| mhc class i loci of the bar-headed goose (anser indicus). | mhc class i proteins mediate functions in anti-pathogen defense. mhc diversity has already been investigated by many studies in model avian species, but here we chose the bar-headed goose, a worldwide migrant bird, as a non-model avian species. sequences from exons encoding the peptide-binding region (pbr) of mhc class i molecules were isolated from liver genomic dna, to investigate variation in these genes. these are the first mhc class i partial sequences of the bar-headed goose to be reported ... | 2010 | 21637434 |
| comparative analysis of the genes ul1 through ul7 of the duck enteritis virus and other herpesviruses of the subfamily alphaherpesvirinae. | the nucleotide sequences of eight open reading frames (orfs) located at the 5' end of the unique long region of the duck enteritis virus (dev) clone-03 strain were determined. the genes identified were designated ul1, ul2, ul3, ul4, ul5, ul6 and ul7 homologues of the herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1). the dev ul3.5 located between ul3 and ul4 had no homologue in the hsv-1. the arrangement and transcription orientation of the eight genes were collinear with their homologues in the hsv-1. phylogeneti ... | 2009 | 21637656 |
| energetic metabolism and biochemical adaptation: a bird flight muscle model. | the main objective of this class experiment is to measure the activity of two metabolic enzymes in crude extract from bird pectoral muscle and to relate the differences to their mode of locomotion and ecology. the laboratory is adapted to stimulate the interest of wildlife management students to biochemistry. the enzymatic activities of cytochrome c oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase are measured in pectoral muscle of black duck and ring-necked pheasant. the black ducks have a high cytochrome c o ... | 2006 | 21638654 |
| goose haemorrhagic hepatitis caused by a new subtype duck hepatitis type 1 virus. | duck hepatitis type 1 virus (dhv-1) causes a fatal disease in ducklings but there is no report of dhv-1 isolation from goose. recently, cases of a new disease in overfeeding geese were reported from china. the cases were characterized by haemorrhagic hepatitis lesions on liver after post mortem examinations. the flocks showed about 20-40% morbidity and less than 5% mortality. the histopathological lesions showed destroyed structure of hepatocytic tissue, severe vacuolation and necrosis of hepato ... | 2011 | 21641125 |
| ontogenetic immune challenges shape adult personality in mallard ducks. | consistent individual differences in behaviour are widespread in animals, but the proximate mechanisms driving these differences remain largely unresolved. parasitism and immune challenges are hypothesized to shape the expression of animal personality traits, but few studies have examined the influence of neonatal immune status on the development of adult personality. we examined how non-pathogenic immune challenges, administered at different stages of development, affected two common measures o ... | 2011 | 21653587 |
| decreased hydrophobicity of iridescent feathers: a potential cost of shiny plumage. | honest advertisement models posit that sexually selected traits are costly to produce, maintain or otherwise bear. brightly coloured feathers are thought to be classic examples of these models, but evidence for a cost in feathers not coloured by carotenoid pigments is scarce. unlike pigment-based colours, iridescent feather colours are produced by light scattering in modified feather barbules that are characteristically flattened and twisted towards the feather surface. these modifications incre ... | 2011 | 21653809 |
| differences in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis patterns of skeletal muscle myosin light chain isoforms between bos taurus, sus scrofa and selected poultry species. | in this study the interspecies differences in two-dimensional electrophoresis patterns of skeletal muscle myosin light chain (mlc) isoforms between bos taurus (cattle), sus scrofa (pig), gallus gallus (chicken), meleagris gallopavo (turkey), anas platyrhynchos (duck) and anser anser (goose) were characterised on the basis of specific properties of mlcs associated with their structure and mobility in gel. | 2011 | 21656778 |
| characterization of the mhc class ii ╬▒-chain gene in ducks. | in humans, classical mhc class ii molecules include dq, dr, and dp, which are similar in structure but consist of distinct ╬▒- and ╬▓-chains. the genes encoding these molecules are all located in the mhc class ii gene region. in non-mammalian vertebrates such as chickens, only a single class ii ╬▒-chain gene corresponding to the human dra has been identified. here, we report a characterization of the duck mhc class ii ╬▒-chain (anpl-dra) encoding gene, which contains four exons encoding a typica ... | 2011 | 21660591 |
| pathogenicity in quails and mice of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from ducks. | in our study, the pathogenicity of h5n1 influenza a viruses circulating in waterfowls in southern china was investigated. three h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses isolated from ducks, a/duck/guangdong/383/2008(dk383), a/duck/guangdong/378/2008(dk378) and a/duck/guangdong/212/2004(dk212) were inoculated at 10(6) fifty-percent egg infectious doses (eid(50)) into ducks, quails and mice and showed varying levels of pathogenicity. in ducks, the mortality rates ranged from 0 to 60% ... | 2011 | 21665388 |
| developmental changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis in the normal duck thymus. | with 4 figures and 3 tables summary: cell proliferation and apoptosis in the normal duck thymus during embryonic and post-embryonic development were studied. the flow cytometry assay shows that the level of g(0) /g(1) thymic cell population and the proportion of apoptotic cells increased with age, while the levels of s phase, g(2) ôçâ+ôçâm phase and the proliferating index decreased with age. proliferation cell nuclear antigen (pcna) was mainly detected in the nuclei of lymphocytes. the number o ... | 2011 | 21671996 |
| characterization of the low-pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in south korea. | the low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) virus can serve as a progenitor of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, so it is important to monitor the lpai virus as well as the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. the korean lpai h5n1 virus, a/wild duck/kr/csm4-12/09 (h5n1) [wd/csm4-12/09], was first isolated from feces of the wild duck in south korea. genetic analysis showed that 7 genes of wd/csm 4-12/09 clustered in eastern asia and that the neuraminidase (na) gene of this isolate wa ... | 2011 | 21673160 |
| memory t-cell immune response in healthy young adults vaccinated with live attenuated influenza a(h5n2) vaccine. | cellular immune responses of both cd4 and cd8 memory/effector t cells were evaluated in healthy young adults who received two doses of live attenuated influenza a(h5n2) vaccine. the vaccine was developed by reassortment of non-pathogenic avian a/duck/potsdam/1402-6/68 (h5n2) and cold-adapted a/leningrad/134/17/57 (h2n2) viruses. t-cell responses were measured by standard methods of intracellular cytokine staining of ifnγ-producing cells and a novel trap-assay based on the trogocytosis phenomenon ... | 2011 | 21813657 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of brachyspira spp. isolated from commercial laying hens and free-living wild mallards (anas platyrhynchos). | in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility to tylosin, valnemulin, tiamulin, doxycycline, lincomycin and ampicillin was investigated by broth dilution in 48 brachyspira spp. isolates from commercial laying hens (n=30) and free-living wild mallards (anas platyrhynchos) (n=18). presumed pathogens (brachyspira alvinipulli, brachyspira intermedia, brachyspira pilosicoli), commensals (brachyspira murdochii, brachyspira innocens, "brachyspira pulli"), and isolates of undetermined species affiliation were i ... | 2011 | 21812718 |
