| a very common case become rare: anesthetic considerations of lepromatous leprosy. | leprosy or hansen's disease is very uncommon in developed countries. more than 80% of the world's cases occurs and still reported from developing countries. but nowadays due to increase in international affairs, medical tourism, globalization and immigration, there is increasing possibility to find patients anywhere, which require anesthesia for surgical interventions. leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium leprae and involves mainly skin, peripheral nervous system, uppe ... | 2017 | 25885391 |
| monoclonal antibodies against mycobacterial antigens. | the world health organization (who) scientific working groups on the immunology of leprosy (immlep) and tuberculosis (immtub) recently organized two international workshops designed to characterize the specificity and reaction patterns of approximately 55 murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) which had been raised against mycobacterium leprae or mycobacterium tuberculosis and submitted to the immlep and immtub monoclonal antibody banks. | 1985 | 25291216 |
| histoid leprosy in varanasi. | seventeen cases of histoid leprosy were found in skin out patients department of institute of medical sciences in one year out of a total of 1394 cases of leprosy registered. the histoid leprosy rate is thus 1.2 %. the total lepromitous leprosy cases were 194 with which lepromatous index works out to be 13.9% about half of the histoid leprosy cases had no antileprosy treatment. bacteriological index was high (4 to 6 + ) and morphological index renged from 20 to 70%. in this study there does not ... | 2017 | 28176731 |
| editorial-mycobacterium leprae captured? | | 2017 | 28276399 |
| mycobacterium lepraemurium uses tlr-6 and mr, but not lipid rafts or dc-sign, to gain access into mouse macrophages. | mycobacterium lepraemurium (mlm), the etiologic agent of murine leprosy, is an intracellular parasite of macrophages; the mechanism used by this bacterium to enter macrophages is not known. the fate of the mlm phagosome inside macrophages is also unknown. this study was conducted to investigate how mlm enters macrophages and to define the maturation process of mlm phagosome inside macrophages. | 2017 | 28317806 |
| protein tagging, destruction and infection. | cells possess protein quality control mechanisms to maintain proper cellular homeostasis. in eukaryotes, the roles of the ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of cellular proteins is well established. recent studies have elucidated protein tagging mechanisms in prokaryotes, involving transfer messenger rna (tmrna) and pupylation. in this review, newer insights and bioinformatics analysis of two distinct bacterial protein tagging machineries are discussed. the machinery for tmrna-me ... | 2017 | 28707598 |
| prof. masao ota. | masao ota was a professor of dermatology at tokyo imperial university. he is known to dermatologists around the world as the researcher who identified nevus of ota. he is also known for his research on hansen's disease. he was critical of the forced isolation policy and the sterilization law. he dreamt of developing chemotherapeutic measures and dedicated himself to cultivating mycobacterium leprae. among his accomplishments, those in the area of medical mycology are particularly remarkable. his ... | 2017 | 28855482 |
| acid-fast bacterium detection and identification from paraffin-embedded tissues using a pcr-pyrosequencing method. | acid-fast bacterium (afb) identification from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissues is challenging and may not be readily available to the clinical laboratory. a method to detect and identify afb from ffpe tissues using pcr and pyrosequencing (pcr-seq) was developed and evaluated. | 2017 | 28735303 |
| epidemiological perspective of national leprosy eradication programme in maharashtra: focusing on "tribal hot-spot" of tribal district. | leprosy or hansen's disease, a chronic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium leprae is a serious public health concern because of associated case load, morbidity and stigma attached to it. india achieved elimination of leprosy as a public health problem (prevalence rate [pr]<1 case/10,000 population) at the national level on january 1, 2006, still 19% districts in the country report pr more than one. in maharashtra, it is found that very few districts within the state or very few pockets wi ... | 2017 | 28852284 |
| nitazoxanide is active against mycobacterium leprae. | nitazoxanide (ntz) is an anti-parasitic drug that also has activity against bacteria, including mycobacterium tuberculosis. our data using both radiorespirometry and live-dead staining in vitro demonstrate that ntz similarly has bactericidal against m. leprae. further, gavage of m. leprae-infected mice with ntz at 25mg/kg provided anti-mycobacterial activity equivalent to rifampicin (rif) at 10 mg/kg. this suggests that ntz could be considered for leprosy treatment. | 2017 | 28850614 |
