| [the sexual behavior characteristics and std infection status of women who have sex with women in beijing]. | to study sexual behavioral characteristics, infection status of hiv and sexually transmitted infections (stds) among women who have sex with women (wsw) in beijing. | 2012 | 22943919 |
| no association between antibodies to sexually transmitted infections and colorectal hyperplastic polyps in men: minnesota cancer prevention research unit polyp study. | oncogenic human papillomaviruses (hpv) are sexually transmitted and linked to several epithelial malignancies, but an association between hpv and colorectal neoplasia is not established. previously, we reported a three-fold increase in the odds of colorectal hyperplastic polyps associated with oncogenic hpv seropositivity in men but detected no hpv dna in colorectal tissues from these same men. | 2012 | 22736792 |
| prevalence and characteristics of herpes simplex virus type-2 coinfection in veterans with hepatitis c. | epidemiologic links between herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) exist but are poorly characterized. seroprevalence studies of hsv-2 in veteran populations with chronic hcv infection are lacking. | 2012 | 22395713 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a glycoprotein d genital herpes vaccine in healthy girls 10-17 years of age: results from a randomised, controlled, double-blind trial. | the investigational as04-adjuvanted herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) glycoprotein d (gd2) subunit prophylactic vaccine ('hsv vaccine'; glaxosmithkline vaccines) has been shown to be well tolerated in adults, but limited data exist for pre-teen and adolescent girls, a likely target population. the primary objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of serious adverse events (saes) over 12 months between hsv vaccine recipients and saline recipients (placebo control group) in pre-teen ... | 2013 | 23850416 |
| adenovirus-mediated shrna interference against hsv-1 replication in vitro. | the ul29 and ul28 proteins encoded by herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) are critical for its replication and packaging, respectively. research has demonstrated that synthesized sirna molecules targeting the ul29 gene are able to suppress hsv-2 replication and the ul28-null hsv-1 gene cannot form infectious viruses in vitro. silencing the ul28 and ul29 genes by rnai might lead to the development of novel antiviral agents for the treatment of hsv-1 infections. two kinds of short hairpin rnas (sh ... | 2016 | 27566181 |
| predictors of hvtn 503 mrk-ad5 hiv-1 gag/pol/nef vaccine induced immune responses. | phambili, the merck (mrk)-adenovirus type 5 (ad5) hiv-1 gag/pol/nef subtype b vaccine study, conducted in south africa, suspended enrollment and vaccination when companion study, step, was found non-efficacious. although the vaccine did not prevent hiv-1 infection or lower viral-load setpoint, immune responses recognized clades b and c hiv-1 subtypes. we investigated predictors of the vaccine-induced antigen-specific immune responses. | 2014 | 25090110 |
| targeting the genital tract mucosa with a lipopeptide/recombinant adenovirus prime/boost vaccine induces potent and long-lasting cd8+ t cell immunity against herpes: importance of myd88. | targeting of the mucosal immune system of the genital tract with subunit vaccines has failed to induce potent and durable local cd8(+) t cell immunity, which is crucial for protection against many sexually transmitted viral pathogens, including hsv type 2 (hsv-2), which causes genital herpes. in this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of a novel lipopeptide/adenovirus type 5 (lipo/radv5) prime/boost mucosal vaccine for induction of cd8(+) t cell immunity to protect the female genital t ... | 2012 | 23018456 |
| atypical herpetic whitlow: a diagnosis to consider. | herpetic whitlow is caused by herpes virus (type1 or 2) during primary infection or as result of autoinoculation. commonly, it is caused by hsv-2 in adults with positive history for genital infection. we report a rare case of herpetic whitlow that should be kept in mind by physicians in recurrent cases of fingers infection. advanced diagnostic techniques as pcr are required to help clinicians to achieve a definite diagnosis and to choose the right treatment. | 2017 | 28376707 |
| leflunomide in the treatment of a pseudotumoral genital herpes simplex virus infection in an hiv patient. | the patient is a 52-year-old african american man with a past medical history of hiv infection (on antiretroviral therapy, cd4 count 399 cells/µl, and undetectable hiv viral load) and recurrent genital herpes. while on valacyclovir, the patient presented with four tumorous lesions on the perineum and scrotum. a biopsy specimen stained positively with hsv-1 and hsv-2 immunostains and displayed a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. the patient received foscarnet and imiquimod for two weeks with minimal ... | 2017 | 28373917 |
| ancient recombination events between human herpes simplex viruses. | herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are seen as close relatives but also unambiguously considered as evolutionary independent units. here, we sequenced the genomes of 18 hsv-2 isolates characterized by divergent ul30 gene sequences to further elucidate the evolutionary history of this virus. surprisingly, genome-wide recombination analyses showed that all hsv-2 genomes sequenced to date contain hsv-1 fragments. using phylogenomic analyses, we could also show that two main hsv-2 line ... | 2017 | 28369565 |
| prevalence of neurotropic viruses in malignant glioma and their onco-modulatory potential. | the association between infectious agents and tumour aetiology is relevant in about 20% of cases. | 2017 | 28358704 |
| comparison of commercial methods of immunoblot, elisa, and chemiluminescent immunoassay for detecting type-specific herpes simplex viruses-1 and -2 igg. | serology for type-specific herpes simplex virus (hsv) is based on the use of the respective glycoprotein g (gg). | 2017 | 28332725 |
| peptides derived from glycoproteins h and b of herpes simplex virus type 1 and herpes simplex virus type 2 are capable of blocking herpetic infection in vitro. | the aim of this study was to design peptides derived from glycoproteins h (gh) and b (gb) of herpes simplex viruses type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) with the potential to block herpetic infection and to evaluate their ability to inhibit hsv-1 and hsv-2 infection in vitro. | 2017 | 28329739 |
| antiviral activity of pha767491 against human herpes simplex virus in vitro and in vivo. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) is a common human pathogen that causes a variety of diseases, including oral-labial, genital lesions and life-threatening encephalitis. the antiviral nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir are currently used in anti-hsv therapies; however, clinical overuse of these drugs has led to the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains. hence, there is an urgent need to develop new anti-hsv agents. | 2017 | 28320320 |
