otitis media-prone children following a 3-day course of amoxicillin administered as a preliminary to ventilation tube placement. in two subjects, the use of strain k12 appeared to effect the expansion of an indigenous population of inhibitory s. salivarius. in other children, strain k12 colonisation extended beyond the oral cavity to also include the nasopharynx or adenoid tissue. the relatively lo ... | 2008 | 18560907 |
| diffusion of lactose in kappa-carrageenan/locust bean gum gel beads with or without entrapped growing lactic acid bacteria. | effective diffusion coefficients (de) of lactose in kappa-carrageenan (2.75% wt/wt)/locust bean gum (0.25% wt/wt) (lbg) gel beads (1.5-2.0-mm diameter)with or without entrapped lactic acid bacteria (lab) were determined at 40 degrees c. the effects of lactose concentration, bacteria strain (streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and lactobacillus casei subsp. casei) and cell content at various steps of the fermentation process (after immobilization, pre-incubation of the beads and successi ... | 1991 | 18600869 |
| on-line estimation of biological variables during ph controlled lactic acid fermentations. | indirect measurement of lactose, galactose, lactic acid, and biomass concentration from on-line sodium hydroxide weight measurements have been obtained for pure and mixed batch cultures of streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus 404 and lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 398 conducted at controlled ph and temperature. linear correlations were established between the equivalent sodium hydroxide concentration and the lactose (substrate), galactose and lactic acid (products) concentrati ... | 1994 | 18618542 |
| the commensal streptococcus salivarius k12 downregulates the innate immune responses of human epithelial cells and promotes host-microbe homeostasis. | streptococcus salivarius is an early colonizer of human oral and nasopharyngeal epithelia, and strain k12 has reported probiotic effects. an emerging paradigm indicates that commensal bacteria downregulate immune responses through the action on nf-kappab signaling pathways, but additional mechanisms underlying probiotic actions are not well understood. our objective here was to identify host genes specifically targeted by k12 by comparing their responses with responses elicited by pathogens and ... | 2008 | 18625732 |
| antimicrobial activity of kaurane diterpenes against oral pathogens. | two kaurane diterpenes, ent-kaur-16(17)-en-19-oic acid (ka) and 15-beta-isovaleryloxy-ent-kaur-16(17)-en-19-oic acid (ka-ival), isolated from aspilia foliacea, and the methyl ester derivative of ka (ka-me) were evaluated against oral pathogens. ka was the most active compound, with mic values of 10 microg ml(-1) against the following microorganisms: streptococcus sobrinus, streptococcus mutans, streptococcus mitis, streptococcus sanguinis, and lactobacillus casei. however, ka did not show signif ... | 2008 | 18669015 |
| [streptococcus salivarius meningitis following subarachnoid anesthesia]. | | 2008 | 18842246 |
| aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans adhesion inhibited in a flow cell. | microbial interactions are considered important in the adhesion process of pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity. this study addressed the hypothesis that a streptococcal biofilm influences the hard tissue colonization by the periodontopathogen aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans under hydrodynamic conditions. | 2008 | 18954361 |
| a novel method for the identification of saliva by detecting oral streptococci using pcr. | we have used dna amplification methods to detect common oral bacterial strains to test for the presence of saliva in forensic samples. streptococcus salivarius and streptococcus mutans were detected in various forms of saliva samples, whereas these streptococci were not detected in semen, urine, vaginal fluid, or on skin surfaces. therefore, we demonstrated that these streptococci are promising new marker for the forensic identification of saliva. our data indicated that s. salivarius is more re ... | 2009 | 18986785 |
| streptococci and lactococci synthesize large amounts of hpr(ser-p)(his~p). | hpr is a protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase transport system (pts). in gram-positive bacteria, hpr can be phosphorylated on ser-46 by the kinase/phosphorylase hprk/p and on his-15 by phospho-enzyme i (ei~p) of the pts. in vitro studies with purified hprs from bacillus subtilis, enterococcus faecalis, and streptococcus salivarius have indicated that the phosphorylation of one residue impedes the phosphorylation of the other. however, a recent study showed that while the r ... | 2008 | 18997850 |
| conjugal mobilization of the mega element carrying mef(e) from streptococcus salivarius to streptococcus pneumoniae. | we report the isolation and characterization of an unusual strain of streptococcus salivarius, 3c30, displaying both the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b and the tetracycline resistance phenotypes. it harbours the mef(e), erm(b), and tet(m) genes carried by different genetic elements. the genetic element carrying mef(e), named mega, was investigated by long pcr and sequencing, while the presence of the tn3872-like element, carrying tet(m) and erm(b), was demonstrated by sequencing of both t ... | 2009 | 19025575 |
| characterization of enterocin- and salivaricin-producing lactic acid bacteria from the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. | bacteriocin production may be a factor contributing to bacterial dominance within complex microbial populations and may therefore be a common trait within the gut microbiota. however, of 278 antimicrobial-producing culturable lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from a range of mammalian intestinal sources in this study, characterization revealed just 23 distinct strains producing bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances and one streptococcus hyointestinalis strain producing a potentially novel pro ... | 2009 | 19076236 |
| influence of cell surface appendages on the bacterium-substratum interface measured real-time using qcm-d. | quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (qcm-d) utilizes an oscillating quartz crystal to register adsorption of rigid masses through a decrease in its resonance frequency f. in addition, qcm-d has the ability to measure the dissipative nature of nonrigid masses adhering to the crystal surface in the form of oscillation amplitude decay time. although qcm has been applied to register bacterial adhesion to the crystal surface, full interpretation of the frequency change and dissipation signal ... | 2009 | 19099402 |
