| [melanin synthesis was affected by extracts of 22 kinds chinese herbs of acid taste: an experi- mental study]. | to confirm the inhibitory effect of chinese herbs of acid taste on melanin synthesis. | 2015 | 26159030 |
| comparative transcriptome analysis of two citrus germplasms with contrasting susceptibility to phytophthora nicotianae provides new insights into tolerance mechanisms. | host perception of phytophthora nicotianae switching to necrotrophy is fundamental for disease tolerance of citrus. it involves an hr-like response, strengthening of the cell wall structure and hormonal signaling. stem rot caused by p. nicotianae is a worldwide disease of several important crops, including citrus. given the growing awareness of chemical fungicides drawbacks, genetic improvement of citrus rootstocks remains the best alternative. however, the molecular basis underlying the success ... | 2017 | 29290008 |
| the relationship between women's characteristics and herbal medicines use during pregnancy. | the use of herbal medicines (hm) has been increasing worldwide. this cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of and characteristics related to use of hm among 320 pregnant women. participants were admitted to mazandaran-based hospitals' postnatal wards from march to june 2015. data were collected via a self-report questionnaire, including herbs used during pregnancy and demographic, socioeconomic and pregnancy-related factors. nearly half (48.4%) of the women reported taking one or mor ... | 2018 | 29336734 |
| in vitro activity of ten essential oils against sarcoptes scabiei. | the development of alternative approaches in ectoparasite management is currently required. essential oils have been demonstrated to exhibit fumigant and topical toxicity to a number of arthropods. the aim of the present study was to assess the potential efficacy of ten essential oils against sarcoptes scabiei. | 2016 | 27876081 |
| nuclear species-diagnostic snp markers mined from 454 amplicon sequencing reveal admixture genomic structure of modern citrus varieties. | most cultivated citrus species originated from interspecific hybridisation between four ancestral taxa (c. reticulata, c. maxima, c. medica, and c. micrantha) with limited further interspecific recombination due to vegetative propagation. this evolution resulted in admixture genomes with frequent interspecific heterozygosity. moreover, a major part of the phenotypic diversity of edible citrus results from the initial differentiation between these taxa. deciphering the phylogenomic structure of c ... | 2015 | 25973611 |
| tetranychus urticae-triggered responses promote genotype-dependent conspecific repellence or attractiveness in citrus. | the citrus rootstocks sour orange and cleopatra mandarin display differential resistance against tetranychus urticae. sour orange plants support reduced oviposition, growth rates and damage compared with cleopatra mandarin plants. jasmonic acid signalling and flavonoid accumulation have been revealed as key mechanisms for the enhanced resistance of sour orange plants. in this study, we observed that the release of t. urticae herbivore-induced plant volatiles (hipvs) from sour orange plants has a ... | 2015 | 25771705 |
| differentiation of aurantii fructus immaturus from poniciri trifoliatae fructus immaturus using flow-injection mass spectrometric (fims) metabolic fingerprinting method combined with chemometrics. | a flow-injection mass spectrometric metabolic fingerprinting method in combination with chemometrics was used to differentiate aurantii fructus immaturus from its counterfeit poniciri trifoliatae fructus immaturus. flow-injection mass spectrometric (fims) fingerprints of 9 aurantii fructus immaturus samples and 12 poniciri trifoliatae fructus immaturus samples were acquired and analyzed using principal component analysis (pca) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (simca). the authentic ... | 2015 | 25622204 |
| elucidating genetic diversity among sour orange rootstocks: a comparative study of the efficiency of rapd and ssr markers. | in order to compare the effectiveness of two molecular marker systems, a set of six rapd and nine ssr markers were used to study the genetic diversity in a population of 46 sour orange accessions, a common rootstock used in almost all citrus orchards in tunisia. genetic diversity parameters [average and effective number of alleles, percentage of polymorphism, polymorphic information content (pic), effective marker index (emi), and marker index (mi) parameters] for rapd, ssr, and rapd + ssr were ... | 2015 | 25586488 |
