| development of a multichannel flow-through chemiluminescence microarray chip for parallel calibration and detection of pathogenic bacteria. | pathogen detection is important for health and safety reasons. several outbreaks all over the world have shown the need for rapid, qualitative, quantitative, and, particularly, multianalyte detection systems. hence, a multichannel flow-through chemiluminescence microarray chip for parallel detection of pathogenic bacteria was developed. the disposable chip made of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (abs) copolymer was devised as a support for a multiplexed sandwich immunoassay. calibration and meas ... | 2009 | 19575190 |
| severe q fever community-acquired pneumonia (cap) mimicking legionnaires' disease: clinical significance of cold agglutinins, anti-smooth muscle antibodies and thrombocytosis. | atypical community-acquired pneumonia (cap) may be caused by zoonotic or nonpulmonary pathogens. however, atypical pathogens are systemic infectious disease accompanied by pneumonia in contrast with typical bacterial pathogens with infection limited to the lungs and absent extrapulmonary findings. clinically and radiologically, the atypical cap pathogens that most closely resemble each other are psittacosis, q fever, and legionnaires' disease. psittacosis can usually be readily suspected or elim ... | 2009 | 19577708 |
| chemical genetics reveals bacterial and host cell functions critical for type iv effector translocation by legionella pneumophila. | delivery of effector proteins is a process widely used by bacterial pathogens to subvert host cell functions and cause disease. effector delivery is achieved by elaborate injection devices and can often be triggered by environmental stimuli. however, effector export by the l. pneumophila icm/dot type ivb secretion system cannot be detected until the bacterium encounters a target host cell. we used chemical genetics, a perturbation strategy that utilizes small molecule inhibitors, to determine th ... | 2009 | 19578436 |
| pathogenicity of the family legionellaceae. | the legionellae are gram-negative bacteria able to survive and replicate in a wide range of protozoan hosts in natural environments, but they also occur in man-made aquatic systems, which are the major source of infection. after transmission to humans via aerosols, legionella spp. can cause pneumonia (legionnaires' disease) or influenza-like respiratory infections (pontiac fever). in children, legionnaires' disease is uncommon and is mainly diagnosed in children with immunosuppression. the clini ... | 2009 | 19578813 |
| a cluster of cases of nosocomial legionnaires disease linked to a contaminated hospital decorative water fountain. | nosocomial outbreaks of legionnaires disease have been linked to contaminated water in hospitals. immunocompromised patients are particularly vulnerable and, when infected, have a high mortality rate. we report the investigation of a cluster of cases of nosocomial pneumonia attributable to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 that occurred among patients on our stem cell transplantation unit. | 2009 | 19580436 |
| first reported united states case of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 pneumonia in a patient receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. | legionellosis has been reported to be an extremely rare disease in hawai'i. the authors report a case of a 67-year-old woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis treated with long-term adalimumab who developed severe right-sided community-acquired pneumonia and a parapneumonic effusion. legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was confirmed as the microbiologic cause based on a positive urine legionella antigen as well as direct fluorescent antibody and legionella culture of bronchoalveolar lavage. ... | 2009 | 19583105 |
| an unusual case of hospital-acquired infection: legionella longbeachae. | | 2009 | 19585301 |
| the clinical efficacy of fluoroquinolone and macrolide combination therapy compared with single-agent therapy against community-acquired pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila. | | 2009 | 19592113 |
| genome-scale identification of legionella pneumophila effectors using a machine learning approach. | a large number of highly pathogenic bacteria utilize secretion systems to translocate effector proteins into host cells. using these effectors, the bacteria subvert host cell processes during infection. legionella pneumophila translocates effectors via the icm/dot type-iv secretion system and to date, approximately 100 effectors have been identified by various experimental and computational techniques. effector identification is a critical first step towards the understanding of the pathogenesis ... | 2009 | 19593377 |
| [low mortality rate in an outbreak of legionnaires' disease: correlation with the cytopathogenity study]. | in 2001 an outbreak of legionnaires' diseases occurred in murcia, spain, with one of the lowest known rates of associated mortality. we describe the clinical data of a subgroup of patients, and present the results from molecular and virulence studies to correlate the lower mortality of the overall series with the strain virulence. | 2009 | 19595380 |
| [a case of legionella pneumonia with diabetic ketoacidosis rescued despite the development of acute renal failure and ards]. | a 57-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of general fatigue and appetite loss. the initial chest radiograph showed infiltration in the left upper lung field. cefozopran was administered. concomitant diabetic ketoacidosis was treated with hydration and rapid-acting insulin. however he was intubated and ventilated because of deteriorated respiratory condition and ketoacidosis on the 3rd hospital day. urinary legionella antigen was detected the same day, therefore ciprofloxacin an ... | 2009 | 19601525 |
| direct sequencing of legionella pneumophila from respiratory samples for sequence-based typing analysis. | we have developed a procedure to test the efficiency and reliability of sequencing of legionella pneumophila genes directly from respiratory samples and have compared the results with those derived from cultured isolates. we tried to obtain the nucleotide sequences of six protein-coding loci included in the sequence-based typing scheme for legionella pneumophila and three intergenic regions from 132 samples corresponding to 106 patients positive for urine antigen. a seminested pcr approach was u ... | 2009 | 19605573 |
