| large-scale test of the natural refuge strategy for delaying insect resistance to transgenic bt crops. | the 'natural refuge strategy" for delaying insect resistance to transgenic cotton that produces insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) relies on refuges of host plants other than cotton that do not make bt toxins. we tested this widely adopted strategy by comparing predictions from modeling with data from a four-year field study of cotton bollworm (helicoverpa armigera) resistance to transgenic cotton producing bt toxin cry1ac in six provinces of northern china. bioassay data rev ... | 2015 | 25503384 |
| the protoxin cry1ac of bacillus thuringiensis improves the protection conferred by intranasal immunization with brucella abortus rb51 in a mouse model. | brucellosis is a zoonotic disease affecting many people and animals worldwide. preventing this infection requires improving vaccination strategies. the protoxin cry1ac of bacillus thuringiensis is an adjuvant that, in addition to increasing the immunogenicity of different antigens, has shown to be protective in different models of parasitic infections. the objective of the present study was to test whether the intranasal co-administration of pcry1ac with the rb51 vaccine strain of brucella abort ... | 2015 | 25497237 |
| production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against the bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein vip3aa16. | the aim of this study is to establish a quantitative determination of the vegetative insecticidal protein vip3a from the culture supernatant of bacillus thuringiensis either by elisa or by the conventional quantification method of the western blot band. the vip3a protein was produced by fermentation of the b. thuringiensis reference strain bupm95 in 3 l. by western blot, the vip3aa16 toxin was detected in the culture supernatant during the exponential growth phase of b. thuringiensis bupm95. how ... | 2015 | 25492687 |
| highly toxic and broad-spectrum insecticidal local bacillus strains engineered using protoplast fusion. | protoplast fusion was performed between a local bacillus thuringiensis uv-resistant mutant 66/1a (bt) and bacillus sphaericus ghai (bs) to produce new bacillus strains with a wider spectrum of action against different insects. bt is characterized as sensitive to polymyxin and streptomycin and resistant to rifampicin and has shown 87% mortality against spodoptera littoralis larvae at concentration of 1.5 × 10(7) cells/ml after 7 days of feeding; bs is characterized as resistant to polymyxin and s ... | 2015 | 25485592 |
| apolipophorin iii from honeybees (apis cerana) exhibits antibacterial activity. | apolipophorin iii (apolp-iii) is involved in lipid transport and innate immunity in insects. in this study, an apolp-iii protein that exhibits antibacterial activity was identified in honeybees (apis cerana). a. cerana apolp-iii cdna encodes a 193 amino acid sequence that shares high identity with other members of the hymenopteran insect apolp-iii family. a. cerana apolp-iii is expressed constitutively in the fat body, epidermis, and venom gland and is detected as a 23-kda protein. a. cerana apo ... | 2015 | 25483322 |
| resistance of trichoplusia ni populations selected by bacillus thuringiensis sprays to cotton plants expressing pyramided bacillus thuringiensis toxins cry1ac and cry2ab. | two populations of trichoplusia ni that had developed resistance to bacillus thuringiensis sprays (bt sprays) in commercial greenhouse vegetable production were tested for resistance to bt cotton (bollgard ii) plants expressing pyramided cry1ac and cry2ab. the t. ni colonies resistant to bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki formulations were not only resistant to the bt toxin cry1ac, as previously reported, but also had a high frequency of cry2ab-resistant alleles, exhibiting ca. 20% survival ... | 2015 | 25480752 |
| heterologous expression, purification and biochemical characterization of endochitinase chia74 from bacillus thuringiensis. | chia74 is a secreted endochitinase produced by bacillus thuringiensis. previously we have partially characterized the physical parameters that affect enzymatic activity of chia74 in crude preparations of bacterial secretomes. in the present study, we cloned the chia74 open reading frame (orf) lacking the 5' sequence coding for its secretion signal peptide (chia74δsp) into a cold shock expression vector (pcoldi) for production of the enzyme in escherichia coli bl21-rosetta 2. as a result, the n-t ... | 2015 | 25478931 |
| detection of toxin proteins from bacillus thuringiensis strain 4.0718 by strategy of 2d-lc-ms/ms. | bacillus thuringiensis is a kind of insecticidal microorganism which can produce a variety of toxin proteins, it is particularly important to find an effective strategy to identify novel toxin proteins rapidly and comprehensively with the discovery of the wild-type strains. multi-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry has become one of the main methods to detect and identify toxin proteins and proteome of b. thuringiensis. in this study, protein sample ... | 2015 | 25477065 |
| uniform orientation of biotinylated nanobody as an affinity binder for detection of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1ac toxin. | nanobodies are the smallest natural fragments with useful properties such as high affinity, distinct paratope and high stability, which make them an ideal tool for detecting target antigens. in this study, we generated and characterized nanobodies against the cry1ac toxin and applied them in a biotin-streptavidin based double antibodies (nanobodies) sandwich-elisa (das-elisa) assay. after immunizing a camel with soluble cry1ac toxin, a phage displayed library was constructed to generate nbs agai ... | 2014 | 25474492 |
| chelation, spectroscopic characterization, biological activity and crystal structure of 2,3-butanedione isonicotinylhydrazone: determination of zr(4+) after flotation separation. | new metal complexes of co(ii), ni(ii) cu(ii), zn(ii), cd(ii), pd(ii) and hg(ii) with 2,3-butanedione isonicotinylhydrazone [binh] have been prepared and investigated. single crystal for binh is grown and solved as orthorhombic with p 21 21 2 space group. the formula of the ligand was assigned based on the elemental analysis, mass spectra and conductivity measurements. the complexes assigned the formulae [m(binh-h)cl]⋅nh2o (mco(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii), zn(ii); n=0 or 1); [hg(binh-h)(h2o)2cl]; [cd(bin ... | 2015 | 25467677 |
| toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis in aqueous suspension on the south american common frog leptodactylus latrans (anura: leptodactylidae) tadpoles. | the effects of commercial formulations of bacillus thuringiensisvar.israelensis (bti) on non-target organisms are still a matter of debate; in amphibians, the risks of bti are little known. to evaluate the toxicity of a commercial liquid (aqueous suspension, as) formulation of bti (introban(®)) on leptodactylus latrans tadpoles, including median lethal concentration (lc50) and no-and lowest-observed-effect concentrations (noec and loec, respectively), as well as the possible effects of bti on ox ... | 2015 | 25460638 |
| lipopeptide biosurfactant from bacillus thuringiensis pak2310: a potential antagonist against fusarium oxysporum. | the aims of the study were to evaluate the effects of a biosurfactant obtained from a novel bacillus thuringiensis on fusarium oxysporum to determine the morphological changes in the structure of the fungi and its biofilm in the presence of the biosurfactant and to evaluate the toxicity of the biosurfactant on hep-2 human epithelial cell lines. | 2015 | 25456418 |
| quantitative proteome analysis of caenorhabditis elegans upon exposure to nematicidal bacillus thuringiensis. | caenorhabditis elegans can be infected by a plethora of pathogens, most of them are also pathogenic for humans. consequently, the nematode has emerged as a powerful surrogate host to model microbial human infectious diseases in a non-vertebrate, for the study of innate immunity and host-pathogen interactions. signaling cascades are well investigated that face bacterial or fungal pathogens. we analyzed the downstream processes of these cascades, i.e. the differential expression of effector and re ... | 2015 | 25452134 |