| worldwide circulation of hsv-2 × hsv-1 recombinant strains. | homo sapiens harbor two distinct, medically significant species of simplexviruses, herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 and hsv-2, with estimated divergence 6-8 million years ago (mya). unexpectedly, we found that circulating hsv-2 strains can contain hsv-1 dna segments in three distinct genes. using over 150 genital swabs from north and south america and africa, we detected recombinants worldwide. common, widely distributed gene ul39 genotypes are parsimoniously explained by an initial >457 basepair (b ... | 2017 | 28287142 |
| the product of the herpes simplex virus type 2 ul16 gene is critical for the egress of capsids from the nuclei of infected cells. | the herpes simplex virus (hsv) ul16 gene is conserved throughout the herpesviridae and encodes a poorly understood tegument protein. the hsv-1 ul16 protein forms complexes with several viral proteins including ul11, ge, vp22 and ul21. we previously demonstrated that hsv-2 ul21 was essential for virus propagation due to the failure of dna-containing capsids to exit the nucleus. we hypothesized that if a ul16/ul21 complex were required for nuclear egress then hsv-2 lacking ul16 would have a simila ... | 2017 | 28275195 |
| linear multiepitope (glyco)peptides for type-specific serology of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections. | detection of type-specific antibodies is an important and essential part of accurate diagnosis, even in silent carriers of herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 (oral) and hsv-2 (genital) infections. serologic assays that identify hsv-1 and hsv-2 type-specific antibodies have been commercially available for more than a decade but often face problems related to cross-reactivity and similar issues. attempts to identify type-specific peptide epitopes for use in serology for both hsv-1 and hsv-2 have been li ... | 2017 | 28238255 |
| automated processing, extraction and detection of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2: a comparative evaluation of three commercial platforms using clinical specimens. | recently, automated platforms have been developed that can perform processing, extraction and testing for herpes simplex virus (hsv) nucleic acid on a single instrument. | 2017 | 28226272 |
| acute hiv-1 infection presenting with fulminant encephalopathy. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 directly affects the nervous system, causes distinct neurological symptoms, and indirectly results in opportunistic infections, which include herpes virus simplex (hsv)-1, hsv-2, varicella zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus encephalitis caused by immunodeficiency. early hiv-1 invasion of the central nervous system is also possible, and acute encephalopathy is a potentially lethal complication. we encountered a case of fulminant encephalopathy as a primary pres ... | 2017 | 28201953 |
| seroprevalence and co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and herpes simplex virus (hsv) among pregnant women in lokoja, north-central nigeria. | herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) is normally associated with orofacial (orolabial) infections and encephalitis, whereas hsv-2 usually causes genital infections and can be transmitted from infected mothers to neonates. the evidence suggesting that hsv is facilitating the spread of the global human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic and the risk posed by these synergies to neonates in developing countries informed this study. | 2016 | 28180012 |
| neurotrophic factors ngf, gdnf and ntn selectively modulate hsv1 and hsv2 lytic infection and reactivation in primary adult sensory and autonomic neurons. | herpes simplex viruses (hsv1 and hsv2) establish latency in peripheral ganglia after ocular or genital infection, and can reactivate to produce different patterns and frequencies of recurrent disease. previous studies showed that nerve growth factor (ngf) maintains hsv1 latency in embryonic sympathetic and sensory neurons. however, adult sensory neurons are no longer dependent on ngf for survival, some populations cease expression of ngf receptors postnatally, and the viruses preferentially esta ... | 2017 | 28178213 |
| first estimates of the global and regional incidence of neonatal herpes infection. | neonatal herpes is a rare but potentially devastating condition with an estimated 60% fatality rate without treatment. transmission usually occurs during delivery from mothers with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) or type 2 (hsv-2) genital infection. however, the global burden has never been quantified to our knowledge. we developed a novel methodology for burden estimation and present first who global and regional estimates of the annual number of neonatal herpes cases during 2010-15. | 2017 | 28153513 |
| bizarre cell dysplasia of the cervix. | the aim of this study was the characterization of a new subtype of high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (hsil) with enlarged cells containing bizarre nuclei: so-called bizarre cell dysplasia (bcd). | 2017 | 28150409 |
| bx-795 inhibits hsv-1 and hsv-2 replication by blocking the jnk/p38 pathways without interfering with pdk1 activity in host cells. | bx-795 is an inhibitor of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (pdk1), but also a potent inhibitor of the ikk-related kinase, tankbinding kinase 1 (tbk1) and ikkɛ. in this study we attempted to elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the inhibition of bx-795 on herpes simplex virus (hsv) replication. hec-1-a or vero cells were treated with bx-795 and infected with hsv-1 or hsv-2 for different periods. bx-795 (3.125-25 μmol/l) dose-dependently suppressed hsv-2 replication, and displayed ... | 2017 | 28112176 |
| association between herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 with cardiac myxoma. | most cases of atrial myxoma are sporadic, and the exact etiology is unknown. we examined if herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 and hsv-2 antigens and/or dna could be detected in a cohort of iranian patients with cardiac myxomas. from july 2004 to june 2014, among a total of 36,703 patients undergoing open heart surgeries, consecutive patients with cardiac myxoma who were treated by surgical excision at our center included in this study. of 73 patients studied, 56% were female with a mean age of 54 yea ... | 2017 | 28081512 |
| clinical characteristics of herpes simplex virus urethritis compared with chlamydial urethritis among men. | the aim of this study was to ascertain the clinical characteristics associated with herpes simplex virus (hsv) urethritis in men and to compare those with chlamydial urethritis. | 2017 | 28079748 |
| erratum: increased expression of herpes virus-encoded hsv1-mir-h18 and hsv2-mir-h9-5p in cancer-containing prostate tissue compared to that in benign prostate hyperplasia tissue. | [this corrects the article on p. 122 in vol. 20, pmid: 27377944.]. | 2016 | 28043100 |
