| a randomized trial to assess anti-hiv activity in female genital tract secretions and soluble mucosal immunity following application of 1% tenofovir gel. | preclinical and early phase clinical microbicide studies have not consistently predicted the outcome of efficacy trials. to address this gap, candidate biomarkers of microbicide pharmacodynamics and safety were evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tenofovir gel, the first microbicide to demonstrate significant protection against hiv acquisition. | 2011 | 21283552 |
| functional interaction between herpes simplex virus type 2 gd and hvem transiently dampens local chemokine production after murine mucosal infection. | herpes virus entry mediator (hvem) is one of two principal receptors mediating herpes simplex virus (hsv) entry into murine and human cells. it functions naturally as an immune signaling co-receptor, and may participate in enhancing or repressing immune responses depending on the natural ligand used. to investigate whether engagement of hvem by hsv affects the in vivo response to hsv infection, we generated recombinants of hsv-2(333) that expressed wild-type gd (hsv-2/gd) or mutant gd able to bi ... | 2011 | 21283640 |
| stepwise release of biologically active hmgb1 during hsv-2 infection. | high mobility group box 1 protein (hmgb1) is a major endogenous danger signal that triggers inflammation and immunity during septic and aseptic stresses. hmgb1 recently emerged as a key soluble factor in the pathogenesis of various infectious diseases, but nothing is known of its behaviour during herpesvirus infection. we therefore investigated the dynamics and biological effects of hmgb1 during hsv-2 infection of epithelial hec-1 cells. | 2011 | 21283827 |
| persistent genital herpes simplex virus-2 shedding years following the first clinical episode. | patients with newly acquired genital herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) infection have virus frequently detected at the genital mucosa. rates of genital shedding initially decrease over time after infection, but data on long-term viral shedding are lacking. | 2010 | 21288817 |
| health-related quality of life in indian patients with three viral sexually transmitted infections: herpes simplex virus-2, genital human papilloma virus and hiv. | health-related quality of life (hrqol) has not been studied in indian patients with viral sexually transmitted infections (stis): herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) and genital human papilloma virus (hpv) infections. furthermore, there is no reported study that compares hrqol among these two viral stis and hiv. | 2011 | 21289022 |
| performance of the focus herpeselect-2 enzyme immunoassay for the detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies in seven african countries. | to compare the performance of the focus herpeselect-2 enzyme immunoassay (eia) with the gold standard herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 western blot, among hiv-1-uninfected men and women in east and southern africa. | 2011 | 21307152 |
| the cost-effectiveness of herpes simplex virus-2 suppressive therapy with daily aciclovir for delaying hiv disease progression among hiv-1-infected women in south africa. | the partners in prevention hsv/hiv transmission trial (partners hsv/hiv transmission study) showed that herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) suppressive therapy with daily aciclovir could decrease hiv disease progression amongst hiv-1/hsv-2 coinfected individuals. the cost-effectiveness of daily aciclovir for delaying hiv-1 disease progression in women not eligible for antiretroviral therapy (art) is estimated. | 2011 | 21317689 |
| herpes simplex virus 2 microrna mir-h6 is a novel latency-associated transcript-associated microrna, but reduction of its expression does not influence the establishment of viral latency or the recurrence phenotype. | the herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) viral microrna (mirna) designated mir-h6 is located upstream of the latency-associated transcript (lat) promoter region on the strand opposite the lat. deletion of the lat promoter and part of lat exon 1 abolished hsv-2 mir-h6 expression in acutely and latently infected guinea pig dorsal root ganglia (drg), suggesting that this region is needed both for the expression of lat-encoded mirnas and for mir-h6 expression in vivo. relative to cells infected with a vir ... | 2011 | 21325410 |
| increased cell-mediated immune responses in patients with recurrent herpes simplex virus type 2 meningitis. | the clinical picture of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection includes genital blisters and less frequently meningitis, and some individuals suffer from recurrent episodes of these manifestations. we hypothesized that adaptive and/or innate immune functional deficiencies may be a major contributing factor in susceptibility to recurrent hsv-2 meningitis. ten patients with recurrent hsv-2 meningitis were studied during clinical remission. for comparison, 10 patients with recurrent genital ... | 2011 | 21325490 |
| aetiology of sexually transmitted infections in maputo, mozambique. | the study sought to ascertain the prevalence of the aetiological agents of genital discharge and genital ulcer diseases in maputo, mozambique. | 2011 | 21330739 |
| distribution of hiv-1 and hsv-2 epidemics in chad revealing hsv-2 hot-spot in regions of high-risk hiv spread. | herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) is known to be a potent co-factor of human immunodeficiency type 1 virus (hiv-1) heterosexual transmission. we were interested in assessing the distribution of hiv-1 and hsv-2 epidemics at the national level in chad. | 2011 | 21330743 |
| monitoring drug resistance for herpesviruses. | herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and human cytomegalovirus (cmv) cause diseases that are usually self-limiting in the immunocompetent host. however, hsv-1, hsv-2, vzv, and cmv are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised patient. prolonged antiviral treatment is often required for the clinical management of herpesvirus infections in the immunocompromised patient, and this favors the emergence of drug-resistant strains. the iso ... | 2000 | 21331907 |
| innate and adaptive immunity against herpes simplex virus type 2 in the genital mucosa. | herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, despite the widespread use of antiviral drugs. its ability to evade the immune system and establish a latent infection has made it difficult to develop an effective vaccine. our understanding of the immune response against hsv-2 remains complex and involves a balance between innate signaling pathways and the adaptive immune response. primary infection with hsv-2 induces toll-like receptor (tlr)-mediated type i inte ... | 2011 | 21334750 |
| synthesis and in vitro anti-hsv-1 activity of a novel hsp90 inhibitor bj-b11. | in this study, a novel hsp90 inhibitor bj-b11, was synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antiviral activity against several viruses. possible anti-hsv-1 mechanisms were also investigated. bj-b11 displayed no antiviral activity against coxsackievirus b(3) (cvb(3)), human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza virus (h1n1), but exhibited potent anti-hsv-1 and hsv-2 activity with ec(50) values of 0.42±0.18 µm and 0.60±0.21 µm, respectively. additionally, the inhibitory effects of bj-b11 a ... | 2011 | 21334891 |
