| [rapid method for detecting hepatitis a virus antigen in the water]. | | 1993 | 8026790 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus in environmental samples by antigen-capture pcr. | the efficacy of the antigen-capture pcr (ac-pcr) method for the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) in environmental samples was demonstrated. hav was captured from a seeded liquid waste or a shellfish sample with homologous antibody and then heat denatured and subjected to reverse transcription and the pcr, all in the same tube. subsequently, the ac-pcr products were analyzed by oligonucleotide probe hybridization in solution, agarose gel electrophoresis, and autoradiography. the ac-pcr detect ... | 1994 | 8031088 |
| analysis of hepatitis a virus translation in a t7 polymerase-expressing cell line. | hepatitis a virus (hav) exhibits several characteristics which distinguish it from other picornaviruses, including slow growth in cell culture even after adaptation, and lack of host-cell protein synthesis shut-down. like other picornaviruses, hav contains a long 5' nontranslated region (ntr) incorporating an internal ribosomal entry site (ires), which directs cap-independent translation. we compared hav ires-initiated translation with translation initiated by the structurally similar encephalom ... | 1994 | 8032260 |
| a trial of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. | purified, formaldehyde-inactivated and alum-adjuvanted hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccines have recently become available for clinical trials. the vaccine is administered intramuscularly in a schedule of 0, 1, and 6 months. the aim of the study was to evaluate the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a (ha) vaccine. three groups of volunteers comprised the study population: 28 volunteers without antibody to hav were given ha vaccine and, for comparison, 43 subjects received ... | 1994 | 8034508 |
| low efficiency of the 5' nontranslated region of hepatitis a virus rna in directing cap-independent translation in permissive monkey kidney cells. | to characterize in vivo the translational control elements present in the 5' nontranslated region (5'ntr) of hepatitis a virus (hav) rna, we created an hav-permissive monkey kidney cell line (bt7-h) that stably expresses t7 rna polymerase and carries out cytoplasmic transcription of uncapped rna from transfected dna containing the t7 promoter. the presence of an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) within the 5'ntr of hav was confirmed by using bt7-h cells transcribing bicistronic rnas in which ... | 1994 | 8035522 |
| rolling review--the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of viral hepatitis. | five major hepatotrophic viruses have been identified. the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of chronic viral hepatitis continues to be intensely researched. experimental evidence suggests that hla restricted virus-specific t cells play a role in hepatocellular injury in type a hepatitis. the absence of chronic infection indicates the effectiveness of the host immune response to hepatitis a virus (hav). it is postulated that hav may rarely trigger an autoimmune chronic hepatitis. active prop ... | 1994 | 8038356 |
| [evaluation of immunogenicity and safety in healthy adults of an inactivated anti-hepatitis a vaccine]. | the evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated vaccine against the hepatitis a virus (hav) in healthy adults was performed. | 1994 | 8041214 |
| rapid and efficient purification of hepatitis a virus from cell culture. | hepatitis a virus (hav) characteristically remains strongly cell-associated when grown in culture, with only small yields in the culture supernatant. cell factories (6000 cm2) of bs-c-1 cells infected with the cytopathic hm175a.z strain of hav for 3, 4 or 7 days were harvested using trypsin to disperse the infected cell monolayer, and cells were collected by low speed centrifugation. more than 70% of the yield of virus and viral antigen can thus be obtained in the packed cell pellet. packed cell ... | 1994 | 8051227 |
| infectivity titration of the fast-replicating and cytopathic hepatitis a virus strain hm175a.2 by an in situ enzyme immunoassay. | a simple, rapid and objective infectivity assay based on an in situ enzyme immunoassay (eia) was developed for the fast-growing and cytopathic cell culture-adapted hepatitis a virus (hav) strain hm175a.2. infectivity titration by eia correlated well with titration by cytopathic effects. the reliability of this assay was demonstrated by close agreement in virus infectivity titers among different assays of the same virus aliquot and between assays of different virus aliquots. hav infected cell cul ... | 1994 | 8051228 |
| large deletion mutations involving the first pyrimidine-rich tract of the 5' nontranslated rna of human hepatitis a virus define two adjacent domains associated with distinct replication phenotypes. | the 5' nontranslated rna (5'ntr) of the hm175 strain of human hepatitis a virus contains several pyrimidine-rich regions, the largest and most 5' of which (py1) is an almost pure polypyrimidine tract located between nucleotides (nt) 99 and 138, which includes five tandem repeats of the sequence motif (u)uucc(c). previous modeling of the rna secondary structure suggested that this region was likely to be single-stranded, but repetitive rnase v1 cleavage sites within these (u)uucc(c) motifs indica ... | 1994 | 8057438 |
| susceptibility of nonprimate cell lines to hepatitis a virus infection. | hepatitis a virus (hav) has been adapted to grow in primate cell cultures. we investigated replication of hav in nonprimate cells by inoculating 20 cell lines from different species with the tissue culture-adapted hm175 strain. slot blot hybridization and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that hav replicated in gpe, sp 1k, and ib-rs-2 d10 cells of guinea pig, dolphin, and pig origin, respectively. studies in ib-rs-2 d10 cells were discontinued because cultures were contaminated with classical ... | 1994 | 8057483 |
| prior hepatitis a virus infection enhances acute hepatitis e virus infection. | the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are similar. however, two distinct diseases develop after exposure to each one of the viruses, which are apparently unrelated clinically. it is interesting to note that all reported epidemics and single cases of acute hev infection indicate previous exposure to hav. this fact leads us to hypothesize that acute hev infection is dependent on past infection by hepatitis a virus, and that the sequenti ... | 1994 | 8057977 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a virus infection among sewage workers in singapore. | to determine whether or not occupational exposure to sewage is associated with a higher seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, 600 sewage workers in singapore were tested for total (igg and igm) antibody to hav by enzyme immunoassay. using logistic regression with stepwise procedure, the adjusted seroprevalence of sewage workers was 2.2 times higher than that of another non-occupationally exposed population group. seroprevalence was significantly correlated with age and educational ... | 1994 | 8062868 |
