| enterovirus 71 vaccine: close but still far. | enterovirus 71 (ev71), a member of the enterovirus genus of the picornaviridae family, is one of the causative pathogens of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) and the most common etiological agent isolated from hfmd patients complicated with neurological disorders. ev71 has become an increasingly important neurotropic enterovirus in the post-poliomyelitis eradication era. effective antiviral agents and vaccines against this virus are currently still under development. we reviewed publications on ... | 2010 | 20400350 |
| [etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in guangzhou in 2008]. | to understand the etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in guangzhou area in 2008. | 2010 | 20426938 |
| [autopsy report of two cases with enterovirus type 71 infection brainstem encephalitis and literature review]. | to understand clinicopathologic characteristics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. | 2010 | 20426961 |
| an outbreak of enterovirus 71 in a nursery. | in this article we report a nosocomial outbreak of enterovirus 71 (ev71) in a newborn nursery and describe the clinical presentations of infected infants. community outbreaks of ev71 are quite common in epidemic areas, but a nosocomial outbreak of ev71 is a rare occurrence. a total of 7 out of 19 infants (37%) had symptoms. all infants had poor activity, 6 (86%) had fever, 4 (57%) had drowsiness, 3 (43%) had diarrhoea, and 2 (29%) had oral ulcers. four infants (57%) suffered from encephalitis. t ... | 2010 | 20429712 |
| [clinical characteristics and treatment assessments of severe enterovirus 71 infected children]. | to facilitate early recognition of ominous clinical manifestations, to understand pathophysiology and assess treatment effects in patients with severe enterovirus 71 (ev71) associated hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). | 2010 | 20441698 |
| comparison of clinical features between coxsackievirus a2 and enterovirus 71 during the enterovirus outbreak in taiwan, 2008: a children's hospital experience. | coxsackievirus a2 (cox a2) was the predominant serotype in the enterovirus outbreak in taiwan, 2008. however, detailed clinical features of cox a2 infection have not been reported. in this study, we compared cox a2 with enterovirus 71 (ev71) in terms of clinical manifestation and epidemiology during the 2008 enterovirus outbreak in taiwan. | 2010 | 20457425 |
| an emerging recombinant human enterovirus 71 responsible for the 2008 outbreak of hand foot and mouth disease in fuyang city of china. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), a common contagious disease that usually affects children, is normally mild but can have life-threatening manifestations. it can be caused by enteroviruses, particularly coxsackieviruses and human enterovirus 71 (hev71) with highly variable clinical manifestations. in the spring of 2008, a large, unprecedented hfmd outbreak in fuyang city of anhui province in the central part of southeastern china resulted in a high aggregation of fatal cases. in this study, ... | 2010 | 20459851 |
| clinical and etiological characteristics of enterovirus 71-related diseases during a recent 2-year period in korea. | human enterovirus 71 (ev 71) has caused large-scale outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd), particularly in the asian-pacific region. in this study, we report a major outbreak of ev 71 infection in korea and describe the clinical differences between ev 71 and non-ev 71 enterovirus infections. we prospectively enrolled patients with suspected viral infections during a recent 2-year period through a nationwide surveillance system. we identified 719 patients with suspected hfmd or herpangi ... | 2010 | 20463159 |
| monoclonal antibody induced with inactived ev71-hn2 virus protects mice against lethal ev71-hn2 virus infection. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a viral pathogen that belongs to the picornaviridae family, ev71-infected children can develop severe neurological complications leading to rapid clinical deterioration and death. | 2010 | 20500892 |
| phylogenetic evidence for a recent spread of two populations of human enterovirus 71 in european countries. | human enterovirus 71 (ev-71) is a cause of seasonal epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease, and of less common but severe neurological manifestations. uncertainty persists regarding the circulation of virus populations in several geographical areas and the timescale of their dissemination. we determined ev-71 sequences at loci 1d (vp1 capsid protein) and 3cd (non-structural proteins) in 86 strains recovered in austria, france and germany and performed an evolutionary genetic study of extant v ... | 2010 | 20505012 |
| [genetic analysis of vp1 sequences of enterovirus 71 isolated from patients of hand, foot and mouth disease in beijing, 2008]. | to get genetic information of vp1 coding region of hev71 in beijing in 2008. | 2009 | 20518331 |
| the 3c protein of enterovirus 71 inhibits retinoid acid-inducible gene i-mediated interferon regulatory factor 3 activation and type i interferon responses. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a human pathogen that induces hand, foot, and mouth disease and fatal neurological diseases. immature or impaired immunity is thought to associate with increased morbidity and mortality. in a murine model, ev71 does not facilitate the production of type i interferon (ifn) that plays a critical role in the first-line defense against viral infection. administration of a neutralizing antibody to ifn-alpha/beta exacerbates the virus-induced disease. however, the molecular ev ... | 2010 | 20519382 |
| producing infectious enterovirus type 71 in a rapid strategy. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is an etiologic agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd), and recent hfmd epidemics worldwide have been associated with a severe form of brainstem encephalitis associated with pulmonary edema and high case-fatality rates. ev71 contains a positive-sense single-stranded genome rna of approximately 7400 bp in length which encodes a polyprotein with a single open reading frame (orf), which is flanked by untranslated regions at both the 5' and 3' ends. | 2010 | 20525351 |
| an investigation of epidemic enterovirus 71 infection in taiwan, 2008: clinical, virologic, and serologic features. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is causing life-threatening hand-foot-mouth disease in asia. in taiwan, ev71 epidemics with different predominant genotypes occurred in 1998 (c2), 2000-2001 (b4), and 2004-2005 (c4). this genotype replacement may have important implications for vaccine development and prediction of epidemics. a nationwide ev71 outbreak occurred again in 2008, which provided a unique opportunity to characterize clinical, virologic, and serologic features of this epidemic. | 2010 | 20543760 |
