| genistein, a potent inhibitor of secretory phospholipase a2: a new insight in down regulation of inflammation. | some of the legumes, spices and medicinal herbs rich in genistein are known for their anti-inflammatory properties. anti-inflammatory property of these herbs is determined by subjecting secretory phospholipase a(2) (spla(2)) inhibition, a key enzyme in the inflammatory reactions by genistein. | 2010 | 19894024 |
| taiwan cobra phospholipase a2-elicited jnk activation is responsible for autocrine fas-mediated cell death and modulating bcl-2 and bax protein expression in human leukemia k562 cells. | phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) from naja naja atra venom induced apoptotic death of human leukemia k562 cells. degradation of procaspases, production of tbid, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, bcl-2 degradation, mitochondrial translocation of bax, and cytochrome c release were observed in pla(2)-treated cells. moreover, pla(2) treatment increased fas and fasl protein expression. upon exposure to pla(2), activation of p38 mapk (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and jnk (c-jun nh(2)-terminal ... | 2010 | 19937732 |
| down-regulation of the jak2/pi3k-mediated signaling activation is involved in taiwan cobra cardiotoxin iii-induced apoptosis of human breast mda-mb-231 cancer cells. | cardiotoxin iii (ctx iii), a basic polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues isolated from naja naja atra venom, has been reported to have anticancer activity. exposure of mda-mb-231 cells with 0.03, 0.09, and 0.15 microm of ctx iii for 18 h, ctx iii-induced cell apoptosis, as evidenced by accumulation of sub-g1 population, externalization of phosphatidylserine, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (deltapsim) with subsequent release of cytochrome c, and activation of both capases-9 and caspas ... | 2010 | 20144642 |
| concomitant inactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt and janus tyrosine kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signalling pathways in cardiotoxin iii-treated a549 cells. | 1. cardiotoxin (ctx) iii, a basic polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues isolated from naja naja atra venom, has potential anticancer therapeutic activity. the aim of the present study was to investigate the apoptotic effect (and the underlying mechanism of action) of ctx iii in human adenocarcinoma a549 cells. 2. it was found that ctx iii induces apoptosis in a549 cells, as indicated by an increase in the sub-g(1) population, phosphatidylserine externalization, loss of mitochondrial membrane p ... | 2010 | 20456425 |
| taiwan cobra cardiotoxin iii inhibits src kinase leading to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of oral squamous cell carcinoma ca9-22 cells. | cardiotoxin iii (ctx iii), a basic polypeptide with 60-amino acid residues isolated from naja naja atra venom, has been reported to have cytotoxic activity. ctx iii exerted cytotoxicity with the s-phase cell cycle arrest, correlated with a marked decrease in the expression levels of cyclin a, cyclin b, and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (cdk1), and apoptosis, accompanied with bax and bad up-regulation, and the down-regulation of bcl-2, p-bad, and x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (xiap) with cytochrome ... | 2010 | 20493203 |
| chemical modification of ascorbic acid and evaluation of its lipophilic derivatives as inhibitors of secretory phospholipase a(2) with anti-inflammatory activity. | the halo 6-fatty acid esters of l-ascorbic acid 3a, 3b and 6-fatty acid esters of l-ascorbic acid 5a-g were achieved from l-ascorbic acid 1. compounds 3a, 3b and 5a-g were evaluated for anti-oxidant, anti-lipid peroxidation, and secretory phospholipase a(2) (spla(2)) inhibition in vitro, and spla(2) induced mouse paw edema. all the derivatives retained their anti-oxidant property compared to ascorbic acid at 6 × 10(-4)m and are good inhibitors of lipid peroxidation at 1 mg ml(-1) as evaluated by ... | 2010 | 20730622 |
| prostatic involution after intraprostatic injection of cobra toxin. | we evaluated the comparative effects of intraprostatic injection of cobra cardiotoxin d and botulinum toxin type a on prostate structure in the rat model. | 2010 | 20850839 |
| the metalloprotease, nn-pf3 from naja naja venom inhibits platelet aggregation primarily by affecting α2β1 integrin. | nn-pf3 is a non-toxic, anticoagulant, high-molecular-mass (67.81 kda) metalloprotease from indian cobra (naja naja) venom. in the present study, nn-pf3 was investigated for the mechanism of inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation of human platelets. the complete inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation and partial inhibition of adp- and epinephrine-induced aggregation has the respective ic(50) of 75 ± 5, 185 ± 10, and 232 ± 12 nm, whereas no inhibition of thrombin-, arachidonic acid-, and r ... | 2010 | 20957364 |
| preparation and characterization of immunoglobulin yolk against the venom of naja naja atra. | chinese cobra (naja naja atra) bite is one of the leading causes of snake-bite mortality in china. the traditional anti-cobra venom serum therapy was found to be expensive and with high frequency of side effects. therefore attempts were made to generate a high titer immunoglobulin from egg yolk (igy) of crude cobra-venom immunized leghorn hens, and to standardize an effective method for producing avian antivenom in relatively pure form. the igy was isolated first by water dilution method to remo ... | 2010 | 21341535 |
| severe infection of wild-caught snakes with spirometra erinaceieuropaei from food markets in guangzhou, china involves a risk for zoonotic sparganosis. | wild-caught snakes are a popular and traditional food in china. however, little known to the public, snakes are also intermediate hosts of spirometra erinaceieuropaei, a food- and water-borne pathogen of sparganosis. therefore, we investigated the prevalence of s. erinaceieuropaei in 10 popular species of wild-caught snakes in guangzhou city (guangdong province) between july 2009 and july 2010. one hundred and twenty-four specimens of 10 species (including enhydris plumbea, zoacys dhumnades, ela ... | 2010 | 21348631 |
| cytotoxic and antioxidant property of a purified fraction (nn-32) of indian naja naja venom on ehrlich ascites carcinoma in balb/c mice. | a cytotoxic and antioxidant protein (nn-32) from the indian spectacled cobra naja naja venom was identified and its probable mode of action on murine ehrlich ascites carcinoma (eac) was established. the venom purified through ion exchange chromatography produced several peaks, among which fraction 32 produced cytotoxic-cardiotoxic properties. this fraction (nn-32) showed a single peak (retention time 38.3 min) by hplc using c4 column. the molecular mass determined by maldi-ms, found to be 6.7 kd ... | 2011 | 21530568 |
| membrane-damaging activity of taiwan cobra cardiotoxin 3 is responsible for its bactericidal activity. | this study investigates the causal relationship between membrane-damaging activity and bactericidal activity of naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) cardiotoxin 3 (ctx3). ctx3 showed greater inhibitory activity for the growth of staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria) relative to that of escherichia coli (gram-negative bacteria). the ctx3 antibacterial activity is positively correlated with the increase in membrane permeability of bacterial cells. morphological examination showed that ctx3 disru ... | 2011 | 21575651 |
