| first isolation and characterisation of borrelia garinii, agent of lyme borreliosis, from irish ticks. | nymphal ixodes ricinus, the tick vector of lyme borreliosis, were collected from the edges of paths in muckross demesne, killarney national park, co. kerry, ireland. examination of some of these nymphs by indirect immunofluorescence showed an infection prevalence of 12% with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the spirochaete agent of lyme borreliosis. gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) were infected by infesting them with other nymphs from the same batch. subsequently uninfected laboratory larvae wer ... | 1996 | 8867493 |
| frequent isolation of francisella tularensis from dermacentor reticulatus ticks in an enzootic focus of tularaemia. | a total of 924 questing dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius), 504 ixodes ricinus (l.), sixty haemaphysalis concinna koch and 718 mosquitoes (aedes spp.) were examined in a floodplain forest ecosystem during the 1994-95 outbreak of tularaemia in south moravia, czech republic. francisella tularensis was not isolated from h.concinna ticks or aedes spp. mosquitoes, whereas twenty-one isolates were recovered from the other haematophagous arthropods. dermacentor reticulatus revealed a significantly hig ... | 1996 | 8887334 |
| a simple method of transmission risk assessment in enzootic foci of lyme borreliosis. | the proposed method consists in examining individual host-seeking vector ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex by microscopy for borreliae and evaluating the proportion of ticks with more than 100 borreliae. the investigations were carried out in a deciduous oak forest habitat in south moravia, czech republic, over four years (1991-1994). in may (i.e., at the peak of seasonal activity of i. ricinus), about 150 nymphal and 200 adult ticks were examined each year. it was found that annual incidence ... | 1996 | 8891535 |
| family outbreak of alimentary tick-borne encephalitis in slovakia associated with a natural focus of infection. | a family outbreak of tick-borne encephalitis involving 7 people, all of them hospitalized, was observed in the district of povazská bystrica (central slovakia). the disease was associated with the drinking of unboiled goat milk and tick-borne encephalitis virus was recovered from ixodes ricinus ticks collected from places where goats were grazing. | 1996 | 8891541 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) in ixodes ricinus (l.) populations in france, according to a phytoecological zoning of the territory. | ixodes ricinus is considered as the main vector of lyme borreliosis in france. the aim of our investigations was to obtain a comprehensive view of the spatial risk linked to the distribution of the species in our country. previous studies [1] have provided strong evidence that the species populations are widely distributed, so the objective of the present work was to ascertain the bacteriological infection of the tick by the agent of the zoonosis (borrelia burgdorferi, sensu lato), over the fren ... | 1996 | 8891545 |
| a molecular marker for the identification of the zoonotic reservoirs of lyme borreliosis by analysis of the blood meal in its european vector ixodes ricinus. | the efficacy of the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b gene as a molecular marker for the discrimination of the reservoir host species of the lyme borreliosis spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), in its european vector ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) was determined. degenerate pcr primers were designed which amplified orthologous regions of the cytochrome b gene in several animal species which act as b. burgdorferi s.l. reservoirs and hosts for i. ricinus. pcr products were amp ... | 1996 | 8899988 |
| simultaneous infection of ixodes ricinus nymphs by two borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species: possible implications for clinical manifestations. | | 1995 | 8903170 |
| efficient transmission of borrelia burgdorferi between cofeeding ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae). | feeding ticks are generally spatially distributed in clusters on vertebrate hosts. to test the effect of clustering on transmission of a tick-borne pathogen, borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner-infected ixodes ricinus l. nymphs and uninfected i. ricinus larvae were allowed to feed together in retaining chambers on uninfected akr/n mice. engorged infective nymphs dropped off at days 5, 6, and 7, and the 1st infected larvae that fed in the chambers together with the i ... | 1996 | 8906929 |
| tick infestation patterns and prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in ticks collected at a veterinary clinic in germany. | a total of 4803 domestic and wild animals which were presented for examination at a veterinary clinic in north baden, germany over a period of 1 year were examined for tick infestation. a total of 434 nymphal and adult ticks were collected from 175 hosts. ticks found belonged to the species ixodes ricinus (385), ixodes hexagonus (48), and ixodes ventalloi (one). the polymerase chain reaction was used to examine 132 i. ricinus and 21 i. hexagonus for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi. twenty-t ... | 1996 | 8916409 |