| a critical role for il-15 in tlr-mediated innate antiviral immunity against genital hsv-2 infection. | innate antiviral immunity, particularly at mucosal surfaces, has a critical role in early control of viral infections. both type i interferons (ifns) and interleukin-15 (il-15) are essential components of innate antiviral immunity. it has been shown that toll-like receptor (tlr) ligand-induced innate antiviral immunity requires ifn-a/ß and -? receptor signaling. however, it is not known if il-15 has a role in tlr ligand-mediated antiviral responses. here, we report that ligands for tlr-3 and tlr ... | 2011 | 21339766 |
| molecular detection of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 2, human papillomavirus 16-18 in turkish pregnants. | human cytomegalovirus (cmv) is the most common cause of viral intrauterine infections in the world. herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) and human papillomavirus (hpv) are the main agents of viral sexually transmitted diseases, which cause genital ulcers and genital warts, respectively. hpv infection has been linked to the majority of the anogenital malignancies. the aim of this study was to detect the existence of cmv, hsv-2 and hpv type 16-18 in turkish pregnants by using sensitive molecular as ... | 2010 | 21340297 |
| systemic lupus erythematosus associated with wells' syndrome. | wells' syndrome is a multifaceted dermatosis with a wide morphological spectrum, ranging from characteristic cellulitis-like erythema and papula to an unusual presentation of vesicles and pustules. the most important elements for diagnosis are erythemal plaques and histological picture of eosinophilic infiltration of the dermis with 'flame figures' (plotz et al., in hautarzt 51:182-186, 2000). because of its original description as a distinct entity, it has come to be regarded as an abnormal eos ... | 2011 | 21340570 |
| [sero-epidemiology of six viruses natural infection in tupaia belangeri chinensis]. | tupaia (tupaia belangeris chinensis, tree shrew) as a new experiment animal in medicine are non-rodent, small animals and close to primates in evolution. experimental animals infected with viruses will affect the animal's health, interference experiment, and even endanger the operator's safety. therefore, the viral infection in experimental animals has long been considered an important part of quality control. lack of clearer viral natural infection information on the t. belangeris limits its us ... | 2011 | 21341379 |
| research of ul54-specific sirna on herpes simplex virus type ii replication. | to determine how ul54-specific sirna affects virus replication and protection of host cells, we examined virus titer and the activity of the cells at 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 60 hours and 72 hours after process of rnai, including: four ul54-specific sirnas and the positive/negative control sirnas synthesized in vitro by chemical processes. the vero cells were transfected with sirnas using lipofectamine 2000 followed by infection by hsv-ii. our studies reveal that the groups with u ... | 2011 | 21342172 |
| protection from rna and dna viruses by il-32. | several studies have documented a proinflammatory role for il-32, which induces il-1a, il-1ß, il-6, tnf, and chemokines via nf-?b, p38mapk, and ap-1. however, il-32 also participates in the responses to infection with viruses such as hiv-1 and influenza. in this study, we explored these antiviral properties of il-32. vital staining assays demonstrated that low concentrations (5-10 ng/ml) of ril-32? protected epithelial wish cells from vesicular stomatitis virus-induced cell death. by lactate deh ... | 2011 | 21346229 |
| hsv-2 serology can be predictive of hiv epidemic potential and hidden sexual risk behavior in the middle east and north africa. | hiv prevalence is low in the middle east and north africa (mena) region, though the risk or potential for further spread in the future is not well understood. behavioral surveys are limited in this region and when available have serious limitations in assessing the risk of hiv acquisition. we demonstrate the potential use of herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) seroprevalence as a marker for hiv risk within mena. | 2010 | 21352788 |
| prevalence of specific herpes simplex virus-2 antibodies and associated factors in women of a rural town of colombia. | there is lack of age-specific seroprevalence surveys and identification of factors associated with herpes simplex virus type-2 seropositivity (hsv-2) in rural populations in colombia. a random sample of 869 women was interviewed about socio-demographic aspects, sexual and reproductive history. antibodies to hsv-2 were determined by a specific type immunoenzymatic technique (elisa). participants had a mean age of 38±16.1 years, 67% were married, 60% monogamous and 47% reported use of condoms. hsv ... | 2011 | 21353272 |
| serological evidence of exposure to herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with cognitive deficits in the catie schizophrenia sample. | cognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia. previous studies have indicated that exposure to neurotropic infectious agents such as herpes simplex virus type 1 may contribute to cognitive deficits and neuroanatomical abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia. we examined the association between exposure to neurotropic infectious agents and cognitive function in 1308 participants in the clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness (catie) trial. this sample includ ... | 2011 | 21353483 |
| isatin-ß-thiosemicarbazones as potent herpes simplex virus inhibitors. | a series of isatin-ß-thiosemicarbazones have been designed and evaluated for antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) in a plaque reduction assay. their cytotoxicity was examined using human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (rd cells). several derivatives of isatin-ß-thiosemicarbazone exhibited significant and selective antiviral activity with low cytotoxicity. it was found that the thiourea group at thiosemicarbazone and the nh functionality at isatin were essenti ... | 2011 | 21356589 |
| genital lesions and acute urinary retention. | | 2011 | 21364157 |
| transfer of igg in the female genital tract by mhc class i-related neonatal fc receptor (fcrn) confers protective immunity to vaginal infection. | igg is a major ig subclass in mucosal secretions of the human female genital tract, where it predominates over the iga isotype. despite the abundance of igg, surprisingly little is known about where and how igg enters the lumen of the genital tract and the exact role local igg plays in preventing sexually transmitted diseases. we demonstrate here that the neonatal fc receptor, fcrn, is expressed in female genital tract epithelial cells of humans and mice and binds igg in a ph-dependent manner. i ... | 2011 | 21368166 |