| tick infestation on wild snakes in northern part of western ghats of india. | in total, 167 individuals of 30 species of snakes belonging to 22 genera and five families were examined for tick infestation from november 2008 to march 2010. only two species of snakes, ptyas mucosa (l., 1758) (indian rat snake) and naja naja (l., 1758) (spectacled cobra), were found infested by ticks. all ticks collected were identified to be amblyomma gervaisi [previously aponomma gervaisi (lucas, 1847) 1. the average prevalence of these ticks on indian rat snakes (n=48) was 29.16%, with abu ... | 2011 | 21661308 |
| [influence of najanalgesin from naja naja on glt-1 in spinal cord of rat in neuropathic pain]. | to investigate the influence of najanalgesin on glutamate-glial transporter 1(glt-1) in spinal cord of rats after l5 spinal nerve ligation and transection (snl), and explore the spinal analgesic mechanism of najanalgesin. | 2011 | 21761732 |
| Effect of membrane toxin 12 isolated from Naja naja atra on proliferation and invasion of human bladder cancer EJ cells. | We investigated the effect of membrane toxin 12 (MT-12), isolated from Naja naja atra, a species of Chinese Cobra, on the proliferation and invasion of human bladder cancer EJ cells and studied its mechanisms using MTT assay, Transwell chamber invasion assay, scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry. The results indicated that MT-12 inhibited the proliferation of bladder cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) after 72 h was 0.66 µg/ml. Th ... | 2012 | 21993582 |
| circular dichroism study of the unfolding-refolding of a cardiotoxin from taiwan cobra (naja naja atra) venom. | circular dichroism spectroscopy has been used to study the unfolding-refolding process of a cardiotoxin from taiwan cobra (naja naja atra) venom upon addition of fluoroalcohols or sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) to its aqueous solution. in these experiments, the disulfide bridges remained intact. the unfolding process has been found to be reversible both for fluoroalcohols and for sds unfolding. the reversibility of the unfolding-refolding process of cardiotoxin in aqueous mixtures of fluoroalcohol ... | 2014 | 4074722 |
| steroid synthesis by the seminiferous tubules of the snake naja naja. | | 2014 | 4256856 |
| conformation of cardiotoxins isolated from naja naja siamensis. | | 2013 | 3733141 |
| probing the role of substrate conformation in phospholipase a2 action on aggregated phospholipids using constrained phosphatidylcholine analogues. | phospholipase a2s hydrolyze aggregated phospholipid substrates much more rapidly than dispersed monomeric ones. whether this is a consequence of interface-associated conformational changes of the enzyme or of the substrate, or of both, remains a key question in lipid enzymology. this problem is addressed herein using a rationally designed probe of substrate conformation. (1,3/2)-1-o-(phosphorylcholine)-2,3-o-dihexanoylcyclopentane-1,2,3 -triol is a novel short chain phosphatidylcholine analogue ... | 2012 | 3417646 |
| influence of charge on the inactivation of membrane bound (na+ + k+)-atpase of yoshida sarcoma cells by inhibitor proteins from cobra venom. | inactivation of (na+ + k+)-atpase of yoshida sarcoma cells and beef brain microsomes by phospholipase a2 and a cytotoxin p6 from snake venom has been examined in relation to their activity to degrade phospholipids. cytotoxin p6 which was most basic and devoid of phospholipase activity was most effective in inhibiting the (na+ + k+)-atpase of yoshida sarcoma cells. phospholipase a2 from naja naja which was most active in degrading phospholipids was least effective in inhibiting (na+ + k+)-atpase ... | 1976 | 233302 |
| the complete amino acid sequence of a cardiotoxin from the venom of naja naja (cambodian cobra). | the complete amino acid sequence of a small, basic protein with cardiotoxic activity is described. this toxin, designated naja naja f8, was isolated from the venom of naja naja, of cambodian origin, by gel filtration on sephadex g-75 followed by gradient ion exchange chromatography on bio-rex 70. the cardiotoxin f8, molecular weight 6727 from amino acid composition, consists of 60 amino acids in a single peptide chain cross-linked by four disulfide bridges and is devoid of histidine, tryptophan, ... | 1987 | 1148180 |
| azidophenantridinium compounds as photoaffinity labels of cholinergic proteins. | the synthesis of diazidopropidium and diazidoethidium is described. the applicability of these compounds as photoaffinity labels for cholinergic proteins has been investigated: diazidopropidium inhibits neuromuscular transmission. this inhibition is reversible if the compound is applied in the dark but becomes irreversible after irradiation with white light. inhibition is accompanied by a disappearance of miniature endplate potentials. electrophysiological analysis of this effect indicates that ... | 1990 | 208646 |
| investigation of ligand-binding sites of the acetylcholine receptor using photoactivatable derivatives of neurotoxin ii from naja naja oxiana. | several photoaffinity derivatives of neurotoxin ii from the venom of the central asian cobra naja naja oxiana have been prepared. after reaction of the 125i-labeled derivatives with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from electric organ, the alpha-subunit of the nachr is almost exclusively labeled by the derivative carrying the photoactivatable group in position lys46. in contrast to this, a reactive group at lys26 predominantly labels the gamma- and delta-subunits, while the alpha- and beta-s ... | 2006 | 1525162 |
| evaluation of venom extracts from the cobra snakes (naja naja) of three different weights and size groups. | | 2010 | 3100829 |
| real-time fluorescence polarization measurements: interaction of phospholipase a2 with a fluorescent lecithin derivative. | we have modified an slm 4800 fluorometer to allow continuous measurement of fluorescence polarization. the modifications included construction of simple mechanical and electronic accessories which allowed polarizer position to be program-controlled by an hp 9815 calculator. with these modifications we were able to follow the interaction of the fluorescent lipid analog 1-acyl-2-(n-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole)-aminododecanoyl phosphatidylcholine (i) with naja-naja venom phospholipase a2 (pla2) ... | 2013 | 3924989 |
| monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity chromatography of the nerve growth factor from snake venoms. | 1. pure monoclonal antibodies to vipera lebetina venom nerve growth factor have been isolated by affinity chromatography using cnbr-agarose bound antigen. 2. nerve growth factors from ten snake venoms (vipera lebetina, vipera russellii, vipera berus berus, vipera ursini, echis carinatus, agkistrodon halys, bungarus caeruleus, naja naja oxiana, naja naja, naja naja atra) were purified using monoclonal antibodies against ngf linked to brcn-activated agarose. | 2013 | 3621902 |
| kinetics of the hydrolysis of monodispersed dihexanoyllecithin catalyzed by a cobra (naja naja atra) venom phospholipase a2. | the hydrolysis of 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (dic6pc), catalyzed by a cobra (naja naja atra) venom phospholipase a2, was studied at 25 degrees c ionic strength 0.1 in the presence of 3-10 mm ca2+, which can saturate the ca2+-binding site of the enzyme. the initial velocity data, obtained at various concentrations of the substrate below the critical micellar concentration (cmc), were analyzed according to the michaelis-menten equation. the km value was practically independent o ... | 2013 | 4093439 |