| detection of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in ticks in several federal "länder" of germany by means of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr)--characterization of the virus. | the aim of the present study was to analyse the current epidemiological situation with respect to tbe in the new federal "länder" of germany and in saarland through detection of the tbev genome in unengorged ticks using an rt-pcr technique. 22,273 ticks (ixodes ricinus) were collected in the five new "länder" (and some in bavaria and baden-württemberg) and divided into 294 pools. it was possible to detect tbev rna in six pools of ticks from mecklenburg western-pomerania [4], brandenburg [1], thu ... | 1996 | 8923058 |
| [use of indirect immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detection of borrelia burgdorferi in ticks]. | material samples from 40 ticks, including 30 ixodes ricinus and 10 dermacentor reticulatus ticks were tested for presence of borrelia burgdorferi infection with indirect immunofluorescence assay (if) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). sensitivity of pcr in terms of minimum detectable number of in vitro cultivated spirochetes was a reproducible amplification when 50 spirochetes were added to the pcr mixture. the assay sensitivity was lower for b. burgdorferi in ticks and it was estimated on min ... | 1996 | 8927733 |
| [ticks as a reservoir of borrelia burgdorferi and coxiella burnetii on polish terrain]. | the aim of performed studies was to recognize the distribution of coxiella burnetii and borrelia burgdorferi infected ticks in poland. the 1580 ticks infesting animals and humans were collected in different parts of the country. they belonged to ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus and argas reflexus species. presence of b burgdorferi and c. burnetii dna in ticks has been sought with polymerase chain reaction test (pcr). b. burgdorferi bacteria have been detected in 12 i. ricinus ticks (0.77% ... | 1996 | 8927734 |
| do roe deer (capreolus capreolus) spread borrelia-infected ixodes ricinus ticks? | | 1996 | 8933700 |
| primary culture of borrelia burgdorferi from ixodes ricinus ticks. | a total of 971 ixodes (i.) ricinus ticks field-collected in may and june 1993 and 1994 in two different geographic regions (middle hesse and lower saxony) were examined for the presence of lyme borreliosis spirochetes (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) by primary culture using nonselective and selective bsk ii medium. modifications of bsk ii medium with varying concentrations of bovine serum albumin and with rabbit serum being replaced by horse serum were examined for their ability to support gro ... | 1996 | 8946692 |
| female ixodes ricinus (acari, ixodidae) in cattle of western france: infestation level and seasonality. | data collected from a longitudinal survey carried out over a 2 year period in four herds located in western france were used to assess the infestation level in cattle by female ixodes ricinus and to describe its seasonality. farms were visited once a month. the population studied consisted of calves, heifers and dairy cows (of holstein and norman de breeds). the total number of animals monitored varied from 207 to 173 throughout the study, because of the culling of dairy cows and birth of calves ... | 1996 | 8956473 |
| classification tree methods for analysis of mesoscale distribution of ixodes ricinus (acari:ixodidae) in trentino, italian alps. | cases of lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis were recognized recently in the province of trento, italian alps. assessment of areas of potential risk for these tick-borne diseases is carried out by a model based on classification and regression trees (cart), using both discrete and continuous variables. data on ixodes ricinus (l.) occurrence resulted from extensive sampling carried out by standard methods in 99 sites over an area of approximately 2,700 km2 in the province of trento. a series ... | 1996 | 8961635 |
| [parasitic arthropods of bison bonasus from the białowieza primeval forest]. | during the period 1991-1993, 61 bisons from the białowieza primaeval forest were examined. 8 species of ectoparasites were noted: bovicola sedecimdecembrii, lipoptena cervi, dermacentor reticulatus, ixodes ricinus, ixodes persulcatus, chorioptes bovis, psoroptes ovis, demodex bisonianus. the most frequent incidence noted was d. bisonianus, prevalence 52%, followed b. sedecimdecembrii--28%, i. ricinus--12% and l. cervi 8%. | 1996 | 8967085 |
| characterization of a spotted fever group rickettsia from ixodes ricinus ticks in sweden. | a spotted fever group rickettsia isolated from the common tick, ixodes ricinus, was genetically characterized by pcr and genomic sequencing. this study was performed with nymphal and adult ticks collected in southern and central sweden. i. ricinus is the only north european tick species of medical importance which is regularly collected from humans. no species of the genus rickettsia has previously been found in scandinavian ticks, nor has any case of domestic rickettsial infection in humans or ... | 1997 | 8968916 |
