| [investigation on natural foci of autumn-winter type tsutsugamushi disease in shandong province]. | in order to provide basic data of tsutsugamushi disease in shandong province, for the control and prevention of this disease in residents and army-men. | 2000 | 11860801 |
| acute respiratory distress syndrome in scrub typhus. | | 2002 | 11861962 |
| natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease in the nan peng lie islands in china. | to investigate natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease whose incidence has increased in the nan peng lie islands in china, an area where this disease has not been previously recorded. | 2002 | 11940347 |
| demonstration of the natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease in nan peng lie islands in china. | in recent years, the incidence of tsutsugamushi disease has increased in nan peng lie islands in china, and the disease has not been recorded in this region. the natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease were investigated in this paper. isolation of orientia tsutsugamushi and the study of preventive measures were also performed. the region was the island natural foci of south subtropical zone. the main host and vector were rattus norvegicus and leptotrombidium (l.) deliens respectively. the seasonal ... | 2001 | 11944714 |
| [hiv-suppressive factors]. | a number of host and microbial factors have been shown to modulate hiv-1 infection. their inhibitory effects are either hiv-specific or non-specific, and involve many different kinds of mechanisms. among anti-hiv host factors are natural ligands or natural antibodies to hiv coreceptors, anti-inflammatory cytokines, interferons and several body fluid components (such as lactoferrin and prostaglandins). microbial pathogens/factors that may suppress hiv-1 infection include lipopolysaccharide, scrub ... | 2002 | 11968771 |
| the past and present threat of rickettsial diseases to military medicine and international public health. | morbidity and mortality caused by rickettsioses have had a major influence on military activities and public health for >2000 years. the threat posed by the rickettsioses is reviewed, focusing on the impact and epidemiology of those that have adversely influenced wartime operations and the current challenges posed by these diseases. with their uneven worldwide distribution, the discovery of drug-refractory strains of orientia tsutsugamushi, the increased threat of their use in acts of bioterrori ... | 2002 | 12016590 |
| investigation of the role of blankaartia acuscutellaris (acari: trombiculidae) as a vector of scrub typhus in central thailand. | monthly collections of rodents were conducted in phitsanulok province, central thailand in 1993 to investigate the role of the mite blankaartia acuscurellaris as a vector of scrub typhus. overall, a total of 41 rodents were collected and examined for the presence of the red colored larvae of b. acuscutellaris and yellow larvae of leptotrombidium deliense and ascoshoengastia sp. a total of 787 b. acuscutellaris and 1390 yellow larvae were placed into pools, triturated and isolation of orientia ts ... | 2001 | 12041564 |
| successful diagnosis using scab for pcr specimen in tsutsugamushi disease. | we treated a case of tsutsugamushi disease diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using a scab specimen at the bite site of trombiculid mites. otherwise the diagnosis could not be confirmed by serum antibody test nor the pcr test of blood. the genome of rickettsia tsutsugamushi was detected and identified as the kawasaki serotype strain. an attempt to extract the genome from the scab has not been reported, thus our data suggest that the scab is a useful specimen to confirm the diagnosis of ... | 2002 | 12058894 |
| efficiency of leptotrombidium chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) at transmitting orientia tsutsugamushi to laboratory mice. | thirteen different laboratory colonies of leptotrombidim chiggers [l. chiangraiensis tanskul & linthicum, l. deliense walch and l. imphalum (vercammen-grandjean &langston)] were evaluated for their ability to transmit orientia tsutsugamushi (hyashi) to mice. of 4,372 transmission attempts using individual chiggers from all 13 colonies, 75% (n = 3,275) successfully infected mice. transmission rates for the individual chigger colonies ranged from 7 to 80%. increasing the number of chiggers that fe ... | 2002 | 12061450 |
| orientia tsutsugamushi inhibits apoptosis of macrophages by retarding intracellular calcium release. | orientia tsutsugamushi shows both pro- and antiapoptotic activities in infected vertebrate cells. apoptosis of thp-1 cells induced by beauvericin was inhibited by o. tsutsugamushi infection. beauvericin-induced calcium redistribution was significantly reduced and retarded in cells infected with o. tsutsugamushi. antiapoptotic activities of o. tsutsugamushi in infected cells are most probably due to inhibition of the increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration. | 2002 | 12117985 |
| evidence of rickettsia typhi and the potential for murine typhus in jayapura, irian jaya, indonesia. | murine typhus (etiologic agent: rickettsia typhi) is endemic to indonesia, especially on the highly populated island of java. a survey of rodents from irian jaya, the eastern-most province of indonesia, indicated striking geographic variation in risk factors associated with murine typhus. murid rodents (n = 112) collected from two villages in the arso district of northeastern irian jaya, were found to be free of ectoparasites normally associated with transmission of r. typhi (i.e., xenopsylla ch ... | 2002 | 12164301 |