| pimarane-type diterpenes: antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens. | seven pimarane type-diterpenes re-isolated from viguiera arenaria baker and two semi-synthetic pimarane derivatives were evaluated in vitro against the following main microorganisms responsible for dental caries: streptococcus salivarius, s. sobrinus, s. mutans, s. mitis, s. sanguinis and lactobacillus casei. the compounds ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (pa); ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3beta-ol; ent-15-pimarene-8beta,19-diol; ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3beta-acetoxy and the sodium salt derivativ ... | 2009 | 19127247 |
| identification of clinically relevant nonhemolytic streptococci on the basis of sequence analysis of 16s-23s intergenic spacer region and partial gdh gene. | nonhemolytic streptococci (nhs) cause serious infections, such as endocarditis and septicemia. many conventional phenotypic methods are insufficient for the identification of bacteria in this group to the species level. genetic analysis has revealed that single-gene analysis is insufficient for the identification of all species in this group of bacteria. the aim of the present study was to establish a method based on sequence analysis of the 16s-23s intergenic spacer (its) region and the partial ... | 2009 | 19193846 |
| [protease activity of microflora in the oral cavity of patients with periodontitis]. | microbial spectrum and non-specific as well as specific iga1 protease activity of isolated microorganisms were investigated in gingival liquid of patients with periodontitis. microorganisms from the gingival liqud of these patients belonged to conditional-pathogenic obligate and facultatively anaerobic bacteria. 24 strains of microorganisms have been identified. nonspecific proteolytic activity was found in the following microorganisms: actinomyces israelii, actinomyces naeslundii, aerococcus vi ... | 2008 | 19205430 |
| analytical specificity and sensitivity of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for identification of bovine mastitis pathogens. | intramammary infection (imi), also known as mastitis, is the most frequently occurring and economically the most important infectious disease in dairy cattle. this study provides a validation of the analytical specificity and sensitivity of a real-time pcr-based assay that identifies 11 major pathogen species or species groups responsible for imi, and a gene coding for staphylococcal beta-lactamase production (penicillin resistance). altogether, 643 culture isolates originating from clinical bov ... | 2009 | 19233788 |
| inhibiting effects of streptococcus salivarius on competence-stimulating peptide-dependent biofilm formation by streptococcus mutans. | the effects of streptococcus salivarius on the competence-stimulating peptide (csp)-dependent biofilm formation by streptococcus mutans were investigated. | 2009 | 19239643 |
| enumeration of starter cultures during yogurt production using petrifilm ac plates associated with acidified mrs and m17 broths. | the efficiency of petrifilm ac (3m microbiology, st. paul, mn, usa) associated with the broths m17 and de mann-rogosa-sharpe (mrs) at ph 5.4 was evaluated to enumerate streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus during the yogurt production. commercial and reference strains of these microorganisms were experimentally inoculated in nonfat milk and incubated at 42 degrees c for 4 h for yogurt production. at the moment of inoculation and after incuba ... | 2009 | 19281634 |
| lemierre's syndrome: a serious complication of an odontogenic infection. | necrobacillosis, postanginal septicaemia or lemierre's syndrome is characterised by suppurative thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein with embolization to several sites, including the lungs. we report the case of a 38-year-old man who was initially hospitalized because of odontogenic cellulitis. given the deterioration of his clinical state (septic shock and multiple organ failure), neck computed tomography was performed, revealing both cervical and parotid abscesses, and thrombosis of t ... | 2009 | 19300351 |
| rhodomyrtone: a new candidate as natural antibacterial drug from rhodomyrtus tomentosa. | rhodomyrtone [6,8-dihydroxy-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-7-(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-9-(2-methylpropyl)-4,9-dihydro-1h-xanthene-1,3(2h)-di-one] from rhodomyrtus tomentosa (aiton) hassk. displayed significant antibacterial activities against gram-positive bacteria including bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa), staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus gordonii, streptococcus mutans, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyo ... | 2009 | 19303274 |
| association of streptococcus pluranimalium with valvular endocarditis and septicaemia in adult broiler parents. | the genus streptococcus consists of more than 60 species, but only streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, streptococcus gallolyticus ssp. gallolyticus, streptococcus gallinaceus, streptococcus dysgalactiae, streptococcus mutans and streptococcus suis have been isolated from poultry. during investigations of the aetiology of increased mortality in broiler parent stock at the end of production, pure cultures of streptococcal-like organisms that could not be classified among these six species ... | 2009 | 19322715 |
| fluoride release and antibacterial activity of selected dental materials. | the aim of the study was to assess the fluoride ion release and antibacterial activities of the glassionomer cement fuji ix and the compomer (composite modified polyacid) dyract ap. fluoride ion release was measured using direct potentiometry with an orion fluoride ion selective electrode. the measurement was carried out after 1, 4, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days of storage in phosphate buffer at ph 6.8. the antibacterial activity of the materials was evaluated against the bacteria streptococcus mutans ... | 2006 | 18493226 |
| in vitro antimicrobial activity of caesalpinia ferrea martius fruits against oral pathogens. | in the amazon region of brazil, the fruits of caesalpinia ferrea martius (brazilian ironwood) are widely used as an antimicrobial and healing medicine in many situations including oral infections. this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of caesalpinia ferrea martius fruit extract against oral pathogens. | 2009 | 19397986 |
| polymicrobial keratitis after a collagen cross-linking procedure with postoperative use of a contact lens: a case report. | : to report a case of polymicrobial keratitis caused by streptococcus salivarius, streptococcus oralis, and coagulase-negative staphylococcus sp. in a patient who underwent collagen cross-linking for keratoconus. | 2009 | 19411973 |