| serologic screening for genital herpes infection: us preventive services task force recommendation statement. | genital herpes is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the united states, occurring in almost 1 in 6 persons aged 14 to 49 years. infection is caused by 2 subtypes of the herpes simplex virus (hsv), hsv-1 and hsv-2. antiviral medications may provide symptomatic relief from outbreaks but do not cure hsv infection. neonatal herpes infection, while uncommon, can result in substantial morbidity and mortality. | 2016 | 27997659 |
| the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection in iran: a meta-analysis. | seroepidemiologic studies indicate a high prevalence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection. this infection leads to ophthalmic, dermatologic, oral, neurologic, vaginal and cervical problems. different studies have been carried out to estimate the hsv seroprevalence in iran. combining the results of these studies would be useful for health policy-making. | 2016 | 27921084 |
| herpes simplex virus specific t cell response in a cohort with primary genital infection correlates inversely with frequency of subsequent recurrences. | during the last decades, a changing epidemiological pattern of genital herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection has emerged. primary infection is now caused as often by hsv-1 as by hsv-2. once established, hsv can be reactivated leading to recurrent mucocutaneous lesions as well as meningitis. why some otherwise immune-competent individuals experience severe and frequent recurrences is not known, and the immunological mechanism underlying recurrent symptomatic hsv infection is not fully understood. ... | 2016 | 27903680 |
| maternal antibodies to herpes virus antigens and risk of gastroschisis in offspring. | gastroschisis risk is highest in offspring of young women and is increasing in prevalence, suggesting that exposures that are increasingly common among younger females may be causal. some infections by viruses in the herpes family are more common in the earlier childbearing years and have been increasing in prevalence over time. data from the finnish maternity cohort were linked to finnish malformation and birth registers (1987-2012) for this study, a nested case-control study of mothers of offs ... | 2016 | 27856447 |
| associations between excessive adiposity and seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among us adults: a population-based age-period-cohort analysis. | evidence on the association between herpes simplex virus (hsv) and excessive adiposity, such as obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2)) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference (wc) >102 or 88 cm), has been inconsistent. we sought to examine whether age-period-cohort (apc) effects could explain for the observed heterogeneities. | 2016 | 27798014 |
| type-specific detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 using the cobas® hsv 1 and 2 test on the cobas® 4800 platform. | hsv-1 and hsv-2 are among the most common causes of sexually transmitted infections (stis) globally. these infections are strongly associated with increased risk of hiv acquisition and rare, but devastating, neonatal disease. available treatment options can reduce hsv transmission and improve quality of life. accurate diagnosis early in disease can improve patient management. areas covered: this paper describes the clinical manifestations of hsv infection often used for clinical diagnostic purpo ... | 2016 | 27687862 |
| α herpes virus infections among renal transplant recipients. | the α herpes viruses hsv-1, hsv-2, and vzv often reactivate in the setting of immune suppression after solid organ transplantation. oral or genital mucocutaneous disease is the most common clinical manifestation of hsv disease while vzv manifests as varicella (or chickenpox) or reactivation herpes zoster, characterized by a diffuse rash, or a painful unilateral vesicular eruption in a dermatomal distribution, respectively. the diagnosis of hsv and vzv is primarily based on history and clinical p ... | 2016 | 27772619 |
| multicenter evaluation of the luminex® aries® hsv 1&2 assay for the detection of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesion specimens. | the aries® hsv 1&2 assay is a new fda cleared real-time pcr test for detection and differentiation of hsv-1 and hsv-2 dna from cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesions. the test is performed on the aries® system, an automated sample to answer real-time pcr instrument that provides a closed system and simple workflow for performing molecular testing. areas covered: this article reports the clinical performance of the aries® hsv 1&2 assay assessed on 1963 prospectively collected specimens. assay sensit ... | 2016 | 27771977 |
| altered gene expression of glycosyltransferases and sialyltransferases and total amount of glycosphingolipids following herpes simplex virus infection. | there is a case report of a patient with overlapping guillain-barré syndrome and bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis after infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), who carried high titers of serum anti-gq1b igg antibodies. several studies have linked viral infection to the modulation of ganglioside expression such as human t-lymphotropic virus to gd2 and simian virus 40 to gm3. also, enhancement of the expression of gm2 on the cell membrane after cytomegalovirus infection has been repo ... | 2016 | 27588895 |
| the unexpected detection of varicella-zoster virus in genital specimens using the lyra™ direct hsv 1+2/vzv assay. | the lyra™ direct hsv 1+2/vzv assay is a moderately complex, multiplex pcr assay that qualitatively detects the presence of hsv 1, hsv 2, and vzv dna in cutaneous and mucocutaneous specimens with a time-to-result of less than 60min. | 2016 | 27756008 |
| anti-hsv activity of kuwanon x from mulberry leaves with genes expression inhibitory and hsv-1 induced nf-κb deactivated properties. | six stilbene derivatives isolated from mulberry leaves including kuwanon x, mulberrofuran c, mulberrofuran g, moracin c, moracin m 3'-o-b-glucopyranoside and moracin m were found to have antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) at different potencies except for mulberrofuran g. kuwanon x exhibited the greatest activity against hsv-1 15577 and clinical strains and hsv-2 strain 333 with ic50 values of 2.2, 1.5 and 2.5 µg/ml, respectively. further study revealed ... | 2016 | 27725444 |
| distribution and effects of amino acid changes in drug-resistant α and β herpesviruses dna polymerase. | emergence of drug-resistance to all fda-approved antiherpesvirus agents is an increasing concern in immunocompromised patients. herpesvirus dna polymerase (dnapol) is currently the target of nucleos(t)ide analogue-based therapy. mutations in dnapol that confer resistance arose in immunocompromised patients infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), and to lesser extent in herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), varicella zoster virus (vzv) and human herpesvirus 6 (hhv ... | 2016 | 27694307 |