| induction of the gene encoding macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 by orientia tsutsugamushi in human endothelial cells involves activation of transcription factor activator protein 1. | human macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (mcp-1) is a potent mediator of macrophage migration and therefore plays an essential role in early events of inflammation. in endothelial cells, at least three independent pathways regulate mcp-1 expression by nf-kappab and ap-1. orientia tsutsugamushi causes vasculitis in humans by replicating inside macrophages and endothelial cells. in the present study, we investigated the cis-acting and trans-acting elements involved in o. tsutsugamushi-induced mc ... | 2002 | 12183528 |
| acute scrub typhus in northern thailand: ekg changes. | the electrocardiographic (ekg) manifestations of scrub typhus were prospectively evaluated in 29 adult patients who acquired orientia tsutsugamushi infection in chiang rai, northern thailand. ekgs were normal in 22 of the 29 patients (76%); minor non-specific changes were found in the other 7 patients; ie st segment/t wave changes (10%), u waves (7%), and premature ventricular contractions (4%). these results suggest that ekg changes in scrub typhus acquired in areas of diminished antibiotic sus ... | 2002 | 12236430 |
| the use of the indirect immunoperoxidase test for the serodiagnosis of rickettsial diseases in malaysia. | the indirect immunoperoxidase (hp) test has been used extensively in most government hospitals in malaysia for the serodiagnosis of scrub typhus, murine typhus and tick typhus during the 1990s. the test was used to determine the igg and igm antibody titers in patients' sera for three rickettsial species, ie orientia tsutsugamushi ot; the causative agent of scrub typhus), rickettsia typhi (rt; the causative agent of murine typhus), and tt118 spotted fever group rickettsiae (tt; the causative agen ... | 2002 | 12236431 |
| fulminant japanese spotted fever definitively diagnosed by the polymerase chain reaction method. | a 72-year-old man was admitted to the emergency ward in our hospital on july 20, 2001, because of consciousness disturbance, fever, generalized skin eruption, and severe general weakness beginning 7 days previously. physical examination on admission revealed marked systemic cyanosis, erythema, and purpura. laboratory findings indicated disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) and multiorgan failure (platelet count, 0.9 x 10(4)/micro l; fibrin degradation product, 110 micro g/ml; c-reactive p ... | 2002 | 12373493 |
| [the pathogen of tsutsugamushi disease]. | | 2002 | 12451641 |
| rickettsial, ehrlichial and bartonella infections of the myocardium and pericardium. | myocarditis and pericarditis are uncommon complications of human rickettsial, ehrlichial and bartonella infections. myocardial inflammation usually occurs in the setting of acute disseminated infection. organisms associated with myocarditis include: rickettsia rickettsii, r. conorii, orientia tsutsugamushi, coxiella burnetii, anaplasma phagocytophila (the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis) and bartonella henselae. pericarditis has been described in the setting of r. conorii and ... | 2003 | 12456377 |
| expression of recombinant proteins of orientia tsutsugamushi and their applications in the serodiagnosis of scrub typhus. | in this study, recombinant proteins that encompassed the ad i-ad iii regions of 56 kda immunodominant gene of 2 orientia tsutsugamushi (ot) serotypes; gilliam and ta763 were expressed in escherichia coli. both recombinant proteins exhibited serologic cross-reactivity with the rabbit antisera against various ot serotypes, as evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), but not against other rickettsial species, including rickettsia typhi, r. prowazekii and tt118 sfg rickettsiae. the fe ... | 2002 | 12458119 |
| comparative evaluation of selected diagnostic assays for the detection of igg and igm antibody to orientia tsutsugamushi in thailand. | we compared the performance of 2 commercially available dipstick assays, 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas), and an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) assay for the diagnosis of scrub typhus, using the indirect immunoperoxidase (iip) test as the reference standard. the dipstick assays were the integrated diagnostics (baltimore, md) dip-s-ticks scrub recombinant (r56) dipstick test (indx assay) and the panbio (brisbane, australia) scrub typhus igm and igg rapid immunochromatogra ... | 2002 | 12479551 |
| characterization of monoclonal antibody reacting exclusively against intracellular orientia tsutsugamushi. | intracellular bacteria often change the expression of their genes in order to adapt to new environmental conditions. here we describe a monoclonal antibody (mab) that reacts exclusively against intracellular orientia tsutsugamushi. although mab applied to the 56-kda protein, a major outer membrane protein, reacted against a large number of bacteria that had attached to host cells at the early stage of infection, m686-13 reacted against only a minor portion of the attached bacteria. in the later ... | 2002 | 12516769 |
| possible scrub typhus coinfections in thai agricultural workers hospitalized with leptospirosis. | possible coinfections with orientia tsutsugamushi the causative agent of scrub typhus, were prospectively evaluated in rice farmers hospitalized with leptospirosis in northeast thailand. of 22 adults with leptospirosis diagnosed by the microscopic agglutination test, 9 also had serologic evidence of scrub typhus. of 9 individuals with possible coinfections, 5 had signs or symptoms typical of scrub typhus and atypical of leptospirosis. patients who appeared to have mixed infections had significan ... | 2003 | 12556154 |
| evaluation of national tsutsugamushi disease surveillance--japan, 2000. | in japan, tsutsugamushi disease, which is caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, is re-emerging with newly recognized strains and is now endemic in all prefectures except hokkaido and okinawa. we analyzed recent surveillance data to describe the epidemiology of tsutsugamushi disease and to evaluate the newly implemented national surveillance system according to the cdc guidelines for evaluating surveillance systems. in 2000, 756 cases of tsutsugamushi disease were reported from 37 of 47 prefectures; ... | 2002 | 12606829 |