| emergence of enterovirus 71 "double-recombinant" strains belonging to a novel genotype d originating from southern china: first evidence for combination of intratypic and intertypic recombination events in ev71. | hand-foot-mouth disease due to enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) has recently caused large outbreaks in mainland china in 2008. we performed complete genome sequencing on two ev71 (sz/hk08-5 and sz/hk08-6) and two ca16 (sz/hk08-3 and sz/hk08-7) strains from patients in shenzhen, china. phylogenetic, similarity plot and bootscan analyses revealed recombination between ev71 genotypes b and c at the 2a-2b junction, and between ev71 genotype b and ca16 strain g-10 in the 3c region ... | 2010 | 20549263 |
| onychomadesis outbreak in valencia, spain associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enteroviruses. | this report evaluates the june 2008 onychomadesis outbreak in valencia, spain. the study sample consisted of 221 onychomadesis cases and 77 nonaffected individuals who lived close to those affected. we collected data on dietary variables, hygiene products, and individual pathological histories. feces and blood specimens were collected from 44 cases and 24 controls to evaluate exposure to infectious agents. pathological background data revealed a high frequency (61%) of hand, foot, and mouth dise ... | 2011 | 20553401 |
| [an analysis of the characteristics and etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in a guangzhou sentinel hospital from may to december, 2008]. | to analyze the characteristics and etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in a sentinel hospital of guangzhou. | 2010 | 20584671 |
| the enterovirus 71 epidemic in 2008--public health implications for hong kong. | we compared the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of enterovirus 71 (ev71) cases recorded in the epidemic year of 2008 with those of the past decade. | 2010 | 20599410 |
| performance of detecting igm antibodies against enterovirus 71 for early diagnosis. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection is more likely to induce severe complications and mortality than other enteroviruses. methods for detection of igm antibody against ev71 had been established for years, however, the performance of the methods in the very early diagnosis of ev71 infection had not been fully evaluated, which is especially meaningful because of the short incubation period of ev71 infection. in this report, the performance of an igm anti-ev71 assay was evaluated using acute sera colle ... | 2010 | 20613983 |
| broad reactive monoclonal antibodies for rapid identification of enteroviruses show cross-reactivity with chikungunya virus infected cells. | in the past decade, enterovirus 71 (ev71) and chikungunya (chik) virus have re-emerged periodically causing serious public health problems in malaysia, since their first emergence in 1997 and 1998 respectively. this study demonstrates that chik virus causes similar patterns of cytopathic effect in cultured vero cells as some enteroviruses. they also show positive cross-reaction on direct immunofluorescence staining using monoclonal antibodies meant for typing enteroviruses. without adequate clin ... | 2010 | 20614726 |
| identification of micrornas involved in the host response to enterovirus 71 infection by a deep sequencing approach. | role of microrna (mirna) has been highlighted in pathogen-host interactions recently. to identify cellular mirnas involved in the host response to enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection, we performed a comprehensive mirna profiling in ev71-infected hep2 cells through deep sequencing. 64 mirnas were found whose expression levels changed for more than 2-fold in response to ev71 infection. gene ontology analysis revealed that many of these mrnas play roles in neurological process, immune response, and cel ... | 2010 | 20625495 |
| molecular characterization of enteroviruses detected in gyeong-ju and po-hang provinces of korea in 2003. | we identified and characterized enteroviruses by amplifying the partial vp1 gene from pediatric patients with aseptic meningitis and other enterovirus-related diseases from the gyeong-ju and po-hang provinces of korea in 2003. we identified two strains each of coxsackievirus a (ca) 6, ca9, and ca10; three enterovirus 71 (ev71) strains; and six echovirus 30 (e30) strains. the three ev71 strains were characterized as genogroup c4. these results are the first documentation reporting the occurrence ... | 2010 | 20640907 |
| development of polyclonal antisera to clone enterovirus 71 cellular receptor. | enterovirus 71 (env71) is a member of picornaviridae family and was shown to be of public health concern in the far east because of the notorious outbreaks it caused, with novel clinical features in the affected patients. in this study we assessed the use of virus capsid protein vp1 in viral receptor research. | 2010 | 20644305 |
| emerging epidemic viral encephalitides with a special focus on henipaviruses. | in the last few decades, there is an increasing emergence and re-emergence of viruses, such as west nile virus, enterovirus 71 and henipaviruses that cause epidemic viral encephalitis and other central nervous system (cns) manifestations. the mortality and morbidity associated with these outbreaks are significant and frequently severe. while aspects of epidemiology, basic virology, etc., may be known, the pathology and pathogenesis are often less so, partly due to a lack of interest among pathol ... | 2010 | 20652579 |
| clinical and molecular characterization of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in thailand, 2008-2009. | hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) is caused by a group of enteroviruses, most commonly coxsackievirus a 16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71). in general, the disease is mild and self-limited except in the case of ev71 infections, which may incur serious complications. this research focused on virus characterization of hfmd cases in thailand from 2008-2009, related clinical findings and complications of specific enterovirus subtypes. specimens (stool, vesicle fluid, throat swab/sputum) from 48 ca ... | 2010 | 20657060 |
| a bifunctional anti-enterovirus compound that inhibits replication and the early stage of enterovirus 71 infection. | enviroxime is an anti-enterovirus compound that targets viral protein 3a and/or 3ab and suppresses a replication step of enterovirus by an unknown mechanism. to date, a number of anti-enterovirus compounds that have little structural similarity to enviroxime but induce common resistance mutations in the 3a-encoding region have been identified. the present study identified a novel type of functionally enviroxime-like compound, an-12-h5. this compound had no structural similarity to enviroxime or ... | 2010 | 20660150 |