| detection of four species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks collected from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in the netherlands. | roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were investigated for their value as sentinel animals for lyme borreliosis in the netherlands. serum was obtained from 114 roe deer, and 513 ixodes ricinus, predominantly females (72%), were obtained from 47 animals (41%). the polymerase chain reaction was used to detect dna of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in a total of 190 ticks, comprising 106 engorged ticks and 84 non-engorged ticks. borrelia dna was detected in 24 engorged ticks (23%) and 26 non-engorged tic ... | 1996 | 8972683 |
| novel agglutinin in the midgut of the tick ixodes ricinus. | haemagglutination activity (ha) was found and characterized in a midgut homogenate of ixodes ricinus (l.). ha was induced by tick feeding; it was not detected in starved ticks. in a haemagglutination inhibition test, ha showed an affinity for some carbohydrates (n-acetyl-d-galactosamine, n-acetyl-d-glucosamine, rhamnose, and dulcit) and glycoconjugates (especially lipopolysaccharides). midgut protein components of 37, 60, 65, and 73 kda were identified by immunoblotting as potential structural s ... | 1996 | 8978104 |
| [the place of ixodid ticks (ixodidae) in forest ecosystems]. | the ticks ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus are the dominant tick species in the forest ecosystems of the temporary zone of eurasia. they occur within their areals in every types of forests except arid and marsh biotopes. the density of tick populations per square unit exceed many times those of dominant species of mammals and birds living in the same ecosystems. in optimal conditions the abundance of hungry larvae per 1 square km varies from hundreds of thousands to several millions, that of ny ... | 1996 | 8984441 |
| the occurrence of ixodid ticks on wild mink mustela vision in england and wales. | four species of ticks found to infest 1391 american mink (mustela vison) in britain in five years were, in declining order of frequency, ixodes hexagonus, ixodes canisuga, ixodes ricinus and ixodes acuminatus. ixodes hexagonus and i. canisuga occurred on 40% and 2.5% of mink respectively. infestation rates (the proportion of infested mink) of adult females, nymphs and larvae were similar and tended to be lower in summer. the distribution of infestation size (the number of ticks per host) for adu ... | 1996 | 8994138 |
| preliminary studies on virus and spirochete accumulation in the cement plug of ixodid ticks. | we provide evidence that tick-borne encephalitis virus and borrelia burgdorferi s.l. are accumulated in the cement plug in the host skin within the first few hours after tick attachment. extirpation of the tick without the cement plug, even very soon after the attachment, did not prevent the transmission by ixodes ricinus, ixodes persulcatus or dermacentor reticulatus to mice. this was within 1 hour in the case of the tbe virus and after 20-22 h of attachment, in the case of borrelia and i. pers ... | 1996 | 9004495 |
| dynamics of borrelia burgdorferi infection in nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks during feeding. | we report the sequential development events of borrelia burgdorferi in histological sections of ixodes ricinus nymphs before, during and after feeding. during the blood meal a decrease of approximately 50% in the number of infected ticks was recorded (eight out of 76, 11%) in comparison with the infection rate of unfed ticks (12 out of 56, 21%). spirochetes were detected in tick salivary glands only after 2 days of attachment. from day 3 until drop-off, the number of infected ticks increased to ... | 1996 | 9022268 |
| a population-based seroepidemiologic study of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and lyme borreliosis on the west coast of sweden. | ehrlichioses are emerging infections in the united states. human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) and lyme borreliosis (lb) are acquired after ixodes ricinus-complex tick bites. an ongoing seroepidemiologic study of the 185 of the 356 permanent residents of the koster islands in sweden was expanded to include ehrlichioses. ehrlichial antibodies were measured by ifa using ehrlichia equi and ehrlichia chaffeensis. borrelia burgdorferi igg elisa-seropositive subjects were confirmed by western blot. ... | 1997 | 9041353 |
| local variations in the distribution and prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genomospecies in ixodes ricinus ticks. | unfed nymphal and adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from five locations within the 10,000-ha killarney national park, ireland. the distribution and prevalence of the genomospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the ticks were investigated by pcr amplification of the intergenic spacer region between the 5s and 23s rrna genes and by reverse line blotting with genomospecies-specific oligonucleotide probes. the prevalence of ticks infected with b. burgdorferi sensu lato was significan ... | 1997 | 9055424 |