| herpes simplex virus particles interact with chemokines and enhance cell migration. | herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2, respectively) are among the most prevalent human pathogens, causing a variety of diseases. hsv modulation of the chemokine network remains poorly understood. we have previously identified secreted glycoprotein g (sgg) as the first viral chemokine-binding protein that enhances chemokine function as a novel viral immunomodulatory mechanism. however, gg is also present at the viral envelope and its role in the virus particle remains unknown. ... | 2016 | 27692045 |
| hsv-2 enhances zikv infection of the placenta and induces apoptosis in first-trimester trophoblast cells. | zika virus (zikv) has gained public concern for its association with microcephaly in infants born to zikv-infected mothers. to reach the fetus the virus must overcome the defense mechanisms provided by trophoblast cells. additionally, in the first trimester, the integrity of the placenta is critical for fetal protection as damage to differentiating trophoblast can affect placental formation and function. we sought to investigate the effect of zikv infection on trophoblast cells and the factors t ... | 2016 | 27613665 |
| occurrence of viral dna in paired samples of corneal rim and cornea preservation fluid. | corneal transplants have one of the highest success rates among all transplantological procedures. corneas intended for transplantation are stored in a preservation fluid, which is then tested for bacterial and fungal infections. among all analyses of infectious complications following corneal transplants, infections caused by bacteria or fungi are the most prominent. surprisingly, however, apart from a few publications, there is a lack of data regarding the occurrence of viruses in donor cornea ... | 2017 | 27588373 |
| an escalating dose study to assess the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a herpes simplex virus dna vaccine, cor-1. | this paper describes a single site, open-label phase i clinical trial evaluating the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity in healthy volunteers of a herpes simplex polynucleotide vaccine that has previously been shown to enhance immunogenicity and protect against lethal herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) challenge in mice. five escalating doses of the vaccine, cor-1, were given by intradermal injection to hsv-1 and 2 seronegative healthy individuals. cor-1 was found to be safe and well-toler ... | 2016 | 27580249 |
| prevalence of herpesviruses in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis: relationship to clinical parameters and effect of treatment. | assess the prevalence of herpesviruses in healthy subjects, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis patients, to assess the relationship between the prevalence of herpesviruses and periodontal clinical parameters, and to evaluate the effect of phase-i therapy on the level of viral detection. | 2017 | 27563201 |
| hsv-2 δgd elicits fcγr-effector antibodies that protect against clinical isolates. | a single-cycle herpes simplex virus (hsv) deleted in glycoprotein d (δgd-2) elicited high titer hsv-specific antibodies (abs) that (i) were rapidly transported into the vaginal mucosa; (ii) elicited antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity but little neutralization; (iii) provided complete protection against lethal intravaginal challenge; and (iv) prevented establishment of latency in mice. however, clinical isolates may differ antigenically and impact vaccine efficacy. to determine the bre ... | 2016 | 27536733 |
| structural characterization and antiviral effect of a novel polysaccharide psp-2b from prunellae spica. | in the present study, a novel polysaccharide, psp-2b, was isolated from aqueous extracts of prunellae spica by direct ultrafiltration membrane separation and gel chromatography purification. psp-2b is a partially sulphated polysaccharide with a molecular weight of approximately 32kda. its sulfate content is 10.59% by elemental analysis. the major sugars comprising psp-2b are arabinose, galactose and mannose, in addition to small amounts of glucose and uronic acids. the framework of psp-2b is spe ... | 2016 | 27516321 |
| b virus (macacine herpesvirus 1) divergence: variations in glycoprotein d from clinical and laboratory isolates diversify virus entry strategies. | b virus (macacine herpesvirus 1) can cause deadly zoonotic disease in humans. molecular mechanisms of b virus cell entry are poorly understood for both macaques and humans. here we investigated the abilities of clinical b virus isolates to use entry receptors of herpes simplex viruses (hsv). we showed that resistant b78h1 cells became susceptible to b virus clinical strains upon expression of either human nectin-2 or nectin-1. antibody against glycoprotein d (gd) protected these nectin-bearing c ... | 2016 | 27512063 |
| role of type-specific herpes simplex virus-1 and 2 serology as a diagnostic modality in patients with clinically suspected genital herpes: a comparative study in indian population from a tertiary care hospital. | type-specific serology (tss) test for herpes simplex virus (hsv) have been used as a research tool in seroepidemiological studies for some years. however, tss as a diagnostic modality for diagnosis of current episode of genital herpes is not well documented. | 2017 | 27510668 |
| atypical vzv retinitis in a patient with good syndrome. | to describe atypical varicella zoster virus (vzv) retinitis in a patient with good syndrome. | 2016 | 27494574 |
| herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in the netherlands: seroprevalence, risk factors and changes during a 12-year period. | genital herpes results in considerable morbidity, including risk of neonatal herpes, and is increasingly being caused by herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1. possibly children are less often hsv-1 infected, leaving them susceptible until sexual debut. we assessed changes in the dutch hsv-1 and hsv-2 seroprevalence over time and determinants associated with hsv seropositivity. | 2016 | 27484304 |
| 3,19-isopropylideneandrographolide suppresses early gene expression of drug-resistant and wild type herpes simplex viruses. | a diterpenoid lactone, 3,19-isopropylideneandrographolide (ipad) compound isolated from andrographis paniculata (burm. f.) nees, has been reported to inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection at the post-entry step. to identify the molecular target of ipad, this study characterized the inhibitory effect of ipad on infection of vero cells by hsv-1, hsv-2 and a drug-resistant (dr) hsv-1 strain acgr4 (acyclovir-resistant and thymidine kinase (tk)-deficient). viral production, gene and p ... | 2016 | 27424493 |
| antiherpetic plants: a review of active extracts, isolated compounds, and bioassays. | herpes simplex is a disease that is widely distributed throughout the world. it is caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). the drugs of choice for treatment are acyclovir (acv), penciclovir (pcv) and other guanine analogues, which have the same mechanism of action. however, due to the constant increase of acv-resistant strains in immunocompromised patients, it is necessary to find new treatment alternatives. it has been shown that natural products are a go ... | 2016 | 27396217 |