| a rare infectious complication after endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration in an oncological patient and review of the literature. | an endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration of a mediastinal lymph node was performed in a cancer patient. shortly after this procedure, a streptococcus salivarius endocarditis was diagnosed. to our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature of endocarditis following ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration in the absence of cardiac risk factors. | 2009 | 19432028 |
| caddx operon of streptococcus salivarius 57.i. | a caddx system that confers resistance to cd(2+) and zn(2+) was identified in streptococcus salivarius 57.i. unlike with other caddx systems, the expression of the cad promoter was negatively regulated by cadx, and the repression was inducible by cd(2+) and zn(2+), similar to what was found for cadca systems. the lower g+c content of the s. salivarius caddx genes suggests acquisition by horizontal gene transfer. | 2008 | 18165364 |
| main microorganisms involved in the fermentation of ugandan ghee. | ghee is widely produced from a traditional fermented butter-like product named mashita in western uganda. however, no detailed studies have been done to identify the microorganisms involved in mashita fermentation. the aim of this study was to identify the microorganisms present at the end of mashita ripening using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. the most commonly identified species of lactic acid bacteria (lab) in mashita using culture-dependent techniques were lactobacill ... | 2009 | 19577815 |
| molecular characterization of macrolide resistance determinants [erm(b) and mef(a)] in streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans group streptococci (vgs) isolated from adult patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). | although long-term use of azithromycin has shown a significant clinical improvement for patients with cystic fibrosis (cf), its long-term effect on the susceptibility of commensal flora within cf airways has not yet been examined. we therefore suggest that long-term use of azithromycin increases macrolide resistance in commensal streptococci. | 2009 | 19584106 |
| the streptococcal inhibitor of complement (sic) protects streptococcus pyogenes from bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (blis) from streptococcus salivarius. | streptococcus salivarius inhibits the growth of streptococcus pyogenes in vitro. streptococcus pyogenes has various virulence factors, including the streptococcus inhibitor of complement (sic). although sic inhibits the activity of the peptides ll-37 and nap1, the relationship between sic and the bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (blis) has not been elucidated. here, we evaluated whether s. salivarius blis affects s. pyogenes sic. we created three deltasic mutant strains from three s. pyogen ... | 2009 | 19594623 |
| interference with aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: colonization of epithelial cells under hydrodynamic conditions. | microbial interactions are considered to be important for bacterial colonization. interactions that inhibit colonization of pathogens could possibly be used as a new treatment approach for periodontitis. the aim of this study was to test this hypothesis on soft surfaces in vitro, taking into account the hydrodynamic forces continuously present in vivo. | 2009 | 19702952 |
| streptococcal bacteriocins and the case for streptococcus salivarius as model oral probiotics. | members of the gram-positive bacterial genus streptococcus are a diverse collection of species inhabiting many body sites and range from benign, nonpathogenic species to those causing life-threatening infections. the streptococci are also prolific producers of bacteriocins, which are ribosomally synthesized proteinaceous antibiotics that kill or inhibit species closely related to the producer bacterium. with the emergence of bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics, there is an impetus t ... | 2009 | 19722837 |
| antibacterial activity of triterpene acids and semi-synthetic derivatives against oral pathogens. | triterpene acids (ursolic, oleanoic, gypsogenic, and sumaresinolic acids) isolated from miconia species, along with a mixture of ursolic and oleanolic acids and a mixture of maslinic and 2-a-hydroxyursolic acids, as well as ursolic acid derivatives were evaluated against the following microorganisms: streptococcus mutans, streptococcus mitis, streptococcus sanguinis, streptococcus salivarius, streptococcus sobrinus, and enterococcus faecalis, which are potentially responsible for the formation o ... | 2007 | 18069238 |
| antimicrobial resistance of streptococci isolated from mastitic bovine milk samples in korea. | the aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance of streptococci isolated from mastitic bovine milk samples. a total of 178 isolates belonging to 6 different streptococcus species were examined: s. uberis (n = 99), s. bovis (n = 30), s. oralis (n = 24), s. salivarius (n = 13), s. intermedius (n = 7), and s. agalactiae (n = 5). only 8.9% (16/178) of the isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested in this study, and s. agalactiae and s. intermedius isolates were ... | 2009 | 19737768 |
| kinetic studies of hpr, hpr(h15d), hpr(h15e), and hpr(his approximately p) phosphorylation by the streptococcus salivarius hpr(ser) kinase/phosphorylase. | hpr is a central protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase transport system (pts). in streptococci, hpr can be phosphorylated at his(15) at the expense of pep by enzyme i (ei) of the pts, producing hpr(his approximately p). hpr can also be phosphorylated at ser(46) by the atp-dependent hpr(ser) kinase/phosphorylase (hprk/p), producing hpr(ser-p). lastly, hpr can be phosphorylated on both residues, producing hpr(ser-p)(his approximately p) (hpr-p2). we report here a study on the ... | 2009 | 19824696 |
| microbial interactions influence inflammatory host cell responses. | the inflammatory response plays an important role in the tissue destruction associated with periodontitis. bacterial species can regulate the inflammatory responses of host cells, triggered by pathogens. it was hypothesized that, in the field of oral microbiology/immunology, such effects of bacterial interactions on inflammatory host cell responses might also be present. in this study, the effects of beneficial, commensal, and pathogenic species on aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced i ... | 2009 | 19828891 |
| a serological classification of viridans streptococci with special reference to those isolated from subacute bacterial endocarditis. | a total of 108 strains of viridans streptococci from subacute bacterial endocarditis, and 99 strains from human throats and extracted teeth have been studied, and approximately two-thirds of all the strains so far have been differentiated into a number of serological groups. the similarity between strains from these sources is evident from the fact that approximately 50 per cent of the reacting strains from each source fall into two groups i and ii, and that three groups i, ii, and iv, contain s ... | 1942 | 19871217 |