| prevalence and seasonal activity of ixodes ricinus (acari:ixodidae) on domestic ruminants of the basque country, spain. | ixodes ricinus on domestic ruminants was sampled through a natural year at several points in the basque country, north spain. the sampling points were comprised of the different natural regions, according to climate and vegetation, into which the region is commonly divided. both the immature and adult stages were collected on cattle and sheep at five of the eight collecting points, namely in areas with a medium elevation, mild summers and a medium to high annual rainfall. the adults of this tick ... | 1997 | 9057304 |
| the distribution and prevalence of b. burgdorferi genomospecies in ixodes ricinus ticks in ireland. | questing ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from six locations throughout ireland and 638 nymphs, 111 females and 118 males were investigated for infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensulato (s.l.). the total prevalence of b. burgdorferi s.l. in the ticks was determined as 14.9% by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the spacer region of 5s-23s rrna genes. infection prevalence was significantly higher in adult (20.1%) ixodes ricinus compared to nymphs (13.1%). the prevalence of in ... | 1997 | 9062782 |
| [health effects of climatic changes--possible consequences for norway]. | in the year 2100 a global mean temperature increase of 2 degrees c, and a 50 cm rise in sea level are expected. an escalation in the intensity and duration of heat waves will increase mortality, whilst higher temperatures in cold regions may reduce it. on a global scale, vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever and some types of viral encephalitis are likely to increase. 50 to 80 million more cases of malaria could occur annually. elevated temperatures and more frequent floods ... | 1997 | 9064811 |
| tick zoonoses in the southern part of switzerland (canton ticino): occurrence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and rickettsia sp. | the diversity and the distribution of tick species and their infection rates by the pathogenic micro-organism borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis, and rickettsia sp., were studied in canton ticino (the southern part of switzerland). ticks specimens collected from animals and humans were classified and analysed for the presence of both pathogens. in particular, pcr analysis was performed for the detection of borrelia spirochetes in ixodes ricinus and ixodes he ... | 1997 | 9085007 |
| [experimental infection of mice with babesia microti: characterization of parasitemia]. | the apicomplexa parasites of the genus babesia, the etiologic agents of the disease not only in domestic and wild mammals but also in humans, live and reproduce in erythrocytes of the host. transmission of babesia species is by tick (ixodidae) bite. in natural conditions, trans-stadial and trans-ovarian passage occurs in ixodes ricinus infected with some species of babesia, e.g. b. divergens. however, there is apparently trans-stadial passage of b. microti in ixodes sp. only from larvae to nymph ... | 1996 | 9103050 |
| [the evaluation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochaetes distribution in ixodes ricinus ticks collected in selected regions of wielkopolska+ regions by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method]. | ixodes ricinus ticks (total n = 298: 24 nymphs, 156 females and 112 males) collected from vegetation at 7 different sites were examined individually for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochaetes. detection of spirochaetes was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using primers complementary to chromosomal sequence. borreliae were evident in 73 (24.5%) examined ticks. females were infected in 28.8%, males in 22.0% and nymphs in 8.3%. infection rate in tick population i ... | 1996 | 9132794 |
| spirochetal non-borrelia-microorganism isolated from ixodes ricinus. | spirochetal microorganisms were isolated from female ixodes ricinus in slovakia. morphological, immunochemical and molecular biological analysis showed that the microorganism shared several common antigens with borrelia species while other genetic traits were distinct and not related to borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. lyme disease patient's serum contained antibodies reacting with antigens of this microorganism. on the one hand the cross-reacting antigens represent a risk of false positive resu ... | 1996 | 9138313 |
| [preliminary identification of borrelia burgdorferi isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks in eastern slovakia]. | the first finding of spirochetes borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in eastern slovakia pertains to ticks ixodes ricinus collected in the kosice park forest in september 1995. the authors tested 7 strains using immunoblotting with 4 monoclonal antibodies (mab): h9724--specific to the genus borrelia, identifying 41 kda flagellar protein, h5332--specific to ospa protein of b. burgdorferi, j 8.3 and i 17.3 specific to ospa and ospb proteins of b. afzelii. all the strains belong to the genus borrelia ( ... | 1997 | 9162456 |