| a colorimetric microtiter plate polymerase chain reaction system that detects herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid and discriminates genotypes 1 and 2. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) is an ubiquitous agent responsible for a wide variety of human infections. in addition to epithelial infections such as gingivostomatitis, pharyngitis, genital herpes, whitlow, conjunctivitis, and keratitis, hsv is an important cause of central nervous system (cns) infections and accounts for 2-19% of human encephalitis cases (1,2). the clinical spectrum of cns diseases has been recently expanded; for example, most cases of benign recurrent aseptic meningitis (mollaret ... | 2001 | 21370153 |
| lack of association of herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositivity with the progression of hiv infection in the hers cohort. | many studies have chronicled the "epidemiologic synergy" between human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). hiv adversely affects the natural history of hsv-2 and results in more frequent and severe hsv-2 reactivation. few longitudinal studies, however, have examined whether hsv-2 is associated with increased hiv plasma viral loads or decreased cd4 counts. the authors estimated the effect of hsv-2 seropositivity on hiv rna viral load and on cd4 count over time am ... | 2011 | 21372062 |
| expression and purification of secreted forms of hsv glycoproteins from baculovirus-infected insect cells. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) remains a major human pathogen worldwide (25 causing cold sores, eye and genital infections, blindness, encephalitis, and neonatal infections. most adults have antibodies against the oral form of the virus hsv-1 (9), and a significant number are infected with the genital form, hsv-2. both serotypes establish lifelong latent infections and reactivate periodically to produce recurrent disease (25). after infection, virus-encoded glycoproteins are expressed on all cellula ... | 1998 | 21374226 |
| analyses of hsv proteins for posttranslational modifications and enzyme functions. | in order to identify the nature of posttranslational modifications and enzyme functions of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) proteins, it is necessary to apply both biochemical and genetic analyses. the experimental methods described in this chapter have been applied to cells cultured in vitro and infected with hsv-1 or to isolated nuclei of infected cells, to nuclear or cytoplasmic fractions, and, in some instances, to purified extracts of infected eukaryotic cells or of prokaryoti ... | 1998 | 21374234 |
| hsv latency in vitro : in situ hybridization methods. | we have developed an in vitro model of herpes simplex virus (hsv) latency in primary neurons that mimics many aspects of hsv latency in animal models and the human disease (1-3). using this model, we demonstrated that hsv-1 and hsv-2 establish latent infections in vitro in the same neuronal cell types that are shown to harbor latent hsv in humans (3). latent hsv infections can be produced in neuronal cultures from ganglia of rodents and primates with similar results (3). in all cases examined, t ... | 1998 | 21374238 |
| use of lectins for characterization of o-linked glycans of herpes simplex virus glycoproteins. | the existence of o-linked glycans in viral glycoproteins was described in the early 1980s for enveloped viruses such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), vaccinia virus, and mouse hepatitis virus (1-4). glycoprotein c of hsv-1 (designated gc-1) was demonstrated to contain domains, in which numerous o-linked glycans were concentrated to pronase-resistant clusters (5-7), thereby resembling the organization of mucins (8). thus glycoprotein, containing nine sites for n-linked glycosylation in add ... | 1998 | 21374459 |
| herpes simplex virus-2 infection amongst urban male population in pakistan. | to describe the prevalence of herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) infection among males in six major cities of pakistan. | 2010 | 21375195 |
| development of a glycoprotein d-expressing dominant-negative and replication-defective herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) recombinant viral vaccine against hsv-2 infection in mice. | using the t-rex (invitrogen, california) gene switch technology and a dominant-negative mutant polypeptide of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1)-origin binding protein ul9, we previously constructed a glycoprotein d-expressing replication-defective and dominant-negative hsv-1 recombinant viral vaccine, cj9-gd, for protection against hsv infection and disease. it was demonstrated that cj9-gd is avirulent following intracerebral inoculation in mice, cannot establish detectable latent infection followi ... | 2011 | 21389121 |
| correlates of hiv-1 genital shedding in tanzanian women. | understanding the correlates of hiv shedding is important to inform strategies to reduce hiv infectiousness. we examined correlates of genital hiv-1 rna in women who were seropositive for both herpes simplex virus (hsv)-2 and hiv-1 and who were enrolled in a randomised controlled trial of hsv suppressive therapy (aciclovir 400 mg b.i.d vs. placebo) in tanzania. | 2011 | 21390251 |
| herpes simplex virus life cycle and the design of viral vectors. | herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are doublestranded dna viruses with a genome size of 152 kbp. the genome consists of two unique regions, u(l) (long) and u(s) (short), flanked by repeated sequences (fig. 1; for review, see ref. 1). the two viruses are closely related, and both infect humans, producing mucocutaneous sores that are predominantly facial in the case of hsv-1 and genital in the case of hsv-2. | 1992 | 21390711 |
| incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 in young reproductive age women in mysore, india. | there are sparse data on herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection in india. hsv-2 is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections and the primary cause of genital ulcer disease worldwide. | 2011 | 21393886 |
| recent pattern of co-infection amongst hiv seropositive individuals in tertiary care hospital, kolkata. | opportunistic infections (ois) and co-infections are the major cause of deaths amongst hiv infected individuals and this mostly depends upon the risk factors, type of exposure and geographic region. the commonest types of infections reported are tuberculosis, chronic diarrhoea, oral candidiasis, herpes simplex virus-2, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis b virus and hepatitis c virus. due to the scarcity of ois data available from this region, we had designed a study to determine the frequency of differe ... | 2011 | 21396133 |
| [antiviral activity of aqueous extracts and polysaccharide fractions from mycelium and fruit bodies of higher fungi]. | sixty preparations of basidiomycetes (ganoderma, lentinus, pleurotus, laetiporus, polyporus, inonotus, flammulina, grifola, trametes) were investigated with respect to their toxicity for vero cells and antiviral activity. the antiviral activity was estimated with the use of the west nile virus and type 2 herpes simplex. it was shown that 11 preparations of ganoderma, lentinus and pleurotus completely inhibited the infective activity in doses not lower than 1000 tcd50 (the west nile virus) and 10 ... | 2010 | 21400748 |