| studies on a non-hemolytic streptococcus isolated from the respiratory tract of human beings : iii. immunological relationship of streptococcus mg to streptococcus salivarius type i. | the results of studies on the immunological relationship between streptococcus mg and streptococcus salivarius type i are described. evidence is presented to show that streptococcus salivarius type i, like streptococcus mg, possesses a capsular polysaccharide antigen. similarities in the capsular polysaccharides of these two different species of non-hemolytic streptococci appear to be responsible for their immunological relationship. | 1944 | 19871428 |
| evolutionary relationships among salivarius streptococci as inferred from multilocus phylogenies based on 16s rrna-encoding, reca, seca, and secy gene sequences. | streptococci are divided into six phylogenetic groups, i.e, anginosus, bovis, mitis, mutans, pyogenic, and salivarius, with the salivarius group consisting of only three distinct species. two of these species, streptococcus salivarius and streptococcus vestibularis, are members of the normal human oral microflora whereas the third, streptococcus thermophilus, is found in bovine milk. given that s. salivarius and s. vestibularis share several physiological characteristics, in addition to inhabiti ... | 2009 | 19878555 |
| the effect of mango and neem extract on four organisms causing dental caries: streptococcus mutans, streptococcus salivavius, streptococcus mitis, and streptococcus sanguis: an in vitro study. | chewing twigs of the mango or neem tree is a common way of cleaning the teeth in the rural and semi-urban population. these twigs are also believed to possess medicinal properties. the present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of these chewing sticks on the microorganisms streptococcus mutans , streptococcus salivarius , streptococcus mitis , and streptococcus sanguis which are involved in the development of dental caries. an additional objective was to identify an inexpe ... | 2007 | 17938488 |
| screening of quercus infectoria gall extracts as anti-bacterial agents against dental pathogens. | a number of bacteria have now become antibiotic-resistant. this increases the importance of ayurvedic drugs. we report, here, the activity of different extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water) of quercus infectoria galls against dental pathogens -- streptococcus mutans, streptococcus salivarius, staphylococcus aureus, lactobacillus acidophilus (designated) and streptococcus sanguis (isolated). | 2009 | 19884719 |
| infectious granulomatous dermatitis associated with rothia mucilaginosa bacteremia: a case report. | infections with rare pathogens are being recognized with increasing frequency in severely immunocompromised patients. as a result of these patients' underlying compromised defenses and susceptibility to atypical organisms, tissue biopsies from patients within this population may demonstrate nonclassical histopathological findings. here, we describe an unusual granulomatous reaction to gram-positive cocci in the skin of a 52-year-old man undergoing salvage chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. ... | 2010 | 19940746 |
| a novel pheromone quorum-sensing system controls the development of natural competence in streptococcus thermophilus and streptococcus salivarius. | in streptococcal species, the key step of competence development is the transcriptional induction of comx, which encodes the alternative sigma factor sigma(x), which positively regulates genes necessary for dna transformation. in streptococcus species belonging to the mitis and mutans groups, induction of comx relies on the activation of a three-component system consisting of a secreted pheromone, a histidine kinase, and a response regulator. in streptococcus thermophilus, a species belonging to ... | 2010 | 20023010 |
| bacteria interfere with a. actinomycetemcomitans colonization. | it is known that beneficial bacteria can suppress the emergence of pathogenic bacteria, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. this study examined the potential for a similar suppression of aggregatibacter (formerly actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans colonization of epithelial cells, due to its potential relevance in periodontal diseases. seven presumed beneficial bacteria were examined for their ability to interfere, exclude, or displace a. actinomycetemcomitans from epithelial cells in ... | 2007 | 17586706 |
| bacterial meningitis after intrapartum spinal anesthesia - new york and ohio, 2008-2009. | in june 2007, the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee (hicpac) recommended for the first time that surgical masks be worn by spinal procedure operators to prevent infections associated with these procedures. hicpac made the recommendation in response to several reports of meningitis following myelography procedures. in september 2008, three bacterial meningitis cases in postpartum women were reported to the new york state department of health (nysdoh); in may 2009, two simi ... | 2010 | 20110933 |
| rapid identification of viridans streptococci by mass spectrometric discrimination. | viridans streptococci (vs) are responsible for several systemic diseases, such as endocarditis, abscesses, and septicemia. unfortunately, species identification by conventional methods seems to be more difficult than species identification of other groups of bacteria. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of cell matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms) for the rapid identification of 10 different species of vs. a total of 99 vs c ... | 2007 | 17553974 |
| novel analysis of bacterium-substratum bond maturation measured using a quartz crystal microbalance. | studies in flow displacement systems have shown that the reversibility of bacterial adhesion decreases within seconds to minutes after initial contact of a bacterium with a substratum surface. atomic force microscopy (afm) has confirmed that the forces mediating bacterial adhesion increase over a similar time span. the interfacial rearrangements between adhering bacteria and substratum surfaces responsible for this bond maturation have never been studied. quartz crystal microbalance with dissipa ... | 2010 | 20481641 |
| [acute iatrogenic meningitis due to streptococcus salivarius after spinal anesthesia]. | | 2010 | 20499807 |
| streptococcus salivarius meningitis case strain traced to oral flora of anesthesiologist. | two women in labor received intrapartum spinal anesthesia from the same anesthesiologist approximately 1 h apart. within 15 h, both patients developed streptococcus salivarius meningitis and one patient died. blood and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from both patients and tongue swab specimens from the anesthesiologist yielded isolates of an indistinguishable s. salivarius strain. | 2010 | 20504987 |