| pathological and epidemiological significance of goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus infection in ducks. | goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus (ghpv) is the viral agent of haemorrhagic nephritis enteritis of geese, a lethal disease of goslings. it was recently shown that ghpv can also be detected in muscovy and mule ducks. the goal of the present study was to investigate the pathobiology of ghpv in ducks. in the first experiment, field isolates of ghpv from muscovy or mule ducks were fully sequenced and compared with goose ghpv. these duck isolates were then used to inoculate 1-day-old goslings. typical ... | 2011 | 21812713 |
| [immunogenicity of influenza virus h5n2 vaccine strain samples produced by roller cultivation in media with plant derived components]. | study in cba line mice of immunogenicity of cold adapted reassortant influenza virus h5n2 vaccine strain samples produced in rollers in mdck and vero cell cultures by using plant derived components. | 2011 | 21812141 |
| complete genome sequence of virulent duck enteritis virus (dev) strain 2085 and comparison with genome sequences of virulent and attenuated dev strains. | we here report the complete genome sequence of the duck enteritis virus (dev) wild-type strain 2085, an avian herpesvirus (genbank id: jf999965). the nucleotide sequence was derived from the 2085 genome cloned as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone. the dev 2085 genome is 160,649-bp in length and encodes 78 predicted open reading frames (orfs), a number identical to that identified for the attenuated dev vac strain (genbank id: eu082088.2). comparison of the genome sequence ... | 2011 | 21802458 |
| recovery of duck hepatitis a virus 3 from a stable full-length infectious cdna clone. | recently, duck hepatitis a virus 3 (dhav-3) with genetically distinct characteristics from dhav-1 and dhav-2 was recognized in south korea and china. in this short communication, we successfully constructed a stable full-length infectious cdna clone derived from dhav-3 by solving instability of cloned full-length cdna in escherichia coli (e. coli). the cdna fragments amplified from the genome of dhav-3 were assembled and inserted into a low-copy-number plasmid. finally, a full-length cdna clone ... | 2011 | 21801768 |
| bursopentine (bp5) as a novel immunoadjuvant enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to inactivated h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens. | identification of a new adjuvant capable of selectively promoting an efficient immune response is an urgent need for vaccine development and especially for subunit vaccines. our pervious study showed that bursopentine (bp5) is a novel immunomodulatory peptide and has the ability of significantly stimulating antigen-specific immune response in mice. in this study, the potential adjuvant activities of bp5 were examined in chickens by co-injection of bp5 and inactivated avian influenza virus (aiv) ... | 2011 | 21795462 |
| emergence of avian influenza viruses with enhanced transcription activity by single amino acid substitution in nucleoprotein during replication in chicken brains. | to explore the genetic basis of pathogenesis and adaptation of avian influenza viruses (aivs) to chickens, the a/duck/yokohama/aq10/2003 (h5n1) (dkyk10) was passaged five times in brains of chickens. the brain-passaged dkyk10-b5 caused quick death of chickens through rapid and efficient replication in tissues, accompanied by severe apoptosis. genome sequence comparison of two viruses identified a single amino acid substitution at position 109 in np from isoleucine to threonine (np-(i)109(t)). by ... | 2011 | 21795332 |
| genetic diversity and genotype analysis of duck circovirus. | to investigate the genetic diversity and genotype of duck circovirus (ducv), nine full-length ducv genomes were determined from clinical samples. multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses were performed on the nine viral genome sequences as well as on 27 genome sequences retrieved from the genbank database. pairwise analysis showed that the determined genome sequences have a genome organization identical to the 27 sequences and share 83.3%-99.8% identity among themselves and 82.6%-99 ... | 2011 | 21793450 |
| emergence of salmonella enterica serovar potsdam as a major serovar in waterfowl hatcheries and chicken eggs. | salmonellosis is a common food-borne illness in humans caused by salmonella-contaminated poultry and their products. in hatcheries, 110 salmonella isolates were identified, mostly from first enrichment, and few from delayed enrichment. the salmonella prevalence in goose and duck hatcheries was higher when measured by four multiplex pcr methods than by traditional culture (73.8% vs. 44.35%, p < 0.05); 97.3% of 110 isolates were salmonella potsdam of serogroup c1 and other isolates were salmonella ... | 2011 | 21793436 |
| evidence of the trade-off between starvation and predation risks in ducks. | the theory of trade-off between starvation and predation risks predicts a decrease in body mass in order to improve flight performance when facing high predation risk. to date, this trade-off has mainly been validated in passerines, birds that store limited body reserves for short-term use. in the largest avian species in which the trade-off has been investigated (the mallard, anas platyrhynchos), the slope of the relationship between mass and flight performance was steeper in proportion to lean ... | 2011 | 21789252 |
| levels of pcdd/fs and dl-pcbs in selected foods and estimated dietary intake for the local residents of luqiao and yuhang in zhejiang, china. | polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (pcdd/fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-pcbs) were measured by high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass spectrometer (hrgc/hrms) in six food groups from luqiao (lq) where the e-waste has been recycled and from yuhang (yh) where the agriculture dominates in zhejiang province in china. the total who-teq values of pcdd/fs and dl-pcbs in selected foods from lq were significantly much higher than those from yh. the highest level o ... | 2011 | 21788061 |
| risk assessment of the introduction of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza as a tool to be applied in prevention strategy plan. | risks of the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 through migratory birds to the main wintering site for wild birds in southern brazil and its consequences were assessed. likelihoods were estimated by a qualitative scale ranging from negligible to high. northern migrants that breed in alaska and regularly migrate to south america (primary charadriiformes) can have contact with birds from affected areas in asia. the likelihood of the introduction of hpai h5n1 through migr ... | 2011 | 21787379 |