| risk factors for hsv-2 infection among sexual partners of hsv-2/hiv-1 co-infected persons. | | 2011 | 21406077 |
| hiv infection of dendritic cells subverts the ifn induction pathway via irf-1 and inhibits type 1 ifn production. | many viruses have developed mechanisms to evade the ifn response. here, hiv-1 was shown to induce a distinct subset of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs) in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dcs), without detectable type i or ii ifn. these isgs all contained an ifn regulatory factor 1 (irf-1) binding site in their promoters, and their expression was shown to be driven by irf-1, indicating this subset was induced directly by viral infection by irf-1. irf-1 and -7 protein expression was enriched in hiv p ... | 2011 | 21411754 |
| role of fas/fasl in regulation of inflammation in vaginal tissue during hsv-2 infection. | to assess the role of fas in lesion development during genital hsv-2 infection, we used a well-established hsv-2 murine model applied to mrl-fas(lpr)/j (fas-/-) and c3-fasl(gld)/j (fasl-/-) c57bl6 mice. in vitro infection of murine keratinocytes and epithelial cells was used to clarify molecular details of hsv-2 infection. despite upregulation of fas and fasl, hsv-2-infected keratinocytes and epithelial cells showed a moderate level of apoptosis due to upregulated expression of the anti-apoptoti ... | 2011 | 21412278 |
| a live-attenuated hsv-2 icp0 virus elicits 10 to 100 times greater protection against genital herpes than a glycoprotein d subunit vaccine. | glycoprotein d (gd-2) is the entry receptor of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), and is the immunogen in the pharmaceutical industry's lead hsv-2 vaccine candidate. efforts to prevent genital herpes using gd-2 subunit vaccines have been ongoing for 20 years at a cost in excess of $100 million. to date, gd-2 vaccines have yielded equivocal protection in clinical trials. therefore, using a small animal model, we sought to determine if a live-attenuated hsv-2 icp0? virus would elicit better protectio ... | 2011 | 21412438 |
| [recurrent episodes of headache]. | mollaret's meningitis is a recurrent meningitis, usually caused by herpes simplex virus type 2. symptoms are typical for meningitis, but other causes for recurrent and chronic meningitis have to be excluded in the cerebrospinal fluid. usually mollaret's meningitis is a benign form of meningitis without sequelae. there are no evidence-based data about therapy because of few reported cases. | 2011 | 21412749 |
| herpes simplex virus infections among rural residents in eastern china. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) has two types: hsv-1 and hsv-2. both infect epithelial cells and establish latent infections in neurons causing an infection that persists for life. information on age- and gender-specific seroprevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 is valuable for understanding hsv transmission dynamics and designing population-based prevention and intervention programs for hsv. however, such information is not available for china. | 2011 | 21414231 |
| subclinical reactivation of varicella zoster virus in all stages of hiv infection. | analysis of 200 paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from 180 hiv-positive individuals, 136 of whom had aids, revealed intrathecal synthesis of antibodies specific for varicella zoster virus (vzv) in 28 (16%) individuals, measles virus in 15 (8%), herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) in 1 (0.6%), and hsv-2 in none. of the 28 subjects with a positive vzv antibody specificity index, only 1 had zoster rash at the time of serum and csf sampling; of the total 180 hiv-positive subjects, 146 (8 ... | 2011 | 21419427 |
| multiple viral coinfections among hiv/aids patients in china. | a cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine seroprevalence and correlates of coinfections of hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), epstein-bar virus (ebv), herpes simplex virus including type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients in china. a total of 1,110 hiv/aids patients from shanxi (central area, n = 287), zhejiang (eastern area, n = 163), yunnan (southwestern area, n = 300) and xinjiang (n ... | 2011 | 21422594 |
| the alphaherpesvirus serine/threonine kinase us3 disrupts promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies. | us3, a serine/threonine kinase encoded by all alphaherpesviruses, plays diverse roles during virus infection, including preventing virus-induced apoptosis, facilitating nuclear egress of capsids, stimulating mrna translation and promoting cell-to-cell spread of virus infection. given this diversity, the full spectrum of us3 function may not yet be recognized. we noted, in transiently transfected cells, that herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) us3 disrupted promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear ... | 2011 | 21430051 |
| ganciclovir ophthalmic gel 0.15%: in acute herpetic keratitis (dendritic ulcers). | dendritic epithelial keratitis is most commonly caused by infections of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 (hsv-1), and less frequently by hsv type 2 (hsv-2). ganciclovir, a guanosine nucleoside analogue, is a well established broad-spectrum antiviral agent that inhibits replication of viral dna and is active against both hsv-1 and -2 and several other viruses. ganciclovir ophthalmic gel 0.15% is a five-times-daily topical preparation that is indicated for the treatment of acute herpetic keratiti ... | 2011 | 21443283 |
| rapid clearance of herpes simplex virus type 2 by cd8+ t cells requires high level expression of effector t cell functions. | cd8(+) t cells are important for resolution of hsv-2 lesions from the female genital epithelium. it is uncertain whether optimal clearance of viruses such as hsv-2 that cause a limited, non-systemic infection solely requires expression of effector functions by infiltrating cd8(+) t lymphocytes, or if the clearance rate is reflective of the expression level of critical effector functions. to address this, cd8(+) t cells from normal ot-i mice or ot-i mice deficient in ifn? (ifn?(-/-)) or the ifn? ... | 2011 | 21444117 |
| the effect of the vaginal diaphragm and lubricant gel on acquisition of hsv-2. | in the context of a multisite hiv prevention trial in southern african women, we examined the effectiveness of the ortho all-flex diaphragm, lubricant gel (replens) and condoms compared to condoms alone on the incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infections. | 2011 | 21447515 |
| virucidal activity of the dendrimer microbicide spl7013 against hiv-1. | topical microbicides for use by women to prevent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other sexually transmitted infections are urgently required. dendrimers are highly branched nanoparticles being developed as microbicides. spl7013 is a dendrimer with broad-spectrum activity against hiv type i (hiv-1) and -2 (hiv-2), herpes simplex viruses type-1 (hsv-1) and -2 (hsv-2) and human papillomavirus. spl7013 [3% (w/w)] has been formulated in a mucoadhesive carbopol gel (vivagel® ... | 2011 | 21459115 |