| antimicrobial activity of terpenoids from copaifera langsdorffii desf. against cariogenic bacteria. | in the present work, the anticariogenic activities of nine labdane type-diterpenes and four sesquiterpenes were investigated. among these metabolites, (-)-copalic acid (ca) was the most active compound displaying mic values very promising (ranging from 2.0 to 6.0 µg/ml) against the main microorganisms responsible for dental caries: streptococcus salivarius, s. sobrinus, s. mutans, s. mitis, s. sanguinis and lactobacillus casei. time kill assays performed with ca against the primary causative age ... | 2011 | 20632306 |
| identification of commensal bacterial strains that modulate yersinia enterocolitica and dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammatory responses: implications for the development of probiotics. | an increasing body of evidence suggests that probiotic bacteria are effective in the treatment of enteric infections, although the molecular basis of this activity remains elusive. to identify putative probiotics, we tested commensal bacteria in terms of their toxicity, invasiveness, inhibition of yersinia-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo, and modulation of dextran sodium sulfate (dss)-induced colitis in mice. the commensal bacteria escherichia coli, bifidobacterium adolescentis, bacter ... | 2007 | 17485456 |
| inhibitory effect of yogurt on aberrant crypt foci formation in the rat colon and colorectal tumorigenesis in rash2 mice. | the inhibitory effects of yogurt consisting of milk fermented by lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strain 2038 and streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus strain 1131 on formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci (acf) in rats and also on development of colorectal tumors in transgenic mice harboring human prototype c-ha-ras genes (rash2 mice) were examined. f344 rats and rash2 mice were fed commercial diet containing freeze-dried yogurt or starter medium (non-fermented milk). rats w ... | 2010 | 20660995 |
| [biological activity tests of chemical constituents from two brazilian labiatae plants]. | we studied the bioactivities of constituents from two tropical medicinal plants, cunila spicata and hyptis fasciculata. these plants found in brazil belong to the labiatae family. four known compounds obtained from these herbs were identified as 3alpha, 24-dihydoxylurs-12-en-28-oic acid, betulinic acid, aurantiamide acetate, and aurantiamide benzoate by spectroscopic means. 3alpha, 24-dihydoxylurs-12-en-28-oic acid has potent inhibitory activity against streptococcus salivarius, streptococcus pn ... | 2007 | 17268160 |
| identification of oral bacteria by 16s rrna gene analysis in elderly persons requiring nursing care. | after incubation of saliva from 58 semi-bedridden elderly persons, the cultures were identified based on the 16s rrna gene base sequence to compare the identification by the conventional culture method. as a result, the 16s rrna gene base sequence of 198 strains identified by the culture method showed 98.5% or more homology in some of the human oral microbiome database, and the identification of bacterial species and genus was possible. when an organism identified by the 16s rrna gene sequencing ... | 2010 | 21110215 |
| anticariogenic properties of ent-pimarane diterpenes obtained by microbial transformation. | in the present work, the anticariogenic activities of three pimarane-type diterpenes obtained by fungal biotransformation were investigated. among these metabolites, ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-19-ol was the most active compound, displaying very promising mic values (ranging from 1.5 to 4.0 μg ml(-1)) against the main microorganisms responsible for dental caries: streptococcus salivarius, s. sobrinus, s. mutans, s. mitis, s. sanguinis, and lactobacillus casei. time kill assays performed with ent-8(1 ... | 2010 | 21116225 |
| [cloning and expression of streptococcus salivarius urease gene in escherichia coli]. | to clone streptococcus salivarius (ss) 57. i urease gene, which can express ureolytic activity in escherichia coli (ec) without adding extra nickel ions. | 2010 | 21122370 |
| spotlight on vsl#3 probiotic mixture in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. | vsl#3 (vsl#3) is a high-concentration probiotic preparation of eight live freeze-dried bacterial species that are normal components of the human gastrointestinal microflora, including four strains of lactobacilli (lactobacillus casei, l. plantarum, l. acidophilus, and l. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus), three strains of bifidobacteria (bifidobacterium longum, b. breve, and b. infantis), and streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus. data from noncomparative trials suggest that vsl#3 has clinic ... | 2007 | 17263590 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of quinolone resistance-determining regions (qrdrs) of gyra, gyrb, parc and pare gene loci in viridans group streptococci isolated from adult patients with cystic fibrosis. | ciprofloxacin is the most frequently used member of the fluoroquinolones during initial eradication therapy of pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as during acute pulmonary exacerbations. however, its long-term effect on the susceptibility of the commensal flora within the cystic fibrosis (cf) airways has not yet been examined. the aim of this study was therefore to examine the consequence of oral ciprofloxacin usage on the resistance of the commensal viridans group streptococci (vgs), in terms of m ... | 2010 | 21193474 |
| a simple identification method of saliva by detecting streptococcus salivarius using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | we previously reported that detection of streptococcus salivarius is feasible for proving the presence of saliva in a forensic sample. here, a simple and rapid method for the detection of s. salivarius in forensic samples was developed that uses loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp). the lamp primer set was designed using s. salivarius-specific sequences of glucosyltransferase k. to simplify the procedure, the sample was prepared by boiling and mutanolysin treatment only, and the entire ... | 2010 | 21198609 |
| viridans streptococcal meningitis following penetrating cervical injury. | viridans streptococcal meningitis is a rare occurrence, usually as a result of iatrogenic invasion of the dural space or significant immunosuppression. we report a case of an otherwise healthy child who had streptococcus salivarius meningitis as a result of lacerations to the posterior neck after a fall onto a drinking glass. despite being well appearing on initial presentation, our patient had pneumocephalus on head computed tomography that was not initially recognized. he was discharged from t ... | 2011 | 21206253 |