| enterovirus type 71 2a protease functions as a transcriptional activator in yeast. | enterovirus type 71 (ev71) 2a protease exhibited strong transcriptional activity in yeast cells. the transcriptional activity of 2a protease was independent of its protease activity. ev71 2a protease retained its transcriptional activity after truncation of 40 amino acids at the n-terminus but lost this activity after truncation of 60 amino acids at the n-terminus or deletion of 20 amino acids at the c-terminus. thus, the acidic domain at the c-terminus of this protein is essential for its trans ... | 2010 | 20682079 |
| enterovirus 71 infection of monocytes with antibody-dependent enhancement. | enterovirus (ev) is an rna virus that has circulated with different serotypes and genotypes worldwide. enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a major neurotropic virus that causes severe brain stem encephalitis (be) in infants and young children. the most vulnerable age for fatal infection is 6 to 11 months. this is associated with the coincident decline in maternal antibodies. the current report describes our finding that ev71 can infect human peripheral blood monocytes. we were able to show that ev71 infect ... | 2010 | 20685937 |
| [detection and analysis of the enterovirus infection within 159 cases of hand-foot-mouth disease by a real-time reverse transcription-pcr assay]. | to reveal the enterovirus infection within children suffering hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) in the capital institute of pediatrics from aprial to august, 2009, for the sake of clinical diagnosis and treatment. | 2009 | 20718366 |
| epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease and genotype characterization of enterovirus 71 in jiangsu, china. | in the spring of 2008, an ev71-caused hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) outbreak occurred in fuyang city, anhui province, china. jiangsu province that borders auhui to the east is presumed as a key station for the spread of ev71 to other regions of the yangtze river delta. | 2010 | 20719557 |
| methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation as a novel disinfectant of enterovirus 71. | we tested whether methylene blue, an inexpensive and safe photosensitizer, is feasible for photodynamic inactivation of enterovirus 71 (ev71) in the environment. | 2010 | 20719762 |
| enterovirus 71 virus-like particle vaccine: improved production conditions for enhanced yield. | to develop the enterovirus 71 (ev71) vaccine, we previously constructed a recombinant baculovirus (bac-p1-3cd) co-expressing ev71 p1 (under polyhedrin promoter) and 3cd (under p10 promoter) proteins, which caused p1 cleavage by 3cd protease and self-assembly of virus-like particles (vlps) in sf-9 cells. assuming that reducing the 3cd expression can alleviate the competition with p1 expression and elevate the vlps yield, hereby we constructed bac-p1-c3cd and bac-p1-i3cd expressing 3cd under weake ... | 2010 | 20797455 |
| dynamic change of mother-source neutralizing antibodies against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in infants. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cox a16) are major causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). studies indicate that the frequent hfmd outbreaks result in a few hundreds children's death in china in recent years. the vaccine and other research for hfmd need to be developed urgently. the aims of our study were: to explore dynamic development of mother-source neutralizing antibodies against ev71 and cox a16 in infants from jiangsu province, china, and to provide the fun ... | 2010 | 20819628 |
| fulminant enterovirus 71 infection: case report. | a previously healthy 3-year-old boy presented with high-grade fever, dyspnoea, alteration of consciousness, tachycardia and shock. a few erythematous macules and papules were seen on his palms and soles. echocardiogram showed poor left ventricular contraction. cardiac enzymes and pro-b-type natriuretic peptide were elevated. milrinone, low-dose dopamine and intravenous immunoglobulin were administered. the patient recovered after 5 days without cardiac or neurological sequelae. the serological r ... | 2010 | 20828460 |
| combined peptides of human enterovirus 71 protect against virus infection in mice. | human enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (hmfd) in children under 6 years old, and could cause serious neurological complications in some patients. numerous large outbreaks of ev71 caused hmfd have occurred recently in asia, especially in china. the cross-reactivity of ev71 with human brain tissue was observed and the cross-reactivity inducing regions were identified in previously study, which suggested that there were two regions in structural proteins of virus sho ... | 2010 | 20831911 |
| [an overview of the evolution of ev71 vaccine]. | ev71 infection has become a serious public health threat especially among young children. yet, at present, no specific antiviral drug against ev71 infection is available. a number of scientists are studying various kinds of vaccines, including inactivated vaccine, virus-like particle vaccine, dna vaccine, synthetic peptide vaccines, and transgenic oral vaccine. this article reviews the recent advancement in the design of various kinds of vaccine against ev71 as well as their prospective usefulne ... | 2010 | 20842875 |
| echoviruses are a major cause of aseptic meningitis in infants and young children in kuwait. | the etiologic agents of aseptic meningitis (am) often include human enteroviruses. the role of enteroviruses causing am in young children was investigated during a 3-year period in kuwait. | 2010 | 20846386 |
| development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous identification of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16. | human enterovirus 71 (hev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are two major aetiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. recently there have been several large outbreaks of hfmd in vietnam and the asia-pacific region. in this study, a multiplex rt-pcr assay was developed in order to detect simultaneously hev71, cva16 and other human enteroviruses. enterovirus detection was performed with a mixture of three pairs of oligonucleotide primers: one pair of published primers f ... | 2010 | 20863857 |
| inferring nonneutral evolution from contrasting patterns of polymorphisms and divergences in different protein coding regions of enterovirus 71 circulating in taiwan during 1998-2003. | enterovirus (ev) 71 is one of the common causative agents for hand, foot, and, mouth disease (hfmd). in recent years, the virus caused several outbreaks with high numbers of deaths and severe neurological complications. despite the importance of these epidemics, several aspects of the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics, including viral nucleotide variations within and between different outbreaks, rates of change in immune-related structural regions vs. non-structural regions, and forces d ... | 2010 | 20868512 |