| genetic characterization and pathogenicity assessment of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory wild birds in 2011, south korea. | the continued spread of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus among wild birds and poultry has posed a potential threat to human public health. in the present study, we report the isolation of hpai h5n1 viruses (a/md/korea/w401/11 and a/md/korea/w404/11) from fecal samples of migratory birds. genetic and phlyogenetic analyses demonstrated that these viruses are genetically identical possessing gene segments from avian virus origin and showing highest sequence similarities (as hig ... | 2011 | 21782862 |
| presence and impact of the exercise-induced collapse associated dnm1 mutation in labrador retrievers and other breeds. | the impact of the mutation causing dynamin 1 (dnm1)-associated exercise-induced collapse (d-eic) was determined in a retrospective genetic survey. the frequency of dnm1 mutant allele carriers in labrador retrievers from conformation show, field trial/hunt test, pet or service lines ranged from 17.9% to 38.0% and the frequency of homozygous mutant (ee genotype) individuals ranged from 1.8% to 13.6%; 83.6% of these ee labradors were reported to have collapsed by 4years of age. dnm1 mutation carrie ... | 2011 | 21782486 |
| differential gene expression analysis of in vitro duck hepatitis b virus infected primary duck hepatocyte cultures. | abstract: background: the human hepatitis b virus (hbv), a member of the hepadna viridae, causes acute or chronic hepatitis b, and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). the duck hepatitis b virus (dhbv) infection, a dependable and reproducible model for hepadna viral studies, does not result in hcc unlike chronic hbv infection. information on differential gene expression in dhbv infection might help to compare corresponding changes during hbv infection, and to delineate the reasons for this difference ... | 2011 | 21781334 |
| antiviral activity of the proteasome inhibitor vl-01 against influenza a viruses. | the appearance of highly pathogenic avian influenza a viruses of the h5n1 subtype being able to infect humans and the 2009 h1n1 pandemic reveals the urgent need for new and efficient countermeasures against these viruses. the long-term efficacy of current antivirals is often limited, because of the emergence of drug-resistant virus mutants. a growing understanding of the virus-host interaction raises the possibility to explore alternative targets involved in the viral replication. in the present ... | 2011 | 21777621 |
| north american west nile viral genotype isolates demonstrate differential replicative capacity in response to temperature. | west nile virus (wnv) was first documented in california during the summer of 2003, and the virus has subsequently become endemic throughout the state. sequence analysis has demonstrated that the circulating strains are representative of the north american (wn02) genotype that has displaced the invading east coast genotype (ny99). a recent study has indicated that enhanced vector competence at elevated temperatures may have played a role in the displacement of the east coast genotype by wn02. in ... | 2011 | 21775581 |
| pekin and muscovy ducks respond differently to vaccination with a h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) commercial inactivated vaccine. | domestic ducks are key intermediates in the transmission of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses, and therefore are included in vaccination programs to control h5n1 hpai. although vaccination has proven effective in protecting ducks against disease, different species of domestic ducks appear to respond differently to vaccination, and shedding of the virus may still occur in clinically healthy vaccinated populations. in this study we compared the response to vaccination between t ... | 2011 | 21771626 |
| serologic evidence of west nile virus in wild ducks captured in major inland resting sites for migratory waterfowl in south korea. | the rapid global expansion of west nile virus (wnv) has recently raised concerns regarding its possible spread into south korea. to date, wnv infection in wild birds in south korea has not been identified. bird migration is thought to be involved in spreading wnv, and wild birds are the possible routes of introduction of wnv infection. to assess the risk of wnv infection in south korea, we conducted a nationwide wnv surveillance of wild birds, with an emphasis on migratory ducks from wnv-affecte ... | 2011 | 21767922 |
| characteristics of expression of goose invariant chain gene and comparison of its structure among different species. | the invariant chain (ii) plays a critical role in mhc class ii-associated chaperone representing antigen peptide and receptor. in this study, we cloned goose ii cdna by 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cdna ends and tested its mrna expression in the different tissues by fluorescent quantitative pcr. two ii isoforms, gii-1and gii-2, were 1,204 and 1,393 bp in length, respectively, and were found in all tested tissues. the expression of gii in all tested tissues of 2-mo-old geese was higher than i ... | 2011 | 21753201 |
| high mutation tolerance in the multifunctional sequence encoding the rna encapsidation signal of an avian hepatitis b virus and slow evolution revealed by in vivo infection. | in all hepadnaviruses, protein-primed reverse transcription of the pregenomic (pg) rna is initiated by binding of the viral polymerase, p protein, to the e rna element. universally, e consists of a lower and an upper stem, separated by a bulge, and an apical loop. complex formation triggers pgrna encapsidation and the e-templated synthesis of a dna oligo (priming) that serves to generate minus-strand dna. in vitro systems for duck hbv (dhbv) yielded important insights into the priming mechanism, ... | 2011 | 21752921 |
| creativity and ease of ambiguous figural reversal. | two studies examined the relationships between self-rated and objectively measured creative ability and ease of perceiving alternative interpretations of the ambiguous duck-rabbit figure. the studies found empirical support for what has previously been a largely analogical connection between figural reversal and creativity, using both self-rated trait creativity and objectively scored creative productivity. we discuss the hypothesis that executive functioning is the likely common cognitive facto ... | 2011 | 21752010 |
| novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n5) viruses in domestic ducks, china. | in china, domestic ducks and wild birds often share the same water, in which influenza viruses replicate preferentially. isolation of 2 novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n5) viruses from apparently healthy domestic ducks highlights the role of these ducks as reassortment vessels. such new subtypes of influenza viruses may pose a pandemic threat. | 2011 | 21749770 |
| a novel genetic marker of the ovomucoid gene associated with hatchability in tsaiya ducks (anas platyrhynchos). | transcriptome analysis using a cdna microarray was performed to identify differentially expressed genes that are correlated with hatchability, and a new pcr-rflp marker of high hatchability among the identified genes was observed. we used the cdna microarray technique for gene expression profiling of the magnum epithelium of laying tsaiya ducks, and several regulated genes associated with hatchability were found. the results of real-time pcr and western blotting analysis confirmed that the mrna ... | 2011 | 21749425 |
| molecular cloning, polymorphism and tissue distribution of the mhc class iib gene in the chinese goose (anser cygnoides). | 1. the goose major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class iib cdna (ancy-mhcii) was cloned by homology cloning and rapid amplification of cdna ends by polymerase chain reaction (race-pcr), and the genomic structure and tissue expression were investigated. 2. three different 5'-race sequences (ancy-mhc ii5'-1, ancy-mhc ii5'-2, ancy-mhc ii5'-3), one 3'-race sequence (ancy-mhc ii-3') and two different full length ancy-mhc iib cdna sequences (ancy-cd01, ancy-cd02), which came from different alleles ... | 2011 | 21732877 |