| p-synephrine suppresses glucose production but not lipid accumulation in h4iie liver cells. | p-synephrine, the primary protoalkaloid in the extract of bitter orange and other citrus species, has gained interest due to its lipolytic activity in adipose tissues. we previously found that p-synephrine stimulates glucose consumption via amp-activated protein kinase (ampk) in l6 skeletal muscle cells. this study investigated the effect of p-synephrine on glucose production and lipid accumulation in h4iie rat liver cells. glucose production was increased in h4lle cells that were incubated in g ... | 2015 | 25379695 |
| [comparative analysis of ergogenic efficacy of energy drinks components (caffeine and bitter orange extract) in combination with alcohol]. | estimation of ergogenic effects of caffeine and bitter orange exract combined with alcohol is presented in the article. investigations were performed on 3 groups (8 animals in each group) of male wistar rats aged 4 months. animals in group 1 were treated orally for 7 days, the mixture comprising caffeine and alcohol (0.6 g of caffeine, 72 ml of ethanol, water to 1 liter) in an amount equivalent to 4.28 mg caffeine per kg of body weight. animals in group 2 received a mixture containing bitter ora ... | 2014 | 25059058 |
| increasing frost risk associated with advanced citrus flowering dates in kerman and shiraz, iran: 1960-2010. | flowering dates and the timing of late season frost are both driven by local ambient temperatures. however, under climatic warming observed over the past century, it remains uncertain how such impacts affect frost risk associated with plant phenophase shifts. any increase in frost frequency or severity has the potential to damage flowers and their resultant yields and, in more extreme cases, the survival of the plant. an accurate assessment of the relationship between the timing of last frost ev ... | 2014 | 24429704 |
| different metabolic and genetic responses in citrus may explain relative susceptibility to tetranychus urticae. | life history parameters of the phytophagous spider mite tetranychus urticae in citrus depend on the rootstock where the cultivar is grafted. to unveil the mechanisms responsible for this effect, the authors have carried out comparative experiments of t. urticae performance on two citrus rootstocks, the highly t. urticae-sensitive cleopatra mandarin and the more tolerant sour orange. | 2014 | 24375985 |
| effects of rootstock/scion combinations on the flavor of citrus fruit. | we examined sensory quality, total soluble solids (tss) and acidity levels, and aroma volatiles compositions of 'or' and 'odem' mandarins grafted on sour orange (so), volkamer lemon (volka), and us-812 rootstocks; 'valencia' oranges grafted on so, volka, and ×639 rootstocks; and a new pummelo × grapefruit hybrid cv. 'redson' grafted on so, volka, and macrophylla rootstocks. tss and acidity levels of all species were lower in juice of fruits on volka than on so. sensory quality evaluations reveal ... | 2013 | 24219601 |
| recognizing and overcoming analytical error in the use of icp-ms for the determination of cadmium in breakfast cereal and dietary supplements. | the potential effect of spectral interference on the accurate measurement of the cadmium (cd) mass fraction in fortified breakfast cereal and a variety of dietary supplement materials using inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry was studied. the materials were two new standard reference materials (srms)--srm 3233 fortified breakfast cereal and srm 3532 calcium dietary supplement--as well as several existing materials--srm 3258 bitter orange fruit, srm 3259 bitter orange extract, ... | 2013 | 23479125 |
| herbal products that may contribute to hypertension. | the role of hypertension in the incidence of postoperative hematoma has been well documented. a large number of patients who undergo aesthetic surgery consume a variety of herbal products, some of which may cause or exacerbate hypertension. the purpose of this study was to review the herbal products that are known to cause hypertension and thus may play a role in postoperative complications. | 2013 | 23271526 |
| bitter orange, ephedra, and hydroxycitric acid: issues with the article “dietary supplements for improving body composition and reducing body weight: where is the evidence?”. | | 2012 | 26251853 |
| multidimensional liquid chromatography for the determination of chiral coumarins and furocoumarins in citrus essential oils. | in this work the enantiomeric distribution of chiral coumarins (meranzin and epoxyaurapten), and furocoumarins (oxypeucedanin, byakangelicol, and epoxybergamottin) in different citrus essential oils (lemon, lime, grapefruit, and bitter orange) was determined by means of a heart-cutting multidimensional-liquid chromatography (md-lc) system, equipped with a microsilica column in the first dimension in a combination to a cellulosic-based chiral column used in the second dimension. the normal phase- ... | 2012 | 22807365 |