| forecasting the economic value of an enterovirus 71 (ev71) vaccine. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a growing public health concern, especially in asia. a surge of ev71 cases in 2008 prompted authorities in china to go on national alert. while there is currently no treatment for ev71 infections, vaccines are under development. we developed a computer simulation model to determine the potential economic value of an ev71 vaccine for children (<5 years old) in china. our results suggest that routine vaccination in china (ev71 infection incidence ≈0.04%) may be cost-effect ... | 2010 | 20923711 |
| passive protection effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins on enterovirus 71 infected mice. | the objective of this study is to evaluate the passive protective efficiency of immunoglobulin in yolk (igy) specific against human enterovirus type 71 (ev71). the antibody was raised by intramuscular immunization to 10 white leghorn hens, with inactivated human ev71 serving as the antigen. the titer and specificity of the antibody were analyzed from purified igy in the egg yolks of immunized hens. results indicate that the titer of igy specific against ev71 increased from the third week after t ... | 2010 | 20937321 |
| adaptive mutations in the genomes of enterovirus 71 strains following infection of mouse cells expressing human p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. | we recently identified human p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (psgl-1) as a functional enterovirus 71 (ev71) receptor and demonstrated psgl-1-dependent replication for some ev71 strains in human leukocytes. here, we report that four out of five psgl-1-binding strains of ev71 replicated poorly in mouse l929 cells stably expressing human psgl-1 (l-psgl-1 cells). therefore, we compared the replication kinetics and entire genomic sequence of five original ev71 strains and the corresponding ev71 vari ... | 2010 | 20943886 |
| significant elevation of b cells at the acute stage in enterovirus 71-infected children with central nervous system involvement. | a feature of the large outbreak of human enterovirus 71 (ev71)-associated hand-foot-and-mouth (hfmd) disease in china in 2008 was that severe cases presented with encephalitis. this study was performed to evaluate the immunophenotypic characteristics of patients with neurological involvement. twenty-one patients with encephalitis and 14 with uncomplicated hfmd were recruited. age-matched healthy volunteers were enrolled as controls. peripheral lymphocyte subsets were analyzed by use of 3-colour ... | 2010 | 20950217 |
| the largest outbreak of hand; foot and mouth disease in singapore in 2008: the role of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a strains. | during 2008, singapore experienced its largest ever outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), resulting in 29686 cases, including four cases of encephalitis and one fatality. | 2010 | 20952237 |
| the essential role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in the infectious entry of human enterovirus 71. | little is currently known about the infectious entry process of human enterovirus 71 (hev71) into host cells, which may represent potential anti-viral targeting sites. in this study a targeted small-interfering rna (sirna) screening platform assay was established and validated to identify and profile key cellular genes involved in processes of endocytosis, cytoskeletal dynamics, and endosomal trafficking essential for hev71 infection. screen evaluation was conducted via the expression of well ch ... | 2010 | 20956521 |
| genetic diversity and c2-like subgenogroup strains of enterovirus 71, taiwan, 2008. | human enterovirus 71 (ev-71) is known of having caused numerous outbreaks of hand-foot-mouth disease, and other clinical manifestations globally. in 2008, 989 ev-71 strains were isolated in taiwan. | 2010 | 20959020 |
| strategies for antiviral screening targeting early steps of virus infection. | viral infection begins with the entry of the virus into the host target cell and initiates replication. for this reason, the virus entry machinery is an excellent target for antiviral therapeutics. in general, a virus life cycle includes several major steps: cell-surface attachment, entry, replication, assembly, and egress, while some viruses involve another stage called latency. the early steps of the virus life cycle include virus attachment, receptor binding, and entry. these steps involve th ... | 2010 | 20960301 |
| virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of enterovirus 71. | first isolated in california, usa, in 1969, enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a major public health issue across the asia-pacific region and beyond. the virus, which is closely related to polioviruses, mostly affects children and causes hand, foot, and mouth disease with neurological and systemic complications. specific receptors for this virus are found on white blood cells, cells in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, and dendritic cells. being an rna virus, ev71 lacks a proofreading mechanism ... | 2010 | 20961813 |
| clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71. | although poliomyelitis has been mostly eradicated worldwide, large outbreaks of the related enterovirus 71 have been seen in asia-pacific countries in the past 10 years. this virus mostly affects children, manifesting as hand, foot, and mouth disease, aseptic meningitis, poliomyelitis-like acute flaccid paralysis, brainstem encephalitis, and other severe systemic disorders, including especially pulmonary oedema and cardiorespiratory collapse. clinical predictors of severe disease include high te ... | 2010 | 20965438 |
| developments towards antiviral therapies against enterovirus 71. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) has emerged as a clinically important neurotropic virus that can cause acute flaccid paralysis and encephalitis, leading to cardiopulmonary failure and death. recurring outbreaks of ev71 have been reported in several countries. the current lack of approved anti-ev71 therapy has prompted intense research into antiviral development. several strategies--ranging from target-based chemical design to compound library screenings--have been employed, while others revisited compound ... | 2010 | 20974282 |
| enterovirus 71 infection with central nervous system involvement, south korea. | we assessed neurologic sequelae associated with an enterovirus 71 (ev71) outbreak in south korea during 2009. four of 94 patients had high signal intensities at brainstem or cerebellum on magnetic resonance imaging. two patients died of cardiopulmonary collapse; 2 had severe neurologic sequelae. severity and case-fatality rates may differ by ev71 genotype or subgenotype. | 2010 | 21029539 |
| epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 infections in france, 2000-2009. | human enterovirus 71 (ev-71) emerged as a significant pathogen able to cause large outbreaks involving severe neurological cases and children fatalities in asia. | 2010 | 21035387 |