| the cultivation of bt corn producing cry1ac toxins does not adversely affect non-target arthropods. | transgenic corn producing cry1ac toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) provides effective control of asian corn borer, ostrinia furnacalis (guenée), and thus reduces insecticide applications. however, whether bt corn exerts undesirable effects on non-target arthropods (ntas) is still controversial. we conducted a 2-yr study in shangzhuang agricultural experiment station to assess the potential impact of bt corn on field population density, biodiversity, community composition and structure of n ... | 2014 | 25437213 |
| [influence of different adhesive composition on sporulation and protein synthesis by bacillus thuringiensis collection strains]. | the influence of different sticky-gene composition on sporulation and protein synthesis by b. thuringiensis collection strains has been investigated. it has been detemined that the most effective according this characteristics were b. thuringiensis collection strains 0293 and 98. it has been shown that the best on protein synthesis processes and sporulation by investigated b. thuringiensis strains influences adding to the culture medium sticky-gene compositions a and e in a concentration of from ... | 2014 | 25434213 |
| characterisation of novel bacillus thuringiensis isolates against aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) and ceratitis capitata (diptera: tephridae). | bacillus thuringiensis is successfully used in pest management strategies as an eco-friendly bioinsecticide. isolation and identification of new strains with a wide variety of target pests is an ever growing field. in this paper, new b. thuringiensis isolates were investigated to search for original strains active against diptera and able to produce novel toxins that could be used as an alternative for the commercial h14 strain. biochemical and molecular characterization revealed a remarkable di ... | 2015 | 25433312 |
| toxicity, activation process, and histopathological effect of bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein vip3aa16 on tuta absoluta. | tuta absoluta is a destructive moth of solanaceae plants and especially tomatoes. here, we considered the entomopathogenic activity of the bacillus thuringiensis vip3aa16 protein heterologously produced by escherichia coli against t. absoluta. purified vip3aa16 showed lower lethal concentration 50 % against third instar larvae (toxin/tomato leaf) (335 ± 17 ng/cm(2)) compared to that of b. thuringiensis kurstaki hd1 δ-endotoxins (955 ± 4 ng/cm(2)) (p < 0.05). action mode examination showed that v ... | 2015 | 25432339 |
| cis-mediated down-regulation of a trypsin gene associated with bt resistance in cotton bollworm. | transgenic plants producing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are useful for pest control, but their efficacy is reduced when pests evolve resistance. here we examined the mechanism of resistance to bt toxin cry1ac in the laboratory-selected lf5 strain of the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera. this strain had 110-fold resistance to cry1ac protoxin and 39-fold resistance to cry1ac activated toxin. evaluation of five trypsin genes revealed 99% reduced transcr ... | 2014 | 25427690 |
| expression of recombinant and mosaic cry1ac receptors from helicoverpa armigera and their influences on the cytotoxicity of activated cry1ac to spodoptera litura sl-hp cells. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin receptors play important roles in the killing of pests, and investigation on characterization of the receptors is essential for utilization of bt and management of insect resistance. here, recombinant and mosaic receptors of bt cry1ac toxin from helicoverpa armigera were expressed in spodoptera litura sl-hp cells and their influences on cytotoxicity of activated cry1ac toxin were investigated. when h. armigera aminopeptidase n1 (apn1), alkaline phosphatase 2 (al ... | 2016 | 25412589 |
| biphasic fermentation is an efficient strategy for the overproduction of δ-endotoxin from bacillus thuringiensis. | this study illustrates a biphasic solid-state fermentation (ssf) strategy for the overproduction of δ-endotoxin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (btk) and also purification of δ-endotoxin from the solid-fermented medium. the fermentation strategy had two phases (biphasic); i.e., the first short phase was semisolid state (12 h), and the remaining long phase was strict ssf. to achieve the biphasic ssf, after 12 h (150 rpm, 37 °c) fermentation of the medium [luria-bertani (lb) supplement ... | 2015 | 25410805 |
| a challenge for the seed mixture refuge strategy in bt maize: impact of cross-pollination on an ear-feeding pest, corn earworm. | to counter the threat of insect resistance, bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize growers in the u.s. are required to plant structured non-bt maize refuges. concerns with refuge compliance led to the introduction of seed mixtures, also called rib (refuge-in-the-bag), as an alternative approach for implementing refuge for bt maize products in the u.s. maize belt. a major concern in rib is cross-pollination of maize hybrids that can cause bt proteins to be present in refuge maize kernels and negativel ... | 2014 | 25409442 |
| cry1f resistance in fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda: single gene versus pyramided bt maize. | evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops containing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) genes is a serious threat to the sustainability of this technology. however, field resistance related to the reduced efficacy of bt maize has not been documented in any lepidopteran pest in the mainland u.s. after 18 years of intensive bt maize planting. here we report compelling evidence of field resistance in the fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith), to cry1f maize (tc 3507) in the southeaste ... | 2014 | 25401494 |
| molecular and insecticidal characterization of a novel cry-related protein from bacillus thuringiensis toxic against myzus persicae. | this study describes the insecticidal activity of a novel bacillus thuringiensis cry-related protein with a deduced 799 amino acid sequence (~89 kda) and ~19% pairwise identity to the 95-kda-aphidicidal protein (sequence number 204) from patent us 8318900 and ~40% pairwise identity to the cancer cell killing cry proteins (parasporins cry41ab1 and cry41aa1), respectively. this novel cry-related protein contained the five conserved amino acid blocks and the three conserved domains commonly found i ... | 2014 | 25384108 |
| melanin: a photoprotection for bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticides. | melanins are negatively-charged, hydrophobic, dark high molecular weight irregular biopolymers, composed of polymerized phenolic and/or indolic compounds. they are produced by most organisms. bacillus thuringiensis is a gram-positive, spore-forming, soil bacterium and the most successful biological control agent that produces distinctly shaped crystals during sporulation that have insecticidal activity. however, one of the main disadvantages is that the insecticidal activity of b. thuringiensis ... | 2015 | 25381045 |
| response surface methodology: optimisation of antifungal bioemulsifier from novel bacillus thuringiensis. | an antifungal bioemulsifier compound was produced from a novel strain of bacillus thuringiensis pak2310. to accentuate the production and as the first step to improve the yield, a central composite design (ccd) was used to study the effect of various factors like minimal salts (1x and 3x), glycerol concentration (2% and 4%), beef extract concentration (1% and 3%), and sunflower oil concentration (2% and 4%) on the production of bioemulsifier molecule and to optimize the conditions to increase th ... | 2014 | 25379529 |