| fate of t cells and their secretary proteins during the progression of leprosy. | leprosy is an infectious disease caused by non-cultivable bacteria mycobacterium leprae. ridley and jopling classified the disease into five polar forms, tuberculoid (tt) and lepromatous (ll), in between two forms of the disease borderline tuberculoid (bt), borderline (bb) and borderline lepromatous (bl) are laid. the tuberculoid type (bt/tt) leprosy patients show good recall of cell-mediated immune (cmi) response and th1 type of immune response, while lepromatous leprosy (ll) patients show defe ... | 2017 | 28847289 |
| a macrophage response to mycobacterium leprae phenolic glycolipid initiates nerve damage in leprosy. | mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy and is unique among mycobacterial diseases in producing peripheral neuropathy. this debilitating morbidity is attributed to axon demyelination resulting from direct interaction of the m. leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid 1 (pgl-1) with myelinating glia and their subsequent infection. here, we use transparent zebrafish larvae to visualize the earliest events of m. leprae-induced nerve damage. we find that demyelination and axonal damage are not directly initi ... | 2017 | 28841420 |
| feline leprosy due to candidatus 'mycobacterium lepraefelis': further clinical and molecular characterisation of eight previously reported cases and an additional 30 cases. | this paper, the last in a series of three on 'feline leprosy', provides a detailed description of disease referable to the previously unnamed species, candidatus 'mycobacterium lepraefelis', a close relative of the human pathogens mycobacterium leprae and mycobacterium lepromatosis. | 2017 | 28838294 |
| dermoscopy of borderline tuberculoid leprosy. | leprosy is a chronic granulomatous condition caused by mycobacterium leprae, and borderline tuberculoid (bt) leprosy is the most common type of leprosy and presents with large, well- to ill-defined hypopigmented patches. it is known for atypical presentations. dermoscopy of granulomatous conditions is well documented. however, there is no description of dermoscopy of bt leprosy in the literature. authors evaluated the dermoscopic patterns of bt leprosy. | 2017 | 28833001 |
| field-friendly serological tests for determination of m. leprae-specific antibodies. | early detection of leprosy is key to reduce the ongoing transmission. antibodies directed against m. leprae pgl-i represent a useful biomarker for detecting multibacillary (mb) patients. since efficient leprosy diagnosis requires field-friendly test conditions, we evaluated two rapid lateral flow assays (lfa) for detection of mycobacterium leprae-specific antibodies: the visual immunogold onsite leprosy ab rapid test [gold-lfa] and the quantitative, luminescent up-converting phosphor anti-pgl-i ... | 2017 | 28827673 |
| characterization of ofloxacin interaction with mutated (a91v) quinolone resistance determining region of dna gyrase in mycobacterium leprae through computational simulation. | mycobacterium leprae, the causal agent of leprosy is non-cultivable in vitro. thus, the assessment of antibiotic activity against mycobacterium leprae depends primarily upon the time-consuming mouse footpad system. the gyra protein of mycobacterium leprae is the target of the antimycobacterial drug, ofloxacin. in recent times, the gyra mutation (a91v) has been found to be resistant to ofloxacin. this phenomenon has necessitated the development of new, long-acting antimycobacterial compounds. the ... | 2017 | 28822069 |
| characterization of novel bangle lectin from photorhabdus asymbiotica with dual sugar-binding specificity and its effect on host immunity. | photorhabdus asymbiotica is one of the three recognized species of the photorhabdus genus, which consists of gram-negative bioluminescent bacteria belonging to the family morganellaceae. these bacteria live in a symbiotic relationship with nematodes from the genus heterorhabditis, together forming a complex that is highly pathogenic for insects. unlike other photorhabdus species, which are strictly entomopathogenic, p. asymbiotica is unique in its ability to act as an emerging human pathogen. an ... | 2017 | 28806750 |
| a synopsis of the history of hansen's disease. | leprosy is a contagious infectious disease caused by the bacillus mycobacterium leprae. this microorganism was discovered by dr. gerhard hansen, and the illness was then baptized as hansen's disease. for a long time, hansen's disease was thought to be hereditary-a curse or a punishment from god. the disease affects skin and nerves and can cause severe damage. due to its destructive effects, leprosy has caused fear, segregation, and prejudice in all societies since biblical times. patients with h ... | 2017 | 28801812 |