| genotype identification of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from nan peng lie islands in china. | to identify genotype of eight strains of orientia tsutsugamushi (o. tsutsugamushi) isolated from nan peng lie islands in china and establish tsutsugamushi disease nature foci for this region. | 2002 | 12622944 |
| [tsutsugamushi disease found in the northern districts of awaji island--epidemiological study of the outbreak season temperature]. | ten cases of tsutsugamushi disease which were diagnosed and treated among the outpatients from 1987 through 1999 in a clinic of internal medicine locating at the northern districts of awaji island were investigated. the patients were consisted of 8 males and 2 females and their ages ranged from 6 to 69 years old. the infected areas were distributed in hilly districts extending over three towns. the outbreak season was from november through december. the following two facts seemed to be worthy of ... | 2003 | 12661080 |
| short report: variation in the 56-kd type-specific antigen gene of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from patients in thailand. | the sequences of a 300-base pair region of the 56-kd type-specific antigen gene from 12 orientia tsutsugamushi isolates from thailand were compared with isolates from other regions in asia. a high degree of heterogeneity was found among the 12 thai isolates, with the c3 strain most commonly found. the abundance of the c3 strain of o. tsutsugamushi is of particular concern because doxycycline and chloramphenicol resistance have previously been reported in this strain. | 2003 | 12685633 |
| epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features of scrub typhus in thirty thai children. | scrub typhus, a potentially fatal rickettsial infection, is common in asia. although serologic surveys suggested that as many as one-fourth of cases of scrub typhus might be in children, very few reports of childhood scrub typhus are available in the medical literature. | 2003 | 12690274 |
| sequence analysis of orientia tsutsugamushi dna from mites collected in the xisa archipelago, china. | the genotype of orientia tsutsugamushi dna from mites in the xisa archipelago of china were identified. a natural focus of tsutsugamushi disease in the archipelago was found. the dna sequence that codes for the 56 kda protein of o. tsutsugamushi was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (n-pcr). the purified positive products were cloned into a pgem-t vector and sequenced. the dna sequence was compared with various sequences on the internet for sequence homology. a 507 bp dna fragment en ... | 2002 | 12693590 |
| antigenic types of orientia tsutsugamushi in malaysia. | the seroprevalence of various orientia tsutsugamushi (ot) strains among malaysian patients with suspected scrub typhus infections was determined using an indirect immunoperoxidase (iip) assay. igg against a single ot strain were detected in six sera (3 karp, 1 gilliam and 2 tc586), whereas igm antibodies against a single ot strain (gilliam) were noted in 3 sera (gilliam). igg reactive to all ot strains were present in 33 (47.1%) of the 70 sera and igm reactive to all ot strains were present in 2 ... | 2002 | 12693591 |
| virulence of malaysian isolates of orientia tsutsugamushi in mice. | the pathogenicity of malaysian isolates of orientia tsutsugamushi was investigated by a mouse virulence assay. the isolates could be differentiated as low (4 isolates), moderately (3 isolates) and highly virulent (2 isolates) based on the different responses in infected mice. no direct correlation between severity of human scrub typhus infections and virulence of the o. tsutsugamushi in mice was observed. mice infected with virulent strains of o. tsutsugamushi showed splenomegaly, ascitis accumu ... | 2002 | 12693592 |
| scrub typhus in the torres strait islands of north queensland, australia. | scrub typhus, caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, occurs throughout southeast asia. we descript ten cases that occurred in the torres strait islands of northern australia during 2000 and 2001. preceding heavy rain may have contributed to the outbreak. the successful use of azithromycin in two pediatric patients is also reported. | 2003 | 12702230 |
| [tsutsugamushi disease]. | | 2003 | 12722270 |
| evaluation of an immunoglobulin m capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of orientia tsutsugamushi infection. | to differentiate scrub typhus from other acute febrile diseases, a rapid and reliable serological diagnosis is important. we developed an immunoglobulin m (igm) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for diagnosis of recent orientia tsutsugamushi infections in humans. the 56-kda major outer membrane protein of o. tsutsugamushi is well known as the most immunodominant antigen in scrub typhus. the test is based on the use of the biotinylated recombinant 56-kda protein of o. tsutsugamush ... | 2003 | 12738637 |
| development of a recombinant protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its applications in field surveillance of rodent mice for presence of immunoglobulin g against orientia tsutsugamushi. | a recombinant protein containing the immunodominant conserved epitope region of the 56-kda outer membrane protein of the karp strain of orientia tsutsugamushi was purified to near homogeneity using recombinant dna techniques. the purified protein was used to immunize rabbits and produced an antibody that could recognize different strains of o. tsutsugamushi, as demonstrated both by western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on this recombina ... | 2003 | 12738648 |