| developing a targeting system for bacterial membranes: measuring receptor-phosphatidylglycerol interactions with (1)h nmr, itc and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. | an ammonium picket porphyrin that targets bacterial membranes has been prepared and shown to bind to phosphatidylglycerol (pg), a bacterial lipid, when the lipid was in solution, contained within synthetic membrane vesicles, or when in gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial membranes. the multifunctional receptor was designed to interact with both the phosphate anion portion and neutral glycerol portion of the lipid headgroup. the receptor's affinity and selectivity for binding to surfactant ... | 2015 | 25373409 |
| acute, sublethal, and combination effects of azadirachtin and bacillus thuringiensis on the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera. | the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera hübner (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan insect pest that causes damage to various plants. in this study, the lethal and sublethal effects of azadirachtin and bacillus thuringiensis berliner sub sp . kurstaki (bacillales: bacillaceae) were evaluated on third instar h. armigera under laboratory conditions. the lc50 values of azadirachtin and bt were 12.95 and 96.8 µg a.i./ml, respectively. a total mortality of 56.7% was caused on ... | 2014 | 25373177 |
| phytochemical investigation and anti-microbial activity of clausena anisata (willd), hook. | clausena anisata belongs to the family rutaceae, a shrub widely used in west africa for the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections of the skin including boils, ringworm and eczema. the study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of ethanol leaf extract of c. anisata (cle). | 2014 | 25371583 |
| a 90-day subchronic feeding study of genetically modified rice expressing cry1ab protein in sprague-dawley rats. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) transgenic rice line (mfb-mh86) expressing a synthetic cry1ab gene can be protected against feeding damage from lepidopteran insects, including sesamia inferens, chilo suppressalis, tryporyza incertulas and cnaphalocrocis medinalis. rice flour from mfb-mh86 and its near-isogenic control mh86 was separately formulated into rodent diets at concentrations of 17.5, 35 and 70 % (w/w) for a 90-day feeding test with rats, and all of the diets were nutritionally balanced. in ... | 2015 | 25367203 |
| characterization of regulatory regions involved in the inducible expression of chib in bacillus thuringiensis. | expression of the chib gene from bacillus thuringiensis bti75 was defined as inducible by the use of transcriptional fusions with the bgab reporter gene. the transcription start site of the chib gene was identified as the c base located 132 base pairs upstream of the start codon. analysis of 5' and 3' deletions of the chib promoter region revealed that the sequence from position -192 to +36 with respect to the transcription start site was necessary for wild-type levels of inducible expression of ... | 2015 | 25362505 |
| densovirus is a mutualistic symbiont of a global crop pest (helicoverpa armigera) and protects against a baculovirus and bt biopesticide. | mutualistic associations between symbiotic bacteria and their hosts are common within insect systems. however, viruses are often considered as pathogens even though some have been reported to be beneficial to their hosts. herein, we report a novel densovirus, helicoverpa armigera densovirus-1 (hadnv-1) that appears to be beneficial to its host. hadnv-1 was found to be widespread in wild populations of h. armigera adults (>67% prevalence between 2008 and 2012). in wild larval populations, there w ... | 2014 | 25357125 |
| different effects of paternal trans-generational immune priming on survival and immunity in step and genetic offspring. | paternal trans-generational immune priming, whereby fathers provide immune protection to offspring, has been demonstrated in the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum exposed to the insect pathogen bacillus thuringiensis. it is currently unclear how such protection is transferred, as in contrast to mothers, fathers do not directly provide offspring with a large amount of substances. in addition to sperm, male flour beetles transfer seminal fluids in a spermatophore to females during copulation. d ... | 2014 | 25355479 |
| [characterization of recombinant l-isoleucine-4-hydroxylase from bacillus thuringiensis and its application in 4hydroxyisoleucine biosynthesis]. | l-isoleucine-4-hydroxylase (ido) encoding gene ido from bacillus thuringiensis tccc 11826 was cloned and expressed, followed by enzyme characterization. in addition, recombinant strain was tested for its 4-hydroxyisoleucine (4-hil) biotransformation. | 2014 | 25345020 |
| expression of cry1ab and cry2ab by a polycistronic transgene with a self-cleavage peptide in rice. | insect resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystal protein is a major threat to the long-term use of transgenic bt crops. gene stacking is a readily deployable strategy to delay the development of insect resistance while it may also broaden insecticidal spectrum. here, we report the creation of transgenic rice expressing discrete cry1ab and cry2ab simultaneously from a single expression cassette using 2a self-cleaving peptides, which are autonomous elements from virus guiding the polycistr ... | 2014 | 25333312 |
| a simple method for the separation of bacillus thuringiensis spores and crystals. | a simple new method, for separating bacillus thuringiensis crystals from spores and cell debris, is described. the developed purification method uses hexane and low speed centrifugation and does not require any expensive material or reagents. | 2014 | 25315286 |
| overcome of carbon catabolite repression of bioinsecticides production by sporeless bacillus thuringiensis through adequate fermentation technology. | the overcoming of catabolite repression, in bioinsecticides production by sporeless bacillus thuringiensis strain s22 was investigated into fully controlled 3 l fermenter, using glucose based medium. when applying adequate oxygen profile throughout the fermentation period (75% oxygen saturation), it was possible to partially overcome the catabolite repression, normally occurring at high initial glucose concentrations (30 and 40 g/l glucose). moreover, toxin production yield by sporeless strain s ... | 2014 | 25309756 |
| changes in the hemolymph protein profiles in galleria mellonella infected with bacillus thuringiensis involve apolipophorin iii. the effect of heat shock. | this report concerns the effect of heat shock on host-pathogen interaction in galleria mellonella infected with bacillus thuringiensis. we show enhanced activity against gram-positive bacteria in the hemolymph of larvae pre-exposed to heat shock before infection with b. thuringiensis. heat shock influenced the protein pattern in the hemolymph of infected larvae: more peptides with a molecular weight below 10 kda were detected in comparison with nonshocked animals. additionally, we noticed that t ... | 2015 | 25308190 |
| the social biology of quorum sensing in a naturalistic host pathogen system. | many microorganisms cooperate by secreting products that are commonly available to neighboring cells. these "public goods" include autoinduced, quorum-sensing (qs) molecules and the virulence factors activated by these signals. public goods cooperation is exploitable by cheaters, cells that avoid the costs of production but gain an advantage by freeloading on the products of others. qs signals and responses can be cooperative under artificial laboratory conditions, but it remains unclear whether ... | 2014 | 25308072 |