| [studies of complex lipids. synthesis of ionophore derivatives of diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin)]. | synthesis of cardiolipin analogues containing an ionophore residue in the fatty acid moiety is described. the ionophore, dibenzo-18-crown-6, has been incorporated into second position of the glycerol residue by acylating mono- and dilysocardiolipin with a modified fatty acid anhydride. lyso-derivatives of cardiolipin have been prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of beef heart cardiolipin by snake venom phospholipase a2 (naja naja oxiana). | 2011 | 3219123 |
| purification and characterization of a myotoxic phospholipase a2 from indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom. | a major phospholipase a2 (nn-xiii-pla2) which constitutes 20% of the whole naja naja naja venom was purified to homogeneity on cm-sephadex c-25 column chromatography. nn-xiii-pla2 is a basic protein with a mol. wt of 11,200 by sds-page. this enzyme has low enzymatic activity but is more toxic to mice than the whole venom. the ld50 value (i.p.) of nn-xiii-pla2 is 2.4 mg/kg body weight (whole venoms ld50 is 2.8 mg/kg body weight). it induces neurotoxic-like signs in experimental animals. it induce ... | 2009 | 2781585 |
| culturable aerobic and facultative anaerobic intestinal bacterial flora of black cobra (naja naja karachiensis) in southern pakistan. | using morphological analysis and biochemical testing, here for the first time, we determined the culturable gut bacterial flora (aerobes and facultative anaerobes) in the venomous black cobra (naja naja karachiensis) from south asia. the findings revealed that these snakes inhabit potentially pathogenic bacteria including serratia marcescens, pseudomonas aeruginosa, shewanella putrefaciens, aeromonas hydrophila, salmonella sp., moraxella sp., bacillus sp., ochrobactrum anthropi, and providencia ... | 2014 | 25002979 |
| suppression of inflammation and arthritis by orally administrated cardiotoxin from naja naja atra. | cardiotoxin (ctx) from naja naja atra venom (nnav) reportedly had analgesic effect in animal models but its role in inflammation and arthritis was unknown. in this study, we investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiarthritic actions of orally administered ctx-iv isolated from nnav on rodent models of inflammation and adjuvant arthritis. ctx had significant anti-inflammatory effects in models of egg white induced nonspecific inflammation, filter paper induced rat granuloma formation ... | 2015 | 25767552 |
| anti-inflammatory effects of neurotoxin-nna, a peptide separated from the venom of naja naja atra. | neurotoxin-nna (nt), an analgesic peptide separated from the venom of naja naja atra, has reported to have an exceptional specificity to block transmission of the nerve impulse by binding to the α- subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the membrane. however, little information is available on the anti-inflammatory effects of nt. therefore, the anti-inflammatory activity of neurotoxin-nna was investigated in this study. | 2013 | 23587180 |
| antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of orally administrated denatured naja naja atra venom on murine rheumatoid arthritis models. | to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the denatured naja naja atra venom (nnav) in rheumatoid arthritis-associated models, the denatured nnav (heat treated; 30, 90, 270 μ g/kg), the native nnav (untreated with heat; 90 μ g/kg), and tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside (twp, 15 mg/kg) were administrated orally either prophylactically or therapeutically. we measured time of licking the affected paw in formaldehyde-induced inflammatory model, paw volume in egg-whi ... | 2013 | 23634171 |
| scanning electron microscope study of a snake tick, amblyomma gervaisi (acari: ixodidae). | the scanning electron microscope (sem) studies on both male and female tick, amblyomma gervaisi (lucas 1847) inhabiting the snake naja naja were made. detail of the surface structures as seen under sem exhibit sexual dimorphism and were compared with other tick species as reported. sem observations show characteristic alloscutal ornamentation, inornate festoons, triangular licking organ, size of the hypostome, round haller's organ, genital plate oval in male and slit-like in female, and prominen ... | 2012 | 24082536 |
| black cobra (naja naja karachiensis) lysates exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. | it is hypothesized that animals living in polluted environments possess antimicrobials to counter pathogenic microbes. the fact that snakes feed on germ-infested rodents suggests that they encounter pathogenic microbes and likely possess antimicrobials. the venom is used only to paralyze the rodent, but the ability of snakes to counter potential infections in the gut due to disease-ridden rodents requires robust action of the immune system against a broad range of pathogens. to test this hypothe ... | 2014 | 24625321 |
| antibacterial activity of an acidic phospholipase a2 (nn-xib-pla2) from the venom of naja naja (indian cobra). | the resistance of bacteria against the use of conventional antibiotics has become a serious threat to public health and considering the associated side effect with antibiotics; new strategies to find and develop new molecules with novel modes of action has received grate attention in recent years. in this study, when the antibacterial potential of an acidic protein-nn-xib-pla2 (naja naja venom phospholipase a2 fraction-xib) of naja naja venom was evaluated, it showed significant bactericidal act ... | 2016 | 26885465 |
| interactions of pla2-s from vipera lebetina, vipera berus berus and naja naja oxiana venom with platelets, bacterial and cancer cells. | secretory phospholipasesa(2) (spla(2)s) form a large family of structurally related enzymes widespread in nature. herein, we studied the inhibitory effects of spla(2)s from vipera lebetina (vlpla(2)), vipera berus berus (vbbpla(2)), and naja naja oxiana (nnopla(2)) venoms on (i) human platelets, (ii) four different bacterial strains (gram-negative escherichia coli and vibrio fischeri; gram-positive staphylococcus aureus and bacillus subtilis) and (iii) five types of cancer cells (pc-3, lncap, mc ... | 2013 | 23348053 |
| first molecular characterization of enteric protozoa and the human pathogenic microsporidian, enterocytozoon bieneusi, in captive snakes in china. | enteric protozoa are frequently found in snakes. nevertheless, few studies regarding genetic characterization of these parasites have been carried out. we describe here the first molecular survey of protozoan pathogens from snakes in china and the first report on enterocytozoon bieneusi genotyping in snakes in the world. here, 240 fecal specimens were collected from two species of captive snakes, naja naja (indian cobra) and ptyas mucosus (oriental rat snake), in guangxi province, china, and exa ... | 2014 | 24906991 |