| cultivation of buffalo green monkey kidney cells persistently infected with hepatitis a virus. | studies were carried out to determine the effect of prolongation of incubation periods, cocultivation with normal buffalo green monkey kidney (bgmk) cells and different concentrations of foetal calf serum (fcs) on the production of hepatitis a virus (hav) by bgmk cell line persistently infected with hav strain hm175. hav could be detected from week 1 onwards. however, maintenance of cultures beyond this period was found to yield substantially higher quantities of virus. cocultivation of persiste ... | 1994 | 8063346 |
| [the clinical picture, course and outcome of viral hepatitis a in children with chronic hbv infection]. | the clinical picture, course and outcomes of hepatitis a developing as a superinfection in children with chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection, hospitalized in connection with acute viral hepatitis, were determined on the basis of the dynamic clinico-laboratory investigation and identification of viral hepatitides a, b and delta by the method of enzyme immunoassay. in all children hepatitis b virus surface antigen (hbsag), i.e. the serological sign of hbv infection, and anti-hav igg, the ser ... | 1993 | 8067100 |
| [a system for the mass combined vaccination of the adult population against influenza, viral hepatitis, typhoid, meningitis and diphtheria]. | a safe, moderately reactogenic and immunologically effective scheme of complex (combined) immunization against meningitis a, diphtheria, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis a and influenza has been developed as the result of experimental and clinico-immunological studies. depending on the epidemiological situation, the newly developed scheme can be used in two variants. according to the first variant of this scheme, the following preparations are injected subcutaneously into three different sites: a ... | 1993 | 8067144 |
| [the isolation and study of the characteristics of a cytopathic strain of the hepatitis a virus]. | a fast-growing cytopathic isolate of human hepatitis a virus (strain mb-7) was derived from fecal samples of infected patients and adapted to growth in frhk-4 cell culture. a positive serum standard against hav and electron microscopy were used to demonstrate that mb-7 belonged to human hepatitis a virus. the strain mb-7 induced plaque formation in frhk-4 under agar overlay after 10-12 days of incubation. the pcr products of gene vp1 were cloned in e. coli and its primary structure was determine ... | 1993 | 8073747 |
| disinfection of human enteric viruses in water by copper and silver in combination with low levels of chlorine. | the efficacy of copper and silver ions, in combination with low levels of free chlorine (fc), was evaluated for the disinfection of hepatitis a virus (hav), human rotavirus (hrv), human adenovirus, and poliovirus (pv) in water. hav and hrv showed little inactivation in all conditions. pv showed more than a 4 log10 titer reduction in the presence of copper and silver combined with 0.5 mg of fc per liter or in the presence of 1 mg of fc per liter alone. human adenovirus persisted longer than pv wi ... | 1994 | 8074518 |
| detection of poliovirus, hepatitis a virus, and rotavirus from sewage and ocean water by triplex reverse transcriptase pcr. | a triplex reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) was developed to simultaneously detect poliovirus, hepatitis a virus (hav), and rotavirus in sewage and ocean water. sewage and ocean water samples seeded with the three different viruses were concentrated by ultrafiltration. the unseeded ocean water and sewage samples were concentrated by vortex flow filtration and/or ultrafiltration. random hexamers and a rotavirus downstream primer were used to initiate reverse transcription. three different sets o ... | 1994 | 8074520 |
| epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis a in travelers. | to assess the risk of hepatitis a in international travelers and to recommend preventive measures. | 1994 | 8078167 |
| [experimental models of hepatitis a in macaques using viral strains isolated from man and monkeys]. | experimental hepatitis a (ha) models were obtained in macaca monkeys (15 m. fascicularis and 4 m. mulatta) by means of the strains of hepatitis a virus (hav) isolated from the feces of a patient (hav-h) and of spontaneously infected m. mulatta (hav-mm) and green monkeys cercopithecus aethiops (hav-ca). irrespective of the strains used all seronegative macaca monkeys developed ha after intravenous-oral inoculation with the following patterns: elevation of the serum alanine aminotransferase level, ... | 1994 | 8087252 |
| indigenous anti-hepatitis a virus igm capture elisa for the diagnosis of hepatitis a. | anti-hepatitis a virus igm capture elisa was developed by using the reagents produced in the niv laboratory. the major reagents of the assay were anti-human igm antibody, hepatitis a virus (hav) and anti-hav igg-horse radish peroxidase (hrp) conjugate. of these, anti-human igm antibodies were generated in rabbit against igm secreted by human hybridoma clone(g3). hav was derived from buffalo green money kidney cell line infected with hm-175 strain. virus purified from the cell lysates was used fo ... | 1994 | 8088883 |
| mutational events in consecutive passages of hepatitis a virus strain gbm during cell culture adaptation. | in order to study the adaptation of hepatitis a virus (hav) in cell culture, we examined the mutational events of the genome in early passages of hav strain gbm propagated either in frhk-4 cells (fetal rhesus monkey kidney-derived) or in human embryonic kidney (hek) and human embryonic fibroblast cells (hfs) in relation to their growth characteristics. sequence analysis of the nucleotide region encoding 2b, 2c, and the beginning of 3a as well as the nucleotide region encompassing the 5' noncodin ... | 1994 | 8091685 |
| sequence variability of hepatitis a virus and factor viii associated hepatitis a infections in hemophilia patients in europe. an update. | outbreaks and sporadic cases of hepatitis a have been observed in 4 european countries in hemophilia patients receiving factor viii preparations. pcr amplification of potential hepatitis a virus (hav) nucleic acid present in plasma pools, purified factor viii and acute-phase sera from infected individuals has been performed and the nucleic acid sequence determined for those samples that resulted in a positive pcr product. hav sequences were detected in the serum of 2 german patients, but not in ... | 1994 | 8091736 |
| failure to detect hepatitis a virus rna in factor viii concentrates using the polymerase chain reaction. results of a preliminary study. | the transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection to recipients of some batches of factor viii has recently been reported. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used for the detection of hav rna in factor viii concentrates. primer sequences used were derived from a consensus of published sequences in the 5' non coding region; a nested pcr was used to increase sensitivity and specificity and the resulting fragment was 151 base pairs in length. the pcr was initially validated in clinical sam ... | 1994 | 8091737 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus in a factor viii preparation by antigen capture/pcr. | the antigen capture/pcr (ac/pcr) has been applied in the analysis of various factor viii preparations, which were suspected to be contaminated with hepatitis a virus (hav). ac/pcr involves capturing the antigen, i.e. the intact virus particles, by binding to the hav monoclonal antibody mab 7e7, reverse transcription of the viral rna and amplification of the cdna with hav-specific primer pairs. the pcr analysis of one factor viii concentrate yielded an hav-specific dna product, which could be con ... | 1994 | 8091739 |