| characterization of fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition in animal fats using silver-ion and non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/flame ionization detection. | fatty acid (fa) and triacylglycerol (tg) composition of natural oils and fats intake in the diet has a strong influence on the human health and chronic diseases. in this work, non-aqueous reversed-phase (narp) and silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (gc/fid) and mass spectrometry detection are used for the characterization of fa and tg composition in comp ... | 2011 | 21835413 |
| endozoochorous dispersal of aquatic plants: does seed gut passage affect plant performance? | the ingestion of seeds by vertebrates can affect the germinability and/or germination rate of seeds. it is, however, unclear if an earlier germination as a result of ingestion affects later plant performance. for sago pondweed, potamogeton pectinatus, the effects of seed ingestion by ducks on both germinability and germination rate have been previously reported from laboratory experiments. we performed an experiment to determine the effects of seed ingestion by ducks on germination, seedling sur ... | 2005 | 21652448 |
| serological survey and risk factors for toxoplasma gondii in domestic ducks and geese in lower saxony, germany. | to obtain estimates for the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in ducks and geese in germany, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) were established based on affinity-purified t. gondii tachyzoite surface antigen 1 (tgsag1) and used to examine duck and goose sera for t. gondii-specific antibodies. the results of 186 sera from 60 non-infected ducks (anas platyrhynchos) and 101 sera from 36 non-infected geese (anser anser) as well as 72 sera from 11 ducks and 89 sera from 12 geese inoc ... | 2011 | 21719198 |
| description of sarcocystis anasi sp. nov. and sarcocystis albifronsi sp. nov. in birds of the order anseriformes. | on the basis of the already published morphological, 18s rdna, 28s rdna data (kutkiene et al., parasitol res 99:562-565, 2006; parasitol res 102:691-696, 2008; parasitol res 104:329-336, 2009), and its-1 region investigation results of sarcocysts presented in this paper, sarcocystis albifronsi sp. nov. from the white-fronted goose (anser albifrons) and sarcocystis anasi sp. nov. from the mallard duck (anas platyrhynchos) are described. | 2011 | 21845412 |
| pathologic lesions caused by coinfection of mycoplasma gallisepticum and h3n8 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. | chickens were infected under experimental conditions with mycoplasma gallisepticum and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) strain a/mallard/hungary/19616/07 (h3n8). two groups of chickens were aerosol challenged with m. gallisepticum strain 1226. seven days later, one of these groups and one mycoplasma-free group was challenged with lpai h3n8 virus; one group without challenge remained as negative control. eight days later, the birds were euthanized and examined for gross pathologic and histol ... | 2011 | 21825309 |
| alien eggs in duck nests: brood parasitism or a help from grandma? | intraspecific brood parasitism (ibp) is a remarkable phenomenon by which parasitic females can increase their reproductive output by laying eggs in conspecific females' nests in addition to incubating eggs in their own nest. kin selection could explain the tolerance, or even the selective advantage, of ibp, but different models of ibp based on game theory yield contradicting predictions. our analyses of seven polymorphic autosomal microsatellites in two eider duck colonies indicate that relatedn ... | 2011 | 21689191 |
| modelling the distribution of domestic ducks in monsoon asia. | domestic ducks are considered to be an important reservoir of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai), as shown by a number of geospatial studies in which they have been identified as a significant risk factor associated with disease presence. despite their importance in hpai epidemiology, their large-scale distribution in monsoon asia is poorly understood. in this study, we created a spatial database of domestic duck census data in asia and used it to train statistical distribution models for ... | 2011 | 21822341 |
| lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic levels in eggs, feathers, and tissues of canada geese of the new jersey meadowlands. | the new jersey meadowlands are located within the heavily urbanized new york/new jersey harbor estuary and have been subject to contamination due to effluent and runoff from industry, traffic, and homes along the hackensack river and nearby waterways. these extensive wetlands, though heavily impacted by development and pollution, support a wide array of bird and other wildlife species. persistent contaminants may pose threats to birds in these habitats, affecting reproduction, egg hatchability, ... | 2011 | 21679937 |
| analysis of codon usage in type 1 and the new genotypes of duck hepatitis virus. | in this study, an abundant (a+u)% and low codon bias were revealed in duck hepatitis virus type 1 (dhv-1) and the new serotype strains isolated from taiwan, south korea and mainland china (dhv-n). the general correlation between base composition and codon usage bias suggests that mutational pressure rather than natural selection is the main factor that determines the codon usage bias in these samples. by comparative analysis of the codon usage patterns of 40 orfs of dhv, we found that all of dhv ... | 2011 | 21708221 |
| effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate on mallard and northern bobwhite quail exposed chronically via the diet. | adult mallard ducks and northern bobwhite quail were exposed to 0, 10, 50, or 150mg perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos)/kg in the diet for up to 21 weeks. adult health, body and liver weight, feed consumption, gross morphology and histology of body organs, and reproduction were examined. due to mortality, birds exposed to 50 or 150mg pfos/kg feed were terminated by week 7. in quail, the lowest observable adverse effect level (loael) was 10mg pfos/kg feed based on decreased survivorship of 14-day-ol ... | 2007 | 21783730 |
| effects of ship traffic on seabirds in offshore waters: implications for marine conservation and spatial planning. | most anthropogenic influences on marine ecosystems, except for river- or terrestrial-borne pollution, involve some sort of vessel activity. increasing anthropogenic activities mean that many countries are being forced to develop spatial planning schemes, while at the same time implementing conservation sites for sensitive species at sea. the effects of ship traffic on seabirds sensitive to human disturbance are currently too poorly understood to allow for the development of proper planning and c ... | 2011 | 21830723 |
| identifying sources of pb exposure in waterbirds and effects on porphyrin metabolism using noninvasive fecal sampling. | waterbird feces (mainly mallard anas platyrhynchos and coot fulica atra) were collected from four wetlands in southern spain in the field or during capture (n = 558 and n = 59, respectively) to study lead (pb) shot ingestion. lead and aluminum (al) concentrations along with pb isotope signatures were used to identify sources of pb exposure. the profile and concentrations of porphyrins and biliverdin in feces were used as biomarkers of toxicological effects. feces with pb concentrations ôëñ 34 ++ ... | 2011 | 21682282 |