| naja naja atra and naja nigricollis cardiotoxins induce fusion of escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus membrane-mimicking liposomes. | our previous studies showed that the bactericidal effect of naja naja atra cardiotoxin 3 (ctx3) and naja nigricollis toxin γ was associated with their membrane-damaging activity. to elucidate the mechanism responsible for ctx3- and toxin γ-induced membrane permeability, we investigated the interacted mode of ctx3 and toxin γ with model membrane of escherichia coli (phosphatidylethanolamine (pe)/phosphatidylglycerol (pg), mol/mol, 75/25) and staphylococcus aureus (pg/cardiolipin, mol/mol, 60/40) ... | 2012 | 22569319 |
| molecular cloning and expression of a new a chain of beta-bungarotoxin. | the cdna encoding a new a chain of beta-bungarotoxin was cloned from bungarus multicinctus. it encoded a 27-amino acid signal peptide and a mature protein of 120 amino acids. the mature protein had the same 13 cysteines as the other a chains and shared high homology with them. the cdna encoding the pla(2) from naja naja atra was also cloned by the use of the same degenerate primers. the cdnas encoding the new a chain and the pla(2) were highly expressed in e. coli as soluble fusion proteins and ... | 1999 | 12110937 |
| cloning and functional expression of neurotoxin cdna from naja naja atra. | three new cdnas named nl1, nl2 and nl3 were cloned from the total rna of naja naja atra by rt-pcr. the protein sequences encoded by them showed 77%, 72% and 98% structure identity to cobrotoxin which is a postsynaptic neurotoxin from taiwan cobra (naja naja atra), respectively. the five conservative residues, tyr(25), lys(27), trp(29), arg(33) and lys(47), essential for the function of cobrotoxin were also found in the three cdnas. the nl3, the most homologous to cobrotoxin, was expressed in e.c ... | 2000 | 12110923 |
| cdna sequence analysis and expression of cardiotoxins from taiwan cobra. | the cdnas encoding cardiotoxins i, iii and n were constructed from the cellular rna isolated from the venom glands of naja naja atra by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. a high degree of sequence homology was observed with the three cardiotoxins. the cardiotoxins were subcloned in the expression vector pet 20b(+) and transformed in bl 21(de3) e. coli strain. the expressed protein was isolated from the inclusion bodies of e. coli and purified by reversed phase high performance liqu ... | 1996 | 8619792 |
| cdna and protein sequences coding for the precursor of phospholipase a2 from taiwan cobra, naja naja atra. | the cdna sequence encoding phospholipase a2 (pla2) was determined by analysis of polymerase-chain-reaction (pcr) product amplified from total cdna mixture which had been constructed from the poly(a)+rna of venom glands obtained from taiwan cobras. two oligonucleotide segments corresponding to the 5'- and 3'-noncoding regions of sea-snake pla2 gene were used as primers for pcr-amplified reaction. plasmids of transformed e. coli strain jm109 containing amplified pla2 cdna were purified and prepare ... | 1994 | 7521702 |
| use of some snake venoms in the diagnostics of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (pnh). | the crude toxin of agkistrodon piscivorus was found to produce hemolysis of pnh erythrocytes by way of complement activation, however the degree of pnh blood cell lysis was lower than in other techniques used. the crude toxins of naja naja and naja oxiana cause much higher hemolysis though lower hemolysis takes place in normal blood cells. in some normal persons and different blood diseases it is responsible for high hemolysis even when the complement is absent. from naja naja toxin a fraction c ... | 1985 | 2410338 |
| [complement and noncomplement hemolysis of blood cells in patients with various blood diseases after the administration of the crude toxins of agkistrodon piscivorus, naja naja, naja oxiana]. | | 1984 | 6515308 |
| oxidative stress-induced methemoglobinemia is the silent killer during snakebite: a novel and strategic neutralization by melatonin. | oxidative stress-induced methemoglobinemia remained an untouched area in venom pharmacology till date. this study for the first time explored the potential of animal venoms to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin. in in vitro whole-blood assay, methemoglobin forming ability of venoms varied as naja naja > ophiophagus hannah > echis carinatus > daboia russellii > apis mellifera > mesobuthus tamulus > hippasa partita. being highly potential, n. naja venom was further studied to observe methemoglobi ... | 2015 | 26103459 |
| inhibition of neurotoxic secretory phospholipases a(2) enzymatic, edematogenic, and myotoxic activities by harpalycin 2, an isoflavone isolated from harpalyce brasiliana benth. | secretory phospholipases a(2) (spla(2)) exert proinflammatory actions through lipid mediators. these enzymes have been found to be elevated in many inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, and atherosclerosis. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of harpalycin 2 (har2), an isoflavone isolated from harpalyce brasiliana benth., in the enzymatic, edematogenic, and myotoxic activities of spla(2) from bothrops pirajai, crotalus durissus terrificus, apis mellifera, and ... | 2012 | 22899963 |
| agelotoxin: a phospholipase a(2) from the venom of the neotropical social wasp cassununga (agelaia pallipes pallipes) (hymenoptera-vespidae). | the neotropical wasp agelaia pallipes pallipes is aggressive and endemic in southeast of brazil, where very often it causes stinging accidents in rural areas. by using gel filtration on sephadex g-100, followed by high performance reversed phase chromatography in a c-18 column under acetonitrile/water gradient, the agelotoxin was purified: a toxin presenting phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) activity, which occurs under equilibrium of three different aggregation states: monomer (mol. wt 14 kda), trime ... | 2000 | 10758272 |
| isolation and amino acid sequence of a phospholipase a2 inhibitor from the blood plasma of the sea krait, laticauda semifasciata. | a phospholipase a2 (pla2) inhibitor was purified from the blood plasma of a sea krait, laticauda semifasciata, by sequential chromatography on sephadex g-200, mono q, and phenyl sepharose columns. the purified inhibitor was found to be the same type as the pla2 inhibitors, named pligamma, that had been purified from the blood plasma of the thai cobra naja naja kaouthia [ohkura et al. (1994) biochem. biophys. res. commun. 200, 784-788] and chinese mamushi agkistrodon blomhoffii siniticus [ohkura ... | 1999 | 9990137 |
| polybitoxins: a group of phospholipases a2 from the venom of the neotropical social wasp paulistinha (polybia paulista). | the neotropical wasp polybia paulistinha is very aggressive and endemic in south-east brazil, where it frequently causes stinging accidents. by using gel filtration on sephadex g-200, followed by ion-exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose under a ph gradient, a group of four toxins (designated as polybitoxins-i, ii, iii and iv) presenting phospholipase a2 (pla2) activities was purified. these toxins are dimeric with mol. wts ranging from 115,000 to 132,000 and formed by different subunits. th ... | 1998 | 9604292 |
| suicide-inhibitory bifunctionally linked substrates (siblinks) as phospholipase a2 inhibitors. mechanistic implications. | novel phospholipids that function as mechanism-based inhibitors for phospholipase a2 (pla2) are described. pla2-catalyzed hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester of these suicide-inhibitory bifunctionally linked substrates (siblinks) followed by a cyclization reaction generates a cyclic anhydride at the active site of the enzyme which leads to inhibition. structure/activity relationships for the siblinks substituents in the sn-1 and sn-2 position are delineated. time courses and efficiency of siblinks inhi ... | 1991 | 2002046 |