| inactivation of hepatitis a virus by pasteurization and elimination of picornaviruses during manufacture of factor viii concentrate. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infections have been reported among hemophiliacs who received factor viii concentrates which had been purified by ion-exchange chromatography and treated by the solvent detergent (sd) method. since the virus inactivation procedure of our manufacturing process is heat treatment of the stabilized, aqueous protein solution at 60 degrees c for 10 h (pasteurization), we investigated whether this method inactivated picornaviruses such as hav and poliovirus type 1, which we rout ... | 1994 | 8091740 |
| removal and inactivation of hepatitis a virus (hav) during processing of factor viii concentrates. | although hepatitis a virus (hav) transmission by single donor blood products is a rare event, recent reports have raised concerns about the potential for hav transmission by pooled plasma products. in this study the removal and inactivation of hav during production of a factor viii concentrate, which included solvent-detergent treatment and anion-exchange chromatography steps, was assessed at 5 distinct stages of production using infectivity and, in some cases, isotopic assays. the results of th ... | 1994 | 8091742 |
| hepatitis a in french hemophiliacs. | the prevalence of serum antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav) in 793 hemophilia a (ha) and 89 hemophilia b (hb) patients coming from 10 french hemophilia centers and treated since 1986-1987 with solvent/detergent (sd)-treated products is reported. the results indicated seropositivity to hav of 29.9% in ha and 40.4% in hb patients. there was no difference among the patients according to severity of the disease, hiv serology or administration of factor viii during the last 12 months. seropositivit ... | 1994 | 8091745 |
| studies on mechanism of action of glycyrrhizin against hepatitis a virus replication in vitro. | glycyrrhizin (gl) achieved a concentration-dependent inhibition of the replication of hepatitis a virus (hav) in plc/prf/5 cells. gl has been shown to inhibit an early stage of the hav replication. gl was not virucidal and had no measurable effect on the adsorption of [3h]uridine-labelled virions to cells. gl inhibited hav penetration of the plasma membrane as measured by the amount of infective virus no longer neutralizable by specific antibody over time. | 1994 | 8141593 |
| a solvent i detergent treated, pasteurised and highly purified factor viii concentrate. | in an assessment of the risks of virus transmission by clotting concentrates it is clear that the currently practised procedures for virus inactivation are not equally effective against all types of viruses; neither a pasteurisation nor the solvent detergent (sid) process alone are adequate enough to inactivate viruses that are strongly resistant to heat and organic solvents. in this context, human parvovirus b19 and hepatitis a virus (hav) are of particular concern. in order to improve this sit ... | 1994 | 8147954 |
| picornaviral 3c cysteine proteinases have a fold similar to chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases. | the picornavirus family includes several pathogens such as poliovirus, rhinovirus (the major cause of the common cold), hepatitis a virus and the foot-and-mouth disease virus. picornaviral proteins are expressed by direct translation of the genomic rna into a single, large polyprotein precursor. proteolysis of the viral polyprotein into the mature proteins is assured by the viral 3c enzymes, which are cysteine proteinases. here we report the x-ray crystal structure at 2.3 a resolution of the 3c ... | 1994 | 8164744 |
| infectious diseases. | | 1994 | 8170896 |
| incidence of hepatitis a virus infection among an italian military population. | in 1990, a prospective serological survey to estimate the rate of clinical and inapparent infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) was performed in a cohort of 1,268 soldiers, 18-24 years old, during an 8 month period in the campania region in italy. at the time of enrollment 318 (25%) of the 1,268 soldiers were positive for total antibodies to hav (anti-hav). none of them was positive for igm anti-hav. among the 950 susceptible subjects who were followed up for 8 months, eight (0.8%) later seroco ... | 1994 | 8181843 |
| worldwide epidemiology of hepatitis a virus infection. | patterns of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and clinical disease differ worldwide, and correlate with socioeconomic conditions (and hygienic and sanitary conditions) of each geographic area. in least developed countries with very poor sanitary and hygienic conditions, hav spreads readily, and most persons are infected as young children. because most persons become infected at an age when hav infection is often asymptomatic, reported disease rates in these areas are low and outbreaks of disease ... | 1993 | 8182265 |
| immunologic approaches to assessing the response to inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. | natural immunity to hepatitis a virus (hav) is complex and likely to involve several distinct arms of the immune system. there is evidence that natural killer cells, human leukocyte antigen (hla)-restricted cytotoxic t cells, and antibody-secreting cells of b-cell lineage all play roles in the immune response to infection with hav. however, antibody alone is sufficient to provide a high level of protection against clinical disease. a comparison of the serum levels of antibody to hav (anti-hav) f ... | 1993 | 8182266 |
| safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine: effects of single and booster injections, and comparison to administration of immune globulin. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in adults is often symptomatic and disabling. the present article summarizes our experience with phase 2 studies of an inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine. pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis with immune globulin (ig) is only effective for 4-6 months. we compared the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a single i.m. injection of ig with single and booster doses of an inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine (ihav) in adults. a total of 75 healthy volunteer ... | 1993 | 8182270 |
| considerations for the development of recommendations for the use of hepatitis a vaccine. | the prevention of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection should be greatly facilitated with the expected licensure of inactivated hepatitis a vaccines. in countries with a low endemicity of infection a number of high risk groups have been identified in which hav infection occurs, and include both children and adults. in most other countries hav infection occurs primarily in children. thus, selective immunization of high-risk adults or children would not be expected to lower the overall rates of infec ... | 1993 | 8182276 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus in clinical and environmental samples by immunomagnetic separation and pcr. | magnetic beads coated with antibodies against surface epitopes of the hepatitis a virus (hav) captured efficiently viral particles from various types of samples. contaminating substances, including particulate material, were removed by using a magnet to retain the beads during the washing procedure. a sensitive reverse transcriptase/nested polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was developed to confirm the presence of viral particles on the beads. the above technique was shown to be useful for the d ... | 1994 | 8188812 |