| isolation and pcr detection of rickettsiae from clinical and rodent samples in malaysia. | isolation of rickettsiae from patients' blood samples and organ samples of wild rodents from areas with high seroprevalence of rickettsial infections was attempted using cell culture assay and animal passages. l929 mouse fibroblast cells grown in 24 well tissue culture plate were inoculated with buffy coat of febrile patients and examined for the growth of rickettsiae by giemsa, gimenez staining and direct immunofluorescence assay. no rickettsiae were isolated from 48 patients' blood samples. no ... | 2002 | 12757225 |
| septic shock secondary to scrub typhus: characteristics and complications. | scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by infection with orientia tsutsugamushi transmitted by the bite of larval trombiculid mites (chiggers). a prospective study was conducted in septic shock patients in maharat hospital, nakhon ratchasima province, thailand, from 12 november 2001 to 5 january 2002. of the 51 septic shock patients studied during the 7 week period, 18 (35.3%) were found to have evidence of scrub typhus infection; 3 patients (16.7%) died. in this study, septic shock cau ... | 2002 | 12757226 |
| scrub typhus: a frequently overlooked cause of acute renal failure. | acute renal failure associated with scrub typhus infection is not rare as previously thought. the possibility of scrub typhus should be borne in mind when patients present with fever and varying degrees of acute renal failure, particularly if an eschar exists, along with a history of environmental exposure in an area like taiwan, where scrub typhus is endemic. prompt diagnosis and the use of appropriate antibiotics can rapidly alter the clinical course of the disease and prevent the development ... | 2003 | 12803503 |
| differentiating dengue virus infection from scrub typhus in thai adults with fever. | dengue fever and scrub typhus are common infections in asia that often present as acute febrile illness of unclear etiology. we prospectively evaluated febrile adults presenting to the outpatient department of a hospital in northern thailand to attempt to identify distinguishing characteristics between the two infections. fifty-four patients were infected with scrub typhus and 35 were infected with dengue virus. dengue virus infection was associated with hemorrhagic manifestations, particularly ... | 2003 | 12812339 |
| in vitro reactivation of human immunodeficiency virus-1 upon stimulation with scrub typhus rickettsial infection. | while a number of microbial infections induce a transient burst in viral load in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1), a recent study has suggested that scrub typhus may suppress hiv-1 infection. we investigated the effects of orientia tsutsugamushi on hiv-1 infection. in vitro hiv-1 infection experiments were conducted using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) acutely infected with r5 and x4 hiv-1 or pbmc derived from patients receiving highly active antiretrov ... | 2003 | 12812345 |
| scrub typhus: vector competence of leptotrombidium chiangraiensis chiggers and transmission efficacy and isolation of orientia tsutsugamushi. | a total of 4,281 rodents, belonging to 20 species, was collected from three villages in chiangrai province, northern thailand, from january 1994 to december 2001. the predominant species were rattus rattus, r. losea and bandicota indica, accounting for 96% of the total. more than 135,000 chigger mites were removed from wild rodents of which 1% were identified as leptotrombidium chiangraiensis, a new species vector of scrub typhus. five orientia tsutsugamushi-infected l. chiangraiensis colonies e ... | 2003 | 12860596 |
| characterization of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from wild-caught rodents and chiggers in northern thailand. | we previously reported orientia tsutsugamushi detection from tissue samples (kidney, liver, spleen, and whole blood) of 12 wild-caught rodents from chiangrai province, northern thailand. of the 30 chiggers individually removed from scrub typhus-infected rodents, 2 were found positive for o. tsutsugamushi. we further characterized the o. tsutsugamushi detected from these rodents and chiggers by rflp using three different enzyme digestions. all 14 o. tsutsugamushi samples (12 from tissue samples a ... | 2003 | 12860627 |
| outbreak of scrub typhus in southern india during the cooler months. | orientia tsutsugamushi, the agent of scrub typhus, is a strict intracellular bacterium which is found in many parts of asia including india. during the past few years, the number of patients with rickettsial infection and scrub typhus has increased, especially during the cooler months. we report in this study a recent outbreak of scrub typhus recorded during the cooler months (october 2001 to february 2002) in patients admitted to our hospital with acute febrile illness associated with diverse s ... | 2003 | 12860654 |
| an improved method for the purification and refolding of r56-kda proteins from gilliam and kato strains of orientia tsutsugamushi. | the immunodominant 56kda outer membrane antigens from orientia tsutsugamushi kato and gilliam strains were expressed as inclusion bodies (ibs) in e. coli. the ibs were purified and properly refolded with modifications of a previous procedure used for the production of karp strain r56 antigen. a mixture of these three r56 proteins exhibited both high sensitivity and specificity for detection of o. tsutsugamushi antibodies by elisa. | 2003 | 12860658 |
| development of an improved rapid lateral flow assay for the detection of orientia tsutsugamushi-specific igg/igm antibodies. | | 2003 | 12860659 |