| crystal structure of cobra-venom phospholipase a2 in a complex with a transition-state analogue. | the crystal structure of a complex between a phosphonate transition-state analogue and the phospholipase a2 (pla2) from naja naja atra venom has been solved and refined to a resolution of 2.0 angstroms. the identical stereochemistry of the two complexes that comprise the crystal's asymmetric unit indicates both the manner in which the transition state is stabilized and how the hydrophobic fatty acyl chains of the substrate are accommodated by the enzyme during interfacial catalysis. the critical ... | 1990 | 2274787 |
| interfacial catalysis: the mechanism of phospholipase a2. | a chemical description of the action of phospholipase a2 (pla2) can now be inferred with confidence from three high-resolution x-ray crystal structures. the first is the structure of the pla2 from the venom of the chinese cobra (naja naja atra) in a complex with a phosphonate transition-state analogue. this enzyme is typical of a large, well-studied homologous family of pla2s. the second is a similar complex with the evolutionarily distant bee-venom pla2. the third structure is the uninhibited p ... | 1990 | 2274785 |
| influence of enzymatic phospholipid cleavage on the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane. ii. protein-mediated transfer of monosaccharides and anions. | in order to investigate the influence of membrane lipids on transport via the protein domain of the erythrocyte membrane, a number of facilitated diffusion processes was studied by tracer flux techniques in whole cells after cleavage of up to 65% of the phosphatidylcholine or the sphingomyelin by phospholipase a2 from naja naja or bee venom, or by sphingomyelinase, respectively. the mediated fluxes of l-arabinose, which is transported by the glucose carrier, and of l-lactate, which uses a specif ... | 1979 | 486450 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of a complement-depleting factor from king cobra, ophiophagus hannah. | cobra venom factor (cvf) is an anti-complement factor existing in cobra venom. cvf proteins have been purified from the venoms of naja haje, naja siamensis, naja atra, naja kaouthia, naja naja, naja melanoleuca and austrelaps superbus, but only three full-length cdna sequences of cvf are available. in the present work, a cobra venom factor termed ovf was purified from the crude venom of ophiophagus hannah by successive gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin affinity chromatography steps. the p ... | 2012 | 22561424 |
| isolation of a snake venom phospholipase a2 (pla2) inhibitor (aiplai) from leaves of azadirachta indica (neem): mechanism of pla2 inhibition by aiplai in vitro condition. | a compound (aiplai (azadirachta indica pla(2) inhibitor)) purified from the methanolic leaf extract of a. indica (neem) inhibits the cobra and russell's viper venoms (rvvs) phospholipase a(2) enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. inhibition of catalytic and tested pharmacological properties of cobra venom (naja naja and naja kaouthia) pla(2) enzymes by aiplai is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the inhibition of pla(2) enzymes of crude rvv (daboia russelli) when tested under the same cond ... | 2008 | 18466944 |
| nmr solution structure of a chymotrypsin inhibitor from the taiwan cobra naja naja atra. | the taiwan cobra (naja naja atra) chymotrypsin inhibitor (naci) consists of 57 amino acids and is related to other kunitz-type inhibitors such as bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (bpti) and bungarus fasciatus fraction ix (bf9), another chymotrypsin inhibitor. here we present the solution structure of naci. we determined the nmr structure of naci with a root-mean-square deviation of 0.37 å for the backbone atoms and 0.73 å for the heavy atoms on the basis of 1,075 upper distance limits derived ... | 2013 | 23896616 |
| characterization of daboia russelii and naja naja venom neutralizing ability of an undocumented indigenous medication in sri lanka. | indigenous medicinal practice in sri lanka talks about powerful compounds extracted from native plants for treating venomous snake bites which are hardly documented in literature but are used by the indigenous doctors for thousand years. | 2017 | 28302413 |
| phospholipases a2: enzymatic assay for snake venom (naja naja karachiensis) with their neutralization by medicinal plants of pakistan. | phospholipases a2 (pla2) are the most lethal and noxious component of naja naja karachiensis venom. they are engaged to induce severe toxicities after their penetration in victims. present study was designed to highlight hydrolytic actions of pla. in an egg yolk mixture and to encounter their deleterious effects via medicinal plants of pakistan. pla2 were found to produce free fatty acids in a dose dependent manner. venom at concentration of 0.1 mg was found to liberate 26.6 pmoles of fatty acid ... | 2014 | 25272888 |
| factors in snake venoms that increase capillary permeability. | capillary permeability increasing (cpi) activity is a phenomenon of the microvasculature caused by many agents such as snake venoms, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht), prostaglandins and leukotrienes. since no systematic study has been done to determine what components of snake venom cause cpi activity, a cpi factor from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom was isolated using intravenous injections of evan's blue dye as the indicator of increased permeability and the factor's properties were ... | 1989 | 2576052 |
| new biological activity against phospholipase a2 by turmerin, a protein from curcuma longa l. | turmerin is a protein from turmeric (curcuma longa l.) with a relative molecular mass of 14 kda. the protein inhibits the enzymatic activity and neutralizes the pharmacological properties, such as cytotoxicity, oedema and myotoxicity of multitoxic phospholipase a2 (nv-pla2) of cobra (naja naja) venom at a 1:2.5 molar ratio of nv-pla2:turmerin. a lineweaver-burk plot indicates that turmerin follows a linear mixed type of inhibition. | 2008 | 18177267 |
| screening for target toxins of the antiophidic protein dm64 through a gel-based interactomics approach. | dm64 is a glycosylated protein with antivenom activity isolated from the serum of the opossum didelphis aurita. it binds non-covalently to myotoxins i (asp49) and ii (lys49) from bothrops asper venom and inhibits their myotoxic effect. in this study, an affinity column with immobilized dm64 as bait was used to fish potential target toxins. all ten isolated myotoxins tested were able to effectively bind to the dm64 column. to better access the specificity of the inhibitor, crude venoms from bothr ... | 2017 | 27216643 |
| snake envenomation and protective natural endogenous proteins: a mini review of the recent developments (1991-1997). | the properties of several factors--antihaemorrhagic, antineurotoxic, antimyotoxic--isolated from the blood serum or plasma of different animals are described with more emphasis placed on the structural differences and similarities among the factors of the snake (trimeresurus flavoviridis) and mammals (didelphis marsupials and herpestes edwardsii). classification of antihaemorrhagic factors of snake and mammals according to structural homologies, and their effectiveness in neutralizing venom haem ... | 1998 | 9792161 |