| the geographical distribution of tick bites and erythema migrans in general practice in the netherlands. | lyme disease is caused by borrelia burgdorferi which is transmitted in europe by the tick ixodes ricinus. erythema migrans is a skin lesion which is pathognomonic of lyme disease. a retrospective study was carried out to determine the geographical distribution of the occurrence of tick bites and erythema migrans in the netherlands and to identify ecological risk factors. | 1997 | 9169184 |
| diel activity of ixodes ricinus acari:ixodidae at two locations near stockholm, sweden. | the diel 'activity', i.e. availability, of ixodes ricinus larvae, nymphs and adults was investigated in a meadow and a forest habitat near stockholm during 1991-1993. generally, the immature ticks were more prevalent in the forest than in the meadow. in the meadow, the mean larval and adult numbers varied significantly between 4 h time intervals with the peak activity from 2300 to 0300 h. in the forest, the tick numbers did not differ significantly between the time intervals. the association of ... | 1997 | 9178511 |
| biology of tick-borne encephalitis virus. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus is an important human pathogen belonging to the genus flavivirus within the family flaviviridae. the genome of the tbe virus is a single-stranded rna (ssrna) molecule of positive polarity encoding all the viral proteins within a single open reading frame (orf). tbe virus shares common physical and genetic characteristic of the flavivirus genus. two subtypes of the tbe virus have been described: (1) european, endemic in many parts of europe and transmitted by i ... | 1997 | 9219644 |
| competence of urban rats as reservoir hosts for lyme disease spirochetes. | to determine whether urban rats serve efficiently as reservoir hosts for the agent of lyme disease, we recorded the frequency of infection in nymphal ixodes ricinus (l.) ticks that had fed as larvae on experimentally infected norway rats, rattus norvegicus (berkenhout), or on black rats, r. rattus (l.), and evaluated the nidicolous venue of transmission. subadult vector ticks attached readily to norway rats as well as black rats and virtually all became infected in the course of feeding. larval ... | 1997 | 9220684 |
| transmission of louping ill virus between infected and uninfected ticks co-feeding on mountain hares. | most of the data on oral infection of ticks by louping ill virus have been obtained from experiments in which animals were infected by syringe inoculation with infectious material. using infected ticks to mimic the natural situation, we have demonstrated that louping ill (li) virus transmission can occur from infected to uninfected ixodes ricinus feeding in close proximity on mountain hares (lepus timidus). under these conditions the hares developed either low or undetectable viraemias. highest ... | 1997 | 9226648 |
| identification of an ixodes ricinus salivary gland fraction through its ability to stimulate cd4 t cells present in balb/c mice lymph nodes draining the tick fixation site. | balb/c mice infested with larvae or nymphs of ixodes ricinus develop in their lymph nodes a t cell-specific immune response triggered by salivary gland soluble antigens (sga). sga are apparently conserved in the 3 biological stages of i. ricinus ticks and are species specific. sga derived from partially fed females i. ricinus stimulate lymph node t cells from mice infested with i. ricinus larvae or nymphs. in contrast, lymph node cells from mice infested with amblyomma hebraeum nymphs do not res ... | 1997 | 9226956 |
| definitive identification of louping ill virus by rt-pcr and sequencing in field populations of ixodes ricinus on the lochindorb estate. | rapid and precise virus detection procedures are an important component of any epizootiological study. an automated one tube reverse transcriptase and nested primer polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) followed by nucleotide sequencing of the cdna product, was used for the rapid detection and identification of louping ill (li) virus in field caught ixodes ricinus and compared with a classical isolation method i.e. infectivity in cell culture. the results establish the genetic identity of li virus ... | 1997 | 9229007 |
| [the colonization of forested areas by ixodes ricinus (linné, 1758) in france: use of the roe deer, capreolus capreolus (l. 1758) as a biological marker]. | the roe-deer is a wild animal for which ixodes ricinus has a particular fondness. its territory is similar to that of the ticks and it is a species which is found throughout france yet which rarely leaves its territory. given these conditions, a systematic parasitological examination of the ungulate can provide pertinent information concerning the forests inhabited by the tick. since it is difficult to conduct a thorough examination of a large number of roe-deer over a limited space of time and ... | 1994 | 9235196 |