| the cumulative damage index method: a new method for evaluating the effectiveness of control measures for plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae). | all previously and currently used methods for effectiveness evaluation of control measures for the diamondback moth (dbm) do not simultaneously take the actual damage and population size into consideration. here, we propose a new method, the cumulative damage index method, in which the number of larvae and their amount of food consumption are simultaneously included in the calculation of the theoretical cumulative damage index (t) and actual cumulative damage index (a). evaluation was based on t ... | 2015 | 25298217 |
| crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from bacillus thuringiensis. | poly[(r)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (phb) is a microbial biopolymer that has been commercialized as biodegradable plastics. the key enzyme for the degradation is phb depolymerase (phaz). a new intracellular phaz from bacillus thuringiensis (btphaz) has been screened for potential applications in polymer biodegradation. recombinant btphaz was crystallized using 25% polyethylene glycol 3350, 0.2 m ammonium acetate, 0.1 m bis-tris ph 6.5 at 288 k. the crystals belonged to space group p1, with unit-cell par ... | 2014 | 25286954 |
| bacillus thuringiensis membrane-damaging toxins acting on mammalian cells. | bacillus thuringiensis is widely used as a biopesticide in forestry and agriculture, being able to produce potent species-specific insecticidal toxins and considered nonpathogenic to other animals. more recently, however, repeated observations are documenting the association of this microorganism with various infectious diseases in humans, such as food-poisoning-associated diarrheas, periodontitis, bacteremia, as well as ocular, burn, and wound infections. similar to b. cereus, b. thuringiensis ... | 2014 | 25283838 |
| detection of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab protein based on surface plasmon resonance immunosensor. | two novel surface plasmon resonance immunosensors were fabricated for detection of the bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab protein and to demonstrate their performance in analyzing cry1ab protein in crop samples. sensor 2 was modified by 1,6-hexanedithiol, au/ag alloy nanoparticles, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, and protein a (or not [sensor 1]), with cry1ab monoclonal antibody. as a result, both of the immunosensors exhibited satisfactory linear responses in the cry1ab protein concentration ranges of 10 ... | 2015 | 25277812 |
| evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and hematotoxicity of the recombinant spore-crystal complexes cry1ia, cry10aa and cry1ba6 from bacillus thuringiensis in swiss mice. | the insecticidal properties of cry-endotoxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have long been used as spore-crystals in commercial spray formulations for insect control. recently, some bt-endotoxin genes have been cloned in many different plants. toxicological evaluations of three spore-crystal endotoxins, btcry1ia, btcry10aa and btcry1ba6 from b. thuringiensis, were carried out on mice to understand their adverse effects on hematological systems and on genetic material. these three spore-crysta ... | 2014 | 25268978 |
| bacillus thuringiensis: mechanism of action, resistance, and new applications: a review. | since the first report by ishiwata in 1902 of a bombyx mori infection, followed by the description by berliner, bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has become the main microorganism used in biological control. the application of bt to combat invertebrates of human interest gained momentum with the growing demand for food free of chemical pesticides and with the implementation of agriculture methods that were less damaging to the environment. however, the mechanisms of action of these products have not b ... | 2016 | 25264571 |
| shared binding sites for the bacillus thuringiensis proteins cry3bb, cry3ca, and cry7aa in the african sweet potato pest cylas puncticollis (brentidae). | bacillus thuringiensis cry3bb, cry3ca, and cry7aa have been reported to be toxic against larvae of the genus cylas, which are important pests of sweet potato worldwide and particularly in sub-saharan africa. however, relatively little is known about the processing and binding interactions of these coleopteran-specific cry proteins. the aim of the present study was to determine whether cry3bb, cry3ca, and cry7aa proteins have shared binding sites in cylas puncticollis to orient the pest resistanc ... | 2014 | 25261517 |
| identification of a mosquitocidal toxin from bacillus thuringiensis using mass spectrometry. | the bacillus thuringiensis strain s2160-1 has previously been identified as being highly toxic to mosquito larvae and a viable alternative to strains currently used commercially to control these insects. a pcr approach had identified the presence of four putative insecticidal toxin genes (cry30ea, cry30 ga, cry50ba and cry54ba) in this strain, but did not identify the genes that encoding three of the main crystal toxin proteins of size 140 and 130 and 30 kda. in this study we used mass spectrome ... | 2014 | 25256415 |
| development of pod borer-resistant transgenic chickpea using a pod-specific and a constitutive promoter-driven fused cry1ab/ac gene. | we studied pod-specific msg promoter from soybean and developed different transgenic lines of chickpea expressing fused cry1ab/ac constitutively and pod specifically for resistance against the destructive pest helicoverpa armigera. crystal (cry) proteins derived from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) play an important role in controlling infestation of helicoverpa armigera, which has been considered a serious problem in chickpea productivity. this study was undertaken to overcome th ... | 2014 | 25252910 |
| development and reproduction of spodoptera eridania (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and its egg parasitoid telenomus remus (hymenoptera: platygastridae) on the genetically modified soybean (bt) mon 87701×mon 89788. | genetically modified crops with insect resistance genes from bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt-plants) are increasingly being cultivated worldwide. therefore, it is critical to improve our knowledge of their direct or indirect impact not only on target pests but also on non-target arthropods. hence, this study evaluates comparative leaf consumption and performance of spodoptera eridania (cramer), a species that is tolerant of the cry1ac protein, fed with bt soybean, mon 87701×mon 89788 or its ... | 2014 | 25248849 |
| fumonisins in conventional and transgenic, insect-resistant maize intended for fuel ethanol production: implications for fermentation efficiency and ddgs co-product quality. | mycotoxins in maize grain intended for ethanol production are enriched in co-product dried distiller's grains and solubles (ddgs) and may be detrimental to yeast in fermentation. this study was conducted to examine the magnitude of fumonisin enrichment in ddgs and to analyze the impacts of insect injury, fusarium ear rot severity, and fumonisin contamination on final ethanol yield. samples of naturally-contaminated grain (0 to 35 mg/kg fumonisins) from field trials conducted in 2008-2011 were fe ... | 2014 | 25247264 |
| bacillus thuringiensis cry1abmod toxin counters tolerance associated with low cadherin expression but not that associated with low alkaline phosphatase expression in manduca sexta. | to exert their toxic effect, bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab toxin undergoes a sequential binding mechanism with different larval gut proteins including glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchored proteins like aminopeptidase-n (apn) or alkaline-phosphatase (alp) and a transmembrane cadherin to form pre-pore structures that insert into the membrane. cadherin binding induces oligomerization of the toxin by facilitating removal of the n-terminal region, while apn/alp binding helps in oligomer membrane i ... | 2015 | 25239508 |