| sequence-based and monoclonal antibody typing of legionella pneumophila isolated from patients in portugal during 1987-2008. | the monoclonal antibodies and the sequence-based typing (sbt) are two methodologies widely used to characterise legionella pneumophila strains serogroup 1 (sg1). in this study, we analysed the clinical strains received in two portuguese laboratories since 1987, including the strains isolated in portugal during the four years of the surveillance scheme for legionnaires' disease implemented in 2004. in total, 63 clinical isolates of l. pneumophila sg1 were differentiated by sbt into 19 different s ... | 2009 | 19607780 |
| legionella as a cause of hyperpyrexia. | | 2009 | 19619052 |
| nosocomial legionellosis: prevention and management. | legionnaires' disease (ld) can be nosocomial, community acquired or travel related. the source of legionella infection is potable water systems that become colonized by the microorganism. prevention studies involved mainly hospital water systems. different strategies have been suggested but none are fully successful: engineering modifications, heating of water to temperatures above 59 degrees c, heating and flushing the plumbing with hot water (80 degrees c), water chlorination, silver-copper io ... | 2009 | 19622057 |
| epidemiological investigation of a case of nosocomial legionnaires' disease in taiwan: implications for routine environmental surveillance. | an epidemiological investigation with legionella and molecular subtyping was conducted to determine the source of a case of nosocomial legionnaires' disease (ld) who was hospitalized in three hospitals within a month. legionella pneumophila serogroup 3, an uncommon serogroup for infection, was isolated from the patient's sputum. environmental surveillance revealed legionella colonization in all three hospitals; the patient isolate matched the isolate from the first hospital by molecular typing. ... | 2010 | 19624501 |
| [control of intracellular legionella pneumophila growth--with special reference to the lgn1/naip5/birc1e gene--]. | | 2009 | 19628930 |
| legionella-induced sudden hearing loss: a rare complication. | | 2009 | 19629381 |
| rna polymerase iii detects cytosolic dna and induces type i interferons through the rig-i pathway. | type i interferons (ifns) are important for antiviral and autoimmune responses. retinoic acid-induced gene i (rig-i) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (mavs) proteins mediate ifn production in response to cytosolic double-stranded rna or single-stranded rna containing 5'-triphosphate (5'-ppp). cytosolic b form double-stranded dna, such as poly(da-dt)*poly(da-dt) [poly(da-dt)], can also induce ifn-beta, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. here, we show that the cytosolic poly(da-dt) dna ... | 2009 | 19631370 |
| [severe complications and their outcomes in 65 patients with legionella pneumonia]. | the aim of the current study was to investigate the lethal complications of legionella pneumonia. severe complications and their outcomes in 65 patients with legionella pneumonia were studied. all patients who eventually had a fatal outcome or who had severe complications received antimicrobial agents active against legionella on the admission day. many patients in the severe complication category had multiple severe complications. six deaths occurred (mortality rate 9.2%), 4 of which were due t ... | 2009 | 19637795 |
| [successful treatment of legionella pneumonia with moxifloxacin in a hemodialysis patient]. | moxifloxacin, a recent, new quinolone agent, has superior pharmacokinetics and appears to be safe for patients with renal failure, as it is mainly excreted in the bile. the case of a hemodialysis patient with legionella pneumonia who was successfully treated with moxifloxacin is reported. a 76-year-old woman, who had been on hemodialysis for chronic renal failure secondary to diabetic nephropathy, visited her hospital with a cough and fever. pneumonia was diagnosed, and intravenous administratio ... | 2009 | 19637806 |
| legionella pneumophila multiplication is enhanced by chronic ampk signalling in mitochondrially diseased dictyostelium cells. | human patients with mitochondrial diseases are more susceptible to bacterial infections, particularly of the respiratory tract. to investigate the susceptibility of mitochondrially diseased cells to an intracellular bacterial respiratory pathogen, we exploited the advantages of dictyostelium discoideum as an established model for mitochondrial disease and for legionella pneumophila pathogenesis. legionella infection of macrophages involves recruitment of mitochondria to the legionella-containing ... | 2009 | 19638422 |
| phospholipase plab of legionella pneumophila represents a novel lipase family: protein residues essential for lipolytic activity, substrate specificity, and hemolysis. | legionella pneumophila possesses several phospholipases capable of host cell manipulation and lung damage. recently, we discovered that the major cell-associated hemolytic phospholipase a (plab) shares no homology to described phospholipases and is dispensable for intracellular replication in vitro. nevertheless, here we show that plab is the major lipolytic activity in l. pneumophila cell infections and that plab utilizes a typical catalytic triad of ser-asp-his for effective hydrolysis of phos ... | 2009 | 19640837 |
| compost facilities as a reservoir of legionella pneumophila and other legionella species. | data on the presence of legionellae outside the aquatic environment are scarce. alternative ecosystems that could act as a reservoir for legionella spp. have been investigated to identify unconventional contaminated substrates that are able to produce bioaerosols. we considered eight green waste collection sites including three composting facilities. legionella pneumophila sg 1-15, legionella bozemanii, legionella cincinnatiensis, legionella jamestowniensis, legionella micdadei and l. oakridgens ... | 2010 | 19645762 |
| bacterial toxin and effector glycosyltransferases. | clostridial glucosylating cytotoxins, including clostridium difficile toxins a and b, clostridium novyi alpha-toxin, and clostridium sordellii lethal toxin, are major virulence factors and causative agents of human diseases. these toxins mono-o-glucosylate (or mono-o-glcnacylate) a specific threonine residue of rho/ras-proteins, which is essential for the function of the molecular switches. recently, a related group of glucosyltransferases from legionella pneumophila has been identified. these l ... | 2010 | 19647041 |
| molecular mimicry: an important virulence strategy employed by legionella pneumophila to subvert host functions. | it is 32 years since legionella pneumophila was identified and recognized as a human pathogen, causing the severe form of pneumonia termed legionnaires' disease, or legionellosis. this bacterium is found in freshwater reservoirs where it replicates in aquatic protozoa and can invade man-made water distribution systems. although the disease can be treated by antibiotherapy and prevented through surveillance and control measures, reported cases of legionnaires' disease continue to rise across euro ... | 2009 | 19659425 |