| timing of ossification in duck, quail, and zebra finch: lntraspecific variation, heterochronies, and life history evolution. | skeletogenic heterochronies have gained much attention in comparative developmental biology. the temporal appearance of mineralized individual bones in a species - the species ossification sequence - is an excellent marker in this kind of study. several publications describe interspecific variation, but only very few detail intraspecific variation. in this study, we describe and analyze the temporal order of ossification of skeletal elements in the zebra finch, taeniopygia guttata, the japanese ... | 2011 | 21728797 |
| cloacotaenia megalops (nitzsch in creplin, 1829) (cestoda, hymenolepididae) in wild ducks in western pomerania, poland. | cloacotaenia megalops (nitzsch in creplin, 1892) is a polyxenic and cosmopolitan tapeworm from the family hymenolepididae. its generic name derives from their typical location (cloaca), and the typical final hosts which are birds typically associated with water and marsh environments: anseriformes, galliformes and gruiformes. in poland, the presence of c. megalops has been observed so far in 16 species of ducks from the baltic coast, the mazurian lake district, wielkopolsko-kujawska lowland, maz ... | 2011 | 21682099 |
| expanded dog leukocyte antigen (dla) single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) genotyping reveals spurious class ii associations. | the dog leukocyte antigen (dla) system contains many of the functional genes of the immune system, thereby making it a candidate region for involvement in immune-mediated disorders. a number of studies have identified associations between specific dla class ii haplotypes and canine immune hemolytic anemia, thyroiditis, immune polyarthritis, type i diabetes mellitus, hypoadrenocorticism, systemic lupus erythematosus-related disease complex, necrotizing meningoencephalitis (nme) and anal furunculo ... | 2011 | 21741283 |
| toxicity of methylmercury injected into eggs when dissolved in water versus corn oil. | in a previous study, the embryotoxicity of methylmercury dissolved in corn oil was compared among 26 species of birds. corn oil is not soluble in the water-based matrix that constitutes the albumen of an egg. to determine whether the use of corn oil limited the usefulness of this earlier study, a comparison was made of the embryotoxicity of methylmercury dissolved in corn oil versus water. mallard (anas platyrhynchos) and chicken (gallus gallus) eggs were injected with methylmercury chloride dis ... | 2011 | 21702059 |
| expression of duck ccl19 and ccl21 and ccr7 receptor in lymphoid and influenza-infected tissues. | ducks are the natural host and reservoir of influenza viruses. we are interested in their immune responses to these viruses, to understand host-pathogen interactions and to develop effective agricultural vaccines. we identified duck homologues of the chemokines ccl19 and ccl21 and cloned their cognate receptor, ccr7. conservation of key features, and expression in lymphoid tissues suggests that these chemokines are the direct orthologues of their mammalian counterparts. mammalian ccl19 and ccl21 ... | 2011 | 21704378 |
| cloning and expression profiling of the vldlr gene associated with egg performance in duck (anas platyrhynchos). | abstract: | 2011 | 21819592 |
| molecular evolutionary analysis of the duck myod gene family and its differential expression pattern in breast muscle development. | 1. the objective of the research was to investigate the molecular evolutionary relationships between the duck myogenic determination factors (myod) gene family members and their roles in muscle development. 2. the four members of the duck myod gene family were cloned using rt-pcr, and their relative mrna expression during duck muscle development was measured using qrt-pcr. 3. the results showed that myod and myf5 clustered together, as did myog and mrf4 based on their complete amino acid sequenc ... | 2011 | 21919569 |
| west nile virus monitoring in migrating and resident water birds in iran: are common coots the main reservoirs of the virus in wetlands? | a molecular and serological study was carried out to determine the west nile virus (wnv) status in different species of wild water birds. from 2003 to 2007, samples were collected from 519 birds representing 26 different species in iran. out of 519 serum samples tested for wnv antibodies, 78 (15%) were positive when tested using virus neutralization and immunofluorescence. antibodies of wnv were detected in 71 out of 131 common coot (fulica atra) samples. in comparison, only 7 out of 388 birds t ... | 2011 | 21923253 |
| viral replication, persistence in water and genetic characterization of two influenza a viruses isolated from surface lake water. | water-borne transmission has been suggested as an important transmission mechanism for influenza a (ia) viruses in wild duck populations; however, relatively few studies have attempted to detect ia viruses from aquatic habitats. water-isolated viruses have rarely been genetically characterized and evaluation for persistence in water and infectivity in natural hosts has never been documented. in this study, we focused on two ia viruses (h3n8 and h4n6 subtypes) isolated from surface lake water in ... | 2011 | 22028909 |
| Phylogenetic and pathotypical analysis of two virulent Newcastle disease viruses isolated from domestic ducks in China. | Two velogenic Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) obtained from outbreaks in domestic ducks in China were characterized in this study. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both strains clustered with the class II viruses, with one phylogenetically close to the genotype VII NDVs and the other closer to genotype IX. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cleavage site of the fusion (F) protein confirmed that both isolates contained the virulent motif (112)RRQK/RRF(117) at the cleavage site. The two NDV ... | 2011 | 21949828 |
| remote monitoring via implanted devices in heart failure: rising star or lame duck? | | 2011 | 21852310 |
| Differential responses to related hosts by nesting and non-nesting parasites in a brood-parasitic duck. | Host-parasite relatedness may facilitate the evolution of conspecific brood parasitism, but empirical support for this contention remains inconclusive. One reason for this disparity may relate to the diversity of parasitic tactics, a key distinguishing feature being whether the parasite has a nest of her own. Previous work suggests that parasites without nests of their own may be of inferior phenotypic quality, but because of difficulties in identifying these parasitic individuals, little is kno ... | 2011 | 21923774 |
| a comparison of the teratogenicity of methylmercury and selenomethionine injected into bird eggs. | methylmercury chloride and seleno-l: -methionine were injected separately or in combinations into the fertile eggs of mallards (anas platyrhynchos), chickens (gallus gallus), and double-crested cormorants (phalacrocorax auritus), and the incidence and types of teratogenic effects were recorded. for all three species, selenomethionine alone caused more deformities than did methylmercury alone. when mallard eggs were injected with the lowest dose of selenium (se) alone (0.1 μg/g), 28 of 44 embryos ... | 2011 | 22042039 |