| invasion of human aortic endothelial cells by oral viridans group streptococci and induction of inflammatory cytokine production. | oral viridans group streptococci are the major commensal bacteria of the supragingival oral biofilm and have been detected in human atheromatous plaque. atherosclerosis involves an ongoing inflammatory response, reportedly involving chronic infection caused by multiple pathogens. the aim of this study was to examine the invasion of human aortic endothelial cells (haecs) by oral viridans group streptococci and the subsequent cytokine production by viable invaded haecs. the invasion of haecs by ba ... | 2010 | 21214874 |
| inhibition of streptococcus mutans biofilm formation by streptococcus salivarius frua. | the oral microbial flora consists of many beneficial species of bacteria that are associated with a healthy condition and control the progression of oral disease. cooperative interactions between oral streptococci and the pathogens play important roles in the development of dental biofilms in the oral cavity. to determine the roles of oral streptococci in multispecies biofilm development and the effects of the streptococci in biofilm formation, the active substances inhibiting streptococcus muta ... | 2011 | 21239559 |
| influence of salvadora persica (miswak) extract on physical and antimicrobial properties of glass ionomer cement. | to investigate physical and antimicrobial properties of glass ionomer cement (gic) combined with salvadora persica extract (spe). | 2011 | 21299941 |
| the doubly phosphorylated form of hpr, hpr(ser~p)(his-p), is abundant in exponentially growing cells of streptococcus thermophilus and phosphorylates the lactose transporter lacs as efficiently as hpr(his~p). | in streptococcus thermophilus, lactose is taken up by lacs, a transporter that comprises a membrane translocator domain and a hydrophilic regulatory domain homologous to the iia proteins and protein domains of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (pts). the iia domain of lacs (iialacs) possesses a histidine residue that can be phosphorylated by hpr(his~p), a protein component of the pts. however, determination of the cellular levels of the different forms of hpr, namely, hpr, ... | 2005 | 15746339 |
| differentiation of mutans streptococci by intact cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | it is difficult to distinguish mutans streptococci on the species level, and even more so on the subspecies level. intact cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms) (icm) was applied to reference strains of five of the species of the mutans group (streptococcus criceti, streptococcus downei, streptococcus mutans, streptococcus ratti, streptococcus sobrinus), nonmutans streptococci (streptococcus oralis, streptococcus mitis, streptococcus sali ... | 2005 | 16101961 |
| molecular analysis of colonized bacteria in a human newborn infant gut. | the complex ecosystem of intestinal microflora is estimated to harbor approximately 400 different microbial species, mostly bacteria. however, studies on bacterial colonization have mostly been based on culturing methods, which only detect a small fraction of the whole microbiotic ecosystem of the gut. to clarify the initial acquisition and subsequent colonization of bacteria in an infant within the few days after birth, phylogenetic analysis was performed using 16s rdna sequences from the dna i ... | 2005 | 16145549 |
| sugar utilization and acid production by free and entrapped cells of streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, and lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis in a whey permeate medium. | cells of streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis entrapped in k-carrageenan-locust bean gum gel performed similarly to free cells in the conversion of lactose to lactic acid. bead diameter influenced the fermentation rate. cells entrapped in smaller beads (0.5 to 1.0 mm) showed higher release rates, higher lactose, glucose, and formic acid utilization, higher galactose accumulation, and higher lactic acid production than did cells entrapped in larger bea ... | 1989 | 16347822 |
| production of the lantibiotic salivaricin a and its variants by oral streptococci and use of a specific induction assay to detect their presence in human saliva. | salivaricin a (sala), the first streptococcus salivarius lantibiotic to be characterized, appears to be inhibitory to most streptococcus pyogenes strains. a variant of the sala structural gene (sala1) is present in more than 90% of s. pyogenes strains, but only strains of m serotype 4 and t pattern 4 produce the biologically active peptide. the present study identifies four additional variants (sala2 to sala5) of the sala structural gene and demonstrates that each of the corresponding inhibitory ... | 2006 | 16461700 |
| preparation and antimicrobial activity of gelatin microparticles containing propolis against oral pathogens. | gelatin microparticles containing propolis ethanolic extractive solution were prepared by spray-drying technique. particles with regular morphology, mean diameter ranging of 2.27 microm to 2.48 microm, and good entrapment efficiency for propolis were obtained. the in vitro antimicrobial activity of microparticles was evaluated against microorganisms of oral importance (enterococcus faecalis, streptococcus salivarius, streptococcus sanguinis, streptococcus mitis, streptococcus mutans, streptococc ... | 2006 | 16537203 |
| safety assessment of the oral cavity probiotic streptococcus salivarius k12. | streptococcus salivarius is a prominent member of the oral microbiota and has excellent potential for use as a probiotic targeting the oral cavity. in this report we document safety data relating to s. salivarius k12, including assessment of its antibiogram, metabolic profiles, and virulence determinants, and we examine the microbial composition of saliva following the dosing of subjects with k12. | 2006 | 16598017 |
| vsl#3 probiotic mixture: a review of its use in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. | vsl#3 (vsl#3) is a high-concentration probiotic preparation of eight live freeze-dried bacterial species that are normal components of the human gastrointestinal microflora, including four strains of lactobacilli (lactobacillus casei, l. plantarum, l. acidophilus and l. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus), three strains of bifidobacteria (bifidobacterium longum, b. breve and b. infantis) and streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus. data from noncomparative trials suggest that vsl#3 has clinical ... | 2006 | 16903771 |
| streptococcus salivarius bacteremia in a cirrhotic patient with neutropenia postesophageal variceal ligation. | | 2006 | 16917416 |