| structural insights into bacillus thuringiensis cry, cyt and parasporin toxins. | since the first x-ray structure of cry3aa was revealed in 1991, numerous structures of b. thuringiensis toxins have been determined and published. in recent years, functional studies on the mode of action and resistance mechanism have been proposed, which notably promoted the developments of biological insecticides and insect-resistant transgenic crops. with the exploration of known pore-forming toxins (pfts) structures, similarities between pfts and b. thuringiensis toxins have provided great i ... | 2014 | 25229189 |
| sequence and expression of two cry8 genes from bacillus thuringiensis inta fr7-4, a native strain from argentina. | we found and characterized two cry8 genes from the bacillus thuringiensis strain inta fr7-4 isolated in argentina. these genes, cry8kb3 and cry8pa3, are located in a tandem array within a 13,200-bp dna segment sequenced from a preparation of total dna. they encode 1,169- and 1,176-amino-acid proteins, respectively. both genes were cloned with their promoter sequences and the proteins were expressed separately in an acrystalliferous strain of b. thuringiensis leading to the formation of ovoid cry ... | 2014 | 25228382 |
| structure and function analysis of protein hd73_0859 produced by bacillus thuringiensis. | hd73_0859 is a secretory protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt). in this study, its structural feature was analyzed and its function was predicted. the results revealed that hd73_0859 is a peptidase consists of a signal peptide, three well-separated sh3_3 domains and one peptidase_m23 domain. the peptidase belongs to the m23/37-metallopeptidase family, and might have enzymatic activity to cell wall peptidoglycan and some elastins. this paper improves the understanding of both the protein hd73_ ... | 2014 | 25227107 |
| function of global regulator cody in bacillus thuringiensis bmb171 by comparative proteomic analysis. | cody is a highly conserved protein in low g+c gram-positive bacteria that regulates genes involved in sporulation and stationary-phase adaptation. bacillus thuringiensis is a grampositive bacterium that forms spores and parasporal crystals during the stationary phase. to our knowledge, the regulatory mechanism of cody in b. thuringiensis is unknown. to study the function of cody protein in b. thuringiensis, bmb171cody(-) was constructed in a bmb171 strain. a shuttle vector containing the orf of ... | 2015 | 25223328 |
| cadherin mutation linked to resistance to cry1ac affects male paternity and sperm competition in helicoverpa armigera. | several lepidopteran pests of cotton have cadherin-based resistance to the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin cry1ac. cadherins are transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-cell adhesion and tissue morphogenesis, suggesting that fitness costs associated with cadherin mutations may be present in many aspects of life history. to evaluate whether cadherin-based resistance is associated with fitness costs reducing male paternity in helicoverpa armigera, we examined the effects of a major cadherin res ... | 2014 | 25220924 |
| stable bacillus thuringiensis transgene introgression from brassica napus to wild mustard b. juncea. | transgenic canola (brassica napus) with a bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac gene and a green fluorescent protein (gfp) marker gene was used in hybridization experiments with wild brassica juncea. hybrid f1 and successive five backcross generations were obtained. the pod-set frequency on backcrossed b. juncea plants was over 66%, which suggested relatively high crossing compatibility between the hybrids and wild species. the seed setting in bc1 was the least of all generations tested, and then increa ... | 2014 | 25219305 |
| characterization of one novel cry8 gene from bacillus thuringiensis strain q52-7. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is the most widely used insecticidal microbe due to its specific toxicity and safe use with respect to animals and the environment. in this study, we isolated bt strain q52-7 from a soil sample collected in the qian shan district, liao ning province, china. we observed that the q52-7 strain produced spherical crystals. the bt q52-7 strain had high toxicity against asian cockchafer (holotrichia parallela), exhibiting an lc50 of 3.80 × 10(9) cfu/g, but is not toxic for ... | 2014 | 25218711 |
| a coleopteran cadherin fragment synergizes toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis toxins cry3aa, cry3bb, and cry8ca against lesser mealworm, alphitobius diaperinus (coleoptera: tenebrionidae). | the lesser mealworm, alphitobius diaperinus, is a serious cosmopolitan pest of commercial poultry facilities because of its involvement in structural damage to poultry houses, reduction in feed conversion efficiency, and transfer of avian and human pathogens. cry3aa, cry3bb, and cry8ca insecticidal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis are used to control coleopteran larvae. cadherins localized in the midgut epithelium function as receptors for cry toxins in lepidopteran, coleopteran, and dipteran ... | 2014 | 25218400 |
| spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith) with field-evolved resistance to bt maize are susceptible to bt pesticides. | field-evolved resistance to maize event tc1507 expressing the cry1fa toxin from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) was detected in populations of spodoptera frugiperda from puerto rico. we tested for cross-resistance to purified cry1a toxins and commercial bt pesticides in susceptible (benzon) and tc1507-resistant (456) strains of s. frugiperda. larvae from the 456 strain exhibited cross-resistance to cry1ab and cry1ac toxins, while no differences in susceptibility to xentari wg and dipel es pesticides ... | 2014 | 25218399 |
| nutrient-dependent efficacy of the antifungal protein yvgo correlates to cellular proliferation rate in candida albicans 3153a and byssochlamys fulva h25. | yvgo is a recently characterized antifungal protein isolated from bacillus thuringiensis sf361 that exhibits a broad spectrum of activity and ph stability. customized colorimetric metabolic assays based on standard broth microdilution techniques were used to determine the variable tolerance of byssochlamys fulva h25 and candida albicans 3153a to yvgo exposure under select matrix conditions impacting cellular proliferation. normalization of the solution ph after antifungal challenge expanded the ... | 2014 | 25217289 |
| downregulation and mutation of a cadherin gene associated with cry1ac resistance in the asian corn borer, ostrinia furnacalis (guenée). | development of resistance in target pests is a major threat to long-term use of transgenic crops expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry toxins. to manage and/or delay the evolution of resistance in target insects through the implementation of effective strategies, it is essential to understand the basis of resistance. one of the most important mechanisms of insect resistance to bt crops is the alteration of the interactions between cry toxins and their receptors in the midgut. a cry1ac-selec ... | 2014 | 25216082 |
| diversity in gut microflora of helicoverpa armigera populations from different regions in relation to biological activity of bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin cry1ac. | transgenic crops expressing toxin proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have been deployed on a large scale for management of helicoverpa armigera. resistance to bt toxins has been documented in several papers, and therefore, we examined the role of midgut microflora of h. armigera in its susceptibility to bt toxins. the susceptibility of h. armigera to bt toxin cry1ac was assessed using log-dose-probit analysis, and the microbial communities were identified by 16s rrna sequencing. the h. ar ... | 2014 | 25195523 |
| creation of bt rice expressing a fusion protein of cry1ac and cry1i-like using a green tissue-specific promoter. | the insecticidal genes from bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) have long been successfully used for development of insect-resistant rice. however, commercial planting of bt rice has been delayed by the concern over food safety, although no scientific evidence is ever found to justify the concern. to address this safety concern, we developed a transgenic insect-resistant rice line using a green tissue promoter to minimize the bt protein expression in the rice seeds. the bt protein expressed in ... | 2014 | 25195461 |