| microbial characterization of water and biofilms in drinking water distribution systems at sport facilities. | the present study investigated the in situ microbial indicators' occurrence in water and biofilm in drinking water distribution systems of sport facilities such as gyms. the presence of legionella, such as a potential pathogen, was also verified. water and biofilm were contemporaneously collected and microbiologically analyzed. few colonies of coliforms were detected in biofilm but not in the corresponding water samples. conversely, some colonies of heterotrophs were counted at 22 degrees c in b ... | 2009 | 19662828 |
| [interpretation of diagnostic tests: comparison of five commercial tests for the diagnosis of legionella pneumophila in urine]. | | 2009 | 19664860 |
| a legionella type iv effector activates the nf-kappab pathway by phosphorylating the ikappab family of inhibitors. | nf-kappab is critical in innate immune defense responses against invading microbial pathogens. legionella pneumophila infection of lung macrophages causes legionnaire's disease with pneumonia symptoms. a set of nf-kappab-controlled genes involved in inflammation and anti-apoptosis are up-regulated in macrophages upon l. pneumophila infection in a legionella dot/icm type iv secretion system-dependent manner. among approximately 100 dot/icm substrates screened, we identified legk1 as the sole legi ... | 2009 | 19666608 |
| aetiology of, and risk factors for, recurrent community-acquired pneumonia. | recurrent community-acquired pneumonia (cap) requiring hospitalization is a matter of particular concern. however, current information on its prevalence, aetiology and risk factors is lacking. to address these issues, we performed an observational analysis of a prospective cohort of hospitalized adults with cap. recurrence was defined as two or more episodes of cap 1 month apart within 3 years. patients with severe immunosuppression or local predisposing factors were excluded. of the 1556 patien ... | 2009 | 19673961 |
| biofilms: the environmental playground of legionella pneumophila. | legionella pneumophila, the aetiological agent of 90% of legionellosis cases, is a common inhabitant of natural and anthropogenic freshwater environments, where it resides in biofilms. biofilms are defined as complex, natural assemblages of microorganisms that involve a multitude of trophic interactions. a thorough knowledge and understanding of legionella ecology in relation to biofilm communities is of primary importance in the search for innovative and effective control strategies to prevent ... | 2010 | 19678829 |
| pseudo-outbreak of legionnaires disease among patients undergoing bronchoscopy - arizona, 2008. | legionnaires disease (ld) is a potentially fatal form of pneumonia acquired by inhalation of aerosolized water containing legionella bacteria. legionella is a common cause of health-care--associated pneumonia, particularly in settings with hematopoietic stem-cell or solid-organ transplant recipients. on july 25, 2008, the arizona department of health services (adhs) notified cdc of four patients who had legionella cultured from specimens obtained during bronchoscopies performed at a medical cent ... | 2009 | 19680220 |
| the purified and recombinant legionella pneumophila chaperonin alters mitochondrial trafficking and microfilament organization. | a portion of the total cellular pool of the legionella pneumophila chaperonin, htpb, is found on the bacterial cell surface, where it can mediate invasion of nonphagocytic cells. htpb continues to be abundantly produced and released by internalized l. pneumophila and may thus have postinvasion functions. we used here two functional models (protein-coated beads and expression of recombinant proteins in cho cells) to investigate the competence of htpb in mimicking early intracellular trafficking e ... | 2009 | 19687203 |
| legionella pneumophila - host interactions: insights gained from comparative genomics and cell biology. | legionella pneumophila is the etiological agent of legionnaires' disease and of the less acute disease pontiac fever. it is a gram-negative bacterium present in fresh and artificial water environments that replicates in protozoan hosts and is also found in biofilms. replication within protozoa is essential for the survival of the bacterium. the last years have seen a giant step forward in the genomics of l. pneumophila. the establishment and publication of the complete genome sequences of three ... | 2009 | 19696501 |
| legionella species colonization in cooling towers: risk factors and assessment of control measures. | cooling towers can be colonized by legionella spp, and inhalation of aerosols generated by their operation may cause legionnaires' disease in susceptible hosts. environmental investigations of legionnaires' disease outbreaks linked with cooling towers have revealed poorly maintained systems, lack of control measures, and failure of system equipment. the purpose of this study was to identify legionella-contaminated cooling towers, identify risk factors for contamination, and assess the effectiven ... | 2010 | 19699013 |
| prospective, randomised study to compare empirical treatment versus targeted treatment on the basis of the urine antigen results in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. | recommendations for diagnostic testing in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia remain controversial. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a therapeutic strategy based on the microbiological results provided by urinary antigen tests for streptococcus pneumoniae and legionella pneumophila. | 2010 | 19703825 |
| endosomal and secretory markers of the legionella-containing vacuole. | the gram-negative opportunistic pathogen legionella pneumophila replicates in phagocytes within a specific compartment, the legionella-containing vacuole (lcv). formation of lcvs is a complex process requiring the bacterial icm/dot type iv secretion system and more than 100 translocated effector proteins, which putatively subvert cellular signaling and vesicle trafficking pathways. phosphoinositide (pi) glycerolipids are pivotal regulators of signal transduction and membrane dynamics in eukaryot ... | 2009 | 19704903 |