| streptococcus salivarius promotes mucin putrefaction and malodor production by porphyromonas gingivalis. | although the contribution of the oral microbiota to oral malodor is well-documented, the potential role of gram-positive micro-organisms is unclear. in the current study, we tested the hypothesis that gram-positive micro-organisms contribute to malodor production by deglycosylating oral glycoproteins, rendering them susceptible to subsequent proteolysis. to this end, we examined the effect of streptococcus salivarius on porphyromonas gingivalis-mediated putrefaction of a model glycoprotein (pig ... | 2006 | 16998130 |
| the effect of ingestion of milk supplemented with salivaricin a-producing streptococcus salivarius on the bacteriocin-like inhibitory activity of streptococcal populations on the tongue. | the colonization efficacies of salivaricin a (sala)-producing streptococcus salivarius strains 20p3 and 5 were compared when given in milk to 219 children, using either 2-day or 9-day dosing regimens. colonization levels overall were superior for strain 5, and the 9-day dosing schedule resulted in higher levels of both initial colonization and strain persistence. the indigenous streptococcal tongue populations of 20 (10.9%) of the 189 children in the 2-day trial showed markedly increased sala-li ... | 2007 | 17069620 |
| salivaricin a2 and the novel lantibiotic salivaricin b are encoded at adjacent loci on a 190-kilobase transmissible megaplasmid in the oral probiotic strain streptococcus salivarius k12. | the commercial probiotic streptococcus salivarius strain k12 is the prototype of those s. salivarius strains that are the most strongly inhibitory in a standardized test of streptococcal bacteriocin production and has been shown to produce the 2,368-da salivaricin a2 (sala2) and the 2,740-da salivaricin b (sbob) lantibiotics. the previously uncharacterized sbob belongs to the type aii class of lantibiotic bacteriocins and is encoded by an eight-gene cluster. the genetic loci encoding sala2 and s ... | 2007 | 17194838 |
| evaluation of piper cubeba extract, (-)-cubebin and its semi-synthetic derivatives against oral pathogens. | the activities of the crude ethanol extract from piper cubeba seeds, (-)-cubebin and its semi-synthetic derivatives were evaluated against oral pathogens. the crude ethanol extract was more active against streptococcus salivarius (mic value of 80 microg/ml). (-)-cubebin displayed mic values ranging from 0.20 mm for streptococcus mitis to 0.35 mm for enterococcus faecalis. the natural product (-)-cubebin and its semi-synthetic derivative (-)-hinokinin displayed bacteriostatic activity at all eval ... | 2007 | 17236178 |
| antibacterial activity of two mineral trioxide aggregate materials in vitro evaluation. | it has been documented that total removal of carious dentin, assessed according to clinical criteria, does not mean complete eradication of bacteria. for that reason in prevention of caries and pulp inflammations, application of the materials having high antibacterial properties seems to be indispensable. | 2008 | 19127822 |
| pcr detection of bacterial genes provides evidence of death by drowning. | we have developed a sensitive and specific pcr method for detecting plankton dna in cases of death by drowning. however, this pcr method could not be used for cases of drowning in water containing no plankton. bacteria species are normally localized in the throat and trachea and they may invade into blood through the respiratory tract in people who have drowned as well as species localized in water. the aim of this study was to establish a novel and expedient pcr method for detecting bacterial g ... | 2009 | 19264526 |
| [streptococcus salivarus meningitis following subarachnoid anesthesia]. | | 2009 | 19371977 |
| culture-based pcr analysis of plaque samples of japanese school children to assess the presence of six common cariogenic bacteria and its association with caries risk. | the aim of the study was to assess the presence of six common cariogenic bacteria from cariostat-inoculated plaque samples of japanese elementary school children through pcr analysis and check its associations with caries risk testing the validity of cariostat as a caries risk assessment tool. this epidemiological school-based study investigated plaque samples of 399 japanese elementary school children. assessed using the cariostat, 48.2% of the children had high caries risk. dna detection of st ... | 2009 | 19573592 |
| oral streptococcus species in pre-term and full-term children - a longitudinal study. | despite high clinical significance, the microbiology of the dental biofilm in young children remains poorly understood. | 2009 | 19732193 |
| partial recn gene sequencing: a new tool for identification and phylogeny within the genus streptococcus. | partial sequences of the recn gene (1249 bp), which encodes a recombination and repair protein, were analysed to determine the phylogenetic relationship and identification of streptococci. the partial sequences presented interspecies nucleotide similarity of 56.4-98.2 % and intersubspecies similarity of 89.8-98 %. the mean dna sequence similarity of recn gene sequences (66.6 %) was found to be lower than those of the 16s rrna gene (94.1 %), rpob (84.6 %), soda (74.8 %), groel (78.1 %) and gyrb ( ... | 2010 | 19880633 |
| the effect of sucrose on plaque and saliva urease levels in vivo. | dietary sugar exposures induce an immediate drop of the plaque ph. based on in vitro observations, it was hypothesized that oral bacteria may rapidly respond to this environmental change by increasing the activity or expression of alkali-generating pathways, such as the urease pathway. the objective of this exploratory in vivo study was to determine the short-term effect of a brief sucrose exposure on plaque and saliva urease activity and expression, and to relate this effect to caries experienc ... | 2010 | 20096398 |
| oral bacteria as potential probiotics for the pharyngeal mucosa. | the research described here was aimed at the selection of oral bacteria that displayed properties compatible with their potential use as probiotics for the pharyngeal mucosa. we included in the study 56 bacteria newly isolated from the pharynges of healthy donors, which were identified at the intraspecies level and characterized in vitro for their probiotic potential. the experiments led us to select two potential probiotic bacterial strains (streptococcus salivarius rs1 and st3) and to compare ... | 2010 | 20418429 |
| alkali production associated with malolactic fermentation by oral streptococci and protection against acid, oxidative, or starvation damage. | alkali production by oral streptococci is considered important for dental plaque ecology and caries moderation. recently, malolactic fermentation (mlf) was identified as a major system for alkali production by oral streptococci, including streptococcus mutans. our major objectives in the work described in this paper were to further define the physiology and genetics of mlf of oral streptococci and its roles in protection against metabolic stress damage. l-malic acid was rapidly fermented to l-la ... | 2010 | 20651853 |