| immunogenicity of a 40kda fragment of the 47kda recombinant protein and dna vaccine from karp strain of orientia tsutsugamushi. | in this study, the fragment of 47 kda gene (301 bp-1428 bp) was cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector pbv220 to construct a recombinant plasmid pbv-47. the e. coli cells were transformed with pbv-47 and the transformants were induced to express the recombinant protein at 42 degrees c. the expression product (40 kda) was detected by sds-page analysis and the 40kda protein was recognized by mouse polyclonal antibodies against o. tsutsugamushi karp strain in western blot analysis. the entire ... | 2003 | 12860686 |
| recombinant 56-kilodalton major outer membrane protein antigen of orientia tsutsugamushi shanxi and its antigenicity. | the gene encoding the 56-kda protein of orientia tsutsugamushi shanxi was amplified by a nested pcr and cloned into the expression vector pqe30. the 56-kda protein of o. tsutsugamushi shanxi (sxh56) was expressed as a fusion protein with the his(6)-binding protein of escherichia coli by deleting the signal peptide-encoding sequence from the 5' end of the open reading frame. the recombinant protein formed inclusion bodies when expressed in e. coli m15. the recombinant protein was examined for rea ... | 2003 | 12874360 |
| prevalence of relative bradycardia in orientia tsutsugamushi infection. | we investigated 100 febrile patients infected with orientia tsutsugamushi (the etiologic agent of scrub typhus) for the presence of relative bradycardia, defined as in increase in heart rate of < 10 beats/minutes/1 degree c increase in temperature. the median heart rate response for the entire febrile scrub typhus population was 9.3 beats/minute/degrees c and the prevalence of relative bradycardia was 53%. the occurrence of relative bradycardia was independent of patient age or gender. there wer ... | 2003 | 12875300 |
| serologic evidence of infection with ehrlichiae and spotted fever group rickettsiae among residents of gag island, indonesia. | the causative agents of scrub and murine typhus are considered endemic to indonesia. however, the presence of spotted fever group rickettsiae and ehrlichiae have not been previously described in this country. during an investigation of arthropod-borne diseases on gag island, located northwest of the island of new guinea in eastern indonesia, the prevalence of antibody to the etiologic agents of monocytic ehrlichiosis, spotted fever rickettsiosis, and scrub and murine typhus were determined. anal ... | 2003 | 12875301 |
| seroprevalence of rickettsial infection in commensal rodents and shrews trapped in the bangkok metropolitan area. | murine typhus and scrub typhus are important human rickettsial diseases in thailand. small mammals, including many species of rodents and shrews, serve as the reservoir host of rickettsial diseases. rickettsia typhi can be transmitted to humans by fleas causing murine typhus, while infection with orientia tsutsugamushi causing scrub typhus in humans is transmitted by chiggers. the prevalence of rickettsial infection depends on the geographic area. the seroprevalence of antibody to r. typhi and o ... | 2003 | 12924799 |
| laboratory diagnosis of two scrub typhus outbreaks at camp fuji, japan in 2000 and 2001 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, rapid flow assay, and western blot assay using outer membrane 56-kd recombinant proteins. | two scrub typhus outbreaks occurred among u.s. marines training at camp fuji, japan, between october 25 and november 3, 2000 and october 17 and november 30, 2001. nine cases in approximately 800 marines in 2000 and eight cases in approximately 900 marines in 2001 (approximate attack rates = 1.1% and 0.9%, respectively) reported with signs and symptoms of fever, rash, headache, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, and eschar. serologies and rapid response to doxycycline treatment indicated they had scrub ty ... | 2003 | 12932099 |
| emerging rickettsial infections in sri lanka: the pattern in the hilly central province. | to identify different rickettsial infections using a specific immunofluorescent technique in patients clinically diagnosed as 'typhus fever' in the central province of sri lanka, and to define the clinical picture, assess the severity of infection and to determine the pattern of geographical distribution of the infections of the hospital-based patients. | 2003 | 12950666 |
| antibody prevalence of orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia typhi and tt118 spotted fever group rickettsiae among malaysian blood donors and febrile patients in the urban areas. | the seroprevalence of orientia tsutsugamushi (ot), rickettsia typhi (rt) and tt118 spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) among blood donors and febrile malaysian patients in the urban areas was determined. of the 240 blood donors, 5.4%, 9.2% and 1.7% had either present or previous exposure to ot, rt and sfg rickettsiae, respectively. patients admitted to an urban hospital had high seroprevalences of ot (43.5%) and rt (22.9%), as compared to sfgr (11.6%). antibody levels suggestive of recent inf ... | 2003 | 12971530 |
| in vitro demonstration of the hemolytic, cytotoxic activities and induction of apoptosis in orientia tsutsugamushi infected l929 mouse fibroblast cells. | using cultured mouse fibroblast l929 cells, this study demonstrated the hemolytic and cytotoxic activities and induction of apoptosis in cells infected with orientia tsutsugamushi. low levels of hemolytic activity were detected using heavily infected cells. no hemolysin or cytotoxin were detected in the infected culture fluid regardless of the pathogenicity of the o. tsutsugamushi strains in mice. using propidium iodide uptake assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and terminal deoxynu ... | 2003 | 12971561 |
| simultaneous multiplication of two different rickettsiae in the same cell. | | 1952 | 13037746 |
| [artificial infection of the clothes louse with rickettsia tsutsugamushi]. | | 1953 | 13137223 |
| isolation of rickettsia tsutsugamushi from rodents from thailand. | | 1954 | 13138838 |