| H4N8 subtype avian influenza virus isolated from shorebirds contains a unique PB1 gene and causes severe respiratory disease in mice. | H4N8 subtype avian influenza viruses were isolated from shorebirds in eastern Hokkaido. All the isolates shared >99.7% nucleotide homology, and all the viral genes except for PB1 were highly related to those of A/red-necked stint/Australia/1/04. Thus, the isolates were regarded as PB1 reassortants. The most similar PB1 gene was identified in A/mallard/New Zealand/1615-17/04 (H4N6) with nucleotide homology of 90.9%. BALB/c mice intranasally inoculated with the H4N8 isolates developed severe respi ... | 2011 | 22192630 |
| serologic and virologic survey for evidence of infection with velogenic newcastle disease virus in chinese duck farms. | a serologic and virologic survey was performed to determine the prevalence and distribution of newcastle disease virus (ndv) infection in chinese duck flocks. ndv infection was detected in nine of the 12 sampled farms throughout the two geographic regions covered by the survey. the percentage antibody positivity among the 406 serum samples was 35.7%. three velogenic ndvs were obtained from different duck flocks identified by hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests, a pathogenicity ... | 2011 | 22017050 |
| Secretory Expression and Purification of the Recombinant Duck Interleukin-2 in Pichia pastoris. | Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a vital cytokine secreted by activated T lymphocytes, and plays an important role in the regulation of cellular functions and immunity of animals. In this study, the recombinant duck IL-2 (rduIL-2) was secretory expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris). The recombinant P. pastoris strain was cultured in shake flasks and then scaled up in a 5.0-l bioreactor. The result showed that the maximal fresh-cell-weight of 594.1 g/l and the maximal OD600 of 408 were achieved in th ... | 2011 | 22210612 |
| development of a recombinant elisa using yeast (pichia pastoris)-expressed polypeptides for detection of antibodies against avian influenza a subtype h5. | two truncated sequences (designated p1 and rha1) of influenza a virus subtype h5 haemagglutinin (ha) were cloned and expressed in yeast pichia pastoris (p. pastoris). these polypeptides were used in an indirect recombinant elisa (relisa) for detection of h5 antibodies in poultry. serum samples obtained from broiler chickens vaccinated with commercial inactivated vaccine (h5n2) and control negative sera from non-vaccinated chickens against influenza were tested using rp1-elisa, rha1-elisa, whole ... | 2011 | 22197190 |
| A duck enteritis virus-vectored bivalent live vaccine provides fast and complete protection against H5N1 avian influenza virus infection in ducks. | Ducks play an important role in the maintenance of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in nature, and the successful control of AIVs in ducks has important implications for the eradication of the disease in poultry and its prevention in humans. The inactivated influenza vaccine is expensive, labor-intensive, and usually needs 2 to 3 weeks to induce protective immunity in ducks. Live attenuated duck enteritis virus (DEV; a herpesvirus) vaccine is used routinely to control lethal ... | 2011 | 21865383 |
| Selenium accumulation and reproduction in birds breeding downstream of a uranium mill in northern Saskatchewan, Canada. | Selenium (Se) concentrations in aquatic invertebrates and bird eggs collected along the treated effluent receiving environment of the Key Lake uranium mill in northern Saskatchewan were significantly greater than from nearby reference areas, and in some cases (e.g., eggs of common loons-Gavia immer) were higher than commonly used thresholds for adverse reproductive effects in birds (i.e., 5 µg/g dry weight in diet; 12-15 µg/g dry weight in eggs). Mean Se concentrations in tree swallow (Tachycine ... | 2011 | 21927945 |
| SYBR Green-Based Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR for Typing and Subtyping of All Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Genes of Avian Influenza Viruses and Comparison to Standard Serological Subtyping Tests. | Continuing outbreaks of H5N1 highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza virus (AIV) infections of wild birds and poultry worldwide emphasize the need for global surveillance of wild birds. To support the future surveillance activities, we developed a SYBR green-based, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) for detecting nucleoprotein (NP) genes and subtyping 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) genes simultaneously. Primers were improved by focusing on Eurasian or North American lin ... | 2012 | 22031706 |
| Establishing a TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay for the rapid detection and quantification of the newly emerged duck Tembusu virus. | To establish an accurate, rapid, and a quantifiable method for the detection of the newly emerged duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) that recently caused a widespread infectious disease in ducks in China, we developed a TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay by using E gene-specific primers and a TaqMan probe. This real-time PCR assay was 100 times more sensitive than the conventional PCR. The reproducibility and specificity of the real-time PCR assay were confirmed using plasmids containing E genes or RNAs a ... | 2011 | 21978536 |
| Structural gene (prME) chimeras of St Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus exhibit altered in vitro cytopathic and growth phenotypes. | Despite utilizing the same avian hosts and mosquito vectors, St Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) display dissimilar vector-infectivity and vertebrate-pathogenic phenotypes. SLEV exhibits a low oral infection threshold for Culex mosquito vectors and is avirulent in avian hosts, producing low-magnitude viraemias. In contrast, WNV is less orally infective to mosquitoes and elicits high-magnitude viraemias in a wide range of avian species. In order to identify the genetic de ... | 2012 | 21940408 |
| Embryonic developmental patterns and energy expenditure are affected by incubation temperature in wood ducks (Aix sponsa). | Recent research in birds has demonstrated that incubation temperature influences a suite of traits important for hatchling development and survival. We explored a possible mechanism for the effects on hatchling quality by determining whether incubation temperature influences embryonic energy expenditure of wood ducks (Aix sponsa). Because avian embryos are ectothermic, we hypothesized that eggs incubated at higher temperatures would have greater energy expenditure at any given day of incubation. ... | 2011 | 21897082 |
| Pharmacokinetics of long-acting ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris) after a single intramuscular injection. | To evaluate the elimination pharmacokinetics of a single i.m. injection of a long-acting ceftiofur preparation (ceftiofur crystalline-free acid [CCFA]) in healthy adult helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris). | 2011 | 22023130 |
| genome-wide transcript expression analysis in the uterovaginal junction in association with fertile period in tsaiya ducks. | we performed the first genome-wide expression analysis to compare the differences in gene expression in the female sperm reservoir of the duck reproductive tract between two groups with long and short fertile periods to identify factors that may be associated with the fertile period using an oligonucleotide microarray. rna was extracted from the uterovaginal junction (uv junction) of the two groups. affymetrix chips containing comprehensive coverage of 32773 transcripts were hybridized with biot ... | 2011 | 21897059 |