| quercetin-3-o-rhamnoside from euphorbia hirta protects against snake venom induced toxicity. | the plant euphorbia hirta is widely used against snake envenomations in rural areas and it was proved to be effective in animal models. therefore, the scientific validation of its phytoconstituents for their antiophidian activity is aimed in the present study. | 2016 | 27033089 |
| protective effect of euphorbia hirta and its components against snake venom induced lethality. | despite the use of snake anti-venom therapy, herbal medicine is still in practice to treat snakebites. euphorbia hirta is traditionally used as antidote for snakebites and also for numerous other ailments. however, the scientific evidence for its anti-snake venom property is still lacking. | 2015 | 25727964 |
| improved method for the isolation, characterization and examination of neuromuscular and toxic properties of selected polypeptide fractions from the crude venom of the taiwan cobra naja naja atra. | an improved chromatographic method was developed to isolate and purify polypeptides and proteins from the crude venom of the taiwan cobra naja naja atra. the procedure devised is simple, easy to reproduce, and enables large scale isolation of almost all polypeptides and proteins in this cobra venom. six pure polypeptide fractions of the venom were isolated and characterized using gel filtration on sephadex g50 (medium), ion exchange chromatography on sp-sephadex c25, desalting on sephadex g25 (f ... | 2012 | 22677803 |
| purification, sequencing and structural characterization of the phospholipase a1 from the venom of the social wasp polybia paulista (hymenoptera, vespidae). | the biochemical and functional characterization of wasp venom toxins is an important prerequisite for the development of new tools both for the therapy of the toxic reactions due to envenomation caused by multiple stinging accidents and also for the diagnosis and therapy of allergic reactions caused by this type of venom. pla(1) was purified from the venom of the neotropical social wasp polybia paulista by using molecular exclusion and cation exchange chromatographies; its amino acid sequence wa ... | 2007 | 17761205 |
| determination of the amino acid sequence of a new phospholipase a(2) (midca1) isolated from micrurus dumerilii carinicauda venom. | a new phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) from micrurus dumerilii carinicauda venom was isolated and its primary structure determined. this new pla(2) showed a low enzymatic activity when compared with other pla(2)s and it is moderately basic with an isoelectric point of 8.0. its amino acid sequence showed the presence of 120 amino acid residues and its sequence was: nliqflnmiqcttpgreplvafanygcycgrggsgtpvdeldrccqvhdncydtakkvfgcspyftmysydcsegkltckdnntkckaavcncdrtaalcfakapyndknykidltkrcq. the structural m ... | 2005 | 16096720 |
| prey specificity, comparative lethality and compositional differences of coral snake venoms. | toxicities of crude venoms from 49 coral snake (micrurus sp.) populations, representing 15 nominal taxa, were examined in both laboratory mice and in native prey animals and compared with data gathered from two non-micrurine elapids and a crotalid, which served as outgroups. these venoms were further compared on the basis of 23 enzymatic activities. both toxicities and enzymatic activities were analyzed with respect to natural prey preferences, as determined from stomach content analyses and lit ... | 2001 | 11255115 |
| the multiplicity of cardiotoxins from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom. | four novel cardiotoxins were isolated from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom by successive separation on a sp-sephadex c-25 column and a reverse phase column. amino acid sequences of the cardiotoxins were determined by edman degradation and carboxypeptidase digestion. it shows that these cardiotoxins comprise 60 amino acid residues. comparative analyses on the amino acid sequences of cardiotoxins from the venoms of n. naja atra and other naja species indicated that amino acid substitutions of ... | 2000 | 10708798 |
| a novel neurotoxin, cobrotoxin b, from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom: purification, characterization, and gene organization. | a novel neurotoxin, cobrotoxin b, was isolated from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom by successive chromatographies on gel filtration and sp-sephadex c-25 columns. the yield of this novel toxin was 5% of that of cobrotoxin from the same venom. its neurotoxicity determined as the inhibition of acetylcholine-induced muscle contractions was approximately 50% of that of cobrotoxin. cobrotoxin b consists of 61 amino acid residues including 8 cysteine residues. moreover, there are 12 amino acid sub ... | 1997 | 9498573 |
| purification and characterization of a novel phospholipase a2 from king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom. | a novel phospholipase a2, designated as oh-de-2, was isolated from the venom of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) by successive chromatography on sp-sephadex c-25, de-52, and q-sepharose columns. oh-de-2 with pi 5.1 showed an apparent molecular weight of 14 kd as revealed by sds-page and gel filtration. the amino acid sequence was homologous with those of pla2s from elapidae venoms. oh-de-2 was effectively inactivated by p-bromophenacyl bromide, indicating that the conserved his-48 is essential fo ... | 1995 | 8593185 |
| enzymatic activities of malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venoms. | the enzymatic activities of four samples of malayan cobra venom were investigated. there was significant variation in the contents of l-amino acid oxidase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, acetylcholinesterase, phospholipase a, 5'-nucleotidase and hyaluronidase. the phosphodiesterase content was, however, constant. storage of the lyophilized venom powder at 25 degrees c for 1 month did not affect the enzymatic activities. the venom enzymatic activities were generally also stable at 4 degrees c in 0 ... | 1987 | 3433296 |
| proteolytic-independent cobra neurotoxin inhibiting activity of curcuma sp. (zingiberaceae). | the 1: 1 (w/v) aqueous extract of curcuma sp. (zingiberaceae) was shown to antagonize the toxic action of naja naja siamensis neurotoxin possibly via direct inactivation of the toxin. the plant extract possessed proteolytic activity which could be separated from the neurotoxin inhibiting activity. the mechanism of antagonism between the plant extract and the neurotoxin was shown not to be involved with the existence of proteolytic activity in the plant extract. | 1983 | 6356379 |
| isolation and preliminary characterisation of two toxic phospholipases a2 from the venom of the malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix). | two toxic phospholipases a have been isolated from the venom of the malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix). the phospholipases a were purified by successive ion-exchange chromatography on sp-sephadex c-25, sephadex g-75 gel filtration chromatography and successive bio-rex 70 ion-exchange chromatography. the purified toxic phospholipases a were homogeneous electrophoretically. they were designated as sputatrix phospholipase a-i and sputatrix phospholipase a-ii. positional specificity studies showed ... | 1982 | 7150663 |