| sero-epidemiology of hepatitis a in black south african children. | a community-based sero-epidemiological survey was undertaken to determine the age-specific prevalence rates of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in a representative sample of 782 urban black children aged from newborn to 13 years. among children aged 0-5 months, the prevalence of anti-hav was 68.8% (95% confidence interval (ci) 60.6-77.0%); this fell to a low of 2.5% (ci 0.1-4.9%) in those aged 6-11 months, implying the presence of maternal antibody in the first few months of life. by the age of ... | 1993 | 8191332 |
| simple and reliable salivary tests for hiv and hepatitis a and b virus diagnosis and surveillance. | | 1993 | 8215057 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus in mercenaria mercenaria by coupled reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a major cause of infectious hepatitis in humans. in this respect, bivalve mollusks pose a major health concern because they are filter feeders and can concentrate the virus up to 900-fold from contaminated water. detection of hav has been hampered because wild-type hav grows poorly if at all in cell culture. here we describe a technique for the detection of hav in shellfish based on reverse transcription coupled with the polymerase chain reaction. rna is isolated from ... | 1993 | 8215351 |
| safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated hepatitis a virus vaccine (h2 strain) in humans. | a study was made in neijiang city, sichuan province to observe the safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine (h2 strain). 3,031 children, aged 6 to 9 years, were injected subcutaneously with 10(6.0) tcid50, 10(5.5) tcid50, and 10(5.0) tcid50 of hav vaccine; the seroconversion rate and antibody gmt were 97.52%-90.68%, gmt = 1:5.19 +/- 1.90-1:3.36 +/- 1.94; 84.75%-76.27%, gmt = 1:4.29 +/- 1.96-1:2.0 +/- 2.67; 53.23%-51.61%, gmt = 1:2.57 +/- 1.89-1:1.68 +/- 1.41 ... | 1993 | 8222910 |
| inactivation of hepatitis a virus by heat treatment in aqueous solution. | hepatitis a virus infections have been reported recently among hemophilic patients in italy and germany, leading to speculation that infectious hepatitis a virus (hav) might have been present in some factor viii concentrates. in both cases, the implicated factor concentrates had been treated by a solvent/detergent method, which inactivates enveloped viruses but which would not be expected to inactivate hav, a nonenveloped picornavirus. to determine whether hav would be inactivated during pasteur ... | 1993 | 8228940 |
| prospective study of the evaluation of hepatitis c virus infectivity in a high-purity, solvent/detergent-treated factor viii concentrate: parallel evaluation of other markers for lipid-enveloped and non-lipid-enveloped viruses. the ad hoc study group of the fondazione dell'emofilia. | this prospective study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of solvent/detergent inactivation of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) as applied to a chromatographic factor viii concentrate. in parallel, the markers for other viruses, either lipid-enveloped (human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 [hiv-1 and -2] and hepatitis b virus [hbv]) or non-lipid-enveloped viruses (such as b19 parvovirus and hepatitis a virus [hav]) were evaluated. the study included 14 hemophilia centers, wh ... | 1993 | 8236421 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus in sewage sludge by antigen capture polymerase chain reaction. | antigen capture polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was tested as a sensitive and rapid method for detecting hepatitis a virus (hav) in raw sewage sludge. the antigen capture pcr was performed both with and without solid-phase virus-catching monoclonal antibodies. similar results proved that both methods were equally sensitive. sewage sludge samples from different regions in germany were examined for evidence of hav contamination by antigen capture pcr. this method of detection was compared with tha ... | 1993 | 8250546 |
| comparative in vivo efficiencies of hand-washing agents against hepatitis a virus (hm-175) and poliovirus type 1 (sabin). | the abilities of 10 hygienic hand-washing agents and tap water (containing approximately 0.5 ppm of free chlorine) to eliminate strain hm-175 of hepatitis a virus (hav) and poliovirus (pv) type 1 (sabin) were compared by using finger pad and whole-hand protocols with three adult volunteers. a mixture of the two viruses was prepared in a 10% suspension of feces, and 10 microliters of the mixture was placed on each finger pad. the inoculum was allowed to dry for 20 min, and the contaminated area w ... | 1993 | 8250567 |
| hepatitis a virus 3c proteinase: some properties, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic characterization. | several isoforms of the wild-type and three mutant hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c proteinases have been isolated and characterized. the active site cysteine residue (residue 172) was found to be responsible for the formation of some of these isoforms. the double mutant c24s/c172a of the hav 3c proteinase, in which both cysteine residues have been replaced by site-directed mutagenesis, was crystallized. the crystals belong to the hexagonal space group p6(1)22 (or its enantiomorph, p6(5)22) with unit ... | 1993 | 8254682 |
| nucleotide sequence of wild-type hepatitis a virus gbm in comparison with two cell culture-adapted variants. | in order to study cell tropism and attenuation of hepatitis a virus (hav), the genome of hav wild-type gbm and two cell culture-adapted variants, gbm/frhk and gbm/hfs, were cloned and sequenced after amplification by reverse transcriptase-pcr. during virus cultivation, the hav variant gbm/frhk had a strict host range for frhk-4 cells, in contrast to gbm/hfs, which can be grown in hfs and frhk-4 cells. the hav variant gbm/hfs was shown to be attenuated when inoculated into chimpanzees (b. flehmig ... | 1994 | 8254770 |
| [detection of hepatitis a virus by riboprobe labeled with digoxigenin: comparison of methods]. | a riboprobe (rna probe), corresponding to the 5' end of the hm175 hepatitis a virus (hav) genome, was synthetized in vitro and was digoxigenin-labeled. then the riboprobe was used to detect the cf53 hav strain. conditions of virus denaturation (with or without sds and proteinase k, timing of assay) to release viral rna were tested by dot-blot hybridization on a ten fold dilution of hav suspension. densitometric measures of dot-blot spots allowed to appreciate optimization of the method. sensitiv ... | 1993 | 8255617 |