| legionella prevalence in wastewater treatment plants of taiwan. | legionella is a bacterium that is ubiquitous in natural and artificial aquatic environments. some species of legionella are recognized as opportunistic potential human pathogens. we investigated the distribution of legionella at seventeen wwtps throughout taiwan. legionella were detected in 10 of the 17 wwtps (58.8%) and 25 of 41 samples (61.0%). in the integrated, hospital, industrial and domestic wastewater systems were 13/18 (72.2%), 7/12 (58.3%), 2/7 (28.6%) and 3/4 (75.0%) of the samples we ... | 2009 | 19717918 |
| restriction of legionella pneumophila replication in macrophages requires concerted action of the transcriptional regulators irf1 and irf8 and nod-like receptors naip5 and nlrc4. | the unique permissiveness of a/j mouse macrophages for replication of legionella pneumophila is caused by a deficiency in the nod-like receptor (nlr) protein and intracellular sensor for l. pneumophila flagellin (naip5). the signaling pathways and proteins activated by naip5 sensing in macrophages were investigated. transcript profiling of macrophages from susceptible a/j mice and from resistant a/j mice harboring a transgenic wild-type copy of naip5 at 4 h following l. pneumophila infection sug ... | 2009 | 19720760 |
| interferons direct an effective innate response to legionella pneumophila infection. | legionella pneumophila remains an important opportunistic pathogen of human macrophages. its more limited ability to replicate in murine macrophages has been attributed to redundant innate sensor systems that detect and effectively respond to this infection. the current studies evaluate the role of one of these innate response systems, the type i interferon (ifn-i) autocrine loop. the ability of l. pneumophila to induce ifn-i expression was found to be dependent on irf-3, but not nf-kappab. secr ... | 2009 | 19720834 |
| many substrates and functions of type ii secretion: lessons learned from legionella pneumophila. | type ii secretion is one of six systems that exist in gram-negative bacteria for the purpose of secreting proteins into the extracellular milieu and/or into host cells. this article will review the various recent studies of legionella pneumophila that have increased our appreciation of the numbers, types and novelties of proteins that can be secreted via the type ii system, as well as the many ways in which type ii secretion can promote bacterial physiology, growth, ecology, intracellular infect ... | 2009 | 19722835 |
| [evaluation of seeplex pneumobacter multiplex pcr kit for the detection of respiratory bacterial pathogens in pediatric patients]. | rapid identification of the causative agent among potential bacterial and viral pathogens is important for the management of acute respiratory disease. in this study, we evaluated the analytical performance and clinical usefulness of a recently-introduced multiplex pcr assay, seeplex pneumobacter detection kit (seegene inc., korea) for the identification of respiratory bacterial pathogens. | 2009 | 19726892 |
| innate immune response during yersinia infection: critical modulation of cell death mechanisms through phagocyte activation. | yersinia pestis, the etiological agent of plague, is one of the most deadly pathogens on our planet. this organism shares important attributes with its ancestral progenitor, yersinia pseudotuberculosis, including a 70-kb virulence plasmid, lymphotropism during growth in the mammalian host, and killing of host macrophages. infections with both organisms are biphasic, where bacterial replication occurs initially with little inflammation, followed by phagocyte influx, inflammatory cytokine producti ... | 2009 | 19734471 |
| first isolation of legionella species, including l. pneumophila serogroup 1, in greek potting soils: possible importance for public health. | a total of 21 legionella isolates were recovered from six out of 22 samples of potting soil from the athens area, greece. legionella pneumophila (serogroups 1 and 2-15) and species and serotypes included in the group of l. longbeachae serogroups 1 and 2, l. bozemanii serogroups 1 and 2, l. dumoffii, l. gormanii, l. jordanis, l. micdadei and l. anisa were isolated on bcyealpha agar containing cysteine, gvpc and natamycin and on bcyealpha agar containing cysteine, wadowsky yee supplement and natam ... | 2010 | 19747214 |
| inhibition of legionella pneumophila pcr in respiratory samples: a quantitative approach. | impurities in complex biological samples that persist through nucleic acid preparation can inhibit pcr or reduce the sensitivity and efficiency of pcr amplification and thus affect reliable results in pcr diagnostics. to obtain information on the incidence of inhibition events and on the magnitude of the loss of sensitivity, respectively, we devised a relative inhibition assay and examined 100 samples from patients with respiratory tract infections. as a reference, samples were spiked with legio ... | 2009 | 19747952 |
| the amoebal map kinase response to legionella pneumophila is regulated by dupa. | the amoeba dictyostelium discoideum can support replication of legionella pneumophila. here we identify the dupa gene, encoding a putative tyrosine kinase/dual-specificity phosphatase, in a screen for d. discoideum mutants altered in allowing l. pneumophila intracellular replication. inactivation of dupa resulted in depressed l. pneumophila growth and sustained hyperphosphorylation of the amoebal map kinase erk1, consistent with loss of a phosphatase activity. bacterial challenge of wild-type am ... | 2009 | 19748467 |
| adverse events and efficacy of tnf-alpha blockade with infliximab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: long-term follow-up of 13 patients. | to follow-up on all available infliximab-treated sle patients for safety and long-term efficacy in order to extract information that is useful for planning appropriate controlled trials with infliximab in sle. | 2009 | 19748965 |
| [waterborne diseases outbreaks in the czech republic, 1995-2005]. | despite considerable advances in drinking water safety assurance and adherence to the public health standards, waterborne diaseases outbreaks have still been observed even in industrialized countries. the study objective was to map such outbreaks in the czech republic in 1995-2005. in this study, an outbreak is the occurrence of more cases of disease than normally expected within a specific place over a given period of time and a waterborne disease is a disease where water is the vehicle or sour ... | 2009 | 19750823 |
| legionella pneumophila in rainwater on roads. | during rain, transient puddles form on roads, and this water is splashed into the air by moving vehicles. to determine whether this water contains legionella pneumophila, we collected samples from roads. we found that l. pneumophila are abundant in these puddles, especially during warm weather. | 2009 | 19751596 |