| genital herpes testing among persons living with hiv. | this cross-sectional survey explored the frequency of genital herpes testing among 110 people living with hiv (plwh) and reported barriers and facilitators related to testing. forty-four percent of the respondents had not been tested for genital herpes since receiving an hiv diagnosis, 34% had been tested, and 22% preferred not to say. respondents' most frequently cited factors affecting a decision to not be tested were: (a) testing not being recommended by a provider, (b) not having herpes symp ... | 2011 | 21459624 |
| high prevalent and incident hiv-1 and herpes simplex virus 2 infection among male migrant and non-migrant sugar farm workers in zambia. | more insight is needed regarding risk factors for prevalent and incident hiv-1 infection among male farm workers in sub-saharan africa to control the hiv-1 epidemic. | 2011 | 21459898 |
| single tube multiplex real-time pcr for the rapid detection of herpesvirus infections of the central nervous system. | human herpesvirus infection of immunocompromised hosts may lead to central nervous system (cns) infection and diseases. in this study, a single tube multiplex real-time pcr was developed for the detection of five herpesviruses (hsv-1, hsv-2, vzv, ebv and cmv) in clinical cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens. two primer pairs specific for the herpesvirus polymerase gene and five hybridization probe pairs for the specific identification of the herpesvirus types were used in a lightcycler multiplex ... | 2011 | 21466846 |
| effects of electrolytes on virus inactivation by acidic solutions. | acidic ph is frequently used to inactivate viruses. we have previously shown that arginine synergizes with low ph in enhancing virus inactivation. considering a potential application of the acid inactivation of viruses for the prevention and treatment of superficial virus infection at body surfaces and fixtures, herein we have examined the effects of various electrolytes on the acid-induced inactivation of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), the influenza a virus (iav) an ... | 2011 | 21468540 |
| generation of neutralising aptamers against hsv-2: potential components of multivalent microbicides. | the prophylactic use of topical antiviral agents has recently been validated by the reduction in hiv-1 infection incidence seen using tonofovir-containing microbicides. in order to develop a wide-spectrum microbicide to prevent infection with a wide range of sexually transmitted viruses, we have previously reported the development of hiv-neutralizing aptamers, and here report the isolation and characterization of aptamers that neutralize herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). these aptamers bind t ... | 2011 | 21471320 |
| impact of herpes simplex virus type 2 on hiv-1 acquisition and progression in an hiv vaccine trial (the step study). | introduction:: extensive observational data suggest that hsv-2 infection may facilitate hiv acquisition, increase hiv viral load, and accelerate hiv progression and onward transmission. to explore these relationships, we examined the impact of pre-existing hsv-2 infection in an international hiv vaccine trial. methods:: we analyzed the associations between prevalent hsv-2 infection and hiv-1 acquisition and progression among 1836 men who have sex with men (msm). we used cox proportional hazards ... | 2011 | 21471819 |
| nk cells require type i ifn receptor for antiviral responses during genital hsv-2 infection. | type i interferon (ifn) signalling, nk cells and nk cell-derived ifn-γ are critical in the early control of genital hsv-2 infection. we have recently reported that nk cells are the source of early ifn-γ in the genital tract in response to hsv-2. however, the response of nk cells to genital hsv-2 infection is not well defined in the context of type i ifn signalling. here we show that hsv-2 replication was significantly higher in mice deficient in the type i ifn receptor or nk cells compared to wi ... | 2011 | 21477795 |
| herpes simplex virus encephalitis: new infection or reactivation? | this review describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, course, and therapy of herpes simplex encephalitis (hse), the most fatal viral encephalitis, in which prognosis is dependent on early diagnosis and effective therapy. | 2011 | 21483260 |
| herpes simplex virus type 2 infection increases human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry into human primary macrophages. | abstract: epidemiological and clinical data indicate that genital ulcer disease (gud) pathogens are associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) acquisition and/or transmission. among them, genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) seems to play a relevant role. indeed, the ability of hsv-2 to induce massive infiltration at the genital level of cells which are potential targets for hiv-1 infection may represent one of the mechanisms involved in this process. ... | 2011 | 21486479 |
| genital shedding of herpes simplex virus among symptomatic and asymptomatic persons with hsv-2 infection. | since herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) antibody tests have become commercially available, an increasing number of persons have learned that they have genital herpes through serologic testing. the course of natural history of hsv-2 in asymptomatic, seropositive persons is uncertain. | 2011 | 21486977 |
| natalizumab and hsv meningitis. | natalizumab (tysabri, biogen idec and elan pharmaceuticals) is a monoclonal antibody approved for use in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (ms) as well as moderate to severe crohn's disease. we report the first case of a patient with a history of ms, on monthly natalizumab, who developed hsv-2 meningitis. we discuss the mechanism of action of natalizumab and review what is known about the reactivation of herpes infection in association with this medication. the question of herpes simple ... | 2011 | 21487835 |
| herpes simplex encephalitis : from virus to therapy. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) is the cause of herpes simplex encephalitis (hse), a devastating human disease which occurs in 2-4 cases per million/year. hse results either from a primary infection or virus reactivation, in accordance with the common pattern of hsv infection which is a chronic lifelong process. however its pathophysiology remains largely unknown and its poor prognosis is in contrast with the usually good tolerance of most clinical herpetic manifestations. hse is due to hsv type 1 (h ... | 2011 | 21488834 |
| fishermen as a suitable population for hiv intervention trials. | background. suitable populations to sustain continued evaluation of hiv and sexually transmitted infection (sti) prevention interventions are required. we sought to determine whether fishermen are a suitable population for hiv intervention trials. methods. in a cross-sectional descriptive survey, we selected 250 fishermen from proportional to size sampled boats. we collected socioeconomic and behavioral information, and specimens for hiv, herpes simplex virus (hsv-2), syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamy ... | 2010 | 21490906 |