| deciphering the genetic control of gene expression following mycobacterium leprae antigen stimulation. | leprosy is a human infectious disease caused by mycobacterium leprae. a strong host genetic contribution to leprosy susceptibility is well established. however, the modulation of the transcriptional response to infection and the mechanism(s) of disease control are poorly understood. to address this gap in knowledge of leprosy pathogenicity, we conducted a genome-wide search for expression quantitative trait loci (eqtl) that are associated with transcript variation before and after stimulation wi ... | 2017 | 28793313 |
| leprosy in a lombard-avar cemetery in central italy (campochiaro, molise, 6th-8th century ad): ancient dna evidence and demography. | the study of past infectious diseases increases knowledge of the presence, impact and spread of pathogens within ancient populations. | 2017 | 28715914 |
| innovative tools and approaches to end the transmission of mycobacterium leprae. | leprosy control has seen little innovation and only limited progress in the past decade. however, research on the disease has increased and important innovations are underway. here, we comment on efforts to develop tools and approaches to detect leprosy and to stop the transmission of mycobacterium leprae, the causative bacillus of the disease. the tracing and screening of contacts of known patients with leprosy promises to strengthen early diagnosis, while preventive chemotherapy will reduce th ... | 2017 | 28693856 |
| multidrug therapy for leprosy: a game changer on the path to elimination. | leprosy is present in more than 100 countries, where it remains a major cause of peripheral neuropathy and disability. attempts to eliminate the disease have faced various obstacles, including characteristics of the causative bacillus mycobacterium leprae: the long incubation period, limited knowledge about its mode of transmission, and its poor growth on culture media. fortunately, the leprosy bacillus is sensitive to several antibiotics. the first antibiotic to be widely used for leprosy treat ... | 2017 | 28693853 |
| indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and iron are required for mycobacterium leprae survival. | our previous study has demonstrated that il-10 may modulate both indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido) and cd163 expression in lepromatous leprosy (ll) cells, favoring mycobacterium leprae persistence through induction of regulatory pathways and iron storage. here, we observed that in ll lesion cells there is an increase in the expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism such as hemoglobin (hb), haptoglobin, heme oxygenase 1 and transferrin receptor 1 (tfr1) when compared to tuberculoid lepro ... | 2017 | 28684130 |
| the formation of lipid droplets favors intracellular mycobacterium leprae survival in sw-10, non-myelinating schwann cells. | leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that is caused by the obligate intracellular pathogen mycobacterium leprae (m.leprae), which is the leading cause of all non-traumatic peripheral neuropathies worldwide. although both myelinating and non-myelinating schwann cells are infected by m.leprae in patients with lepromatous leprosy, m.leprae preferentially invades the non-myelinating schwann cells. however, the effect of m.leprae infection on non-myelinating schwann cells has not been elucidated. ... | 2017 | 28636650 |
| anti-natural octyl disaccharide-leprosy idri diagnostic (ndo-lid) antibodies as indicators of leprosy reactions and neuritis. | leprosy is a complex infectious and neurological disease caused by mycobacterium leprae. nerve damage is related to immunological hypersensitivity responses known as leprosy reactions (lrs). diagnostic tools to predict lrs are not available. we hypothesized that natural octyl disaccharide-leprosy idri diagnostic (ndo-lid) would be helpful as an indicator of lrs and neuritis. | 2017 | 28633333 |
| whole genome sequencing distinguishes between relapse and reinfection in recurrent leprosy cases. | since leprosy is both treated and controlled by multidrug therapy (mdt) it is important to monitor recurrent cases for drug resistance and to distinguish between relapse and reinfection as a means of assessing therapeutic efficacy. all three objectives can be reached with single nucleotide resolution using next generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of mycobacterium leprae dna present in human skin. | 2017 | 28617800 |
| salivary anti-pgl-1 igm may indicate active transmission of mycobacterium leprae among young people under 16 years of age. | considering that the main route of mycobacterium leprae transmission is the upper respiratory tract, detection of salivary antibodies can be a useful tool for diagnosing early infection. the study aimed to analyze salivary anti-pgl-1 iga and igm antibodies in 169 children aged 4-16 years old, who lived nearby or inside the house of multibacillary or paucibacillary leprosy patients in two endemic cities in alagoas state - brazil. salivary anti-pgl-1 antibodies were quantified by modified elisa me ... | 2017 | 28602616 |