| cellular pharmacokinetics and intracellular activity of torezolid (tr-700): studies with human macrophage (thp-1) and endothelial (huvec) cell lines. | optimal treatment of infections caused by staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes and legionella pneumophila requires antibiotics with intracellular activity. linezolid accumulates poorly within cells. torezolid (tr-700) is a novel methyltetrazolyl oxazolidinone with potentially different cellular pharmacokinetic properties. our aim was to examine the accumulation and intracellular activities of torezolid in this context. | 2009 | 19759040 |
| clinico-pathological study of atypical pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective study. | atypical respiratory pathogens such as mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella species, and chlamydia pneumoniae are isolated with increasing frequency from community-acquired pneumonia (cap). this study highlights the importance of organisms responsible for cap. | 2009 | 19759475 |
| detection of igm antibodies against legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in malaysian blood donors and patients with respiratory illnesses: evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence assay. | | 2009 | 19762997 |
| [a case of legionnaires' disease with abnormal neurological findings showing the corpus callosum abnormality on brain mri]. | a 47-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of dysarthric speech and high fever. his brain magnetic resonance imaging (mri) showed high intensity in the splenium of the corpus callosum (scc) on diffusion-weighted and flair imaging. his chest ct showed ground-glass attenuation in bilateral lung upper lobes, and consolidation in the right lower lobe. because of his neurological findings and radiographic imaging, we started antibiotic therapy using quinolone, which is effective for legio ... | 2009 | 19764515 |
| mediators of lipid a modification, rna degradation, and central intermediary metabolism facilitate the growth of legionella pneumophila at low temperatures. | legionella pneumophila is an aquatic bacterium that is also the agent of legionnaires' disease pneumonia. since l. pneumophila is transmitted directly from the environment to the lung, it is important to understand how legionellae survive at low temperatures. to identify genes that are needed for l. pneumophila growth at low temperature, we screened a population of mutagenized legionellae for strains that are specifically impaired for growth at 17 degrees c. from the 7,400 mutants tested, 11 dis ... | 2010 | 19768502 |
| an outbreak of pontiac fever due to legionella longbeachae serogroup 2 found in potting mix in a horticultural nursery in new zealand. | previous outbreaks of pontiac fever have invariably been associated with water droplet spread of legionella spp. in january 2007 three workers from a horticultural nursery were admitted to hospital with non-pneumonic legionellosis. investigations showed that a working party of ten people had been exposed to aerosolized potting mix; nine of these workers met the case definition for pontiac fever. the presence of genetically indistinguishable legionella longbeachae serogroup 2 was demonstrated in ... | 2010 | 19781115 |
| resistance of legionella pneumophila serotype 1 biofilms to chlorine-based disinfection. | the presence of legionella spp. in potable water systems is a major concern to municipal water providers and consumers alike. despite the inclusion of chlorine in potable supplies and frequent chlorination cycles, the bacterium is a recalcitrant human pathogen capable of causing incidents of legionnaires' disease, pontiac fever and community-acquired pneumonia in humans. using two materials routinely employed for the delivery of potable water as a substratum, copper and stainless steel, the deve ... | 2010 | 19783074 |
| non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for a severe legionella pneumonia case. | legionella pneumonia has a serious clinical course and requires treatment at intensive care unit. the need for mechanical ventilation is one of the determinants of prognosis. mortality rate is higher in patients treated with mechanical ventilation. non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (nppv) provides mechanical ventilation without endotracheal intubation and decreases the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia. it is a treatment modality for patients with hypoxia due to community acq ... | 2009 | 19787476 |
| evidence of horizontal gene transfer between amoeba and bacteria. | | 2009 | 19793120 |
| evaluation of legionella pneumophila contamination in italian hotel water systems by quantitative real-time pcr and culture methods. | this study was designed to define the extent of water contamination by legionella pneumophila of certain italian hotels and to compare quantitative real-time pcr with the conventional culture method. | 2010 | 19796090 |
| development of a pilot-scale 1 for legionella elimination in biofilm in hot water network: heat shock treatment evaluation. | (i) to develop an analytical tool in order to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-legionella treatment in biofilm and (ii) study the fate of legionella populations in water and biofilm after applying a heat shock treatment. | 2010 | 19796094 |
| [establishment and application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection]. | to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for rapid diagnosing of legionella pneumophila in the pathogen detection department(pdd) or in small-scale laboratory. | 2009 | 19799145 |
| [legionellosis in poland in 2007]. | in 2007 the 28 cases oflegionellosis were reported in poland, the incidence rate was 0.073/100,000, while 86 cases (incidence rate 0.23/100,000) in 2006. the decrease in number and in incidence rate was due to lower number of examined specimens from patients as the financial support from polish committee of research activity has expired. all the cases were laboratory diagnosed in national institute of hygiene, the only place where laboratory tests are performed. most of them were diagnosed with ... | 2009 | 19799246 |
| detergent-like activity and alpha-helical structure of warnericin rk, an anti-legionella peptide. | warnericin rk is the first antimicrobial peptide known to be active against legionella pneumophila, a pathogen bacterium that is responsible for severe pneumonia. strikingly, this peptide displays a very narrow range of antimicrobial activity, almost limited to the legionella genus, and a hemolytic activity. a similar activity has been described for delta-lysin, a well-known hemolytic peptide of staphylococci that has not been described as antimicrobial. in this study we aimed to understand the ... | 2009 | 19804724 |