| sphaerechinorhynchus serpenticola sp. n. (acanthocephala: sphaerechinorhynchinae), a parasite of the asian cobra, naja naja (cantor), in borneo (malaysia). | | 1966 | 5927219 |
| antibacterial activity of isolated immunodominant proteins of naja naja (oxiana) venom. | the aim of this study is to investigate antibacterial effects of immunodominant proteins isolated from the venom of naja naja oxiana snake against staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. the innate immune system is an important line of defense against bacterial diseases. antibacterial peptides and proteins produced by snake venoms have recently attracted significant attention due to their relevance to bacterial diseases and the potential of being co ... | 2017 | 28496483 |
| [complement-inhibiting acidic factors from the venom of central asian cobra naja naja oxiana]. | two anticomplementic factors isolated from the venom of the central asian cobra naja naja oxiana by chromatography on deae-sepharose cl-6b and subsequent gel filtration on sephacryl s-200 were studied. of these, five factors (cfa-ia, cfa-ib, cfa-ic, cfa-iia and cfa-iib), cfa-ib had been characterized earlier, while cfa-ia was assigned to a previously identified h-cof factor. it was shown that cfa-ic has a molecular mass of 3900 da; its content in the venom amounts to 2.6 mg/g of dry venom. this ... | 1989 | 2633805 |
| assessment of cultivable oral bacterial flora from important venomous snakes of india and their antibiotic susceptibilities. | snakebite is a common, frequently devastating, occupational, socio-economic hazard, and it has a great impact on the rural population of india. snakebite is a major cause of the human morbidity and mortality since ancient times, as it not only affects the victim by systemic envenomation but also by wound infections originating from deadly pathogenic microorganisms from the oral cavity of the offending snake. the pathogens from the oral cavity of the snake tend to initiate an infection, resulting ... | 2017 | 28733908 |
| isolation, identification and characterization of morganella morganii from naja naja atra in beijing, china. | morganella morganii is an important opportunistic human pathogen and belongs to the family of enterobacteriaceae. although it is widely distribution, it only be considered a rare cause of human infections. we report the isolate of m. morganii from naja naja atra following infections of heart, lung and liver. seven strains were confirmed using 16s rdna amplified and sequences. antimicrobial susceptibility testing of m. morganii isolates demonstrated ubiquitous resistance to ampicillin, amoxicilli ... | 2017 | 28838340 |
| use of immunoturbidimetry to detect venom-antivenom binding using snake venoms. | immunoturbidimetry studies the phenomenon of immunoprecipitation of antigens and antibodies in solution, where there is the formation of large, polymeric insoluble immunocomplexes that increase the turbidity of the solution. we used immunoturbidimetry to investigate the interaction between commercial snake antivenoms and snake venoms, as well as cross-reactivity between different snake venoms. | 2013 | 23416032 |
| on the interaction of cobra venom protein cardiotoxins with erythrocytes. | the principally active hemolytic toxin (cardiotoxin) previously purified from the venom of the thailand cobra, naja naja siamensis, was shown to produce spontaneous twitching, contractures and membrane depolarization in sartorius muscles from the frog, rana pipiens. spontaneous twitching, observed at concentrations greater than 0.1 um was completely abolished by addition of tetrodotoxin and not affected by d-tubocurarine. dose and time dependent membrane depolarization of muscle fibers was obser ... | 1984 | 6333874 |
| two new inhibitors of phospholipase a2 produced by penicillium chermesinum. taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, structure determination and biological properties. | plastatin and the known fungal metabolite, luteosporin, have been isolated from fermentations of penicillium chermesinum as inhibitors of porcine pancreatic phospholipase a2 (pla2). structure 1 for plastatin was deduced from its spectroscopic properties. plastatin and luteosporin inhibited pancreatic pla2 competitively with ki values of 0.89 microm and 12.8 microm, respectively. pla2 preparations from naja naja and crotalus adamanteus were not significantly inhibited by plastatin and luteosporin ... | 1985 | 3839502 |
| sarcocystis nesbitti infection in human skeletal muscle: possible transmission from snakes. | sarcocystis nesbitti is an intracellular protozoan parasite found as sarcocysts within muscle fibers of intermediate hosts (monkey and baboon). the definitive host is suspected to be the snake. we report two cases from a larger cohort of 89 patients who had fever, headache, and generalized myalgia after a trip to pangkor island, malaysia. sarcocysts were detected in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens by light and electron microscopy from these two patients. dna sequencing based on the 18s ribosoma ... | 2014 | 24420776 |
| the standard aqueous stem bark extract of mangifera indica l. inhibits toxic pla2 - nn-xib-pla2 of indian cobra venom. | the aqueous extract of mangifera indica is known to possess diverse medicinal properties, which also includes anti-snake venom activities. however, its inhibitory potency and mechanism of action on multi-toxic snake venom phospholipases a2s are still unknown. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the modulatory effect of standard aqueous bark extract of m. indica on nn-xib-pla2 of indian cobra venom. the in vitro spla2, in situ hemolytic and in vivo edema inhibition effect were ... | 2016 | 27275129 |
| comparison of proteomic profiles of the venoms of two of the 'big four' snakes of india, the indian cobra (naja naja) and the common krait (bungarus caeruleus), and analyses of their toxins. | snake venoms are mixtures of biologically-active proteins and peptides, and several studies have described the characteristics of some of these toxins. however, complete proteomic profiling of the venoms of many snake species has not yet been done. the indian cobra (naja naja) and common krait (bungarus caeruleus) are elapid snake species that are among the 'big four' responsible for the majority of human snake envenomation cases in india. as understanding the composition and complexity of venom ... | 2017 | 28602829 |
| in vitro procoagulant and anticoagulant properties of naja naja naja venom. | bites by the indian cobra (naja naja naja) are common in india and sri lanka because of its close association with humans. cobra venoms are complex and contain several toxic components, including neurotoxins that cause post-synaptic neuromuscular blockade with respiratory paralysis and even death. bites may also cause extensive local necrosis by mechanisms not fully elucidated. although no significant coagulopathy has been reported, n.n. naja venom can form blood clots in vitro by activating pro ... | 2003 | 14559074 |
| lys49 phospholipase a2 myotoxins lyse cell cultures by two distinct mechanisms. | three lys49 phospholipase a2 (pla2) myotoxins from agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus (aclmt), bothrops jararacussu (bothropstoxin-i) and bothrops asper (myotoxin ii) snake venoms are enzymatically inactive on artificial substrates, yet addition of these toxins to cell cultures causes the release of fatty acids derived from the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids. bothropstoxin-i treated with p-bromophenacyl bromide is no longer enzymatically active on cell cultures, suggesting the toxin, not t ... | 1998 | 9792171 |