| serum anti-phenolic glycolipid-1 iga correlates to igm isotype in leprosy patients: a possible candidate for seroepidemiological surveys? | the aim of this study was to compare serum anti-phenolic glycolipid-1 iga, igg, and igm levels in leprosy patients and controls. | 2017 | 28594117 |
| dnahsp65 vaccine as therapy against paracoccidioidomycosis. | the conventional treatment for fungal diseases usually shows long periods of therapy and the high frequency of relapses and sequels. new strategies of the treatment are necessary. we have shown that the mycobacterium leprae hsp65 gene can be successfully used as therapy against murine paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). here, we described the methodology of dnahsp65 immunotherapy in mice infected with the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, one of pcm agent, evaluating cytokines levels, fu ... | 2017 | 28584985 |
| leprosy in an eight-year-old child - an exceptional case with unusual oral manifestation. | leprosy is a contagious and granulomatous disease which is caused by mycobacterium leprae. the incubation period for leprosy is five to seven years and it can take as long as about 30 years before signs and symptoms of leprosy develop in some patients. it is a chronic systemic disease which mostly affects the skin and peripheral nerves. it has been seen that indeterminate leprosy is the most common type seen in childhood followed by tuberculoid variant. borderline lepromatous and lepromatous lep ... | 2017 | 28571290 |
| cytokines as biomarkers to monitoring the impact of multidrug therapy in immune response of leprosy patients. | leprosy or hansen's disease is a chronic infectious disease of the skin and nerves, caused by the intracellular bacilli mycobacterium leprae. it is characterized by a spectrum of clinical forms depending on the host's immune response to m. leprae. patients with tuberculoid (tt) leprosy have strong cell-mediated immunity (cmi) with elimination of the bacilli, whereas patients with lepromatous (ll) leprosy exhibit defective cmi to m. leprae. despite advances in the understanding of the pathogenesi ... | 2017 | 28570932 |
| qpcr-high resolution melt analysis for drug susceptibility testing of mycobacterium leprae directly from clinical specimens of leprosy patients. | real-time pcr-high resolution melting (qpcr-hrm) analysis has been recently described for rapid drug susceptibility testing (dst) of mycobacterium leprae. the purpose of the current study was to further evaluate the validity, reliability, and accuracy of this assay for m. leprae dst in clinical specimens. | 2017 | 28570560 |
| presence of mycobacterium leprae genotype 4 in environmental waters in northeast brazil. | this study quantified mycobacterium leprae bacilli in environmental water samples from five municipalities in the state of ceará by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) and compared the identified genotypes with those obtained from leprosy patient biopsies. | 2017 | 28562758 |
| [hansen's disease in israel]. | hansen's disease (hd) is an anthropophylic, infectious, chronic disease, caused by mycobacterium leprae. the systemic disease, affecting both males and females at any age, involves mainly the skin and the peripheral nerves located in the limbs close to the skin. traditionally the treatment of hd patients was entrusted to dermatologists. current drug therapy given at an early stage can prevent many of the complications, and enables patients to go on with life. in 95% of the population there is an ... | 2016 | 28530057 |
| the intergenic recombinant hla-b∗46:01 has a distinctive peptidome that includes kir2dl3 ligands. | hla-b(∗)46:01 was formed by an intergenic mini-conversion, between hla-b(∗)15:01 and hla-c(∗)01:02, in southeast asia during the last 50,000 years, and it has since become the most common hla-b allele in the region. a functional effect of the mini-conversion was introduction of the c1 epitope into hla-b(∗)46:01, making it an exceptional hla-b allotype that is recognized by the c1-specific natural killer (nk) cell receptor kir2dl3. high-resolution mass spectrometry showed that hla-b(∗)46:01 has a ... | 2017 | 28514659 |
| in situ complement activation and t-cell immunity in leprosy spectrum: an immunohistological study on leprosy lesional skin. | mycobacterium leprae (m. leprae) infection causes nerve damage and the condition worsens often during and long after treatment. clearance of bacterial antigens including lipoarabinomannan (lam) during and after treatment in leprosy patients is slow. we previously demonstrated that m. leprae lam damages peripheral nerves by in situ generation of the membrane attack complex (mac). investigating the role of complement activation in skin lesions of leprosy patients might provide insight into the dyn ... | 2017 | 28505186 |