| [professor wei pin-kang's experience in treating chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: an analysis of herbal medication]. | to summarize the herbal medication by professor wei pin-kang's prescriptions in treating chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (cinv). | 2012 | 22803443 |
| a graft-based chemotherapy method for screening effective molecules and rescuing huanglongbing-affected citrus plants. | huanglongbing (hlb) is the most devastating disease of citrus. the global citrus industry is in urgent need of effective chemical treatments for hlb control because of its rapid spreading worldwide. due to the fastidious nature of the pathogens, and the poor permissibility of citrus leaf surfaces, effective screening of chemicals for the hlb control can be challenging. in this study, we developed a graft-based chemotherapy method to rapidly screen potential hlb-controlling chemical compounds. in ... | 2012 | 22568814 |
| bioflavonoid profile of citrus juices from greece. | high-performance liquid chromatography with confirmation by uv-visible photodiode array detector-positive electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry [hplc-uv-vis-dad-(+esi)-ms] with enhanced fragmentation by appropriate adjustment of the cone voltage was used to determine bioflavonoid content of five citrus species (tangerine, sanguine, sour orange, lemon and grapefruit) cultivated in greece which come from citrus varieties analyzed for the first time. the main groups of bioflavonoids found in th ... | 2012 | 22334498 |
| p-synephrine stimulates glucose consumption via ampk in l6 skeletal muscle cells. | interest in p-synephrine, the primary protoalkaloid in the extract of bitter orange and other citrus species, has increased due to its various pharmacological effects and related adverse effects. the lipolytic activity of p-synephrine has been repeatedly revealed by in vitro and in vivo studies and p-synephrine is currently marketed as a dietary supplement for weight loss. the present study investigated the effect of p-synephrine on glucose consumption and its action mechanism in l6 skeletal mus ... | 2012 | 22306011 |
| [effects of tangshen recipe on the homocysteine metabolism of patients with diabetic nephropathy]. | to observe the effects of tangshen recipe (tr) on the homocysteine (hcy) metabolism of patients with diabetic nephropathy. | 2011 | 21910334 |
| hypertensive urgency associated with xenadrine efx use. | several supplements and herbal products have been shown to increase catecholamines and subsequently mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance. since ephedra-containing products have been removed from the market, manufacturers of weight loss herbal supplements must produce ephedra-free formulations. xenadrine efx is an ephedra-free weight loss product containing a mixture of caffeine, guarana, and bitter orange (standardized to synephrine). synephrine has been shown in animals and h ... | 2011 | 21676849 |
| safety of herbal supplements: a guide for cardiologists. | many patients use herbal supplements to treat chronic cardiovascular conditions and often combine herbal ingredients with cardiovascular medications. however, physicians do not reliably elicit a history of herbal use from their patients and may overlook herbal supplements' adverse effects. although often considered harmless by patients, herbal supplements may cause adverse cardiovascular effects from an herbal ingredient, a contaminant, or an herb-drug interaction. herbal stimulants, including b ... | 2010 | 20633025 |
| volatile organic components of fresh leaves as indicators of indigenous and cultivated citrus species in taiwan. | the volatile components of fresh leaves from 15 citrus species were investigated by headspace spme with a gc-ms analysis. three indigenous taiwan citrus species, citrus taiwanica, c. tachibana and c. depressa, were the major subjects. eighty volatile organic compounds were detected as indicators of the genetic relationship. linalool was the most abundant compound, and citronellal, geranial, neral, limonene and trans-beta-ocimene were the major volatile compounds in fresh leaves. linalool (56.37% ... | 2010 | 20378980 |
| racemization at c-2 of naringin in pummelo (citrus grandis) with increasing maturity determined by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. | the relative content of (2s)- and (2r)-naringin in the albedo of pummelo during maturation in the entire season was determined by normal-phase hplc using chiralpak ib, a polysaccharide-derived chiral stationary phase, and n-hexane/ethanol doped with 0.5% tfa as mobile phase. a sigmoid curve was obtained showing variation from 95.3% of (2s)-naringin in very immature fruits to 53% in mature fruit samples (2.3 and 14.4cm diameter, respectively). a comparison was made with previous results obtained ... | 2010 | 19913235 |