| opportunistic pathogens enriched in showerhead biofilms. | the environments we humans encounter daily are sources of exposure to diverse microbial communities, some of potential concern to human health. in this study, we used culture-independent technology to investigate the microbial composition of biofilms inside showerheads as ecological assemblages in the human indoor environment. showers are an important interface for human interaction with microbes through inhalation of aerosols, and showerhead waters have been implicated in disease. although oppo ... | 2009 | 19805310 |
| the gene history of zebrafish tlr4a and tlr4b is predictive of their divergent functions. | mammalian immune responses to lps exposure are typified by the robust induction of nf-kappab and ifn-beta responses largely mediated by tlr4 signal transduction pathways. in contrast to mammals, tlr4 signal transduction pathways in nontetrapods are not well understood. comprehensive syntenic and phylogenetic analyses support our hypothesis that zebrafish tlr4a and tlr4b genes are paralogous rather than orthologous to human tlr4. furthermore, we provide evidence to support our assertion that the ... | 2009 | 19812203 |
| legionella pneumophila secretes an endoglucanase that belongs to the family-5 of glycosyl hydrolases and is dependent upon type ii secretion. | examination of cell-free culture supernatants revealed that legionella pneumophila strains secrete an endoglucanase activity. legionella pneumophila lspf mutants were deficient for this activity, indicating that the endoglucanase is secreted by the bacterium's type ii protein secretion (t2s) system. inactivation of cela, encoding a member of the family-5 of glycosyl hydrolases, abolished the endoglucanase activity in l. pneumophila culture supernatants. the cloned cela gene conferred activity up ... | 2009 | 19817866 |
| role of 'atypical pathogens' among adult hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. | agents such as mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae and legionella pneumophila are recognized as important causes of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) worldwide. this study examined the role of these 'atypical pathogens' (ap) among adult hospitalized patients with cap. | 2009 | 19818051 |
| prevalence of antibodies against legionella spp. in hiv-infected subjects and blood donors. | | 2009 | 19819257 |
| legionnaires' disease cluster linked to a metal product aqueous pre-treatment process, staffordshire, england, may 2008. | in may 2008, a report of two workers from the same construction equipment manufacturing plant who were admitted to hospital with legionnaires disease confirmed by urine antigen prompted an outbreak investigation. both cases were middle aged men, smokers, and with no travel, leisure or other common community exposure to legionella sources. there were no wet cooling towers at the plant or in the surrounding area. no increase in respiratory disease or worker absenteeism occurred at the plant during ... | 2009 | 19822119 |
| intracellular bacteria encode inhibitory snare-like proteins. | pathogens use diverse molecular machines to penetrate host cells and manipulate intracellular vesicular trafficking. viruses employ glycoproteins, functionally and structurally similar to the snare proteins, to induce eukaryotic membrane fusion. intracellular pathogens, on the other hand, need to block fusion of their infectious phagosomes with various endocytic compartments to escape from the degradative pathway. the molecular details concerning the mechanisms underlying this process are lackin ... | 2009 | 19823575 |
| [identification and characterization of the francisella sp. strain 08hl01032 isolated in air condition systems]. | to identify and characterize the strain 08h101032 was isolated from air condition systems in the routine investigations of legionella in guangzhou, china, in 2008. | 2009 | 19835160 |
| variable bacterial load of legionella spp. in a hospital water system. | several approved protocols for the prevention of legionella pneumonia base the type of intervention (to disinfect or not) on the level of contamination found (cfu/l). however, if the level of contamination by legionella spp. of a water system fluctuates in a short period of time, inadequate sampling could lead to different decisions being made. to determine if there are significant variations in the bacterial count of legionella spp., water samples were taken at different times from the same sit ... | 2009 | 19836825 |
| mouse macrophages are permissive to motile legionella species that fail to trigger pyroptosis. | legionella pneumophila, a motile opportunistic pathogen of humans, is restricted from replicating in the lungs of c57bl/6 mice. resistance of mouse macrophages to l. pneumophila depends on recognition of cytosolic flagellin. once detected by the nod-like receptors naip5 and ipaf (nlrc4), flagellin triggers pyroptosis, a proinflammatory cell death. in contrast, motile strains of l. parisiensis and l. tucsonensis replicate profusely within c57bl/6 macrophages, similar to flagellin-deficient l. pne ... | 2010 | 19841075 |
| frank kunst, 1943-2009. | | 2009 | 19843231 |
| evaluation of power ultrasound for disinfection of both legionella pneumophila and its environmental host acanthamoeba castellanii. | the objectives of this study were to (1) examine the effect of power ultrasound on the viability of both legionella pneumophila and acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites and cysts, (2) investigate if intracellular legionella replication in trophozoites positively affects bacterial resistance to ultrasound and (3) study if legionella renders viable but non-culturable (vbnc) due to ultrasound treatments. using laboratory scale experiments, microorganisms were exposed for various time periods to po ... | 2010 | 19854466 |
| [nosocomial infections--ecological niches]. | knowledge of ecological niches of nosocomial pathogens is used in treatment and prevention of nosocomial infections. this article offers an analysis of the ecological niches of three important nosocomial pathogens: clostridium difficile, staphylococcus aureus and legionella pneumophila. relevant terms are explained and examples of deliberate and non-deliberate manipulation of the niches and the following consequences are given. finally, the consequences of climate changes on the pattern of nosoc ... | 2009 | 19857394 |