| dual cry2ab and vip3a resistant strains of helicoverpa armigera and helicoverpa punctigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae); testing linkage between loci and monitoring of allele frequencies. | considerable attention has been given to delaying the evolution of insect resistance to toxins produced by transgenic crops. the major pests of cotton in australia are the lepidoptera helicoverpa armigera (hubner, 1805) and helicoverpa punctigera (wallengren), and the toxins deployed in current and imminent transgenic cotton varieties are cry1ac, cry2ab and vip3a from bacillus thuringiensis. in this study, lines that carry alleles conferring resistance to cry2ab and vip3a were isolated using f2 ... | 2014 | 25195454 |
| corrosion and stability study of bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki starch industry wastewater-derived biopesticide formulation. | biopesticides are usually sprayed on forests by using planes made up of aluminum alloy. bioval derived from starch industry wastewater (siw) in suspension form was developed as stable anticorrosive biopesticide formulation. in this context, various anticorrosion agents such as activated charcoal, glycerin, ethylene glycol, phytic acid, castor oil and potassium silicate were tested as anticorrosive agents. there was no corrosion found in bioval formulation where potassium silicate (0.5% w/v) was ... | 2014 | 25190564 |
| susceptibility to bt proteins is not required for agrotis ipsilon aversion to bt maize. | although bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize has been widely adopted in diverse regions around the world, relatively little is known about the susceptibility and behavioral response of certain insect pests to bt maize in countries where this maize is not currently cultivated. these are important factors to consider as management plans are developed. these factors were investigated for agrotis ipsilon, a global pest of maize, with cry1f and cry34ab1/cry35ab1 maize. | 2015 | 25186105 |
| fitness costs of reproductive capacity and ovarian development in a bt-resistant strain of the cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). | the cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera has developed resistance to the insecticidal cry1ac toxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis (bt) in china. to gain a better understanding of the fitness cost associated with resistance evolution, reproductive capacities and ovarian development were examined in four strains of h. armigera: a cry1ac-susceptible strain (96s); a cry1ac-resistant strain fed on an artificial diet with cry1ac toxin for 135 generations (btr); two strains derived from btr: a str ... | 2015 | 25186022 |
| heterologous expression of the antifungal β-chitin binding protein cbp24 from bacillus thuringiensis and its synergistic action with bacterial chitinases. | the genome sequence analysis of bacillus thuringiensis serovar konkukian s4 has shown to contain two chitinases (chi74, chi39) and two chitin-binding proteins (cbp50 and cbp24). the chi74, chi39 and cbp50 have been characterized previously. the chitin-binding protein cbp24 was cloned and heterologously expressed in escherichia coli. the recombinant protein was purified using a ni-nta purification system. the purified protein was used to study its substrate binding activity using crystalline chit ... | 2015 | 25182053 |
| an improved method for rapid generation and screening of bacillus thuringiensis phage-resistant mutants. | a simple method to isolate, screen and select phage-resistant mutants of bacillus thuringiensis was developed. the traditional double-layer agar method was improved by a combination of the spotting assay using a lytic phage, to generate the bacterial-resistant mutants, with an inverted spotting assay (isa), to rapidly screen the candidate-resistant mutants. | 2014 | 25179804 |
| dietary mechanism behind the costs associated with resistance to bacillus thuringiensis in the cabbage looper, trichoplusia ni. | beneficial alleles that spread rapidly as an adaptation to a new environment are often associated with costs that reduce the fitness of the population in the original environment. several species of insect pests have evolved resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins in the field, jeopardizing its future use. this has most commonly occurred through the alteration of insect midgut binding sites specific for bt toxins. while fitness costs related to bt resistance alleles have often been reco ... | 2014 | 25171126 |
| evaluating the elimination of brazilian entomopathogenic bacillus by non-target aquatic species: an experimental study. | ecotoxicity tests are key to predict environmental hazards resulting from chemical and biological pesticides in non-target species. in order to assess the effects of microbial pesticides it is important to determine if they cause infection in test organisms. at present the microbial elimination rate or clearance is not included in ecotoxicological regulatory protocols. this study evaluated the elimination of bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus sphaericus from fish and snails, after 30 days' expo ... | 2014 | 25168695 |
| bio-insecticide bacillus thuringiensis spores encapsulated with amaranth derivatized starches: studies on the propagation "in vitro". | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is one of the bioinsecticides used worldwide due to its specific toxicity against target pests in their larval stage. despite this advantage, its use is limited because of their short persistence in field when exposed to ultra violet light and changing environmental conditions. in this work, microencapsulation has been evaluated as a promising method to improve bt activity. the objective of this study was to develop and characterize native and modified amaranth starch ... | 2015 | 25168123 |
| evaluation of cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of two bt cry proteins on a gmo safety perspective. | studies have contested the innocuousness of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry proteins to mammalian cells as well as to mammals microbiota. thus, this study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of two cry proteins, cry8ka5 (a novel mutant protein) and cry1ac (a widely distributed protein in gm crops). evaluation of cyto- and genotoxicity in human lymphocytes was performed as well as hemolytic activity coupled with cellular membrane topography analysis in mammal erythrocytes. e ... | 2014 | 25165717 |
| mis-splicing of the abcc2 gene linked with bt toxin resistance in helicoverpa armigera. | toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are used widely for insect control in sprays and transgenic plants, but their efficacy is reduced when pests evolve resistance. previous work showed that mutations in a gene encoding the transporter protein abcc2 are linked with resistance to bt toxins cry1ab, cry1ac or both in four species of lepidoptera. here we compared the abcc2 gene of helicoverpa armigera (haabcc2) between susceptible strains and a laboratory-selected strain with >1,000 ... | 2014 | 25154974 |
| the correlation of the presence and expression levels of cry genes with the insecticidal activities against plutella xylostella for bacillus thuringiensis strains. | the use of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) strains with high insecticidal activity is essential for the preparation of bioinsecticide. in this study, for 60 bt strains isolated in taiwan, their genotypes and the correlation of some cry genes as well as the expression levels of cry1 genes, with their insecticidal activities against plutella xylostella, were investigated. pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) results revealed that the genotypes of these bt ... | 2014 | 25153253 |