| [application of dannang recipe no. 2 in the perioperative stage of laparoscopic cholecystectomy]. | to explore the significance of application of dannang recipe no. 2 (dnr2), a chinese herbal preparation, in the perioperative period of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (lc). | 2008 | 19317164 |
| novel character impact compounds in yuzu (citrus junos sieb. ex tanaka) peel oil. | yuzu ( citrus junos sieb. ex tanaka), a tree-grown fruit similar to a kind of sour orange, is widely used in japanese food/cooking for its pleasant flavor. to clarify the odor-active volatiles that differentiate yuzu from other citrus fruits, sensory evaluations were conducted on yuzu peel oil. the results revealed that the polar part of yuzu peel oil was the source of the characteristic aroma of fresh yuzu fruit. by aroma extract dilution analysis (aeda) of the polar volatile part of yuzu peel ... | 2009 | 19203264 |
| [prescription of medicines by two medical officers in jutland in 1797. an analysis of the prescription practice of c.d. hahn, physicus of aarhus diocese, and k.n. carstensen, physicus of aalborg diocese]. | the concept of authorized medicines was introduced and defined by the danish government during the first half of the 17th century, thus establishing the basis for the sale of such medicines by pharmacists and their prescription by medical practitioners. the concept of authorized medicines was linked to the drug tariff in force until 1772 when the pharmacopoea danica was first published. the pharmacopoeia fixed the assortment of substances to be stocked by all pharmacies, including about 580 medi ... | 2008 | 18548942 |
| certification of standard reference materials containing bitter orange. | a suite of three dietary supplement standard reference materials (srms) containing bitter orange has been developed, and the levels of five alkaloids and caffeine have been measured by multiple analytical methods. synephrine, octopamine, tyramine, n-methyltyramine, hordenine, total alkaloids, and caffeine were determined by as many as six analytical methods, with measurements performed at the national institute of standards and technology and at two collaborating laboratories. the methods offer ... | 2008 | 18425642 |
| determination of bitter orange alkaloids in dietary supplement standard reference materials by liquid chromatography with atmospheric-pressure ionization mass spectrometry. | a liquid chromatographic atmospheric-pressure ionization electrospray mass spectrometry (lc-api-es-ms) method has been developed for the determination of five bitter orange alkaloids (synephrine, octopamine, n-methyltyramine, tyramine, and hordenine) in bitter orange-containing dietary supplement standard reference materials (srms). the materials represent a variety of natural, extracted, and processed sample matrices. two extraction techniques were evaluated: pressurized-fluid extraction (pfe) ... | 2007 | 17579842 |
| determination of bitter orange alkaloids in dietary supplements standard reference materials by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence detection. | four adrenergic amines [synephrine, octopamine, tyramine, and n-methyltyramine] were determined in a variety of bitter orange containing dietary supplements. two extraction techniques were evaluated in detail: soxhlet extraction and sonication extraction. a liquid chromatographic separation using a reversed-phase c(18) stationary phase and the ion-pairing reagent sodium dodecyl sulfate was developed to separate the bitter orange alkaloids. ultraviolet absorbance detection at 220 nm and fluoresce ... | 2007 | 17524413 |
| copper biosorption from aqueous solutions by sour orange residue. | in this study, copper uptake by sour orange residue (sor) was investigated. equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were obtained and the effects of solution ph, temperature, and particle size were studied in batch experiments. equilibrium was well described by langmuir and freundlich isotherms and kinetics was found to be best-fit pseudo-second order equations. maximum uptake was observed at ph 5. with an increase in temperature from 20 to 50 degrees c, copper removal decreased about 20%. additional ... | 2007 | 17493747 |
| racemization at c-2 of naringin in sour oranges with increasing maturity determined by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. | naringin is the major flavanone-7-o-glycoside of sour orange, and it is mainly responsible for the bitter taste of the fruit. the relative content of (2s)- and (2r)-naringin in the albedo of sour oranges during maturation in the entire season was determined by normal phase hplc using chiralcel od-h as chiral stationary phase and n-hexane/ethanol doped with 0.5% of tfa as mobile phase. hplc traces were complicated by the presence of (2s)-neohesperidin, and a software-guided analysis was developed ... | 2007 | 17417869 |