| supporting adolescent orphan girls to stay in school as hiv risk prevention: evidence from a randomized controlled trial in zimbabwe. | using a randomized controlled trial in rural eastern zimbabwe, we tested whether comprehensive support to keep orphan adolescent girls in school could reduce hiv risk. | 2011 | 21493943 |
| genital herpes. | genital herpes is an infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) or type 2 (hsv-2), and is among the most common sexually transmitted diseases. methods and outcomes: we conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: what are the effects of interventions to prevent sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus? what are the effects of interventions to prevent transmission of herpes simplex virus from mother to neonate? what are the effects of antiviral tr ... | 2011 | 21496359 |
| evidence for differences in immunologic and pathogenesis properties of herpes simplex virus 2 strains from the united states and south africa. | genital infection with herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is linked to an increased risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in areas such as sub-saharan africa. thus, an effective genital herpes vaccine would be an important weapon in the fight against hiv/aids. | 2011 | 21498376 |
| identification of herpesvirus types 1-8 in oral cavity of children/adolescents with chronic renal failure. | j oral pathol med (2011) the aim of this investigation was to identify the prevalence of herpesvirus types 1-8 in the oral cavity of subjects with chronic renal failure (crf) and healthy subjects and compare the two groups, and also correlate the presence of the virus with some characteristics of crf disease (the type of treatment, drugs administered for crf and the presence of oral manifestations). the sample was made up of 60 subjects (aged 4-20) divided into the renal group (rg) and healthy g ... | 2011 | 21501230 |
| phase 1 randomized trial of the vaginal safety and acceptability of spl7013 gel (vivagel) in sexually active young women (mtn-004). | objectives:: the study was designed to assess the safety, adherence, acceptability, and effect on vaginal microflora of 3% spl7013 gel (vivagel), a novel dendrimer topical microbicide that inhibits hiv, herpes simplex virus-2, and human papillomavirus in vitro and in animal models. design:: phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on sexually active women. methods:: sixty-one sexually active women aged 18-24 years were recruited from three sites in the united states. participa ... | 2011 | 21505316 |
| a5-positive primary sensory neurons are non-permissive for productive infection with herpes simplex virus 1 in vitro. | herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2) establish latency and express the latency-associated transcript (lat) preferentially in different murine sensory neuron populations, with most hsv-1 lat expression in a5+ neurons and hsv-2 lat in kh10+ neurons. to study mechanisms regulating establishment of hsv latency in specific subtypes of neurons, cultured dissociated adult murine trigeminal (tg) neurons were assessed for relative permissiveness for productive infection. unlike neonatal tg, the ... | 2011 | 21507969 |
| comparative study of immune status to infectious agents in elderly patients with multiple myeloma, waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. | whereas patients with multiple myeloma (mm) have a well-documented susceptibility to infections, this has been less studied in other b-cell disorders, such as waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (wm) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (mgus). we investigated the humoral immunity to 24 different pathogens in elderly patients with mm (n = 25), wm (n = 16), and mgus (n = 18) and in age-matched controls (n = 20). antibody titers against pneumococci, staphylococcal alpha-toxin, tetanu ... | 2011 | 21508164 |
| the relative contribution of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted infections on hiv acquisition in southern african women in the methods for improving reproductive health in africa study. | we assess the relative contribution of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted infections (stis) on hiv acquisition among southern african women in a nested case-control study within the methods for improving reproductive health in africa (mira) trial. cases were women with incident hiv infection; controls were hiv-uninfected at the time of case seroconversion selected in a 1 to 3 case to control ratio (risk-set sampling), matched on study site and time of follow-up. conditional logistic regres ... | 2011 | 21515755 |
| [meta-analysis on the incidence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.] | objective: to determine the global incidence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). methods: meta-analysis was performed to systematically and quantitatively review all the original research papers and reports that were published in 1990 - 2010 on the global incidence of hsv-2. pooled incidence, pooled hazard ratios, publication bias, heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis for those studies were calculated or conducted using stata 10.0. results: hsv-2 incidence varied considera ... | 2011 | 21518628 |
| conservation of multifunctional ribosomal protein metallopanstimulin-1 (rps27) through complex evolution demonstrates its key role in growth regulation in archaea, eukaryotic cells, dna repair, translation and viral replication. | when the functions of a protein serve a useful survival and unique purpose, the selective pressures of evolutionary laws of nature conserve the dna sequences encoding such proteins. in many instances, the conservation of these sequences has occurred since the inception of life on earth to the present in phylogenetically related species. the unique function(s) of metallopanstimulin (mps-1/rps27) ribosomal protein (rp) and a limited number of other rps, in growth regulation, and viral infection is ... | 2011 | 21518817 |
| herpes simplex virus type 2 and cancer: a medical geography approach. | herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) has been identified as a possible aetiological agent of cancer in humans, especially prostate cancer, but results remain controversial. here, we have addressed this question using a medical geography approach based on the national incidence of various cancers and seroprevalence of hsv-2 in 64 countries worldwide. we corrected reports of cancer incidence for national gross domestic product (gdp) because living in a wealthy nation likely increases the probabilit ... | 2011 | 21524717 |
| genital hsv detection among hiv-1-infected pregnant women in labor. | objective. to compare genital hsv shedding among hiv-positive and hiv-negative women. methods. women with and without known hiv infection who delivered at the university of washington medical center between 1989-1996 had hsv serologies done as part of clinical care. genital swabs from hsv-2-seropositive women were evaluated by real-time quantitative hsv dna pcr. results. hsv-2 seroprevalence was 71% and 30% among 75 hiv-positive and 3051 hiv-negative women, respectively, (p < .001). hsv was dete ... | 2011 | 21527986 |