| influence of glucose on the multiplication of ornithosis virus in vitro. | | 1955 | 13241493 |
| [discovery of the pathogen of tsutsugamushi disease and its nomenclature]. | | 1955 | 13257655 |
| [transmission of several strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi on body lice]. | | 1958 | 13558476 |
| study on growth of rickettsia. v. penetration of rickettsia tsutsugamushi into mammalian cells in vitro. | a system has been described in which the penetration of rickettsia tsutsugamushi (karp strain) into tissue culture cells can be quantitated, and the factors affecting this process studied. the results indicated that rickettsial penetration in vitro depended largely on the viability of the organisms. certain components of the fluid environment such as the divalent cations and protein were found to be of importance. the temperature dependence of the penetration process was found to vary with the n ... | 1959 | 13620854 |
| study on the growth of rickettsiae. iii. influence of extracellular environment on the growth of rickettsia tsutsugamusni in tissue culture cells. | | 1959 | 13631246 |
| study on the growth of rickettsiae. iv. effect of chloramphenicol and several metabolic inhibitors on the multiplication of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in tissue culture cells. | | 1959 | 13631247 |
| cell-wall constituents of rickettsiae and psittacosis-lymphogranuloma organisms. | | 1963 | 13942448 |
| [research on the protective power in mice of a derivative of bacillus colistinus and penimepicycline. on local pulmonary infection by r. prowazekii and general infection by r. tsutsugamushi]. | | 1963 | 13948228 |
| [some infectious diseases seldom observed]. | | 1962 | 13964613 |
| intracellular infections. | | 1963 | 13989297 |
| [experiments on the problem of the transovarian transmission of rickettsia]. | | 1962 | 14000181 |
| [some infectious diseases seldom observed]. | | 1962 | 14028997 |
| [on a study of the pathogen of tsutsugamushi fever]. | | 1964 | 14187938 |
| investigation of scrub typhus in thailand. | | 1964 | 14200810 |
| tissue culture of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. ii. rabbit testis monolayer tissue culture for cultivation of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | | 1964 | 14206663 |
| scrub typhus in the pescadores islands: an epidemiologic and clinical study. | | 1964 | 14222438 |
| [experimental transmission of rickettsiae to arthropods]. | | 1964 | 14249721 |
| early development in monkeys of cutaneous resistance to reinfection with rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | | 1965 | 14328990 |
| scrub typhus and tropical rickettsioses. | recent developments in molecular taxonomic methods have led to a reclassification of rickettsial diseases. the agent responsible for scrub typhus (orientia tsutsugamushi ) has been removed from the genus rickettsia and a bewildering array of new rickettsial pathogens have been described. an update of recent research findings is therefore particularly timely for the nonspecialist physician. | 2003 | 14501995 |
| [outbreak of hepatitis by orientia tsutsugamushi in the early years of the new millenium]. | orientia -tsutsugamushi infection is an acute febrile disease due to the accidental transmission through human skin of forest dwelling vector leptotrombidium larva. the authors observed liver dysfunctions in patients diagnosed with tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in the past 3 years and report the data in the hope of bringing attention to this disease in the differential diagnosis of autumn-season hepatitis, especially of non-a, non-b and non-c hepatitis. | 2003 | 14515037 |
| phylogenetic characterization of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated in taiwan according to the sequence homologies of 56-kda type-specific antigen genes. | fourteen strains of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated in taiwan were characterized by sequencing 56-kda type-specific antigen genes and patterns of restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) predicted by a computer program. the strains showed high varieties in sequence homologies and were classified to 10 types by predicted patterns of rflp. furthermore, all taiwan strains were not identical in typing with strains analyzed previously. these results suggest that there are various types of o. t ... | 2003 | 14524618 |
| development of a rapid method for determining the infectious dose (id)50 of orientia tsutsugamushi in a scrub typhus mouse model for the evaluation of vaccine candidates. | the infectious dose (id) of an inoculum for which 50% of susceptible mice will become infected (id(50)) with orientia tsutsugamushi is usually determined by rechallenging mice that have already been challenged with o. tsutsugamushi to determine the lethal dose (ld)(50) titer of the inoculum. those mice not killed by the initial challenge and which survived a rechallenge with 1000 ld(50) were considered immune and to have been initially infected with o. tsutsugamushi. mice that succumbed to the r ... | 2003 | 14575767 |
| electron microscopic observations of orientia tsutsugamushi in salivary gland cells of naturally infected leptotrombidium pallidum larvae during feeding. | we performed a detailed electron microscopic observation on the escaping process of orientia tsutsugamushi from the salivary gland cells of naturally infected trombiculid larvae into the acinar lumen of the gland during feeding on mice. in unfed larvae, many o. tsutsugamushi were intermingled with secretory granules in the cytoplasm of the salivary gland cell. o. tsutsugamushi was neither found in the acinar lumen nor observed escaping from the apical surface of the gland cell. in contrast, in t ... | 2003 | 14605439 |