| modulation of caspases and their non-apoptotic functions by legionella pneumophila. | legionella pneumophila has become a model system to decipher the non-apoptotic functions of caspases and their role in immunity. in permissive cells, the l. pneumophila-containing vacuole evades endosomal traffic and is remodelled by the endoplasmic reticulum. evasion of the endosomes is mediated by the dot/icm type iv secretion system. upon l. pneumophila infection of genetically restrictive cells such as wild-type (wt) c57bl/6j murine macrophages, flagellin is sensed by the nod-like receptor n ... | 2010 | 19863553 |
| caenorhabditis is a metazoan host for legionella. | we investigated whether nematodes contribute to the persistence, differentiation and amplification of legionella species in soil, an emerging source for legionnaires' disease. here we show that legionella spp. colonize the intestinal tracts of caenorhabditis nematodes leading to worm death. susceptibility to legionella is influenced by innate immune responses governed by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and insulin/insulin growth factor-1 receptor signalling pathways. we also show that l ... | 2010 | 19863556 |
| legionella in industrial cooling towers: monitoring and control strategies. | legionella contamination of industrial cooling towers has been identified as the cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of legionellosis among people living nearby. to evaluate and control legionella contamination in industrial cooling tower water, microbiological monitoring was carried out to determine the effectiveness of the following different disinfection treatments: (i) continuous chlorine concentration of 0.01 ppm and monthly chlorine shock dosing (5 ppm) on a single cooling tower; (ii) co ... | 2010 | 19874487 |
| [management of the legionella-link risk in a multicentre area's hospital: lessons learned of a six-year experience]. | to reduce the legionella-linked risk in the several sites of sud-francilien hospital, following a hospital-acquired legionellosis case, a multidisciplinary working group performed an action plan monitored through legionella pneumophila counts in hot water supply. from 2003 to the first half year 2009, positive points for legionella pneumophila in the main sites of the hospital decreased from 85.71 to 28.00%, representing a significant reduction of 67.33%. similar results were observed for three ... | 2010 | 19875245 |
| the tolc protein of legionella pneumophila plays a major role in multi-drug resistance and the early steps of host invasion. | pneumonia associated with iegionnaires's disease is initiated in humans after inhalation of contaminated aerosols. in the environment, legionella pneumophila is thought to survive and multiply as an intracellular parasite within free-living amoeba. in the genome of l. pneumophila lens, we identified a unique gene, tolc, encoding a protein that is highly homologous to the outer membrane protein tolc of escherichia coli. deletion of tolc by allelic exchange in l. pneumophila caused increased sensi ... | 2009 | 19888467 |
| uv-a photocatalytic treatment of legionella pneumophila bacteria contaminated airflows through three-dimensional solid foam structured photocatalytic reactors. | a 3d-structured photocatalytic media was designed for allowing a tubular reactor to work in a traversing-flow mode at low pressure drops with a strong increase in the surface area-to-volume ratio inside the reactor. a protective polysiloxane coating was performed for protecting a structured polyurethane foam and anchoring the active tio(2) particles. filled with the 3d-structured solid foam supporting tio(2) photocatalyst, the reactor could thus take advantages from the static mixer effect and f ... | 2010 | 19892463 |
| the metal efflux island of legionella pneumophila is not required for survival in macrophages and amoebas. | legionella pneumophila is an intracellular pathogen causing pneumonia-like disease in humans. a 43-kb putative heavy metal efflux gene island was found on the l. pneumophila genome. large legionella deletion strains of the metal efflux genes were tested in human thp-1-derived macrophages and amoebal acanthamoeba castellanii cells and were able to survive and replicate similar to the wild type, suggesting that they do not play a significant role within the intracellular environment. examination o ... | 2009 | 19895645 |
| [community-acquired pneumonia caused by legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 in an immunocompetent patient]. | | 2010 | 19897280 |
| control of flagellar gene regulation in legionella pneumophila and its relation to growth phase. | the bacterial pathogen legionella pneumophila responds to environmental changes by differentiation. at least two forms are well described: replicative bacteria are avirulent; in contrast, transmissive bacteria express virulence traits and flagella. phenotypic analysis, western blotting, and electron microscopy of mutants of the regulatory genes encoding rpon, fleq, fler, and flia demonstrated that flagellin expression is strongly repressed and that the mutants are nonflagellated in the transmiss ... | 2010 | 19915024 |
| disseminated legionella pneumophila infection in an immunocompromised patient treated with tigecycline. | we describe an immunocompromised patient with disseminated legionella pneumophila infection. a chronic leg ulcer was probably the port of entry for the infection. treatment required several operations and prolonged antimicrobial treatment. to our knowledge, this is the first case report of legionella soft tissue infection and pneumonia treated with tigecycline. | 2010 | 19916901 |
| diagnostic and typing methods for investigating legionella infection. | legionella infection is an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia in australia. morbidity and mortality is significant. diagnosis remains a challenge with infection often unrecognised, particularly early in the course of illness. an understanding of available diagnostic methods and their limitations is important to public health practitioners and clinicians alike. | 2009 | 19917208 |
| rapid identification of legionella species by mass spectrometry. | legionella species are facultative, intracellular bacteria that infect macrophages and protozoa, with the latter acting as transmission vectors to humans. these fastidious bacteria mostly cause pulmonary tract infections and are routinely identified by various molecular methods, mainly pcr targeting the mip gene and sequencing, which are expensive and time-consuming. recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms) has emerged as a rapid and i ... | 2010 | 19926729 |