| determination of synephrine in bitter orange raw materials, extracts, and dietary supplements by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection: single-laboratory validation. | a method has been developed to quantify synephrine in bitter orange raw material, extracts, and dietary supplements. single-laboratory validation has been performed on the method to determine the repeatability, accuracy, selectivity, limit of detection/limit of quantification (loq), ruggedness, and linearity for p-synephrine and 5 other biogenic amines: octopamine, phenylephrine (m-synephrine), tyramine, n-methyltyramine, and hordenine, which may be present in bitter orange. p-synephrine was fou ... | 2014 | 17373438 |
| use of nonprescription dietary supplements for weight loss is common among americans. | dietary supplements are not recommended as part of a weight-loss program due to concerns about efficacy and safety. this study sought to assess prevalence and duration of nonprescription weight-loss supplement use, associated weight-control behaviors, discussion of use with a health care professional, and specific ingredient use. | 2007 | 17324663 |
| effect on heart rate of bitter orange, caffeine, and exercise. | | 2007 | 17208064 |
| ischemic colitis associated with use of a bitter orange-containing dietary weight-loss supplement. | since the us food and drug administration banned the use of dietary supplements containing ephedra in february 2004, numerous "ephedra-free" weight-loss products have appeared on the market. many of these supplements contain compounds such as bitter orange that are similar in structure and action to ephedra. we describe a patient in whom ischemic colitis developed 1 week after initiation of a bitter orange-containing weight-loss supplement. the patient had no other predisposing factors, and disc ... | 2006 | 17165643 |
| response of cedia amphetamines assay after a single dose of bitter orange. | bitter orange has recently been substituted as an ingredient in many "ephedra-free" dietary supplements used for weight loss. the primary active ingredient in bitter orange is synephrine. previous reports have documented false-positive results from ephedrine with urine amphetamine assays. because of the similarity in chemical structure of ephedrine and synephrine, it is hypothesized that ingestion of a bitter orange supplement may have the potential to cause false-positive results with urine amp ... | 2006 | 16628139 |
| variant angina associated with bitter orange in a dietary supplement. | the food and drug administration has banned the sale of ephedrine-based weight-loss products because of their association with many cardiovascular adverse effects. bitter orange is now being used as a stimulant in "ephedra-free" weight-loss supplements but was recently implicated in adverse cardiovascular sequelae. to our knowledge, this report describes the first case of variant angina associated with bitter orange in a dietary supplement. | 2006 | 16610576 |
| flavonoid composition of fruit tissues of citrus species. | an hplc analysis was performed on the concentrations of flavonoids in 42 species and cultivars of the citrus genus and those of two fortunella and one poncirus species according to the classification system established by tanaka. the composition of 8 flavanones and 9 flavone/ols for these species was determined in the albedo, flavedo, segment epidermis and juice vesicle tissues, and those in the fruit and peel tissues were calculated from the composition data of the tissues. a principal componen ... | 2006 | 16428836 |
| metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight males. | this study examined the acute effects of ingesting a widely used commercial formula containing extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana (gx) on the metabolic rate and substrate utilisation in overweight, adult males at rest (study 1) and during treadmill walking (study 2). | 2006 | 16418760 |
| blood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orange. | the ingredients of numerous "ephedra-free" dietary supplements used for weight loss include bitter orange, which contains sympathomimetic alkaloids such as synephrine. due to the similarity in chemical structure to ephedrine and the potential sympathomimetic effects of synephrine, it is hypothesized that bitter orange may increase blood pressure (bp) and heart rate (hr). | 2006 | 16317106 |
| absence of qtc-interval-prolonging or hemodynamic effects of a single dose of bitter-orange extract in healthy subjects. | to evaluate the hemodynamic and electrocardiographic effects of a single dose of commercially available bitter-orange dried-fruit extract, which is increasingly being used in dietary supplements. | 2005 | 16305290 |