| crispr/cas9-mediated genome editing of herpesviruses limits productive and latent infections. | herpesviruses infect the majority of the human population and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 causes cold sores and herpes simplex keratitis, whereas hsv-2 is responsible for genital herpes. human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is the most common viral cause of congenital defects and is responsible for serious disease in immuno-compromised individuals. epstein-barr virus (ebv) is associated with infectious mononucleosis and a broad range of malignancies, ... | 2016 | 27362483 |
| inhibition of herpes simplex type 1 and type 2 infections by oximacro(®), a cranberry extract with a high content of a-type proanthocyanidins (pacs-a). | in the absence of efficient preventive vaccines, topical microbicides offer an attractive alternative in the prevention of herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) infections. because of their recognized anti-adhesive activity against bacterial pathogens, cranberry (vaccinium macrocarpon ait.) extracts may represent a natural source of new antiviral microbicides. however, few studies have addressed the applications of cranberry extract as a direct-acting antiviral agent. here, we report ... | 2016 | 27321663 |
| csf herpes virus and autoantibody profiles in the evaluation of encephalitis. | to report the frequency of coexisting herpes viruses (herpes simplex virus 1 [hsv-1] or hsv-2, varicella zoster virus, epstein-barr virus [ebv], cytomegalovirus, or human herpes virus 6 [hhv-6]) and autoantibodies in patients with encephalitis (herpes or autoimmune) in clinical laboratory service. | 2016 | 27308306 |
| antiviral activity of myticin c peptide from mussel: an ancient defense against herpesviruses. | little is known about the antiviral response in mollusks. as in other invertebrates, the interferon signaling pathways have not been identified, and in fact, there is a debate about whether invertebrates possess antiviral immunity similar to that of vertebrates. in marine bivalves, due to their filtering activity, interaction with putative pathogens, including viruses, is very high, suggesting that they should have mechanisms to address these infections. in this study, we confirmed that constitu ... | 2016 | 27307570 |
| mathematical modeling predicts that increased hsv-2 shedding in hiv-1 infected persons is due to poor immunologic control in ganglia and genital mucosa. | a signature feature of hiv infection is poor control of herpes virus infections, which reactivate from latency and cause opportunistic infections. while the general mechanism underlying this observation is deficient cd4+t-cell function, it is unknown whether increased severity of herpes virus infections is due primarily to poor immune control in latent or lytic sites of infection, or whether cd4+ immunodeficiency leads to more critical downstream deficits in humoral or cell-mediated immunologic ... | 2016 | 27285483 |
| genital herpes: a review. | genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted disease, affecting more than 400 million persons worldwide. it is caused by herpes simplex virus (hsv) and characterized by lifelong infection and periodic reactivation. a visible outbreak consists of single or clustered vesicles on the genitalia, perineum, buttocks, upper thighs, or perianal areas that ulcerate before resolving. symptoms of primary infection may include malaise, fever, or localized adenopathy. subsequent outbreaks, caused by react ... | 2016 | 27281837 |
| exocytosis of alphaherpesvirus virions, light particles, and glycoproteins uses constitutive secretory mechanisms. | many molecular and cell biological details of the alphaherpesvirus assembly and egress pathway remain unclear. recently we developed a live-cell fluorescence microscopy assay of pseudorabies virus (prv) exocytosis, based on total internal reflection fluorescence (tirf) microscopy and a virus-encoded ph-sensitive fluorescent probe. here, we use this assay to distinguish three classes of viral exocytosis in a nonpolarized cell type: (i) trafficking of viral glycoproteins to the plasma membrane, (i ... | 2016 | 27273828 |
| the role of micrornas in the pathogenesis of herpesvirus infection. | micrornas (mirnas) are small non-coding rnas important in gene regulation. they are able to regulate mrna translation through base-pair complementarity. cellular mirnas have been involved in the regulation of nearly all cellular pathways, and their deregulation has been associated with several diseases such as cancer. given the importance of micrornas to cell homeostasis, it is no surprise that viruses have evolved to take advantage of this cellular pathway. viruses have been reported to be able ... | 2016 | 27271654 |
| development of a high-throughput β-gal-based neutralization assay for quantitation of herpes simplex virus-neutralizing antibodies in human samples. | measurement of neutralizing antibodies against herpes simplex virus (hsv) is important for evaluation of candidate vaccines. the established plaque-reduction neutralization assay is time consuming, labor intensive, and difficult to validate and transfer. here, we describe the characterization of a hsv-neutralization assay based on the expression of a reporter gene, β-galactosidase (β-gal). using previously constructed hsv-β-gal recombinant viruses, hsv-2/gal and hsv-1/tk12, we developed a colori ... | 2016 | 27265458 |
| herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 infection increases atherosclerosis risk: evidence based on a meta-analysis. | objective. the aim of our study was to evaluate the relation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) infection with the risk of atherosclerosis (as). methods. a systematic literature search was performed through three electronic databases. the pooled odds ratio (or) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (ci) were used to assess the effect of hsv-1 and hsv-2 infection on as risk. results. 17 studies were available for meta-analysis of hsv-1 infection and as risk and seven st ... | 2016 | 27195284 |
| herpes simplex virus-2 esophagitis in a young immunocompetent adult. | herpes simplex esophagitis (hse) is commonly identified in immunosuppressed patients. it is rare among immunocompetent patients and almost all of the reported cases are due to hsv-1 infection. hsv-2 esophagitis is extremely rare. we report the case of a young immunocompetent male who presented with dysphagia, odynophagia, and epigastric pain. endoscopy showed multitudes of white nummular lesions in the distal esophagus initially suspected to be candida esophagitis. however, classic histopatholog ... | 2016 | 27195158 |
| multicenter evaluation of meridian bioscience hsv 1&2 molecular assay for detection of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 from clinical cutaneous and mucocutaneous specimens. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) causes acute and relapsing symptoms characterized by ulcerative lesions. laboratory diagnosis of hsv in cutaneous or mucocutaneous lesions has historically been performed with the use of viral cell culture systems; however, these tests are laborious and suffer decreased sensitivity for advanced-stage lesions. the recent availability of fda-cleared moderately complex assays has resulted in the increased use of molecular diagnostics for the routine detection of hsv in su ... | 2016 | 27194690 |