| detection of antibodies to anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis antigens in sera of korean patients by western immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence assays. | two hundred seventy one serum samples from south korean patients were tested to detect antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum (the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent) and ehrlichia chaffeensis (the human monocytic ehrlichiosis agent) by indirect fluorescent-antibody assay (ifa) and the western blot assay. these sera were collected from patients with symptoms of high fever. the rate of seropositivity for orientia tsutsugamushi was 50.9% by ifa at the public health & environmental researc ... | 2003 | 14607867 |
| chemokine and cytokine production during orientia tsutsugamushi infection in mice. | orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium, is the causative agent of scrub typhus which is histopathologically characterized by inflammatory manifestations, indicating that rickettsiae induce mechanisms that amplify the inflammatory response. to understand the pathogenesis of scrub typhus, we examined chemokine and cytokine production after infection with o. tsutsugamushi in mice. the mrnas that were upregulated included lymphotactin, rantes (regulated upon activation, normal t ... | 2004 | 14643640 |
| occurrence of orientia tsutsugamushi in small mammals from thailand. | extensive sampling of small mammals was conducted in eight provinces of thailand between september 9, 1992 and april 29, 2001. a total of 3,498 specimens representing 22 species were collected. eighty-eight percent (3,089 of 3,498) of the animals were collected from a region in chiangrai province, which is commonly recognized as endemic for human scrub typhus. blood and tissue samples from each animal were tested for the presence of orientia tsutsugamushi, the etiologic agent of scrub typhus. th ... | 2003 | 14695089 |
| scrub typhus reemergence in the maldives. | in summer 2002, an outbreak of febrile illness began in the maldives in the indian ocean. through april 2003, officials recorded 168 cases with 10 deaths. the armed forces research institute of medical sciences in bangkok confirmed orientia tsutsugamushi and conducted a joint investigation with the ministry of health, maldives. these cases of scrub typhus were the first in the maldives since world war ii. | 2003 | 14720413 |
| acute acalculous cholecystitis and pancreatitis in a patient with concomitant leptospirosis and scrub typhus. | concomitant leptospirosis and scrub typhus is rare. the spectrum of clinical severity for both scrub typhus and leptospirosis ranges from mild to fatal. acute pancreatitis and cholecystitis are infrequent complications in adult patients with either leptospirosis or scrub typhus. we report a case of leptospirosis and scrub typhus coinfection in a 41-year-old man presenting with acute acalculous cholecystitis, pancreatitis and acute renal failure. abdominal computed tomography revealed edematous c ... | 2003 | 14723261 |
| on the trombiculid mites and rickettsia discovered in the mt. fuji foot plain. | | 1951 | 14874377 |
| multiplication of rickettsia tsutsugamushi and ornithosis virus in transplantable mouse tumors. | | 1951 | 14913128 |
| mite vectors (acari: trombiculidae) of scrub typhus in a new endemic area in northern kyoto, japan. | between 1983 and 1999, 27 human cases of scrub typhus (two fatal) occurred in the nodagawa river basin of northern kyoto, japan, an area where no cases had been previously reported. antibody screening of infected patients' sera showed that nine of 15 patients had high titers against the gilliam type of orientia tsutsugamushi (hayashi). to determine the vector mite transmitting the disease, we studied rodent and chigger populations in and near a rice field alongside the nodagawa river between 199 ... | 2004 | 14989353 |
| role of syndecan-4 in the cellular invasion of orientia tsutsugamushi. | cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (hspgs) play a critical role in the cellular invasion of intracellular bacteria and are presumed to have a role in the infection of host cells by orientia tsutsugamushi. previously, we showed that o. tsutsugamushi infection decreased markedly after treating host cells with heparinase, which suggests that hspgs play an important role in oriential infection. we tested oriential infection in ref-syn4 cells over-expressing syndecan-4, and in ref-syn4as cell ... | 2004 | 15001228 |
| evaluation of nested pcr for the diagnosis of scrub typhus among patients with acute pyrexia of unknown origin. | a nested pcr technique was performed to detect a specific 483 bp dna fragment of orientia tsutsugamushi, the aetiological agent of scrub typhus, in 53 blood samples from 36 patients with acute pyrexia of unknown origin in southern thailand. the specific primers could amplify the specific dna from all 10 prototype strains of o. tsutsugamushi and all nine seropositive patients and three seronegative patients, while no dna amplification was obtained with dnas from other rickettsiae or from healthy ... | 2004 | 15099992 |
| development of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay specific for orientia tsutsugamushi. | two specific and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays were developed to detect and quantitate orientia tsutsugamushi, the agent of scrub typhus, using a portion of the 47-kd outer membrane protein antigen/ high temperature requirement a gene as the target. a selected 47-kd protein gene primer pair amplified a 118-basepair fragment from all 26 strains of o. tsutsugamushi evaluated, but it did not produce amplicons when 17 rickettsia and 18 less-related bacterial nucleic acid extracts ... | 2004 | 15100446 |