| retrospective seroepidemiology indicated that human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 circulated wildly in central and southern china before large-scale outbreaks from 2008. | large nationwide outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) occurred in china from 2008; most of the cases were in children under 5 years. this study aims to identify the situation of natural human enterovirus 71 (hev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) infections in children before 2008 in china. | 2010 | 21050463 |
| [analysis of the epidemic characteristics of the etiological agents in children with hand, foot and mouth disease and its clinical significance]. | to investigate the epidemic characteristics of etiological agents in children with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) and analyze the differences between the severe and mild cases with hfmd seen from 2008 to 2009 in the children's hospital. | 2010 | 21055092 |
| tyrosine sulfation of the amino terminus of psgl-1 is critical for enterovirus 71 infection. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease, a common febrile disease in children; however, ev71 has been also associated with various neurological diseases including fatal cases in large ev71 outbreaks particularly in the asia pacific region. recently we identified human p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (psgl-1) as a cellular receptor for entry and replication of ev71 in leukocytes. psgl-1 is a sialomucin expressed on the surface of leukocytes, se ... | 2010 | 21079683 |
| novel multiplex oligonucleotide-conjugated bead suspension array for rapid identification of enterovirus 71 subgenogroups. | a high-throughput multiplex bead suspension array was developed for the rapid subgenogrouping of ev71 strains, based on single nucleotide polymorphisms observed within the vp1 region with a high sensitivity as low as 1 pfu. of 33 viral isolates and 55 clinical samples, all ev71 strains were successfully detected and correctly subgenogrouped. | 2010 | 21084510 |
| changing epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease in hong kong, 2001-2009. | we report the surveillance findings of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) collected from a general practitioner-based sentinel surveillance system and outbreaks reported by institutions and a laboratory-based enterovirus surveillance system in hong kong from 2001 to 2009. a seasonal peak was detected in the warmer months (may-july), along with a smaller winter peak (october-december) from 2006 onwards. the number of older children (>5 years) infected increased from 25.4% in 2001 to 33.0% in 20 ... | 2010 | 21099093 |
| [analyze the antibody level of enterovirus 71 about children cases of hand-foot-mouse disease outbreak]. | to analyze the enterovirus 71 infectious status about probably cases of hand-foot-mouse disease (hfmd). | 2010 | 21110438 |
| comparison of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification, conventional pcr and real-time pcr assays for japanese encephalitis virus. | we developed and evaluated a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for detecting japanese encephalitis virus (jev). the sensitivity of the jev rt-lamp assay was in concordance with that of real-time rt-pcr and 10-fold more sensitive than that of conventional rt-pcr, which the detection limit was 24 copies/μl. the jev rt-lamp was highly specific, which no cross-reactivity was found with dengue-2 virus, rabies virus, norovirus, astrovirus and human enteroviru ... | 2010 | 21116858 |
| molecular characterization of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 using the 5' untranslated region and vp1 region. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are members of the species human enterovirus a, and are both major and independent aetiological agents of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. the human enterovirus (hev) 5' untranslated region (utr) is fundamentally important for efficient virus replication and for virulence, whilst the vp1 region correlates well with antigenic typing by neutralization, and can be used for virus identification and evolutionary studies. a comparison was undertaken of ... | 2010 | 21148280 |
| optimized development of a candidate strain of inactivated ev71 vaccine and analysis of its immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys. | enterovirus type 71 (ev71) is one of the main etiologic agents responsible for periodic epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). the prevention and control of ev71 epidemics with effective anti-viral agents and vaccines is very important for public health. because the pathogenesis of ev71 in the human body is not completely clear and genetic variations in the virus during its replication are difficult to control, we have focused on the development of an inactivated whole-virus vaccine. i ... | 2010 | 21150270 |
| development and evaluation of a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of enterovirus 71. | human enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the major etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), which is a common infectious disease in young children and infants. ev71 can cause various clinical manifestations and has been associated with severe neurological complications; it has resulted in fatalities during recent outbreaks in asian-pacific regions since 1997. the early and rapid detection is critical for prevention and control of ev71 infection, since no vaccine or antiviral drugs are cu ... | 2010 | 21177907 |
| simultaneous detection of enteroviruses from surface waters by real-time rt-pcr with universal primers. | in order to realize simultaneous quantitative detection of various enteroviruses from water samples, a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time rt-pcr) method was developed with universal primer pairs designed based on the highly conserved non-coding region sequences of genome targeting poliovirus, coxsackievirus and enterovirus 71. the recombinant plasmid was constructed as enterovirus dna standard by cloning poliovirus cdna into a pmd18-t vector. the real-time rt-pc ... | 2010 | 21179967 |
| enterovirus 71 infection: an experience in korea, 2009. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) has been recognized as a frequent cause of epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) associated with severe neurological symptoms. in the spring of 2009, hfmd was epidemic in korea. severe cases with complication, including death, have been reported and it has become a public health issue. most symptomatic ev71 infections commonly result in hfmd or herpangina. these clinical manifestations can be associated with neurologic syndromes frequently. neurologic syndromes ob ... | 2010 | 21189926 |
| enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot and mouth diseases with neurologic symptoms, a university hospital experience in korea, 2009. | hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) is a common viral illness in children, which is usually mild and self-limiting. however, in recent epidemics of hfmd in asia, enterovirus 71 (ev71) has been recognized as a causative agent with severe neurological symptoms with or without cardiopulmonary involvement. hfmd was epidemic in korea in the spring of 2009. severe cases with complications including death have been reported. the clinical characteristics in children with neurologic manifestations of ev71 wer ... | 2010 | 21189930 |
| structures of ev71 rna-dependent rna polymerase in complex with substrate and analogue provide a drug target against the hand-foot-and-mouth disease pandemic in china. | enterovirus 71 (ev71), one of the major causative agents for hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd), has caused more than 100 deaths among chinese children since march 2008. the ev71 genome encodes an rnadependent rna polymerase (rdrp), denoted 3d(pol), which is central for viral genome replication and is a key target for the discovery of specific antiviral therapeutics. here we report the crystal structures of ev71 rdrp (3d(pol)) and in complex with substrate guanosine-5'-triphosphate and analog 5- ... | 2010 | 21203964 |
| biochemical characterization of enterovirus 71 3d rna polymerase. | an unusual enterovirus 71 (ev71) epidemic has begun in china since 2008. ev71 rna polymerases (3d(pol)) showed polymerase activity with an mn(2+). little activity was detected with co(2+), and no activity was detected with mg(2+), ca(2+), cu(2+), ni(2+), cd(2+), or zn(2+). it is a primer-dependent polymerase, and the enzyme functioned with both di- and 10-nucleotide rna primers. dna primer, dt15, increased primer activity, similar to other enterovirus 3d(pol). however, ev71 3d(pol) initiated de ... | 2011 | 21220056 |
| evaluation of enterovirus 71 immune status in são paulo state, brazil. | antibodies to enterovirus 71 (ev71) were evaluated in são paulo state during 1999-2005. the titer of neutralizing antibodies against ev71 was determined by microneutralization assay, and a titer of ≥ 1:8 was defined as indicative of protected immunity. neutralizing antibodies to ev71 were observed in 12.4% (55/442) of sera samples, a low protective rate, suggesting that ev71 infection is uncommon in this region, but that there is a relatively high susceptibility to ev71 related diseases, which i ... | 2010 | 21225219 |
| sustained high levels of interleukin-6 contribute to the pathogenesis of enterovirus 71 in a neonate mouse model. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in young children and has been consistently associated with the most severe complications of the disease, including central nervous system inflammation and pulmonary edema. increasing frequency and amplitude of ev71 outbreaks have raised awareness and concerns worldwide. previous reports proposed that overwhelming virus replication combined with the induction of massive proinflammatory cytokines is respons ... | 2011 | 21228224 |
| molecular epidemiology of the 2005 enterovirus 71 outbreak in central taiwan. | since 1998, taiwan has experienced annual outbreaks of enterovirus 71 (ev71) nationwide. the area around taichung city experienced a particularly large outbreak in 2005, after which ev71 disappeared for 2 y before re-emerging in 2008. here we present the clinical, genotypic, and epidemiological baseline data for the 2005 taichung outbreak. | 2011 | 21231813 |
| mechanism of action of the suppression of influenza virus replication by ko-ken tang through inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt signaling pathway and viral rnp nuclear export. | ko-ken tang (kkt, aka kakkon-to), a conventional chinese herbal medicine, has been used for the treatment of the common cold, fever and influenza virus infection. however, the underlying mechanism of its activity against influenza virus infection remains elusive. in this study, the antiviral effect and its underlying mechanism was evaluated, including the investigation of anti-influenza virus activity of kkt on mdck cells and corresponding mechanism related to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k ... | 2011 | 21232589 |
| neonatal rhesus monkey is a potential animal model for studying pathogenesis of ev71 infection. | data from limited autopsies of human patients demonstrate that pathological changes in ev71-infected fatal cases are principally characterized by clear inflammatory lesions in different parts of the cns; nearly identical changes were found in murine, cynomolgus and rhesus monkey studies which provide evidence of using animal models to investigate the mechanisms of ev71 pathogenesis. our work uses neonatal rhesus monkeys to investigate a possible model of ev71 pathogenesis and concludes that this ... | 2011 | 21262515 |
| an enterovirus 71 epidemic in guangdong province of china, 2008: epidemiological, clinical, and virogenic manifestations. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is shown to be a major causative agent in outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) reported in guangdong (gd) province of china in 2008. a total of 48,876 hfmd cases (131 severe and 21 fatal) were reported to the gd hfmd web-based surveillance system, which covers 871 clinics. the main causes of death included central nervous system damage, heart failure, and pulmonary edema. the incidence rate was 52 per 100,000, and the epidemic peak appeared in may and june. ev7 ... | 2011 | 21266750 |
| enterovirus 71 modulates a cox-2/pge2/camp-dependent viral replication in human neuroblastoma cells: role of the c-src/egfr/p42/p44 mapk/creb signaling pathway. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) has been shown to induce cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) expression in human neuroblastoma sk-n-sh cells through the action of mapks, nf-?b, and ap-1. on the other hand, the transcription factor creb has also been implicated in the expression of cox-2 in other cell lines. here, we report that ev71-induced cox-2 expression and pge(2) production were both inhibited by pretreatment with the pka inhibitor h89 or by transfection with creb sirna. in addition, ev71-induced cox-2 expressi ... | 2011 | 21268077 |
| detection, characterization and quantitation of coxsackievirus a16 using polyclonal antibodies against recombinant capsid subunit proteins. | coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), together with enterovirus type 71 (ev71), is responsible for most cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) worldwide. recent findings suggest that the recombination between cva16 and ev71, and co-circulation of these two viruses may have contributed to the increase of hfmd cases in china over the past few years. thus, for cva16, further understanding of its virology, epidemiology and development of diagnostic tests and vaccines are of importance. the present study ... | 2011 | 21295614 |