| dna-based screening for an intracellular cadherin mutation conferring non-recessive cry1ac resistance in field populations of helicoverpa armigera. | a number of cadherin mutants conferring resistance to bt toxin cry1ac have been reported in three major lepidopteran pests, including helicoverpa armigera. unlike most of the cadherin mutants conferring recessive resistance, an allele (r15) with a 55aa deletion in the intracellular domain of cadherin (hacad) was previously identified to cause non-recessive resistance to cry1ac in h. armigera. in the present study, a dna-based pcr method was developed to screen the r15 allele from field populatio ... | 2013 | 25149249 |
| complete genome sequence of a mosaic bacteriophage, waukesha92. | in this study, we determined the complete genome sequence of a mosaic bacteriophage, waukesha92, which was isolated from soil using bacillus thuringiensis as the host organism. this temperate myoviridae bacteriophage has similarities to phages spaa1 and bcea1 and the bacillus thuringiensis plasmid pbmb165. | 2014 | 25146131 |
| baseline sensitivity of maize borers in india to the bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins cry1a.105 and cry2ab2. | among the major pests of maize in india are two stem borers, chilo partellus (swinhoe) and sesamia inferens (walker), and an earworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner). as a pest control strategy, transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize hybrids are undergoing regulatory trials in india. we have determined the sensitivity of the target lepidopterans to the insecticidal bt proteins expressed in bt maize, as this determines product efficacy and the resistance management strategy to be adopted. mai ... | 2015 | 25143318 |
| structure of the full-length insecticidal protein cry1ac reveals intriguing details of toxin packaging into in vivo formed crystals. | for almost half a century, the structure of the full-length bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal protein cry1ac has eluded researchers, since bt-derived crystals were first characterized in 1965. having finally solved this structure we report intriguing details of the lattice-based interactions between the toxic core of the protein and the protoxin domains. the structure provides concrete evidence for the function of the protoxin as an enhancer of native crystal packing and stability. | 2014 | 25139047 |
| protein crystal structure obtained at 2.9 å resolution from injecting bacterial cells into an x-ray free-electron laser beam. | it has long been known that toxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are stored in the bacterial cells in crystalline form. here we describe the structure determination of the cry3a toxin found naturally crystallized within bt cells. when whole bt cells were streamed into an x-ray free-electron laser beam we found that scattering from other cell components did not obscure diffraction from the crystals. the resolution limits of the best diffraction images collected from cells were the same ... | 2014 | 25136092 |
| pcr-based prediction of type i β-exotoxin production in bacillus thuringiensis strains. | some bacillus thuringiensis strains secrete type i β-exotoxin, which is a non-specific insecticidal and thermostable adenine nucleoside oligosaccharide. toxicity bioassays and hplc are traditional methods for detecting β-exotoxin. with the aim of establish a first rapid approach for prediction of type i β-exotoxin production, two pcr-based methods were successfully evaluated in b. thuringiensis strains and native isolates. in order to validate a reliable technology, results obtained by this meth ... | 2014 | 25132154 |
| variability of bacillus thuringiensis strains by eric-pcr and biofilm formation. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is a soil-dwelling bacterium of great interest for agronomical research because of its use as biological pesticide. there are some limitations regarding the subspecies classification. phenotyping and genotyping studies are important to ascertain its variability. the diversity of 40 environmental strains, isolated from different regions in mexico, was analyzed by eric-pcr and the ability of biofilm formation. thirty-nine different fingerprinting patterns revealed enoug ... | 2015 | 25129641 |
| influence of transgenic rice expressing a fused cry1ab/1ac protein on frogs in paddy fields. | as genetic engineering in plants is increasingly used to control agricultural pests, it is important to determine whether such transgenic plants adversely affect non-target organisms within and around cultivated fields. the cry1ab/1ac fusion gene from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has insecticidal activity and has been introduced into rice line minghui 63 (mh63). we evaluated the effect of transgenic cry1ab/1ac rice (huahui 1, hh1) on paddy frogs by comparing hh1 and mh63 rice paddies with and wit ... | 2014 | 25129148 |
| enhanced toxicity of binary mixtures of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and three essential oil major constituents to wild anopheles sinensis (diptera: culicidae) and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae). | an assessment was made of the toxicity of 12 insecticides and three essential oils as well as bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) alone or in combination with the oil major constituents (e)-anethole (an), (e) -cinnamaldehyde (ca), and eugenol (eu; 1:1 ratio) to third instars of bamboo forest-collected aedes albopictus (skuse) and rice paddy field-collected anopheles sinensis wiedemann. an. sinensis larvae were resistant to various groups of the tested insecticides. based on 24-h lc50 ... | 2014 | 25118412 |
| responses of 9 lepidopteran species to bacillus thuringiensis: how useful is phylogenetic relatedness for selecting surrogate species for nontarget arthropod risk assessment? | to evaluate phylogenetic relatedness as a proxy for susceptibility to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) when selecting species to act as surrogates for others in prerelease testing, we examined the responses of 11 laboratory-reared lepidopteran colonies, comprising members of 2 families, 5 genera, and 9 species, to a commercial bt preparation. survival, pupal mass, and timing of pupation and adult emergence of 2 noctuids (spodoptera litura and helicoverpa armigera) and 7 tortricids (cnephasia jactatan ... | 2015 | 25111652 |
| mining rare and ubiquitous toxin genes from a large collection of bacillus thuringiensis strains. | there has been considerable effort made in recent years for research groups and other organizations to build up large collections of strains of bacillus thuringiensis in the search for genes encoding novel insecticidal toxins, or encoding novel metabolic pathways. whilst next generation sequencing allows the detailed genetic characterization of a bacterial strain with relative ease it is still not practicable for large strain collections. in this work we assess the practicability of mining a mix ... | 2014 | 25108136 |
| dual function of a bee (apis cerana) inhibitor cysteine knot peptide that acts as an antifungal peptide and insecticidal venom toxin. | inhibitor cysteine knot (ick) peptides exhibit ion channel blocking, insecticidal, and antimicrobial activities, but currently, no functional roles for bee-derived ick peptides have been identified. in this study, a bee (apis cerana) ick peptide (acick) that acts as an antifungal peptide and as an insecticidal venom toxin was identified. acick contains an ick fold that is expressed in the epidermis, fat body, or venom gland and is present as a 6.6-kda peptide in bee venom. recombinant acick pept ... | 2014 | 25106915 |
| transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) rice is safer to aquatic ecosystems than its non-transgenic counterpart. | rice lines genetically modified with the crystal toxin genes from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have experienced rapid development, with biosafety certificates for two bt rice lines issued in 2009. there has still been no commercial release of these lines yet due to public concerns about human health and environmental risks. some studies confirmed that bt rice was as safe as conventional rice to non-target organisms when pesticides were not applied, however, pesticides are still required in bt ric ... | 2014 | 25105299 |