| development and evaluation of a host-targeted antiviral that abrogates herpes simplex virus replication through modulation of arginine-associated metabolic pathways. | since their inception five decades ago, most antivirals have been engineered to disrupt a single viral protein or process that is essential for viral replication. this approach has limited the overall therapeutic effectiveness and applicability of current antivirals due to restricted viral specificity, a propensity for development of drug resistance, and an inability to control deleterious host-mediated inflammation. as obligate intracellular parasites, viruses are reliant on host metabolism and ... | 2016 | 27192555 |
| performance of the hsv oligogen kit for the diagnosis of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2. | pcr methods are nowadays between the most rapid and sensitive methods for screening and diagnosing herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and 2. the aim of this study was to analyze the reliability, accuracy, and usefulness of the new assay hsv oligogen kit in comparison with the roche lightcycler hsv ½ qual kit assay for the detection of hsv in clinical samples. for this analysis, a prospective study was designed for detection of hsv-1 and hsv-2 including 110 ulcer specimens, 48 urine, 48 endocervic ... | 2016 | 27185644 |
| prevalence of intrathecal acyclovir resistant virus in herpes simplex encephalitis patients. | herpes simplex encephalitis (hse) is a life-threatening complication of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection. acyclovir (acv) is the antiviral treatment of choice, but may lead to emergence of acv-resistant (acvr) hsv due to mutations in the viral ul23 gene encoding for the acv-targeted thymidine kinase (tk) protein. here, we determined the prevalence of intrathecal acvr-associated hsv tk mutations in hse patients and compared tk genotypes of sequential hsv isolates in paired cerebrospinal fluid ... | 2016 | 27171421 |
| herpesvirus infections and risk of frailty and mortality in older women: women's health and aging studies. | to examine the relationship between herpesvirus infections and mortality and incident frailty risks in community-dwelling older women. | 2016 | 27131018 |
| herpes simplex vaccines: prospects of live-attenuated hsv vaccines to combat genital and ocular infections. | herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) and its closely related type-2 (hsv-2) viruses cause important clinical manifestations in humans including acute ocular disease and genital infections. these viruses establish latency in the trigeminal ganglionic and dorsal root neurons, respectively. both viruses are widespread among humans and can frequently reactivate from latency causing disease. currently, there are no vaccines available against herpes simplex viral infections. however, a number of promis ... | 2015 | 27114893 |
| polyhydroxylated sulfated steroids derived from 5α-cholestanes as antiviral agents against herpes simplex virus. | twelve polyhydroxylated sulfated steroids synthesized from a 5α-cholestane skeleton with different substitutions in c-2, c-3 and c-6 were evaluated for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus (hsv) by a virus plaque reduction assay. four compounds elicited a selective inhibitory effect against hsv. the disodium salt of 2β,3α-dihydroxy-6e-hydroximine-5α-cholestane-2,3-disulfate, named compound 7, was the most effective inhibitor of hsv-1, hsv-2 and pseudorabies virus (prv ... | 2016 | 27101075 |
| implementation and evaluation of a fully automated multiplex real-time pcr assay on the bd max platform to detect and differentiate herpesviridae from cerebrospinal fluids. | a fully automated multiplex real-time pcr assay--including a sample process control and a plasmid based positive control--for the detection and differentiation of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv1), herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv2) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) from cerebrospinal fluids (csf) was developed on the bd max platform. performance was compared to an established accredited multiplex real time pcr protocol utilizing the easymag and the lightcycler 480/ii, both very common devices in viral mo ... | 2016 | 27092772 |
| managing atypical and typical herpetic central nervous system infections: results of a multinational study. | there have been many studies pertaining to the management of herpetic meningoencephalitis (hme), but the majority of them have focussed on virologically unconfirmed cases or included only small sample sizes. we have conducted a multicentre study aimed at providing management strategies for hme. overall, 501 adult patients with pcr-proven hme were included retrospectively from 35 referral centres in 10 countries; 496 patients were found to be eligible for the analysis. cerebrospinal fluid (csf) a ... | 2016 | 27085724 |
| human herpesviruses as copathogens of hiv infection, their role in hiv transmission, and disease progression. | of eight human herpesviruses (hhvs), often, only herpes simplex virus types 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2) find mention in medical literature as both of these viruses are commonly associated with genital lesions and oral ulcers, commonly known as cold sores. however, role of human herpesviruses as copathogens and in aggravation and in the transmission of other human diseases, especially the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (hiv/aids) has only very recently been recognized. therefore, screening and tr ... | 2017 | 27013807 |
| conserved tryptophan motifs in the large tegument protein pul36 are required for efficient secondary envelopment of herpes simplex virus capsids. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) replicates in the skin and mucous membranes, and initiates lytic or latent infections in sensory neurons. assembly of progeny virions depends on the essential large tegument protein pul36 of 3,164 amino acid residues that links the capsids to the tegument proteins pul37 and vp16. of the 32 tryptophans of hsv-1-pul36, the tryptophan-acidic motifs (1766)wd(1767) and (1862)we(1863) are conserved in all hsv-1 and hsv-2 isolates. here, we characterized the role of these mot ... | 2016 | 27009950 |
| in vitro studies of the antiherpetic effect of photodynamic therapy. | the number of viral infection cases in the department of gynecology and obstetrics has tended to increase over last few years. viruses form herpesvirus and cytomegalovirus families are associated with an increased risk for recurrent pregnancy loss. photodynamic therapy (pdt) is a promising new approach to treat viral infections in which viral particles are inactivated. it exhibits great therapeutic potential, particularly among this group of patients. this study examined the use of pdt to treat ... | 2016 | 27003896 |