| enterovirus 71 induces degradation of trim38, a potential e3 ubiquitin ligase. | the tripartite motif (trim) proteins are a family of more than 70 members in human. however, only a few of them have been well studied. the trim proteins contain the conserved ring, b-box, coiled-coil, and spry domains, most of which are involved in protein ubiquitination. trim38 is a member of the trim protein family, which we studied in more detail here as its functions are largely unknown. | 2011 | 21306652 |
| potent inhibition of human enterovirus 71 replication by type i interferon subtypes. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection can induce a series of syndromes including herpangina, viraemia, hand-foot-and-mouth disease and even death. outbreaks of ev71 infection have been reported periodically over the world and have caused a great number of casualties and a high medical expenditure. some interferons (ifns) have been used for the treatment of viral infections for decades; however, conventional ifns only display mild anti-ev71 activities. no effective drug is currently available for the t ... | 2011 | 21311108 |
| formaldehyde-inactivated human enterovirus 71 vaccine is compatible for co-immunization with a commercial pentavalent vaccine. | in this study we tested the effectiveness of a formaldehyde-inactivated ev71 vaccine and its compatibility for co-immunization with a pentavalent vaccine that contained inactivated poliovirus (pv) vaccine. the inactivated ev71 vaccine (c2 genogroup) elicited an antibody response which broadly neutralized homologous and heterologous genogroups, including b4, c4, and b5. pups from vaccinated dams were resistant to the ev71 challenge and had a high survival rate and a low tissue viral burden when c ... | 2011 | 21315698 |
| generation of murine monoclonal antibodies which cross-neutralize human enterovirus genogroup b isolates. | a live enterovirus 71 (ev71) isolate designated, ev71/e59, with genotype b4 produced in vero cells and purified over a sucrose gradient was used as the immunogen to generate ev71-specific murine monoclonal antibodies. four hybridoma clones derived from the fusion of splenocytes of ev71/e59-preimmunized balb/c (h-2(d)) mice and the ns-1 myeloma cells that exhibit stable growth were selected for detailed characterization. the proof that the hybridomas produced are indeed true independent clones wa ... | 2011 | 21315763 |
| an adult case of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 accompanied by opsoclonus myoclonica. | we reported a 23-year-old female who was treated for rash due to hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). on day 4 of hospitalization, the patient showed opsoclonus (jerky eye movements in all directions), myoclonus of the neck, trunk, and extremities, and cerebellar ataxia. based on the changes in serum viral antibody titer, the patient was diagnosed as enterovirus 71 infection. no obvious abnormal findings were noted in head mri. immunoglobulin 5 g/day was administered for 3 days in the early sta ... | 2008 | 21318985 |
| enterovirus 71 induces integrin ß1/egfr-rac1-dependent oxidative stress in sk-n-sh cells: role of ho-1/co in viral replication(1). | oxidative stress became emerged as a key player in the development and progression of many pathological conditions including virus-induced encephalitis. heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1) plays a crucial role in defending the body against oxidant-induced injury during inflammatory processes. therefore, we investigated the induction of ho-1 level in host cells, which may exert a beneficial effect to minimize viral replication in sk-n-sh cells. in this study, we found that enterovirus 71 (ev71) induced the g ... | 2011 | 21321939 |
| estimation of the basic reproduction number of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks. | coxsackievirus a16 (cox a16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) are common pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in pediatric population. little is known about the basic reproductive number (r0) for these enteroviruses. | 2011 | 21326133 |
| mapping genetic determinants of the cell-culture growth phenotype of enterovirus 71. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a member of the species human enterovirus a within the family picornaviridae and is a major causative agent of epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease associated with severe neurological disease. three ev71 genogroups, designated a, b and c, have been identified, with 75-84?% nucleotide sequence similarity between them. two strains, ev71-26m (genogroup b) and ev71-6f (genogroup c), were found to have distinct cell-culture growth (26m, rapid; 6f, slow) and plaque-format ... | 2011 | 21346025 |
| [antiviral activities of cycloheximide and its derivatives]. | cycloheximide (chx) inhibits protein synthesis in most eukaryotic cells and it is a well-known tool commonly used in biochemical research. in this paper, the antiviral spectrum of chx against several dna and rna viruses have been evaluated. chx showed strong inhibitory activities against several rna viruses such as hiv-1, influenza viruses, coxsackie b virus, enterovirus (ev71) and several dna viruses such as hsv and hcmv. especially the strong inhibitory activities of chx against coxsackie b vi ... | 2010 | 21351439 |
| detection of recombination breakpoints in the genomes of human enterovirus 71 strains isolated in the netherlands in epidemic and non-epidemic years, 1963-2010. | evolutionary history of human enterovirus 71 (ev71) in the netherlands shows displacement of virus subgenogroups, that only partly can be explained by antigenic changes. additionally, occasional epidemics have occurred that remain to be explained. previous studies have shown subgenogroup specific recombination events in the genome of asian ev71 strains. to find clues on the role of genome recombination in evolution of the ev71 subgenogroups found in europe and in the evolution of strains capable ... | 2011 | 21352955 |
| clinical manifestations of cns infections caused by enterovirus type 71. | enterovirus 71, one of the enteroviruses that are responsible for both hand-foot-and-mouth disease and herpangina, can cause neural injury. during periods of endemic spread of hand-foot-andmouth disease caused by enterovirus 71, cns infections are also frequently diagnosed and may lead to increased complications from neural injury, as well as death. we present the results of our epidemiologic research on the clinical manifestations of children with cns infections caused by enterovirus 71. | 2011 | 21359055 |
| development and evaluation of a new detection tool-visual dna microarray for simultaneous and specific detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and hepatitis c virus. | human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) are transfusion-transmitted human pathogens that have a major impact on blood safety and public health. based on multiplex asymmetrical pcr and coupled with gold labelled silver stain (glss), we developed the visual dna microarray for sensitive and specific detection of these two viruses. capturing probes of 5'-end-amino-modified oligonucleotides were immobilized on glass surface to bind the complement biotinylated target dn ... | 2011 | 21359643 |