| cross-seasonal patterns of avian influenza virus in breeding and wintering migratory birds: a flyway perspective. | abstract the spread of avian influenza viruses (aiv) in nature is intrinsically linked with the movements of wild birds. wild birds are the reservoirs for the virus and their migration may facilitate the circulation of aiv between breeding and wintering areas. this cycle of dispersal has become widely accepted; however, there are few aiv studies that present cross-seasonal information. a flyway perspective is critical for understanding how wild birds contribute to the persistence of aiv over l ... | 2011 | 21995264 |
| the development of a rapid sybr green i-based quantitative pcr for detection of duck circovirus. | this report describes a one-step real-time polymerase chain reaction assay based on sybr green i for detection of a broad range of duck circovirus (ducv). align with all ducv complete genome sequences and other genus circovirus download from the genbank (such as goose circovirus, pigeon circovirus), the primers targets to the replicate gene of ducv were designed. the detection assay was linear in the range of 1.31 × 102-1.31 × 107 copies/μl. the reaction efficiency of the assay using the slope ( ... | 2011 | 21978576 |
| metal levels in livers of waterfowl from korea. | this study presents concentrations of heavy metals (iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead and cadmium) in livers of white-fronted geese (anser albifrons), eurasian wigeons (anas penelope), mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and spot-billed ducks (anas poecilorhyncha) from korea in february 2006 and 2008. iron concentrations were significantly lower in spot-billed ducks than in other species (anova, p<0.001). zinc concentrations were greater in white-fronted geese and spot-billed ducks than in eurasian ... | 2011 | 22177482 |
| Three novel Anas platyrhynchos avian ß-defensins, upregulated by duck hepatitis virus, with antibacterial and antiviral activities. | Three novel Anas platyrhynchos avian ß-defensins (Apl_AvBDs), Apl_AvBD4, 7 and 12, were identified successfully and characterized in tissues from Peking ducks in the present study. The cDNA fragment of Apl_AvBD4 contained 171 bp, and encoded 56 amino acids. The complete nucleotide sequences of Apl_AvBD7 and 12 contained 204 bp and 198 bp open reading frames, which encoded 67 and 65 amino acids, respectively. Both recombinant and synthetic forms of the three Apl_AvBDs showed antibacterial activit ... | 2011 | 21856003 |
| Hepatocytes traffic and export hepatitis B virus basolaterally by polarity-dependent mechanisms. | Viruses commonly utilize the cellular trafficking machinery of polarized cells to effect viral export. Hepatocytes are polarized in vivo, but most in vitro hepatocyte models are either nonpolarized or have morphology unsuitable for the study of viral export. Here, we investigate the mechanisms of trafficking and export for the hepadnaviruses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) in polarized hepatocyte-derived cell lines and primary duck hepatocytes. DHBV export, but not repl ... | 2011 | 21937643 |
| cDNA cloning, genomic structure, molecular characterization and mRNA expression analysis of the Pekin duck interleukin-10 receptor 1. | Interleukin-10 (IL-10) mediates its broad anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects through two cell surface receptors by which binding to the IL-10 receptor 1 (IL-10R1) is the initial step that leads to recruitment of IL-10R2 and initiation of the ternary complex signal transduction cascade. The duck IL-10R1 (duIL-10R1) cDNA was obtained by using RT-PCR and 5'RACE. The deduced 574 amino acid protein has an amino acid identity of 62%, 27% and 28% with chicken, mouse and human IL-10R1, respe ... | 2011 | 22098679 |
| "don't duck the issue--tell us why the nhs should be privatised". | | 2011 | 21998934 |
| molecular evolution of the h6 subtype influenza a viruses from poultry in eastern china from 2002 to 2010. | although extensive data demonstrates that the majority of h6 duck isolates belonged to a single h6n2 virus lineage with a single gene constellation in southern china from 2000 to 2005, the prevalence of h6n2 virus in poultry in eastern china is largely unknown. | 2011 | 21999472 |
| [evaluation of immunogenicity and safety of 2 immunizations with allantoic intranasal live influenza vaccine ultragrivac]. | evaluate reactogenicity, safety and immunogenicity in phase 2 clinical trials of 2 immunization schedules with ultragrivac--an allantoic intranasal life influenza vaccine based on a/17/ duck/potsdam/86/92 [17/h5] reassortant strain. | 2011 | 21916043 |
| effects of infection-induced migration delays on the epidemiology of avian influenza in wild mallard populations. | wild waterfowl populations form a natural reservoir of avian influenza (ai) virus, and fears exist that these birds may contribute to an ai pandemic by spreading the virus along their migratory flyways. observational studies suggest that individuals infected with ai virus may delay departure from migratory staging sites. here, we explore the epidemiological dynamics of avian influenza virus in a migrating mallard (anas platyrhynchos) population with a specific view to understanding the role of i ... | 2011 | 22028812 |
| in ovo administration of rhigf-1 to duck eggs affects the expression of myogenic transcription factors and muscle mass during late embryo development. | in ovo administration of igf-1 to poultry eggs has effective roles on post hatching muscle development. however, the secondary muscle development stages at the late embryo development stage are important for muscle fiber formation and differentiation. to investigate the roles of in ovo administration of igf-1 on duck secondary muscle development, we injected rhigf-1 into duck eggs in hatching at day 12. after administration on days 18, 21, 24, and 27 in hatching (e18d, e21d, e24d, and e27d, resp ... | 2011 | 21885804 |
| simultaneous perception of both interpretations of ambiguous figures. | when viewing ambiguous figures like the classic duck/rabbit, people alternately perceive one interpretation and then the other, but not both interpretations at once. when two identical ambiguous figures appear together, the majority of observers perceive them as identical, and they typically alternate in unison. just as most observers cannot see a single figure as both a duck and a rabbit, most cannot see one figure in a pair as a duck and the other as a rabbit even though the two figures and th ... | 2011 | 22132516 |
| production of donor-derived offspring after ovarian transplantation between muscovy (cairina moschata) and pekin (anas platyrhynchos) ducks. | transplantation of ovarian tissue between different breeds of chickens or japanese quail can result in normal egg production and give rise to donor-derived offspring with a high frequency. the feasibility of interspecific ovarian transplantation was evaluated by transplanting ovarian tissue from muscovy ducks to pekin ducks just after hatch, with subsequent treatment of the recipients with an immunosuppressant. among the 8 mature pekin ducks that had received ovarian tissue from muscovy duckling ... | 2012 | 22184444 |
| Incubation temperature affects multiple measures of immunocompetence in young wood ducks (Aix Sponsa). | Parental effects play a vital role in shaping offspring phenotype. In birds, incubation behaviour is a critical parental effect because it influences the early developmental environment and can therefore have lifelong consequences for offspring phenotype. Recent studies that manipulated incubation temperature found effects on hatchling body composition, condition and growth, suggesting that incubation temperature could also affect energetically costly physiological processes of young birds that ... | 2011 | 21865246 |