| legionnaires' disease caused by legionella longbeachae and legionella pneumophila: comparison of clinical features, host-related risk factors, and outcomes. | legionnaires' disease remains an important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. disease caused by legionella pneumophila has been extensively studied, and its clinical characteristics have been well described. there is, however, little information on disease caused by legionella longbeachae, despite its importance in some countries. we undertook a retrospective review of culture-positive cases of legionnaires' disease in the canterbury region of new zealand over 10 years, in order to comp ... | 2010 | 19930271 |
| fatal hospital-acquired legionella pneumonia in a neonate. | legionnaire disease is a rare cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children and an exceedingly rare diagnosis in infants and neonates, with only few reported cases. we describe a case of fatal legionnaire disease diagnosed by culture and polymerase chain reaction method from sputum and lung biopsy specimens, and emphasize the importance of considering this rare entity in cases of severe neonatal pneumonia. | 2010 | 19934790 |
| identification of host cytosolic sensors and bacterial factors regulating the type i interferon response to legionella pneumophila. | legionella pneumophila is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen that replicates in host macrophages and causes a severe pneumonia called legionnaires' disease. the innate immune response to l. pneumophila remains poorly understood. here we focused on identifying host and bacterial factors involved in the production of type i interferons (ifn) in response to l. pneumophila. it was previously suggested that the delivery of l. pneumophila dna to the host cell cytosol is the primary signal that induces ... | 2009 | 19936053 |
| structural basis of the action of glucosyltransferase lgt1 from legionella pneumophila. | the glucosyltransferase lgt1 is one of three glucosylating toxins of legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires disease. it acts through specific glucosylation of a serine residue (s53) in the eukaryotic elongation factor 1a and belongs to type a glycosyltransferases. high-resolution crystal structures of lgt1 show an elongated shape of the protein, with the binding site for uridine disphosphate glucose at the bottom of a deep cleft. lgt1 shows only a low sequence identity with ... | 2010 | 19941871 |
| structural insights into the dual nucleotide exchange and gdi displacement activity of sidm/drra. | gdp-bound prenylated rabs, sequestered by gdi (gdp dissociation inhibitor) in the cytosol, are delivered to destined sub-cellular compartment and subsequently activated by gefs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) catalysing gdp-to-gtp exchange. the dissociation of gdi from rabs is believed to require a gdf (gdi displacement factor). only two rabgdfs, human pra-1 and legionella pneumophila sidm/drra, have been identified so far and the molecular mechanism of gdf is elusive. here, we present the ... | 2010 | 19942850 |
| [extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in legionella pneumonia]. | we present a case report with a 49-year-old woman with legionella pneumonia and fulminant respiratory failure. despite maximal conventional respirator treatment with positive pressure ventilation, 100% oxygen and pharmacological treatment in an intensive care unit, further deterioration with hypoxemia and multi-organ failure occurred. the patient was referred to ecmo as a last option of treatment. eight days of treatment with ecmo was completed without any complications except critical illness p ... | 2009 | 19944056 |
| c. pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in mimicking mycoplasma pneumoniae meningoencephalitis complicated by asthma. | chlamydophila (chlamydia) pneumoniae is a common, non-zoonotic cause of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in ambulatory young adults. c. pneumoniae clinically presents as a mycoplasma-like illness frequently accompanied by laryngitis. c. pneumoniae cap may also cause nursing home outbreaks in the elderly. similar to mycoplasma pneumoniae in immunocompetent hosts, c. pneumoniae cap usually manifests as a mild/moderately severe cap. in contrast with legionnaire's disease, central nervous system i ... | 2009 | 19944878 |
| lung abscess caused by legionella species: implication of the immune status of hosts. | legionella pneumonia typically presents as lobar pneumonia with multiple-lobe involvement, but legionella lung abscess is rare. to identify the predisposing factors for legionella abscess, we analyzed 62 of the 79 case reports on legionella abscess found in literature; 28 (45.2%) were of hospital-acquired infection and 28 (45.2%), community-acquired infection. seventeen patients (27.4%) died. l. pneumophila serogroup 1 was the most common, but other serogroups of l. pneumophila, l. micdadei, l. ... | 2009 | 19952481 |
| water quality in dental chair units. a random sample in the canton of st. gallen. | this study aimed to identify the microbial contamination of water from dental chair units (dcus) using the prevalence of pseudomonas aeruginosa, legionella species and heterotrophic bacteria as a marker of pollution in water in the area of st. gallen, switzerland. water (250 ml) from 76 dcus was collected twice (early on a morning before using all the instruments and after using the dcus for at least two hours) either from the high-speed handpiece tube, the 3 in 1 syringe or the micromotor for w ... | 2009 | 19954129 |
| temporal and spatial trigger of post-exponential virulence-associated regulatory cascades by legionella pneumophila after bacterial escape into the host cell cytosol. | during late stages of infection and prior to lysis of the infected macrophages or amoeba, the legionella pneumophila-containing phagosome becomes disrupted, followed by bacterial escape into the host cell cytosol, where the last few rounds of bacterial proliferation occur prior to lysis of the plasma membrane. this coincides with growth transition into the post-exponential (pe) phase, which is controlled by regulatory cascades including rpos and the leta/s two-component regulator. whether the te ... | 2010 | 19958381 |
| legionella pneumophila monoclonal antibody subgroups and dna sequence types isolated in canada between 1981 and 2009: laboratory component of national surveillance. | legionella pneumophila (lp) is a significant cause of nosocomial, community-acquired, and travel-associated pneumonia in industrialized regions. legionellosis has been a nationally notifiable disease in canada since 1986, with an average of 75 cases reported annually; however, only the most severe, and often fatal, cases are reported or investigated. here, epidemiological relationships, types, and distribution of lp referrals to the canadian national reference center were studied. lp strains fro ... | 2010 | 19960359 |
| legionnaires disease--reordered. | | 2010 | 19968492 |