| streptococcus salivarius mutants defective in mannose phosphotransferase systems show reduced sensitivity to mutacins i-t9 and r-3b. | twenty-four mutacin-producing streptococcus mutans strains were screened for their propensity to produce class ii one-peptide bacteriocin using a deferred antagonism assay. streptococcus salivarius and 3 mutants defective in their mannose phosphotransferase systems (mannose-pts) were used as sensitive strains to identify which mannose-pts could act as the docking site for class ii one-peptide bacteriocin activity. we observed that only 2 strains of s. mutans, t9 and 3b, potentially produce class ... | 2010 | 20725132 |
| antibacterial activity of the essential oil from rosmarinus officinalis and its major components against oral pathogens. | the essential oil of rosmarinus officinalis l. (rosemary) was obtained by hydro-distillation and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. sixty-two constituents were identified, representing 98.06% of the total oil content. oxygenated monoterpenes were the predominant components. the rosemary oil was characterized as having prominent (> 5%) contents of camphor (18.9%), verbenone (11.3%), a-pinene (9.6%), beta-myrcene (8.6%), 1,8-cineole (8.0%), and beta-caryophyllene (5.1%). the antimic ... | 2010 | 21138060 |
| salivaricin 9, a new lantibiotic produced by streptococcus salivarius. | salivaricin 9 (sal9) is a 2560 da lantibiotic having just 46?% amino acid identity with its closest known homologue, the streptococcus pyogenes lantibiotic sa-ff22. the sal9 locus (designated siv) in streptococcus salivarius strain 9 was partially sequenced and localized to an approximately 170 kb megaplasmid, which also harbours the locus for the lantibiotic salivaricin a4. the entire locus was fully characterized in the draft genome sequence of s. salivarius strain jim8780 and shown to consist ... | 2011 | 21310787 |
| antibacterial activity of 15-deoxygoyazensolide isolated from the stems of minasia alpestris (asteraceae) against oral pathogens. | this work reports the isolation of the sesquiterpene lactone 15-deoxygoyazensolide from the stems of minasia alpestris and the evaluation of its antimicrobial activity against the following oral pathogens: enterococcus faecalis, streptococcus salivarius, streptococcus sobrinus, streptococcus mutans, streptococcus mitis, streptococcus sanguinis, and lactobacillus casei. despite the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of other sesquiterpene lactones of the furanoheliangolide-type, our results revealed t ... | 2011 | 21328129 |
| metabolism of l: -selenomethionine and selenite by probiotic bacteria: in vitro and in vivo studies. | since selenium supplements have been shown to undergo biotransformation in the gut, probiotic treatment in combination with selenium supplements may change selenium disposition. we investigated the metabolism of l: -selenomethionine (semet) and selenite by probiotic bacteria in vitro and the disposition of selenium after probiotic treatment followed by oral dosing with semet and selenite in rats. when semet was incubated anaerobically with individual antibiotic-resistant probiotic strains (strep ... | 2011 | 21494803 |
| phylogenetic analyses and detection of viridans streptococci based on sequences and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of the rod shape-determining protein gene. | population analysis of viridans streptococci is important because these species are associated with dental caries, bacteremia, and subacute endocarditis, in addition to being important members of the human oral commensal microbiota. | 2009 | 21523207 |
| comparative genomics and the role of lateral gene transfer in the evolution of bovine adapted streptococcus agalactiae. | in addition to causing severe invasive infections in humans, streptococcus agalactiae, or group b streptococcus (gbs), is also a major cause of bovine mastitis. here we provide the first genome sequence for s. agalactiae isolated from a cow diagnosed with clinical mastitis (strain fsl s3-026). comparison to eight s. agalactiae genomes obtained from human disease isolates revealed 183 genes specific to the bovine strain. subsequent polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screening for the presence/absenc ... | 2011 | 21536150 |
| [can dental problems have influence on difficulties in treating paranasal sinusitis in children?]. | paranasal sinusitis is a condition that is treated by a general practitioner and in case it fails it requires specialistic therapy. in most cases the inflammation is connected with nasal mucosa infection. however, in older children and adolescents sinusitis caused by spreading of tooth and gingiva inflammatory process can be an essential therapeutic and diagnostic problem. it is most often connected with periapical lesions, complications following dental procedures and oroantral fistula inflamma ... | 2011 | 21563449 |
| the commensal streptococcus salivarius inhibits nf-{kappa}b pathway in human intestinal epithelial cells. | streptococcus salivarius exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect on iecs and monocytes. strains were screened using a reporter clone ht-29/kb-luc-e induced by (tnf-α). supernatant from each strains downregulated nf-κb activation. the two most efficient strains produced an active metabolite (<3 kda) which was able to down-regulate the secretion of the pro-inflammatory chemokine il-8. | 2011 | 21602373 |
| characterization of streptococcus salivarius growth and maintenance in artificial saliva. | aims:ôçé to help gain a better understanding of factors influencing the establishment within the oral cavity of streptococcus salivarius k12, a commensal oral bacterium, we characterized its behaviour in artificial saliva. methods and results:ôçé streptococcus salivarius k12 was grown in artificial saliva complemented with a representative meal, under oral ph and temperature conditions. exponential growth phase was characterized by a high specific growth rate (2┬à8ôçâh(-1) ). during maintenance ... | 2011 | 21672100 |
| some low homogenization pressures improve certain probiotic characteristics of yogurt culture bacteria and lactobacillus acidophilus la-k. | lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus, and lactobacillus acidophilus are dairy cultures widely used in the manufacture of cultured dairy products. commonly used homogenization pressures in the dairy industry are 13.80 mpa or less. it is not known whether low homogenization pressures can stimulate bacteria to improve their probiotic characteristics. objectives were to determine the effect of homogenization at 0, 3.45, 6.90, 10.34, and 13.80 mpa on a ... | 2011 | 21787909 |
| [the antagonistic effect of the oral streptococcus on the saccharomyces albicans in vitro]. | to investigate the antagonistic effects of three species of oral streptococcus on the growth of oral saccharomyces albicans in vitro. | 2011 | 21776861 |