| fast growth of a brazilian hepatitis a virus (haf-203) in a primate cell line. | a hepatitis a virus (hav, haf-203) isolated in brazil was submitted to 8 serial passages through fetal rhesus kidney cells (frhk-4). the kinetics of replication were monitored by enzyme immunoassay (eia-havag) and cdna-rna dot blot hybridization. the maximum level of rna, which was observed 21 days post-infection (p.i.) during the 3rd passage, when havag was still undetectable by eia, served as a basis to establish subsequent passages every 21 days p.i. this schedule of passage resulted in a pro ... | 1993 | 8257921 |
| proteinase 3c of hepatitis a virus (hav) cleaves the hav polyprotein p2-p3 at all sites including vp1/2a and 2a/2b. | thus far, the only virus-encoded proteinase of hepatitis a virus (hav) detected is 3c, which was shown to catalyze proteolysis of most of the suggested cleavage sites within the hav precursor polyprotein. to elucidate whether or not hav proteinase 3c and its precursors are involved in processing of the yet unidentified sites in the polyprotein p2-p3, the genomic region of 3c including flanking sequences were expressed in a bacterial system and by cell-free translation. in both systems 2a-reactiv ... | 1994 | 8259663 |
| sensitive assays for hepatitis a antibodies. | two commercial assay kits for detecting antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) have been modified in order to increase their sensitivity. these modifications are made by less dilution of the test serum, in the case of abbott havab-m assay, or by an increase in the volumetric ratio of the test serum to the labeled anti-hav in the case of the abbott havab assay. these modifications result in 5- to 20-fold increases in test sensitivity and enable the detection of anti-hav at 2-3 weeks following v ... | 1993 | 8263501 |
| serologic markers of viral hepatitis a, b, c, and d in patients with hemophilia. | forty-one patients with hemophilia a were studied for the prevalence of serological markers for hepatitis a, hepatitis b, hepatitis c (non-a and non-b hepatitis), and delta hepatitis (hepatitis d). ten of 41 (24.4%) patients demonstrated hepatitis a antibody and 31 of 41 (75.6%) patients had a serologic marker for previous hepatitis b infection; four of these 31 patients (13%) also demonstrated antibody to delta agent (hepatitis d). thirty-seven of 41 (90.2%) patients demonstrated antibody for h ... | 1993 | 8263502 |
| idiopathic autoimmune chronic hepatitis triggered by hepatitis a. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is a well-recognized cause of acute hepatitis with jaundice in adults. however, chronic sequelae of hav infection are so rare and so poorly defined that their existence remains speculative. in this report we describe a middle-aged woman in whom serologically defined acute hepatitis a appeared to trigger the onset of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. this and two previously reported cases suggest that in certain individuals, presumably with a genetic predispos ... | 1994 | 8273775 |
| molecular biology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. | five viruses are the major causes of hepatitis. these viruses are totally unrelated to each other in structure and mode of replication despite the similarity in the acute syndrome produced by each virus. hav is a single-stranded rna virus that has a very stable capsid and whose proteins are derived from a single polyprotein. hbv is a dna virus that replicates through an rna intermediate. hcv is a labile single-stranded rna virus whose proteins are derived from a polyprotein. hdv is a defective r ... | 1993 | 8275664 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis a and hepatitis b virus infection in a gurkha community in singapore. | the overall prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection among the gurkhas and their families stationed in singapore was 83.2%, with antibody to hav detected in 67 (38.1%) of 176 children under 5 years of age, 121 (76.6%) of 158 children between 5 and 14 years, and 600 (97.9%) of 613 older children and adults over age 15 years. children born in singapore (102/223 or 45.7%) had a significantly lower crude prevalence than those born in nepal (85/110 or 77.3%) (p < 0.000001). the age-adjusted di ... | 1993 | 8283176 |
| use of genomic probes to detect hepatitis a virus and enterovirus rnas in wild shellfish and relationship of viral contamination to bacterial contamination. | genomic probes were used to investigate hepatitis a virus (hav) and enterovirus rnas in two types of shellfish from natural beds (atlantic coast, france). after elution concentration, nucleic acid extracted by proteinase k and purified by phenol-chloroform and ethanol precipitation was assayed by dot blot hybridization. the probes used were a specific hav probe corresponding to the 3' end (3d polymerase coding region) and an enterovirus probe corresponding to the 5' noncoding region. the method ... | 1993 | 8285700 |
| in vitro characterization of an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) present within the 5' nontranslated region of hepatitis a virus rna: comparison with the ires of encephalomyocarditis virus. | the lengthy 5' nontranslated region (5'ntr) of hepatitis a virus (hav) forms a highly ordered secondary structure, which has been suggested to play an important role in controlling viral translation by allowing for translation initiation by internal ribosome entry. to test this hypothesis, synthetic bicistronic rnas, with all or part of the hav 5'ntr in the intercistronic space, were translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. in the presence of an upstream cistron designed to block ribosomal sca ... | 1994 | 8289336 |
| expression of hepatitis a virus precursor protein p3 in vivo and in vitro: polyprotein processing of the 3cd cleavage site. | hepatitis a virus (hav) cdnas encoding the p3 region proteins were expressed in vivo and in vitro to characterize the hav 3d protein and to identify the cleavage site between 3c and 3d. protein coding sequences were placed under control of a t7 promoter and an emcv translational initiation signal. t7 rna polymerase was provided by simultaneous infection of transfected bs-c-1 cells with a recombinant vaccinia virus vtf7-3 (t. r. fuerst et al., proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 83, 8122-8126, 1986). effi ... | 1994 | 8291234 |
| foodborne hepatitis a--missouri, wisconsin, and alaska, 1990-1992. | person-to-person spread is the predominant mode of transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. however, based on findings for national surveillance for viral hepatitis, since 1983, 3%-8% of reported hepatitis a cases have been associated with suspected or confirmed foodborne or waterborne outbreaks (1). this report summarizes three recent foodborne outbreaks of hepatitis a and addresses the prevention of this problem. | 1993 | 8321179 |
| secular trends in hepatitis a virus infection among alaska natives. | to assess the epidemiologic characteristics of the population susceptible to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and determine the natural history of infection, a retrospective survey was done using banked serum specimens. a random sample of 4030 alaska natives statewide was selected, stratified by year of birth and community of residence. overall, 1988 serum samples (49.3%) tested positive for antibody to hav (anti-hav). past hav infection was strongly age-related, increasing from 7% in persons b ... | 1993 | 8376812 |