| Coexpression of avian influenza virus H5 and N1 by recombinant Newcastle disease virus and the impact on immune response in chickens. | To analyze the contribution of neuraminidase (NA) toward protection against avian influenza virus (AIV) infection, three different recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) expressing hemagglutinin (HA) or NA, or both, of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) were generated. The lentogenic NDV Clone 30 was used as backbone for the insertion of HA of HPAIV strain A/chicken/Vietnam/P41/05 (H5N1) and NA of HPAIV strain A/duck/Vietnam/TG24-01/05 (H5N1). The HA was inserted between the g ... | 2011 | 22017039 |
| Duck Hepatitis A Virus Possesses a Distinct Type IV Internal Ribosome Entry Site Element of Picornavirus. | Sequence analysis of duck hepatitis virus type 1 (DHV-1) led to its classification as the only member of a new genus, Avihepatovirus, of the family Picornaviridae, and so was renamed duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV). The 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) plays an important role in translation initiation and RNA synthesis of the picornavirus. Here, we provide evidence that the 651-nucleotide (nt)-long 5' UTR of DHAV genome contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element that functions efficien ... | 2012 | 22090106 |
| evaluation of lateral flow devices for identification of infected poultry by testing swab and feather specimens during h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in vietnam. | please cite this paper as: slomka et al. (2011) evaluation of lateral flow devices for identification of infected poultry by testing swab and feather specimens during h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in vietnam. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00317.x. background evaluation of two commercial lateral flow devices (lfds) for avian influenza (ai) detection in h5n1 highly pathogenic ai infected poultry in vietnam. objectives determine sensitivi ... | 2011 | 22151025 |
| genome sequence of duck pathogen mycoplasma anatis strain 1340. | mycoplasma anatis, a member of the class mollicutes, is the causative agent of a contagious infectious disease of domestic ducklings, wild birds, and eggs. increasing reports show that coinfection of m. anatis with escherichia coli results in substantial economic impacts on the duck farms in china. here, we announce the first genome sequence of m. anatis. | 2011 | 21952548 |
| Molecular epidemiology of avian influenza viruses circulating among healthy poultry flocks in farms in northern Vietnam. | Repeated epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 were reported from 2003 to 2005 among poultry in Vietnam. More than 200 million birds were killed to control the spread of the disease. Human cases of H5N1 infection have been sporadically reported in an area where repeated H5N1 outbreaks among birds had occurred. Subtype H5N1 strains are established as endemic among poultry in Vietnam, however, insights into how avian influenza viruses including the H5N1 subtype ... | 2012 | 21974815 |
| Characterization of avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks in Vietnam in 2009 and 2010. | In the surveillance of avian influenza in Vietnam, 26 H9N2, 1 H3N2, 1 H3N8, 7 H4N6, 3 H11N3, and 1 H11N9 viruses were isolated from tracheal and cloacal swab samples of 300 domestic ducks in April 2009, and 1 H9N6 virus from 300 bird samples in March 2010. Out of the 27 H9 virus isolates, the hemagglutinins of 18 strains were genetically classified as belonging to the sublineage G1, and the other nine belonged to the Korean sublineage. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that one of the 27 H9 viruses ... | 2011 | 22068881 |
| the eggshell: structure, composition and mineralization. | the calcareous egg is produced by all birds and most reptiles. current understanding of eggshell formation and mineralization is mainly based on intensive studies of one species - the domesticated chicken gallus gallus. the majority of constituents of the chicken eggshell have been identified. in this article we review eggshell microstructure and ultrastructure, and the results of recent genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the chicken eggshell matrix to draw attention to areas of c ... | 2012 | 22201802 |
| Study of influenza A virus in wild boars living in a major duck wintering site. | Wild birds, which are reservoirs of influenza viruses, are believed to be the original source of new influenza viruses-including highly pathogenic ones-that can be transmitted to domestic animals as well as humans and represent a potential epizootic and/or pandemic threat. Despite increasing knowledge on influenza A virus dynamics in wild birds, the viral circulation in wild boars remains largely unknown. This is of particular interest since pigs can be infected with both human and avian viruses ... | 2011 | 22197763 |
| campylobacter populations in wild and domesticated mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos). | identifying the campylobacter genotypes that colonize farmed and wild ducks will help to assess the proportion of human disease that is potentially attributable to the consumption of duck meat and environmental exposure to duck faeces. comparison of temporally and geographically matched farmed and wild ducks showed that they had different campylobacter populations in terms of: (i) prevalence, (ii) campylobacter species and (iii) diversity of genotypes. furthermore, 92.4% of campylobacter isolate ... | 2011 | 22164198 |
| Identification of Pasteurella multocida capsular types isolated from rabbits and other domestic animals in Mexico with respiratory diseases. | Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of pasteurellosis, a major disease in most domestic animals and livestock. In this study, a total of 34 isolates of P. multocida from rabbits and other domestic animals from Mexico with respiratory diseases underwent polymerase chain reaction-based capsular typing. One sheep isolate was found to belong to capsular serogroup D, whereas the rest of the rabbit, sheep, cattle, pig, goat, and duck isolates belonged to capsular serogroup A of P. multocida. ... | 2011 | 22068635 |
| nutritional properties of spent duck surimi-like material prepared by conventional and acid-alkaline solubilization methods. | the nutritional properties of surimi-like materials produced from spent duck meat processed conventionally (cds) and processed with acid and alkaline solubilization (acds and alds, respectively) were studied. the essential amino acids (eaas) content was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the acds and alds than in control (con) and cds, with values of 436.78 ± 13.67, 450.30 ± 9.72, 377.29 ± 7.20 and 400.61 ± 14.7 mg/g protein, respectively. all duck surimi-like materials had a higher chemical sco ... | 2011 | 22126368 |
| Embryotoxicity of Corexit 9500 in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). | Embryotoxicity of the oil dispersant Corexit 9500 was examined using fertilized mallard duck eggs. Corexit 9500 was topically applied below the air cell to eggs in volumes ranging from 0 to 100 µL on day 3 of incubation. The highest incidence of mortality occurred at developmental stage 4, one day post-Corexit 9500 application. Hatching success was significantly decreased among eggs treated with =20 µL of Corexit 9500 as compared to controls (P = 0.047). No egg treated with =40 µL successfully h ... | 2011 | 22105827 |