| refractory pemphigus vulgaris associated with herpes infection: case report and review. | pemphigus vulgaris (pv) is an autoimmune disease characterized by blistering of the skin and mucosa, which develops due to the interaction between predisposing genetic and environmental factors. infections caused by members of the herpesviridae family have been suggested as a possible triggering factor for pv. | 2011 | 21537760 |
| a dual reporter cell assay for identifying serotype and drug susceptibility of herpes simplex virus. | a dual reporter cell assay (drca) that allows real-time detection of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection was developed. this was achieved by stable transfection of cells with an expression cassette that contains the dual reporter genes, secreted alkaline phosphatase (seap) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp), under the control of an hsv early gene promoter. baby hamster kidney (bhk) and chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell lines were used as parental cell lines because the former is permi ... | 2011 | 21549682 |
| identification of a novel marine fish virus, singapore grouper iridovirus-encoded micrornas expressed in grouper cells by solexa sequencing. | micrornas (mirnas) are ubiquitous non-coding rnas that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. an increasing number of studies has revealed that viruses can also encode mirnas, which are proposed to be involved in viral replication and persistence, cell-mediated antiviral immune response, angiogenesis, and cell cycle regulation. singapore grouper iridovirus (sgiv) is a pathogenic iridovirus that has severely affected grouper aquaculture in china and southeast asia. comprehens ... | 2011 | 21559453 |
| performance of the bioplextm 2200 multiplexing immunoassay platform for the detection to herpes simplex virus type 2 specific antibodies in african settings. | the bioplex™ platform was evaluated for the detection of herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) antibodies in sub-saharan africa individuals with clinico-virological standards and compared to herpeselect®. the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 88.9% and 93.5% for bioplex™ and 89.9% and 92.7% for herpeselect®. the agreement between both assays was 95.7%. | 2011 | 21562116 |
| associations between herpes simplex virus type 2 and hcv with hiv among injecting drug users in new york city. | objectives. we examined relationships between herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), a biomarker for sexual risk, and hcv, a biomarker for injecting risk, with hiv among injecting drug users (idus) who began injecting after large-scale expansion of syringe exchange programs in new york city. methods. we recruited 337 heroin and cocaine users who began injecting in 1995 or later from persons entering drug detoxification. we administered a structured interview covering drug use and hiv risk behavior ... | 2011 | 21566021 |
| safety and efficacy of the hvtn 503/phambili study of a clade-b-based hiv-1 vaccine in south africa: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled test-of-concept phase 2b study. | background: the mrkad5 hiv-1 gag/pol/nef subtype b vaccine was designed to elicit t-cell-mediated immune responses capable of providing complete or partial protection from hiv-1 infection or a decrease in viral load after acquisition. we aim to assess the safety and efficacy of the vaccine in south africa, where the major circulating clade is subtype c. methods: we did a phase 2b double-blind, randomised test-of-concept study in sexually active hiv-1 seronegative participants at five sites in so ... | 2011 | 21570355 |
| quantitative and qualitative correlates of cervicovaginal herpes simplex virus type 2 shedding among hiv-infected women in the women's interagency hiv study. | we identified demographic, clinical and biological determinants of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) shedding among hiv-infected participants in the women's hiv interagency study (wihs). cervicovaginal lavage (cvl) specimens from 369 hiv-infected hsv seropositive women were tested with taqman polymerase chain reaction (prc) for detection hsv-2 dna. seven percent of women tested positive for hsv-2 dna in cvl. significant correlates of the presence of hsv-2 dna in cvl were being younger, african ... | 2011 | 21571975 |
| hsv neutralization by the microbicidal candidate c5a. | genital herpes is a major risk factor in acquiring human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) infection and is caused by both herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2. the amphipathic peptide c5a, derived from the non-structural hepatitis c virus (hcv) protein 5a, was shown to prevent hiv-1 infection but neither influenza nor vesicular stomatitis virus infections. here we investigated the antiviral function of c5a on hsv infections. c5a efficiently inhibited both hsv-1 and hsv-2 infection ... | 2011 | 21573158 |
| design and evaluation of a multi-epitope assembly peptide (meap) against herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in balb/c mice. | abstract: background: human herpes simplex virus (hsv) 1 and 2 causes oral, ocular, or genital infections, which remains a significant health problem worldwide. hsv-1 and -2 infections in humans range from localized skin infections of the oral, ocular, and genital regions to severe and often disseminated infections in immunocompromised hosts. epitope based vaccination is a promising mean to achieve protective immunity and to avoid infections with human herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). method ... | 2011 | 21575169 |
| inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection by peptide-derivatized dendrimers. | in response to the need for new antiviral agents, dendrimer-based molecules have been recognized as having a large number of potential therapeutic applications. they include peptide derivatized-dendrimers: hyperbranched synthetic well-defined molecules which consist of a peptidyl branching core and covalently attached surface functional peptides. however, few studies have addressed their applications as direct-acting antiviral agents. here, we report on the ability of the peptide dendrimer sb105 ... | 2011 | 21576438 |
| inhibition of hiv transmission in human cervicovaginal explants and humanized mice using cd4 aptamer-sirna chimeras. | the continued spread of the hiv epidemic underscores the need to interrupt transmission. one attractive strategy is a topical vaginal microbicide. sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in mice can be inhibited by intravaginal sirna application. to overcome the challenges of knocking down gene expression in immune cells susceptible to hiv infection, we used chimeric rnas composed of an aptamer fused to an sirna for targeted gene knockdown in cells bearing an aptamer-binding r ... | 2011 | 21576818 |