| proteins specifically binding to the 3' untranslated region of hepatitis a virus rna in persistently infected cells. | establishment of persistency is the common result of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in most hav/cell culture systems. previous studies provided evidence that shortly before or concomitantly with establishment of persistent infections synthesis of viral rna is down-regulated. this may be an effect of regulating factors. using rna/protein binding assays it was shown that, at the critical time during virus replication, proteins accumulate which interact specifically with a distinct nucleotide se ... | 1993 | 8380325 |
| simple haemadherence test for the detection of class-specific immunoglobulins to hepatitis a virus. | the ability of hepatitis a virus (hav) to agglutinate human erythrocytes was used to develop igm and igg antibody capture haemadherence tests (machat and gachat). haemadherence was dependent on the ph of the red cell suspension and was best in the ph range 5.4 to 5.8. the tests were applied to serum, urine, and saliva specimens from individuals susceptible to, or with recent or past infection with hav. haemadherence test reactivities were compared with results obtained with igm and igg antibody ... | 1993 | 8380840 |
| search for intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis c virus in hemophilia patients. | this study was performed to determine the risk of family members of anti-hepatitis c virus (hcv)-positive hemophilia patients (index patients) for infection with hcv compared with the risk of acquiring hepatitis b virus (hbv), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. all index patients (n = 141) were found to be positive by first and second generation anti-hcv enzyme immunoassays (eias). among their household contacts (n = 228), 224 were negative and 1 positive ... | 1993 | 8381312 |
| primary cleavage of the hav capsid protein precursor in the middle of the proposed 2a coding region. | portions of the p1 and p2 hepatitis a virus (hav) polyprotein were generated by in vitro translation of cdna transcripts and analyzed for a primary cleavage reaction that would release the capsid protein precursor. no autocatalytic activity was observed on either side of the 2a coding sequence. incubation of these proteins with an extract containing active hav 3c protease, however, resulted in cleavage at a position approximately 40 amino acids downstream of the previously proposed p1-2a junctio ... | 1993 | 8382411 |
| expression of hepatitis a virus poly(u) polymerase in the periplasmic space of escherichia coli. | a cdna containing almost all of the hepatitis a virus (hav) p3 sequences was expressed as a fusion protein with protein a. a novel poly(u) polymerase activity was detected in the periplasmic space of escherichia coli cells transformed with this plasmid, and this activity showed many of the expected properties of a picornavirus 3dpol. a number of hav-specific polypeptides were detected in these cells, and it is unclear which of these was responsible for the polymerase activity. | 1993 | 8383186 |
| preparation and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. | a hepatitis a vaccine was prepared by formaldehyde inactivation of purified hepatitis a virus (hav) lsh/s strain grown on human diploid mrc-5 cells. the vaccine was devoid of residual infectivity in vitro and failed to induce in marmoset monkeys any pathological features or variations of haematological and clinical chemistry values. infectious hav particles were not detected in faeces and sera of the vaccinated primates by elisa or after passages in mrc-5 cells. the immunogenicity of the vaccine ... | 1993 | 8383387 |
| single and booster dose responses to an inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine: comparison with immune serum globulin prophylaxis. | pre- and postexposure prophylaxis against hepatitis a virus (hav) infection with immune serum globulin (ig) is only effective for 4-6 months. we compared the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a single i.m. injection of ig with a single and booster dose of an inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine (ihav) in adults. healthy volunteers (18-50 years) received a single ig i.m. injection (n = 30), or ihav i.m. (n = 15) at 0 and 24 weeks, or placebo (n = 4) at the same intervals. anti-hav seroc ... | 1993 | 8383390 |
| identification of a trans-acting activity from liver that stimulates hepatitis a virus translation in vitro. | hepatitis a virus (hav), a picornavirus, is the causative agent of infectious hepatitis, generally a self-limiting disease of the liver. recently, sequences within the 5' noncoding region that affect the translation of the viral genome have been identified using in vitro systems. in this report we demonstrate that extracts prepared from mouse liver cytoplasm specifically stimulate hav rna translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate in vitro. this activity appears to act specifically on hav seque ... | 1993 | 8384746 |
| identification of the hepatitis a virus internal ribosome entry site: in vivo and in vitro analysis of bicistronic rnas containing the hav 5' noncoding region. | hepatitis a virus (hav), a rna virus of positive polarity, contains a long 5' noncoding region (5'ncr) that lacks the characteristic m7gpppn cap group of most eukaryotic messages. by creating bicistronic constructs that contain the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene followed by the hav 5'ncr and the luciferase gene we have demonstrated by assaying in vitro and in vivo that ribosome entry for translation initiation occurs via binding to sequences within the hav 5'ncr. using mutation ... | 1993 | 8384758 |
| histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of hepatitis a virus infection in marmoset callithrix jacchus. | samples of serum, feces and liver tissue and organs of six cotton-eared marmosets callithrix jacchus infected intravenously with two different strains of hepatitis a virus (hav), were studied by conventional histologic techniques, by serological techniques and by immunocytochemical methods, such as immunofluorescence (if) and peroxidase-antibody techniques. hepatitis a antigen (haag) was detectable in daily collected stools, in liver biopsy obtained sequentially, and in organs collected at necro ... | 1993 | 8385516 |
| cell-free translation and proteolytic processing of the hepatitis a virus polyprotein. | virus-encoded proteinase activity of hepatitis a virus (hav) was studied in vitro. genomic regions coding for segments of the viral polyprotein were expressed by in vitro transcription and translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. polyproteins translated from synthetic transcripts encoding p1-p2 or delta vp1-p2 were not processed indicating that no proteolytic activity is encoded within p2 of hav, in contrast to other picornaviruses. proteinase activity was, however, detected in the genomic re ... | 1993 | 8385696 |
| characterization of the immune response of volunteers vaccinated with a killed vaccine against hepatitis a. | to characterize the immune response elicited by the hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine, the sera of 79 subjects who received two vaccine doses at an interval of 1 month and a booster dose 6 months after the first dose, were analysed by elisa, radioimmunofocus inhibition test (rifit) and by a competition monoclonal antibody assay using two neutralizing mabs (k3-4c8 and b5-b3), which recognize different epitopes. the data show that 93.6% of the volunteers responded after one dose, as detected by elis ... | 1993 | 8385844 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a among homosexual men in melbourne. | to describe an outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection that occurred in melbourne in 1991. | 1993 | 8387627 |