| taming a tiger in the city: comparison of motorized backpack applications and source reduction against the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus. | we evaluated 2 strategies to manage aedes albopictus: 1) motorized backpack applications and 2) source reduction (coupled with hand-applied applications of larvicide). backpack applications used a water-dispersible granular formulation (vectobac wdg) of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti), whereas source reduction used granular formulations of the insect growth regulator methoprene (altosid) combined with a monomolecular film surfactant (agnique). six subplots (total 8.02 ha) were sele ... | 2014 | 25102592 |
| efficacy of olive mill wastewater for protecting bacillus thuringiensis formulation from uv radiations. | the effectiveness of 10 low-cost uv-absorbers in protecting bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki blb1 toxins against inactivation by uv-a and uv-b irradiation was evaluated in this study. among them, two by-products, molasses and olive mill wastewater (omw) were selected for further studies. they were tested at different concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2% using the para-aminobenzoic acid (paba) as a common uv protectant. interestingly, addition of paba and omw to blb1 formulations was ... | 2014 | 25093915 |
| no adjuvant effect of bacillus thuringiensis-maize on allergic responses in mice. | genetically modified (gm) foods are evaluated carefully for their ability to induce allergic disease. however, few studies have tested the capacity of a gm food to act as an adjuvant, i.e. influencing allergic responses to other unrelated allergens at acute onset and in individuals with pre-existing allergy. we sought to evaluate the effect of short-term feeding of gm bacillus thuringiensis (bt)-maize (mon810) on the initiation and relapse of allergic asthma in mice. balb/c mice were provided a ... | 2014 | 25084284 |
| development of chrysoperla carnea (stephens) (neuroptera: chrysopidae) on pollen from bt-transgenic and conventional maize. | maize (zea mays) pollen is highly nutritious and can be used by predatory arthropods to supplement or replace a carnivorous diet. we demonstrate that maize pollen can be utilized by larvae of the green lacewing, chrysoperla carnea (neuroptera: chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions. complete development on maize pollen was not possible, but 25% of neonates reached the third instar. when only one instar was fed with pollen and the other two instars with eggs of ephestia kuehniella (lepidoptera: ... | 2014 | 25082074 |
| genomic sequencing identifies novel bacillus thuringiensis vip1/vip2 binary and cry8 toxins that have high toxicity to scarabaeoidea larvae. | the bacillus thuringiensis strain hbf-18 (cgmcc 2070), which has previously been shown to encode the cry8ga toxin gene, is active against both holotrichia oblita and holotrichia parallela. recombinant cry8ga however is only weakly toxic to these insect pests suggesting the involvement of additional toxins in the native strain. we report that through the use of illumina sequencing three additional, and novel, genes, namely vip1ad1, vip2ag1, and cry8-like, were identified in this strain. although ... | 2015 | 25081556 |
| thuringiensin: a thermostable secondary metabolite from bacillus thuringiensis with insecticidal activity against a wide range of insects. | thuringiensin (thu), also known as β-exotoxin, is a thermostable secondary metabolite secreted by bacillus thuringiensis. it has insecticidal activity against a wide range of insects, including species belonging to the orders diptera, coleoptera, lepidoptera, hymenoptera, orthoptera, and isoptera, and several nematode species. the chemical formula of thu is c22h32o19n5p, and it is composed of adenosine, glucose, phosphoric acid, and gluconic diacid. in contrast to the more frequently studied ins ... | 2014 | 25068925 |
| transgenic cry1c or cry2a rice has no adverse impacts on the life-table parameters and population dynamics of the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (hemiptera: delphacidae). | transgenic rice producing the insecticidal protein from bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) is protected from damage by lepidopteran insect pests. however, one of the main concerns about bt rice is the potential impact on non-target herbivores. in the present study, the ecological impacts of two bt rice lines, t1c-19 expressing cry1c protein and t2a-1 expressing cry2a protein, on the non-target herbivore brown planthopper (bph), nilaparvata lugens (stål), were evaluated under laboratory and fie ... | 2015 | 25067834 |
| nitric oxide participates in the toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab toxin to kill manduca sexta larvae. | nitric oxide (no) produced by the nitric oxide synthase (nos) enzyme is a reactive oxygen molecule widely considered as important participant in the immune system of different organisms to confront microbial infections. in insects the no molecule has also been implicated in immune response against microbial pathogens. bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is an insect-pathogenic bacterium that produces insecticidal proteins such as cry toxins. these proteins kill insects because they form pores in the lar ... | 2015 | 25063056 |
| laboratory and field validation of a cry1ab protein quantitation method for water. | the widespread planting of crops expressing insecticidal proteins derived from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has given rise to concerns regarding potential exposure to non-target species. these proteins are released from the plant throughout the growing season into soil and surface runoff and may enter adjacent waterways as runoff, erosion, aerial deposition of particulates, or plant debris. it is crucial to be able to accurately quantify bt protein concentrations in the environ ... | 2014 | 25059137 |
| isolation of mosquitocidal bacteria (bacillus thuringiensis, b.sphaericus and b. cereus) from excreta of arid birds. | mosquitocidal bacteria are environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides for controlling mosquitoes and therefore, there have been tremendous world-wide efforts to identify novel mosquitocidal bacteria from natural environment. in the present study, excreta from arid-birds were analyzed for identifying mosquitocidal bacteria. the selection of sample for bacterial screening is significant, because, arid-birds are the unique living species and gathering the foods from variety of s ... | 2014 | 25059042 |
| [enhancing effect of tween 80 on degradation of triphenyltin by bacillus thuringiensis]. | so far, the information regarding enhanced degradation and biodegradation mechanisms of tpht, an endocrine disruptor, is severely limited. whether dearylation during tpht degradation occurs successively or synchronously is not revealed clearly. to deal with these problems, this study focused on the biodegradation of tpht and its metabolites by bacillus thuringiensis through the acceleration of tween 80. the results showed that tween 80 obviously increased the tpht solubility. after degradation b ... | 2014 | 25055695 |
| synergistic activity of bacillus thuringiensis toxins against simulium spp. larvae. | species of simulium spread diseases in humans and animals such as onchocerciasis and mansonelosis, causing health problems and economic loses. one alternative for controlling these insects is the use of bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (bti). this bacterium produces different dipteran-active cry and cyt toxins and has been widely used in blackfly biological control programs worldwide. studies on other insect targets have revealed the role of individual cry and cyt proteins in toxicity ... | 2014 | 25051392 |