| association of low-risk human papillomavirus infection with male circumcision in young men: results from a longitudinal study conducted in orange farm (south africa). | background. low-risk human papillomavirus (lr-hpv) genotypes 6 and 11 cause genital warts. this study investigated the association of lr-hpv infection with male circumcision (mc). methods. we used data from the south african mc trial conducted among young men. urethral swabs, collected among intervention (circumcised) and control (uncircumcised) groups, were analyzed using hpv linear array. adjusted lr-hpv prevalence rate ratio (appr) and poisson mean ratio (apmr) of number of lr-hpv genotypes w ... | 2011 | 21584275 |
| prevalence and risk factors for herpes simplex infection among patients at high risk for hiv infection in brazil. | background herpes simplex infection is responsible for substantial morbidity in patients with hiv infection. data from less-developed countries analyzing risk factors within this population are largely unavailable. aims investigate the incidence and seroprevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 infection in populations at high and low risk for hiv infection. materials and methods a prospective cohort study was performed in a population at high risk for stds composed of 170 hiv seronegative male homosexua ... | 2011 | 21595666 |
| hsv serologic testing for pregnant women: willingness to be tested and factors affecting testing. | objective. this prospective study was undertaken to evaluate pregnant women's willingness to undergo hsv type-specific serologic testing and factors affecting willingness in an obstetrics/gynecology ambulatory unit. methods. at prenatal visit 1, pregnant women (n = 303) with no history of hsv-2 were tested for hsv-1/hsv-2 before and after they received counseling on genital and neonatal herpes. results. in both the unwilling subgroup and the group that changed from being willing to being unwilli ... | 2011 | 21603233 |
| antiviral activity of lactobacillus brevis towards herpes simplex virus type 2: role of cell wall associated components. | the aim of this research was to study the mechanisms of lactobacillus brevis antiviral activity towards hsv-2 and to identify the bacterial components responsible for the inhibiting effect. bacterial extract and cell walls were prepared by lysozyme digestion of l. brevis cells untreated or treated with licl to remove s-layer proteins. bacterial extract and cell wall fragments showed a dose dependent inhibitory effect on hsv-2 multiplication. in order to characterize the inhibitory activity of l. ... | 2011 | 21621625 |
| notoginsenoside st-4 inhibits virus penetration of herpes simplex virus in vitro. | further study on steam-treated notoginseng, the roots of panax notoginseng (burk.) f.h. chen (araliaceae), which is a famous traditional chinese medicine that is used both in raw and treated forms for a long time, led to the isolation of a new dammarane-type saponin, namely notoginsenoside st-4. its structure was elucidated to be 3β,12β,20(s)-tri-hydroxydammar-24-ene-3-o-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glu-copyranoside, based on the detailed analyses of the 1d and 2d nmr ... | 2011 | 21623512 |
| genetic comparison of human alphaherpesvirus genomes | human
herpesviruses 1,
2, and 3 (herpes simplex virus 1
(hsv-1), herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), and varicella-zoster virus (vzv)) have been
classified as alphaherpesviruses based originally upon their biological properties,
and subsequently on the sequences of their respective genomes (minson et al., 2000; pellett and roizman, in press). all of these viruses maintain latent
infections in sensory ganglia, and can productively infect a variety of human cells,
including the ... | 2007 | 21348084 |
| medical microbiology | in nature, herpesviruses infect both vertebrate and non-vertebrate species, and over
a hundred have been at least partially characterized. only eight of these have been
isolated routinely from humans and are discussed here. they are known as the human
herpesviruses and are herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2,
varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, human herpesvirus 6,
human ... | 1996 | 21413307 |
| the hsv-2 la-1 oncoprotein is a member of a novel family of serine threonine receptor kinases. | the large subunit of the herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (rr) (icp10) is a chimera consisting of a serine/threonine (ser/thr) protein kinase (pk) domain preceded by a transmembrane (tm) segment at the amino terminus (la-i oncoprotein) and the rr domain at the carboxy terminus. human cells transformed by the la-i oncogene constitutively express the oncoprotein on the cell surface and internalize it by the endocytic pathway as determined by immunogold staining and electron mic ... | 1995 | 21552868 |
| seroprevalence, predictors and estimated incidence of maternal and neonatal herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in semi-urban women in kilifi, kenya. | abstract: background: herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) has public health importance as a leading cause of genital ulcers, a co-factor in hiv-1 acquisition and transmission and as a cause of neonatal herpes infections. little is known of its epidemiology and burden in coastal kenya. methods: we screened plasma samples for hsv-2 infection from 826 women aged 15-34 years who participated in an hiv-1 survey in kilifi in 2004. the sample comprised 563 women selected randomly from a demographic sur ... | 2011 | 21627803 |
| herpes simplex virus type 2 virion host shutoff protein suppresses innate dsrna anti-viral pathways in human vaginal epithelial cells. | viruses that establish persistent infections have evolved numerous strategies to evade host innate antiviral responses. we functionally assessed the role of hsv-2 virion host shutoff (vhs) protein on innate immune sensing pathways in human vaginal epithelial (vk2) cells. infection of cells with wt hsv-2 significantly decreased expression of tlr2, tlr3, rig-i and mda-5 relative to cells infected with a mutant that lacks vhs (vhsb) or mock. transfection with hsv-2 vhs similarly decreased expressio ... | 2011 | 21632561 |
| the role of co-infections in hiv epidemic trajectory and positive prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | objectives:: recurrent or persistent co-infections may increase hiv viral load (vl) and, consequently, risk of hiv transmission, thus increasing hiv incidence. we evaluated the association between malaria, hsv-2 and tb co-infections and their treatment on hiv vl. design:: systematic review and meta-analysis of the association of malaria, hsv-2 and tuberculosis co-infections and their treatment on hiv vl. methods:: punmed and embase databases were searched to february 10 2010 for studies in adult ... | 2011 | 21633287 |
| herpes simplex virus type 2, genital ulcers and hiv-1 disease progression in postpartum women. | co-infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) has been associated with increased hiv-1 rna levels and immune activation, two predictors of hiv-1 progression. the impact of hsv-2 on clinical outcomes among hiv-1 infected pregnant women is unclear. | 2011 | 21637835 |