| solid-phase antibody capture hemadsorption assay for detection of hepatitis a virus immunoglobulin m antibodies. | a solid-phase antibody capture hemadsorption (spach) assay was developed to detect hepatitis a virus (hav)-specific immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies in sera from humans recently infected with hepatitis. the assay is performed with microtiter plates coated with anti-human igm antibodies to capture igm antibodies from the test sera. hav-specific igm antibody is detected by the addition of hav hemagglutinating antigen and goose erythrocytes. hemadsorption of erythrocytes to antigen-antibody comple ... | 1993 | 8388890 |
| analysis of a potential myristoylation site in hepatitis a virus capsid protein vp4. | the vp4 capsid protein of several picornaviruses has been shown to be myristoylated at an n-terminal glycine residue. myristoylation occurs after removal of an initial methionine residue or a leader peptide, resulting in the exposure of an n-terminal eight amino acid myristoylation signal including a consensus g-x-x-x-t/s motif. analysis of the amino acid sequence of hepatitis a virus (hav) capsid protein reveals a potential myristoylation site beginning at position 5 of the vp4 sequence. to ass ... | 1993 | 8389076 |
| antibody response to nonstructural proteins of hepatitis a virus following infection. | the nonstructural proteins of hepatitis a virus (hav), produced during active virus replication, are alternative antigens that could be used to differentiate disease from inactivated vaccine-induced antibodies. an assay based on immune precipitation of proteins translated from transcripts of the p2 region of viral cdna was used to evaluate the development of antibodies after natural infection or vaccination. antibodies against p2 proteins were found in all sera from clinical cases of hepatitis a ... | 1993 | 8390561 |
| mutations in the 3a genomic region of two cytopathic strains of hepatitis a virus isolated in italy. | two strains of hepatitis a virus (hav) were isolated in cell culture and found to induce a cytopathic effect at early passages. the nucleotide sequences of the 5' non-translated region (5'ntr) and of genes 2b, 2c, 3a and 3b were determined for these strains and found to contain mutations similar to those detected in cell-culture adapted variants of hav strain hm175. in addition, gene 3a shows a deletion of three aspartic acid residues near the n-terminus of the polypeptide. in combination with v ... | 1993 | 8391192 |
| synthesis of immunogenic hepatitis a virus particles by recombinant baculoviruses. | recombinant baculoviruses were constructed which contained the hepatitis a virus (hav) open reading frame (orf) under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. northern blot analysis with an hav-specific oligonucleotide probe demonstrated a single transcript large enough to include the hav orf in spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with these recombinants. immunoblots revealed a 220 kda protein representing the hav polyprotein. in addition, proteins which co-migrated with hav capsid proteins, and ... | 1993 | 8393604 |
| depression of the immune response to an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine administered concomitantly with immune globulin. | inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine is given in a three-dose schedule. when rapid protection is needed, injection of immune globulin (ig) concomitantly with the first dose could provide passive protection until adequate active antibody response has developed. a possible effect of ig on the immune response to the vaccine was studied in healthy volunteers; 28 received vaccine alone, and 34 received the first dose simultaneously with 5 ml of ig. a control group received hepatitis b vaccine, ... | 1993 | 8394864 |
| a new method of rna preparation for detection of hepatitis a virus in environmental samples by the polymerase chain reaction. | a new method based on rna preparation from shellfish by polyethylene glycol (peg) precipitation and trichloroacetic acid (tca) extraction was developed for the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the extraction provides high yield and the extracted rna is undegraded. this method proved to be particularly useful for detection of rna viruses from environmental samples by pcr. | 1993 | 8395540 |
| hepatitis a: hepatotropism and influence on myelopoiesis. | immunopathologic mechanisms leading to liver tissue injury in hepatitis caused by hepatitis a virus (hav) were studied in an autologous in vitro model. data show virus-specific killing by liver-infiltrating t lymphocytes in man and support the hypothesis that hepatocellular damage as well as efficient elimination of virus-infected hepatocytes is mediated by hla-restricted, hav-specific cd8+ t lymphocytes. furthermore, experimental results demonstrate that human interferon-gamma produced by hav-s ... | 1993 | 8407240 |
| cell type-specific proteins which interact with the 5' nontranslated region of hepatitis a virus rna. | the 5' nontranslated region (5'ntr) of hepatitis a virus (hav) rna contains structural elements which facilitate 5' cap-independent initiation of virus translation and are likely to interact with cellular proteins functioning as translation initiation factors. to define these interactions, we characterized the binding of ribosome-associated proteins from several cell types to synthetic rnas representing segments of the 5'ntr by using a uv cross-linking/label transfer assay. four major proteins ( ... | 1993 | 8411373 |
| evaluation of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in canadians 40 years of age or more. | to assess the side effects and immune responses after three serial doses of a new inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in people 40 years of age or more. | 1993 | 8431816 |
| vertical transmission of hepatitis a resulting in an outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. | vertical transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) has not been reported. from 25 october to 15 november 1989, 10 cases of symptomatic hav infection occurred among neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) staff. testing of other nicu staff and patients identified 4 infected infants. hepatitis a among staff was associated with caring for 1 of these infants, infant a (relative risk [rr], undefined; p = .05). risk of illness was greater for staff who did not routinely wash their hands after treating infan ... | 1993 | 8440928 |
| [molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus]. | the genome of hepatitis a virus (hav) is a linear plus-strand rna molecule of 7,500 nucleotides and it shares common strategies of construction and function of the picornavirus family. since it has a unique nucleotide sequence homology, hav has been classified in the genus of hepatovirus, newly added to the family. nucleotide sequence of the putative vp1/2a junction area was found variable and a 168 nucleotide portion of the region has been compared with many hav sequences obtained from all over ... | 1993 | 8464144 |