| [ansa analysis. vi. activation, inhibition and interaction of proteases in enzyme mixtures]. | a new accurate method (ansa-analysis) is used for studying the interactions of proteases with their inhibitors or other proteases. the method is based on the cleavage by proteases of mixtures of competing chromogenic substrates containing aminonaphthalenesulfonamide (ansa) detectable groups. each substrate contained a specifically substituted ansa group which showed its specific retention time during chromatographic separation. for the analysis of blood coagulation, mixtures of blood-clotting fa ... | 1994 | 7819398 |
| contamination of commercially obtained agkistrodon contortrix mokasen snake venom with bungarus multicinctus and naja naja atra snake venoms. | | 1981 | 7268802 |
| variation in yield and lethality of venoms from iranian snakes. | the dangerous venomous terrestrial snakes of iran belong to three groups: the elapidae (cobras); the viperinae (true vipers); the crotalinae (pit vipers). geographical distribution of each species was determined. studies on the venoms extracted from the following iranian snakes, oxus cobra, naja naja oxiana, levantine viper (afyi), vipera lebetina, carpet viper, echis carinatus, persian horned viper, pseudocerastes persicus, latifii viper, vipera latifii, mountain viper, vipera xanthina and cauc ... | 1984 | 6474490 |
| calcium ion independent membrane leakage induced by phospholipase-like myotoxins. | the two snake venom myotoxins ammodytin l and myotoxin ii, purified respectively from vipera ammodytes ammodytes and bothrops asper, have phospholipase-like structures but lack an asp-49 in the active site and are without normal phospholipase activity. the interaction of these proteins with different types of liposomes indicated that the myotoxins were able to provoke rapid and extensive release of the aqueous content of liposomes. leakage was measured by two different methods: fluorescence dequ ... | 1992 | 1334427 |
| factor v activation and inactivation by venom proteases. | blood coagulation factor v is a single-chain glycoprotein with m(r) = 330,000 which plays an important role in the procoagulant and anticoagulant pathways. thrombin activates factor v into factor va, a two-chain molecule which is composed of a heavy (m(r) = 105,000) and a light chain (m(r) = 71,000/74,000). factor va accelerates factor xa-catalysed prothrombin activation more than 1,000-fold and under physiological conditions the cofactor activity of factor va in prothrombin activation is down-r ... | 2017 | 11910191 |
| comparative chromatography of brazilian coral snake (micrurus) venoms. | 1. elution profiles of 11 coral snake venoms, including those of micrurus albicinctus, m. corallinus, m. frontalis altirostris, m. f. brasiliensis, m. f. frontalis, m. fulvius fulvius, m. ibiboboca, m. lemniscatus ssp., m. rondonianus, m. spixii spixii and m. surinamensis surinamensis, were compared using high performance gel filtration and reverse phase media. 2. micrurus venom profiles were compared with those of "outgroup" taxa bothrops moojeni, naja naja kaouthia and bungarus multicinctus. 3 ... | 1991 | 1756614 |
| envenoming by the common krait (bungarus caeruleus) and sri lankan cobra (naja naja naja): efficacy and complications of therapy with haffkine antivenom. | in anuradhapura, sri lanka, 5 patients proved to have been bitten by common kraits (bungarus caeruelus) and 2 by sri lankan cobras (naja naja naja) were investigated. in all the cases of krait bite the patients were bitten while they were asleep: local signs were negligible but 4 developed symptoms of systemic envenoming including paralysis, muscle pain and tenderness and abdominal pain. mild myoglobinaemia was found in one case. of the 2 patients bitten by cobras, one developed severe local swe ... | 2017 | 2389328 |
| novel snornas from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) and bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait), form extended sequence complementarity to 5s rrna. | during the mapping and sequencing of naja naja atra cobrotoxin and cardiotoxin 4 genes, we have found that novel small nucleolar rnas (snornas) are encoded in the first intron of the two genes. the snornas in naja naja atra were amplified from the venom glands cdna mixtures of naja naja atra by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using the primers designed from the first intronic sequences of cobrotoxin and cardiotoxin 4 genes. likewise, the snornas in bungarus multicinctus were also ... | 1997 | 9245733 |
| purification of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein by affinity chromatography using a regioselectively modified and reversibly immobilized alpha-toxin from naja nigricollis. | a new method of affinity chromatography purification of the detergent-solubilized nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein (nachr) is presented, based on the reversible coupling of a chemically monomodified alpha-toxin from naja nigricollis to a resin. the alpha-toxin was monothiolated on the epsilon-amino group of its lysine-15 by reaction with n-succinimidly-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate and was covalently linked in a reversible manner to a thiopropyl-activated agarose resin by thiol-disulfide ... | 1997 | 9059496 |
| the structural variations of epsilon-amino groups in phospholipase a2 enzymes from naja naja atra and bungarus multicinctus venoms. | comparative studies on naja naja atra phospholipase a2 (nna-pla2), bungarus multicinctus phospholipase a2 (bm-pla2), and their lys-modified derivatives were made to assess the differences in the fine structures around the conserved lys residues of pla2 enzymes. it has found that the accessibility of lys residues of pla2 enzymes toward modified reagent, trinitrobenzene sulfonate, were not the same. moreover, the extent of decrease in pi values of pla2 enzymes that resulted from trinitrophenylatio ... | 1997 | 9112606 |
| the structural elements of phospholipase a2 affecting the enhancement of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate fluorescence. | the binding of the apolar fluorescent dye 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate (ans) to naja naja atra and bungarus multicinctus phospholipase a2 (pla2) as well as the ans fluorescence enhancement of pla2-ans complexes were ph-dependent. however, the ph-dependent curves and the ionizable groups perturbed by the binding of ans were essentially different for the two pla2 enzymes. methylation of his residue or removal of the n-terminal octapeptide made the ans fluorescence of pla2-ans complexes become ... | 1996 | 8829622 |
| proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance study on molecular conformations of long neurotoxins. alpha-bungarotoxin from bungarus multicinctus and toxin b from naja naja. | the 270-mhz proton nmr spectra were analyzed of the long neurotoxins alpha-bungarotoxin from bungarus multicinctus and toxin b from naja naja. the aromatic proton resonances were completely assigned to individual nuclei for alpha-bungarotoxin and in part for toxin b. the ph dependences of proton chemical shifts were analyzed by the nonlinear least-square method, for obtaining pka values and protonation shifts. the pka values of tyr-25, an invariant residue of neurotoxins, are 12.1 for alpha-bung ... | 1981 | 7308209 |