| [encephalomyelitis caused by enterovirus type 71 in children]. | enterovirus type 71 (ev71) is a causative agent of large outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in europe (bulgaria, 1975; hungary, 1978) and south-east asia (malaysia, 1977; taiwan, 1998; singapore, 2000-2007; people's republic of china, 2007-2009). hfmd afflicted children less than 10 years of age and resulted in recovery within 3-7 days. in a small percentage of infants (aged 6 months to 3 years), hfmd was accompanied by acute neurological complications, such as serous meningitis, ... | 2010 | 21381332 |
| the characteristics of the synonymous codon usage in enterovirus 71 virus and the effects of host on the virus in codon usage pattern. | to give a new perspective on the evolutionary characteristics shaping the genetic diversity of enterovirus 71 (ev71) and the effects of natural selection from its host on the codon usage pattern of the virus, the relative synonymous codon usage (rscu) values, codon usage bias (cub) values, effective number of codons (encs) values and nucleotide contents were calculated to implement a comparative analysis to evaluate the dynamics of the virus evolution. the characteristics of the synonymous codon ... | 2011 | 21382519 |
| antibody dependent enhancement infection of enterovirus 71 in vitro and in vivo. | human enterovirus 71 (ev71) has emerged as a significant cause of acute encephalitis and deaths in young children. the clinical manifestations caused by ev71 varied from mild hand, foot and mouth disease to severe neurological complications and deaths, but its pathogenesis remains elusive. antibody dependent enhancement (ade) infection has been reported in various viruses and has been shown to contribute to disease severity. | 2011 | 21385398 |
| identification of a human scarb2 region that is important for enterovirus 71 binding and infection. | we previously identified human scavenger receptor class b, member 2 (scarb2), as a cellular receptor for enterovirus 71 (ev71). expression of human scarb2 (hscarb2) permitted mouse l929 cells to efficiently bind to virions and to produce both viral proteins and progeny viruses upon ev71 infection. mouse scarb2 (mscarb2) exhibited 85.8% amino acid identity and 99.9% similarity to hscarb2. the expression of mscarb2 in l929 cells conferred partial susceptibility. very few virions bound to mscarb2-e ... | 2011 | 21389126 |
| crystal structure of human enterovirus 71 3c protease. | human enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the major pathogen that causes hand, foot and mouth disease that particularly affects young children. growing hand, foot and mouth disease outbreaks were observed worldwide in recent years and caused devastating losses both economically and politically. however, vaccines or effective drugs are unavailable to date. the genome of ev71 consists of a positive sense, single-stranded rna of ôê+7400 bp, encoding a large precursor polyprotein that requires proteolytic proc ... | 2011 | 21396941 |
| risk factors for hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina and the preventive effect of hand-washing. | hygiene and social distancing are recommended control measures for hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) and herpangina. however, empirical data to support this recommendation are limited. | 2011 | 21422083 |
| inhibitory properties of 2-substituent-1h-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide derivatives against enteroviruses. | a series of novel benzimidazole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their activities against four kinds of enteroviruses, that is, coxsackie virus a16, b3, b6 and enterovirus 71 in vero cells. strong activities against enterovirus replication and low cytotoxicities were observed in these benzimidazoles generally. the most promising compound was (l)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-n-(2-(4-nitrophenyl)pentan-3-yl)-1h-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide (16), with a high antiviral potency (ic(50)=1. ... | 2011 | 21441033 |
| enterovirus 71 meningoencephalitis complicating rituximab therapy. | we describe a fatal case of proven enterovirus 71 meningoencephalitis complicating monoclonal anti-cd20 antibody therapy for non-hodgkin's lymphoma. b-cell depletion, an effective treatment strategy in an expanding spectrum of hematological and inflammatory disorders, impairs neutralising antibody-mediated clearance of enterovirus. the global threat of emerging neurotropic viruses such as enterovirus 71 is heightened by an increasing pool of susceptible individuals in non-endemic regions. | 2011 | 21444094 |
| [advances in enterovirus 71 receptors]. | | 2011 | 21462511 |
| towards the design of combination therapy for the treatment of enterovirus infections. | we report here on a comparative study of the activity of 10 enterovirus inhibitors against poliovirus 1, enterovirus 71 and human rhinovirus 14. three of the selected molecules (pleconaril, bta-798 and v-073) are in clinical development. the in vitro antiviral activity of pairwise combinations of inhibitors indicated that most combinations resulted in an additive to slightly synergistic antiviral activity. however, the combination of ribavirin with a nucleoside polymerase inhibitor resulted in a ... | 2011 | 21466823 |
| enterovirus type 71: seek and ye shall find. | | 2011 | 21471600 |
| identification and characterization of a cross-neutralization epitope of enterovirus 71. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) infections in children manifest as exanthema and are most commonly known as hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). because it can cause severe neurological complications like poliomyelitis, ev71 has now emerged as an important neurotropic virus in asia. ev71 virus has been shown to consist of 3 (a, b and c) genotypes and many subgenotypes. although ev71 vaccine development has recently yielded promising preclinical results, yet the correlation between the content of antigen(s) ... | 2011 | 21501643 |
| [inhibitory effect of resveratrol against enterovirus type 71 in vitro.] | objective: to observe the inhibitory effect of resveratrol against the cytopathogenicity of enterovirus type 71. methods: the cytotoxicity of resveratrol on vero cells was detected using cell counting kit-8 (cck-8). the antiviral activity of resveratrol in different stages of infection, with ribavirin as the control, was evaluated by determining the virus inhibition rate, medium effective concentration (ic(50)), and selection index (si). results: resveratrol was nonpoisonous to vero cells with a ... | 2011 | 21515465 |