| hepatitis a antibody titres after infection and immunization: implications for passive and active immunization. | titres of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) were determined in patients, in donors, and in volunteers after active, passive, and combined immunization. highest titres were found in recently infected persons: in 109 igm anti-hav positive persons, the geometric mean titre (gmt) was 15,400 miu/ml. the gmt in 265 anti-hav positive blood donors was 10,700 miu/ml. the anti-hav seroprevalence in 19,746 donors increases with age: at the age of 40 years, 50% have antibodies. titres after active, ... | 1993 | 8515245 |
| intragastric infection induced in marmosets (callithrix jacchus) by a brazilian hepatitis a virus (haf-203). | several species of non-human primates have been used in studies on experimental infection with hepatitis a virus (hav). attempts to infect a south-american marmoset (callithrix jacchus) with a brazilian hav isolate (haf-203) are described here. four seronegative animals were inoculated intragastrically and one was sacrificed on day 11, 20, 47 and 62 after infection. one uninfected animal was included as control. liver, small intestine, lymph node, spleen and kidney samples were collected for his ... | 1995 | 8520524 |
| anti-hepatitis a antibody titers after passive immunization with hepatitis a hyperimmune globulin. | | 1995 | 8525412 |
| direct sequencing of hepatitis a virus strains isolated during an epidemic in france. | direct sequencing of pcr products was used to study the vp1 region of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome (position 2199 to 2356) of nine strains isolated from human stools collected during a hepatitis a epidemic (western france, 1992), three strains from environmental samples (1990, 1991, and 1992), and two hav cell culture isolates (the french strain cf53/lyon and strain clf). these viruses differed from cf53/lyon (genotype i) by between 1 and 10.3%, and results indicated the existence of two g ... | 1995 | 8526512 |
| use of digoxigenin-labeled rna probe to test hepatitis a virus antiviral drugs. | a nucleic acid hybridization assay was used to evaluate inhibitory activity of antiviral compounds against hepatitis a virus (hav) in cell culture and compared to radioimmunoassay by analysis of variance procedure. the 5' genomic end of the hm-175 strain was used as digoxigenin-labeled rna probe. dot-blot examination showed a reduction of detectable hav rna in infected cells when treated with amphotericin b. an antiviral dose-effect was shown by statistical analysis of densitometric measures of ... | 1995 | 8532379 |
| [serum hepatitis b markers: atypical patterns detected at the hospital insular de gran canaria]. | two atypical serological markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection were detected in 19 patients during a 18-month period study. pattern 1 (10 patients) was consistent with hbv-2 infection. reactivity of hbsag was confirmed by neutralization tests; the absence of other markers was also verified, included anti-hbcigm. three of the patients were classified in high risk groups and seven in the low risk groups for hepatitis b; in none of them was co-infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) detected. ... | 1995 | 8532922 |
| role of the pyrimidine-rich tract on the translation of 'chimeric' polio-hepatitis a mrnas with engineered 5'-terminal untranslated regions. | the 5'-terminal untranslated region (5'-utr) of picornavirus rna contains a series of cis-acting elements required for the internal initiation of translation, including a pyrimidine-rich tract (prt), which in entero- and rhinoviruses is located about 20 nts upstream from a silent aug triplet in the vicinity of the translation initiation site. in hepatitis a virus (hav) rna, the prt is only 12 nts upstream from the legitimate aug initiation codon, and a second, longer prt in a region far removed ... | 1995 | 8533464 |
| trends in hepatitis a virus infection with reference to the process of urbanization in the greater madrid area (spain). | hepatitis a is an infection transmitted by the fecal-oral route. endemicity within a specific country is directly related to sanitation and hygienic standards, while being inversely related to socioeconomic conditions. we studied how the process of urbanization witnessed in madrid had influenced the transmission of hepatitis a infection. in the madrid autonomous region, this process first began in the early sixties and was not brought to a close until the late seventies. catalytic models were us ... | 1995 | 8549732 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a among irish haemophiliacs. | an outbreak of hepatitis a (hav) occurred in 1992 in irish haemophilia a patients treated with high purity solvent-detergent (sd) treated factor viii. similar outbreaks were reported in italy, germany and belgium. the aim of this study was to investigate the outbreak, and to test the hypothesis that it was caused by exposure to sd-treated factor viii. | 1995 | 8550281 |
| pathogenesis of hepatitis a in orally inoculated owl monkeys (aotus trivirgatus). | the pathogenesis of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection was studied in owl monkeys following oral administration of the wild-type hm-175 strain of hav. stools were collected daily and blood and pharyngeal swabs twice weekly for viral isolation, and animals were necropsied at various intervals after inoculation. organs were examined for the presence of virus by isolation in cell culture and for viral antigens by immunofluorescence. monkeys excreted hav in the stools for 1-4 days after inoculation, ... | 1995 | 8551278 |
| mutations within the 5' nontranslated rna of cell culture-adapted hepatitis a virus which enhance cap-independent translation in cultured african green monkey kidney cells. | mutations in the 5' nontranslated rna (5'ntr) of an attenuated, cell culture-adapted hepatitis a virus (hav), hm175/p16, enhance growth in cultured african green monkey kidney (bs-c-1) cells but not in fetal rhesus monkey kidney (frhk-4) cells (s. p. day, p. murphy, e. a. brown, and s. m. lemon, j. virol. 66: 6533-6540, 1992). to determine whether these mutations enhance cap-independent translation directed by the hav internal ribosomal entry site (ires), we compared the translational activities ... | 1996 | 8551562 |
| [the screening of hepatitis virus and its efficacy]. | 1. infection of hepatitis a virus (hav) was prevented with hepatitis a vaccine. high risk groups of hav infection should be inoculated this vaccine because japanese peoples less than 40 years old didn't have immunity for hav. 2. infection of hepatitis e virus (hev) was scarcely observed in japan. 3. infection of hepatitis b virus (hbv) by blood transfusion was eradicated after the screening with anti-hbc antibody for blood donors. and maternal transmissions of hbv and infections of hbv in hospit ... | 1995 | 8551671 |
| safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in children 2 to 5 years old. | the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine were assessed. seventy healthy children aged between 2 and 5 years old, who lacked antibodies against the hepatitis a virus, were enrolled in this study. with a 0-, 1-, and 6-month vaccination schedule, the children received three doses of 360 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) units of hepatitis a vaccine intramuscularly (deltoid). safety parameters were recorded in standardized diary cards by the parents on the ... | 1995 | 8557400 |