| status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for herpes simplex virus. | herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) and -2 (hsv-2) are highly prevalent global pathogens which commonly cause recurrent oral and genital ulcerations. less common but more serious complications include meningitis, encephalitis, neonatal infection, and keratitis. hsv-2 infection is a significant driver of the hiv epidemic, increasing the risk of hiv acquisition 3 fold. as current control strategies for genital hsv-2 infection, including antiviral therapy and condom use, are only partially effectiv ... | 2016 | 26973067 |
| seropositivity and determinants of immunoglobulin-g (igg) antibodies against herpes simplex virus (hsv) types -1 and -2 in pregnant women in port harcourt, nigeria. | this study is the first documented prevalence of igg antibody against hsv-1&-2 in port harcourt, nigeria and thus provides baseline data for future in-depth studies on hsv infection in south-south, nigeria. | 2015 | 26957960 |
| absent anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor nr1a antibodies in herpes simplex virus encephalitis and varicella zoster virus infections. | a 2012 report and subsequent case series described anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (nmdar) antibodies in patients during the acute phase and relapse of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv1) encephalitis (hsv1e). however, the prevalence of this phenomenon is unknown and systematic studies on other viral infections of the nervous system are missing. | 2017 | 26887329 |
| antiviral activity of hatay propolis against replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2. | background propolis is a bee product widely used in folk medicine and possessing many pharmacological properties. in this study we aimed to investigate: i) the antiviral activities of hatay propolis samples against hsv-1 and hsv-2 in hep-2 cell line, and ii) the presence of the synergistic effects of propolis with acyclovir against these viruses. material and methods all experiments were carried out in hep-2 cell cultures. proliferation assays were performed in 24-well flat bottom microplates. w ... | 2016 | 26856414 |
| the agma1 poly(amidoamine) inhibits the infectivity of herpes simplex virus in cell lines, in human cervicovaginal histocultures, and in vaginally infected mice. | the development of topical microbicides is a valid approach to protect the genital mucosa from sexually transmitted infections that cannot be contained with effective vaccination, like hsv and hiv infections. a suitable target of microbicides is the interaction between viral proteins and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (hspgs). agma1 is a prevailingly cationic agmatine-containing polyamidoamine polymer previously shown to inhibit hspgs dependent viruses, including hsv-1, hsv-2, and hp ... | 2016 | 26854390 |
| characterization of the c-terminal nuclease domain of herpes simplex virus pul15 as a target of nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors. | the natural product α-hydroxytropolones manicol and β-thujaplicinol inhibit replication of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2, respectively) at nontoxic concentrations. because these were originally developed as divalent metal-sequestering inhibitors of the ribonuclease h activity of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase, α-hydroxytropolones likely target related hsv proteins of the nucleotidyltransferase (ntase) superfamily, which share an "rnase h-like" fold. one potential candidate is pul1 ... | 2016 | 26829613 |
| broad and potent antiviral activity of the nae inhibitor mln4924. | in terms of infected human individuals, herpesviruses range among the most successful virus families. subclinical herpesviral infections in healthy individuals contrast with life-threatening syndromes under immunocompromising and immunoimmature conditions. based on our finding that cytomegaloviruses interact with cullin roc ubiquitin ligases (crls) in the context of interferon antagonism, we systematically assessed viral dependency on crls by utilizing the drug mln4924. crl activity is regulated ... | 2016 | 26829401 |
| high conservation of herpes simplex virus ul5/ul52 helicase-primase complex in the era of new antiviral therapies. | the emergence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) resistance to current antiviral drugs, that all target the viral dna polymerase, constitutes a major obstacle to antiviral treatment effectiveness of hsv infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. a novel and promising class of inhibitors of the hsv ul5/ul52 helicase-primase (hp) complex has been reported to hinder viral replication with a high potency. in this study, we describe the low natural polymorphism (interstrain identity >99.1% at b ... | 2016 | 26826441 |
| h2ax phosphorylation and dna damage kinase activity are dispensable for herpes simplex virus replication. | herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) can establish both lytic and latent infections in humans. the phosphorylation of histone h2ax, a common marker of dna damage, during lytic infection by hsv-1 is well established. however, the role(s) of h2ax phosphorylation in lytic infection remain unclear. | 2016 | 26817608 |
| synthetic α-hydroxytropolones inhibit replication of wild-type and acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex viruses. | herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 remain major human pathogens despite the development of anti-hsv therapeutics as some of the first antiviral drugs. current therapies are incompletely effective and frequently drive the evolution of drug-resistant mutants. we recently determined that certain natural troponoid compounds such as β-thujaplicinol readily suppress hsv-1 and hsv-2 replication. here, we screened 26 synthetic α-hydroxytropolones with the goals of determining a preliminary structu ... | 2016 | 26787704 |
| development and evaluation of the quantitative real-time pcr assay in detection and typing of herpes simplex virus in swab specimens from patients with genital herpes. | genital herpes (gh), which is caused mainly by herpes simplex virus (hsv)-2 and hsv-1, remains a worldwide problem. laboratory confirmation of gh is important, particularly as there are other conditions which present similarly to gh, while atypical presentations of gh also occur. currently, virus culture is the classical method for diagnosis of gh, but it is time consuming and with low sensitivity. a major advance for diagnosis of gh is to use real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in this s ... | 2015 | 26770492 |
| in vitro and in vivo antiherpetic effects of (1r,2r)-1-(5'-methylful-3'-yl)propane-1,2,3-triol. | in this study, we demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo antiherpetic activities of a stable furan derivative, (1r,2r)-1-(5'-methylful-3'-yl)propane-1,2,3-triol (mfpt), which had originally been isolated from streptomyces sp. strain fv60. in the present study, we synthesized mfpt from (5-methylfuran-3-yl)methanol in 6 steps for use in the experiments. mfpt showed potent in vitro antiviral activities against two acyclovir (acv)-sensitive (kos and hf) strains and an acv-resistant (a4-3) strain of h ... | 2016 | 26763002 |