| [ecoepidemiology of lyme borreliosis in the rhône-alps region. distribution, ecological context, relationship to the distribution of ixodes ricinus (linnaeus, 1758)]. | the aim of the study was to precise the geographical repartition of lyme borreliosis in the rhône-alpes district, to describe the ecological characteristics of the areas propitious to the disease, and to verify the vectorial competence of i. ricinus. the cases of lyme disease were located by means of a questionnaire sent to 1156 physicians. the vector role of i. ricinus was studied by two ways: firstly by searching a correlation between the geographical repartition of the tick and that of cases, ... | 1994 | 9235207 |
| unusual manifestations of hypersensitivity after a tick bite: report of two cases. | ticks are able to transmit, through biting, various viral, parasitic, and bacterial diseases, the best known being lyme disease due to borrelia burgdorferi. in addition, ticks may also induce allergic reactions. | 1997 | 9236498 |
| the etiological agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, in ticks (acari:ixodidae) from eastern poland. | in 1994, 4204 out of 4656 ixodes ricinus collected both from vegetation in three different areas and from hunter-killed deer and wild boar in the białystok province (eastern poland) were examined individually for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi s.i. detection of spirochetes was carried out by the routine indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) using polyclonal antibody (anti-b. burgdorferi, strain 1 b 29). b. burgdorferi spirochetes were evident in 349 (8.8%) nymphal and adult i. ricinus co ... | 1997 | 9241805 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev)-specific rt-pcr for characterization of natural foci of tbe and for other applications. | an effective detection system for tbev-rna sequences using a rt-pcr technique has been developed. in our system, specific oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the 5'-terminal noncoding region were successfully used to identify tbev sequences in ticks. to prove the specificity of the pcr products, southern blot hybridization with an internal digoxigenin-labelled probe was carried out. in this paper, we present some potential applications of this technique. the primers were used to identify 21 ... | 1997 | 9241807 |
| [present status of lyme borreliosis and characterization of lyme disease borrelia isolated in japan]. | lyme disease is a multisystemic disorder caused by infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato which is carried by ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. the agent was discovered in 1982 in north america and the disease is recognized as an emerging infectious diseases in north america and europe. japanese borrelia isolates were characterized by genetic and immunologic analysis. isolates from ixodes ovatus were found to be unique by dna/dna hybridization analysis, restriction fragment length pol ... | 1997 | 9248350 |
| epidemiological surveillance of tick populations: a model to predict the colonization success of ixodes ricinus (acari:ixodidae). | a model that predicts the habitat availability for permanent populations of the tick ixodes ricinus has been developed and applied to spain. the model is based on the fuzzy logic rules and has a spatial resolution of about 4 km. six long-term climate variables, which cover temperature and rainfall factors, drive the model by assigning the expected probability to find stable tick populations. because the high accuracy of this inference tool, it could be used to map favourable sites for this tick ... | 1997 | 9258571 |
| role of grey squirrels and pheasants in the transmission of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the lyme disease spirochaete, in the u.k. | in britain, grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis gmelin) and pheasants (phasianus colchicus linnaeus) are important hosts of larvae and nymphs of ixodes ricinus l., the principal european vector of the lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. to test whether squirrels are competent hosts of b. burgdorferi s.l., three females were trapped in the wild and then held in captivity. following treatment, each animal was exposed to uninfected xenodiagnostic i. ricinus ticks. squirrel a ... | 1997 | 9269722 |
| population genetic structure of ixodes ricinus in switzerland from allozymic data: no evidence of divergence between nearby sites. | ixodes ricinus is a vector and reservoir of numerous infectious agents, especially borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme disease. in switzerland, its ecology and physiology have been well studied. moreover, the foci of some infectious agents transmitted by this tick are identified. they can display relatively to extremely small geographical size depending on the diseases considered. in order to understand how the gene flows occur and to characterise the genetic structure of ixodes ricinus popu ... | 1997 | 9279578 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission between ticks cofeeding on specific immune natural rodent hosts. | to determine whether the portion of a vertebrate host population having specific immunity to tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus can participate in the tbe virus transmission cycle, natural hosts immunized against tbe virus were challenged with infected and uninfected ticks. yellow-necked field mice (apodemus flavicollis) and bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) were either immunized with tbe virus by subcutaneous inoculation of the virus, or they were exposed to virus-infected ixodes ricinus ti ... | 1997 | 9300045 |