| interruption of persistent exposure to leprosy combined or not with recent bcg vaccination enhances the response to mycobacterium leprae specific antigens. | household contacts of multibacillary leprosy patients (hcmb) constitute the group of individuals at the highest risk of developing leprosy. early diagnosis and treatment of their index cases combined with bacille calmette-guerin (bcg) immunization remain important strategies adopted in brazil to prevent hcmb from evolving into active disease. in the present study, we assessed the impact of these measures on the immune response to mycobacterium leprae in hcmb. peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( ... | 2017 | 28467415 |
| severe type 1 upgrading leprosy reaction in a renal transplant recipient: a paradoxical manifestation associated with deficiency of antigen-specific regulatory t-cells? | due to its chronic subclinical course and large spectrum of manifestations, leprosy often represents a diagnostic challenge. even with proper anti-mycobacteria treatment, leprosy follow up remains challenging: almost half of leprosy patients may develop reaction episodes. leprosy is an infrequent complication of solid organ transplant recipients. this case report illustrates the challenges in diagnosing and managing leprosy and its reactional states in a transplant recipient. | 2017 | 28438129 |
| distinct roles of th17 and th1 cells in inflammatory responses associated with the presentation of paucibacillary leprosy and leprosy reactions. | it is well established that helper t cell responses influence resistance or susceptibility to mycobacterium leprae infection, but the role of more recently described helper t cell subsets in determining severity is less clear. to investigate the involvement of th17 cells in the pathogenesis of leprosy, we determined the immune profile with variant presentations of leprosy. firstly, il-17a, ifn-γ and il-10 were evaluated in conjunction with cd4(+) t cell staining by confocal microscopy of lesion ... | 2017 | 28426172 |
| structural and functional changes in the microcirculation of lepromatous leprosy patients - observation using orthogonal polarization spectral imaging and laser doppler flowmetry iontophoresis. | leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection of skin and peripheral nerves caused by mycobacterium leprae and is considered the main infectious cause of disability worldwide. despite the several studies regarding leprosy, little is known about its effects on microvascular structure and function in vivo. thus, we have aimed to compare skin capillary structure and functional density, cutaneous vasomotion (spontaneous oscillations of arteriolar diameter), which ensures optimal blood flow distributi ... | 2017 | 28419120 |
| quinolone resistance-associated amino acid substitutions affect enzymatic activity of mycobacterium leprae dna gyrase. | quinolones are important antimicrobials for treatment of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium leprae. although it is well known that mutations in dna gyrase are responsible for quinolone resistance, the effect of those mutations on the enzymatic activity is yet to be studied in depth. hence, we conducted in vitro assays to observe supercoiling reactions of wild type and mutated m. leprae dna gyrases. dna gyrase with amino acid substitution ala91val possessed the highest ... | 2017 | 28417702 |
| comparing the sensitivity of auramine-rhodamine fluorescence to polymerase chain reaction in the detection of mycobacterium leprae in fite-negative tissue sections. | | 2017 | 28411775 |
| therapeutic hyperbaric oxygenation as an adjunct to multidrug therapy in hansen's disease. | hansen's disease is a chronic infection caused by mycobacterium leprae. current therapy for this disease is with the who recommended multi drug therapy (mdt) with dds, rifampicin and clofazimine. hyper baric oxygen therapy (hbot) has been used to treat many medical conditions including infections with a great deal of success. it's efficacy on various species of mycobacteria and other bacteria have been studied in vitro and in vivo and it is found to be an effective antimicrobial agent under spec ... | 1999 | 28775595 |
| borderline tuberculoid leprosy: clinicopathological evaluation of multidrug therapy. | efficacy of multi-drug therapy as per who recommendation in 125 fresh cases of borderline tuberculoid (bt) leprosy was evaluated. there were 116 (92.8%) male and 9 (7.2%) female patients. age of the patients ranged from 18-50 years but the majority (80.8%) were young adults in the age group 21-35 years. the commonest site of lesion was the upper extremity in 65 (52%) cases. skin smear for acid fast mycobacterium leprae was positive in 11 (8.8%) patients. all patients were given multidrug therapy ... | 1997 | 28769451 |