| false-negative type-specific glycoprotein g antibody responses in sti clinic patients with recurrent hsv-1 or hsv-2 dna positive genital herpes, the netherlands. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) type-discriminating antibody tests (glycoprotein g (gg) directed) are used to identify naïve persons and differentiate acute infections from recurrences. we studied test characteristics of three commercially available antibody tests in patients with recurrent (established by viral pcr tests) herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) or herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) genital herpes episodes. | 2016 | 26755775 |
| herpes simplex virus encephalitis in peru: a multicentre prospective study. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) is one of the most commonly identified infectious aetiologies of encephalitis in north america and europe. the epidemiology of encephalitis beyond these regions, however, is poorly defined. during 2009-2012 we enrolled 313 patients in a multicentre prospective study of encephalitis in peru, 45 (14·4%) of whom had confirmed hsv infection. of 38 patients with known hsv type, 84% had hsv-1 and 16% had hsv-2. patients with hsv infection were significantly more likely to pr ... | 2016 | 26733400 |
| herpes simplex type 2 encephalitis after craniotomy: case report and literature review. | herpes simplex encephalitis (hse) after neurosurgical procedures is extremely uncommon, and the few published case reports mainly described herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) as being culpable. we present a rare case of hsv-2 encephalitis after craniotomy and describe its pathophysiology and optimal management. | 2016 | 26724620 |
| development of a multiplex real-time pcr for the simultaneous detection of herpes simplex and varicella zoster viruses in cerebrospinal fluid and lesion swab specimens. | herpes simplex viruses (hsv) and varicella zoster virus (vzv) can have very similar and wide-ranging clinical presentations. rapid identification is necessary for timely antiviral therapy, especially with infections involving the central nervous system, neonates, and immunocompromised individuals. detection of hsv-1, hsv-2 and vzv was combined into one real-time pcr reaction utilizing hydrolysis probes. the assay was validated on the lightcycler(®) (roche) and applied biosystems 7500 real-time p ... | 2016 | 26711555 |
| association of interferon lambda-1 with herpes simplex viruses-1 and -2, epstein-barr virus, and human cytomegalovirus in chronic periodontitis. | periodontal tissues facilitate the homing of herpes viruses that elicit the immune-inflammatory response releasing the interferons (ifn). ifn lambda-1 (λ1) can suppress the replication of viruses, and induces the antiviral mechanism. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between ifn-λ1 and periodontal herpes viruses in the immunoregulation of chronic periodontal disease. | 2015 | 26677065 |
| evaluation of an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay in typing detection of igg antibodies against herpes simplex virus. | herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are common infectious agents worldwide and the primary infection of hsv remains a major problem in the pregnant women in china nowadays. at present, typing detection of hsv is mainly based on elisa in china. | 2016 | 26666528 |
| higher throughput quantification of neutralizing antibody to herpes simplex viruses. | we report a rapid, higher throughput method for measuring neutralizing antibody to herpes simplex virus (hsv) in human sera. clinical isolates and sera from the herpevac trial for women were used in a colorimetric assay in which infection of tissue culture (lack of neutralization) was indicated by substrate metabolism by beta-galactosidase induced in the elvis cell line. the neutralization assay was optimized by addition of guinea pig complement, which particularly enhanced neutralizing antibody ... | 2015 | 26658766 |
| herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system. | this article summarizes knowledge of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections of the central nervous system (cns). disease pathogenesis, detection of dna polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for diagnosis and prognosis, and approaches to therapy warrant consideration. | 2015 | 26633784 |
| low prevalences of hiv infection and hsv genital shedding in the general adult female population in senegal. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) is the main co-factor for heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in sub-saharan africa, and could be involved in the dynamics of the hiv epidemic in senegal. | 2015 | 26623637 |
| herpes simplex virus seroprevalence and seroconversion among active duty us air force members with hiv infection. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection is associated with an increased risk of both hiv transmission and acquisition. we evaluated longitudinal hsv serology and sexually transmitted infections (stis) among active duty us air force (usaf) members with hiv infection. | 2016 | 26615389 |
| [novel multiplex real-time pcr assay for detection and differentiation of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 dna]. | herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 are the cause of world spread multiple infections with different course and severity. the aim of this work was to design and to optimize multiplex real-time pcr assay for simultaneous detection of hsv-1 and hsv-2. the second aim of the project was to check if the designed method is laboratory useful analyzing different clinical specimens. | 2015 | 26591664 |
| predictors of outcome in hsv encephalitis. | this study aims to explore the clinical features, radiological findings, management and the factors influencing prognosis in pcr-confirmed herpes simplex virus encephalitis (hse). this is a retrospective review of consecutive patients diagnosed with hse at mayo clinic, rochester, mn, between january 1995 and december 2013. only hse cases confirmed by pcr were included. univariate and multivariate analysis was used to identify factors associated with good (modified rankin scale of 0-2) or poor ou ... | 2016 | 26568560 |
| herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 mediate species-specific modulations of programmed necrosis through the viral ribonucleotide reductase large subunit r1. | receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (rip3) and its substrate mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (mlkl) are core regulators of programmed necrosis. the elimination of pathogen-infected cells by programmed necrosis acts as an important host defense mechanism. here, we report that human herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 had opposite impacts on programmed necrosis in human cells versus their impacts in mouse cells. similar to hsv-1, hsv-2 infection triggered programmed necrosis in mou ... | 2015 | 26559832 |