| down-regulation of gp96 by orientia tsutsugamushi. | gp96 plays a central role in innate as well as acquired immunity, maturation and chemotaxis of dendritic cells, ab production, and cross-priming, and is a peptide acceptor in endoplasmic reticulum and an accessory to peptide loading of mhc class i molecules. the remarkable conservation of essential immunological properties of gp96 suggests their important roles during the evolution of the immune system. considering their importance in immunity, immune evasion mechanisms of pathogens by modulatin ... | 2004 | 15107540 |
| epidemiological studies on host animals of scrub typhus of the autumn-winter type in shandong province, china. | in order to elucidate the host animals of scrub typhus in shandong province, epidemiological studies on host rodents of the autumn-winter type scrub typhus were carried out from 1995 to 2002 at four localities in the shandong province. based upon ecological observations of the composition, seasonal fluctuation of animal hosts, isolation of orientia tsutsugamushi, detection and identification of serotypes of antibodies to o. tsutsugamushi were conducted. two thousand eight hundred and eighty-four ... | 2003 | 15115095 |
| early diagnosis of scrub typhus in thailand from clinical specimens by nested polymerase chain reaction. | the early detection of scrub typhus in thailand by nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is presented. the diagnosis of scrub typhus, from clinical samples obtained from hospitals in the northern part of thailand, by nested pcr was compared to immunofluorescence (if) and weil-felix (wf) tests. the primer pairs used for the nested pcr were designed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes the 56-kda antigen, and rflp analysis was used for identification. clotted blood fro ... | 2003 | 15115096 |
| the etiology of febrile illness in adults presenting to patan hospital in kathmandu, nepal. | in nepal, many infections remain poorly characterized, partly due to limited diagnostic facilities. we studied consecutive febrile adults presenting to a general hospital in kathmandu, nepal. of the 876 patients enrolled, enteric fever and pneumonia were the most common clinical diagnoses. putative pathogens were identified in 323 (37%) patients, the most common being salmonella enterica serotype typhi and s. enterica serotype paratyphi a (117), rickettsia typhi (97), streptococcus pneumoniae (5 ... | 2004 | 15211012 |
| a new member of the trombiculid mite family neotrombicula nagayoi (acari: trombiculidae) induces human dermatitis. | we present the first definitive evidence that the mite neotrombicula nagayoi bites humans under natural conditions in japan. initially, bites resulted in mild pruritus without pain. however, skin reactions increased gradually year by year with severe pruritus with pain being reported by the victim after being bitten repeatedly. six species of trombiculid mites comprising three genera were isolated from soil samples collected from august to october in both 2001 and 2002 at a study site where a ma ... | 2004 | 15272753 |
| case reports: scrub typhus during pregnancy in india. | scrub typhus, caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, is a rural zoonosis endemic in the asian pacific region. doxycycline and chloramphenicol, the recommended drugs for treating this infection, may not be safe during pregnancy. we report on 5 patients with scrub typhus during pregnancy who were seen in india between october 2001 and february 2002. four of the 5 women were treated initially with ciprofloxacin. three women had stillbirths, 1 an abortion and 1 a low birthweight baby, which suggests that ... | 2003 | 15307429 |
| application of monoclonal antibody, specific for intracellular orientia tsutsugamushi, to immunofluorescent antibody test for determining antibiotic susceptibility. | the simple quantification of viable intracellular bacteria is important for the study of an obligate intracellular bacterium, orientia tsutsugamushi. we applied a novel monoclonal antibody (m686-13)--specific for intracellular orientia--to an immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test for determining antibiotic susceptibility of o. tsutsugamushi. m686-13 did not react with orientia that was inhibited by doxycycline, although bacterial particles still remained in the cells. this preferential staining ... | 2004 | 15383701 |
| differential expression of interferon-gamma and interferon-gamma-inducing cytokines in thai patients with scrub typhus or leptospirosis. | interferon (ifn)-gamma plays an important role in the induction of a type 1 immune response against intracellular pathogens. we compared the plasma levels of ifn-gamma and ifn-gamma-inducing cytokines in adult thai patients with scrub typhus, caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium orientia tsutsugamushi, and leptospirosis, caused by extracellular leptospira interrogans. ifn-gamma, interleukin (il)-18, and il-15 levels were elevated only in patients with scrub typhus, whereas il-12p40 and ... | 2004 | 15451469 |
| scrub typhus in the northern territory: exceeding the boundaries of litchfield national park. | scrub typhus is recognised as an important differential diagnosis of fever, rash and sepsis in patients with a history of travel to litchfield national park in the top end of the northern territory. all confirmed scrub typhus cases to date from the northern territory have visited the park, but the presence of similar rainforest pockets elsewhere in the top end suggested further infectious locations might be identified with increased tourism. we report a case of serologically confirmed orientia t ... | 2004 | 15460968 |
| scrub typhus: prevalence and diagnostic issues in rural southern india. | | 2004 | 15494919 |
| scrub typhus in the republic of palau, micronesia. | in october 2001, an outbreak of febrile illness began in the southwest islands group of the republic of palau. through october 2003, a total of 15 southwest islanders experienced fever >39.5 degrees c and abdominal distress, both lasting >7 days. orientia tsutsugamushi, the agent of scrub typhus, was subsequently identified as the cause. | 2004 | 15504273 |