| localization and movement of mineral oil in plants by fluorescence and confocal microscopy. | fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy were explored to investigate the movement and localization of mineral oils in citrus. in a laboratory experiment, fluorescence microscopy observation indicated that when a 'narrow' distillation fraction of an nc23 horticultural mineral oil was applied to adaxial and opposing abaxial leaf surfaces of potted orange [citrus x aurantium l. (sapindales: rutaceae)] trees, oil penetrated steadily into treated leaves and, subsequently, moved to untreat ... | 2005 | 16118255 |
| potential for toxicity with use of bitter orange extract and guarana for weight loss. | | 2005 | 15657116 |
| bitter orange weight loss products may not be safe. | | 2004 | 15645567 |
| products containing bitter orange or synephrine: suspected cardiovascular adverse reactions. | | 2004 | 15497209 |
| herbal medicines for treatment of fungal infections: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. | traditional medicine has made use of many different plant extracts for treatment of fungal infections and some of these have been tested for in vitro antifungal activity. this systematic review evaluates antifungal herbal preparations that have been tested in controlled clinical trials. four electronic databases were searched for controlled clinical trials of antifungal herbal medicines. data were extracted in a standardized manner by two independent reviewers and are reviewed narratively. seven ... | 2004 | 15078424 |
| determination of naringin and neohesperidin in orange juice by liquid chromatography with uv detection to detect the presence of grapefruit juice: collaborative study. | fifteen collaborating laboratories were sent 9 samples of citrus juice mixtures as blind duplicates for determination of naringin and neohesperidin by liquid chromatography. two sample pairs were 100% orange juice and did not contain any naringin or neohesperidin. the remaining 7 sample pairs contained naringin at levels ranging from 3.9 to 46.5 ppm and neohesperidin at levels ranging from 0.14 to 35.6 ppm. five sample pairs consisted of orange juice mixtures containing 1, 3, and 5% grapefruit j ... | 2012 | 11048857 |
| oil of bitter orange: new topical antifungal agent. | superficial dermatophyte infection is one of the most common dermatologic diseases. some of these infections are extremely resistant to therapy. | 1996 | 8737885 |
| column liquid chromatographic determination of flavanone glycosides in citrus. application to grapefruit and sour orange juice adulterations. | six flavone glycosides were separated by hplc using rp-18 with a quaternary mobile phase mixture [water-acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran-acetic acid (80:16:3:1, v/v)]. this procedure was applied to the separation and determination of the most important flavanone glycosides contained in pure grapefruit and sour orange juices and mixtures. this method can be used for quality control of industrial concentrates and juices. | 1993 | 8486744 |
| protoplast-fusion-mediated transfer of organelles from microcitrus into citrus and regeneration of novel alloplasmic trees. | iodoacetate-treated citrus protoplasts from embryogenic nucellar calli of sour orange (c. aurantium) or from rough lemon (c. jambhiri) were fused with γ-irradiated protoplasts from a related genus, microcitrus. the fused protoplasts were cultured to obtain colonies and micro-calli. micro-calli derived from these two fusion combinations were isolated, propagated and differentiated into embryos, which subsequently regenerated trees having the morphology of sour orange or rough lemon. these interge ... | 1989 | 24225837 |
| liquid chromatographic determination of naringin and neohesperidin as a detector of grapefruit juice in orange juice. | naringin/neohesperidin ratios can be used to differentiate orange juice which may contain added grapefruit juice from orange juice which may include juices from other naringin-containing cultivars. the naringin/neohesperidin ratios in juice vary from 14 to 83 in grapefruit (c. grandis) and from 1.3 to 2.5 in sour orange (c. aurantium) cultivars; the ratio is always less than 1 for the k-early tangelo. concentrations of both naringin and neohesperidin can be determined in orange juice by using a ... | 2015 | 3417605 |
| allelopathic effects ofcitrus aurantium l. : ii. isolation, characterization, and biological activities of phytotoxins. | in an earlier work, we found that the failure of herbaceous plants to grow under sour orange was mainly due to an allelopathic mechanism. four nonvolatile inhibitors were isolated by paper chromatography. color reactions of all the inhibitors indicated that they are phenolic in nature. on the other hand, five volatile inhibitors were detected by gas chromatography, four of which were terpenes. all inhibitors reduced seed germination and/or seedling growth ofamaranthus retroflexus. | 1985 | 24311245 |