| immunization with a polyvalent ospa vaccine protects mice against ixodes ricinus tick bites infected by borrelia burgdorferi ss, borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii. | sequence variability of the outer surface protein (osp) a among borrelia burgdorferi sl species suggests that a monovalent ospa vaccine may not protect against the various borrelia present in eurasia. here, we confirmed that a monovalent recombinant ospa (rospa) vaccine does not protect mice against ixodes ricinus mediated infection with b. burgdorferi ss, borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii. however, when mice were vaccinated with a cocktail of various rospa from these three species, they wer ... | 1997 | 9330467 |
| [the prevalence of ixodes ricinus ticks (acari, ixodidae) in the forested areas of gdansk, sopot, and gdynia and their infection rate with borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes]. | data are presented on the variable patterns on the seasonal activity of ixodes ricinus questing on vegetation in 6 study sites in the forested areas of gdańsk, sopot and gdynia in 1993-1995. a total of 8992 specimens collected there show that ticks frequently occupy habitats closely associated with man. out of them 5775 (4328 nymphs, 713 females and 680 males) collected in 1994 and 1995 were examined individually for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis-using i ... | 1997 | 9333838 |
| genetic and phenotypic analysis of borrelia valaisiana sp. nov. (borrelia genomic groups vs116 and m19). | to clarify the taxonomic status of two recently described borrelia genomic groups, groups vs116 and m19, three group vs116 strains and eight group m19 strains isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks in switzerland, the netherlands, and the united kingdom were characterized. pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the 5s-23s intergenic spacer amplicon, rrna gene restriction analysis, 16s rrna gene sequence analysis, randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) fingerprinting, sodi ... | 1997 | 9336888 |
| vaccination of natural reservoir hosts with recombinant lipidated ospa induces a transmission-blocking immunity against lyme disease spirochaetes associated with high levels of la-2 equivalent antibodies. | as observed in humans, immune responses in naturally infected reservoir hosts of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato rarely target the outer surface proteins (osp) a and b of lyme disease spirochaetes. the absence of protective immunity in such hosts following tick-borne infection allows them to play an effective role in the maintenance of lyme borreliosis in nature. therefore, the question was addressed whether one of the most prominent natural reservoir host species of b. burgdorferi s.l. in europ ... | 1997 | 9364698 |
| [acute borrelia infection. unilateral papillitis as isolated clinical manifestation]. | borrelia burgdorferi is the cause of erythema chronicum migrans and lyme disease. ticks like ixodes ricinus are responsible for transmission. frequently, the tick bite is not noticed by the patient. eye manifestations, such as keratoconjunctivitis, scleritis, chronic uveitis, vitritis, chorioretinitis, optic nerve disease, orbital myositis and paresis of the eye muscles, often occur after a long period of time and vary greatly. | 1997 | 9376700 |
| human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in southern germany: increased seroprevalence in high-risk groups. | to date, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge), the causative agent of which is likely transmitted by ticks in the ixodes ricinus-ixodes persulcatus complex, has not been diagnosed with certainty in patients outside the united states. the presence of a closely related vector tick, i. ricinus, as well as the occurrence of similar ehrlichia spp. of veterinary importance, suggests that this disease is likely to be present in europe. the aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence of anti ... | 1997 | 9399527 |
| coexistence of ehrlichia phagocytophila and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks from italy as determined by 16s rrna gene sequencing. | | 1997 | 9399564 |
| [impregnation of uniforms with permethrin as a mean of protection of working personnel exposed to contact with hematophagous arthropods]. | laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of permethrin-impregnated clothing against biting arthropods. military battle dress uniforms were impregnated at a rate of 0.12-0.15 mg active ingredient (a.i.)/cm2. gas chromatographic analysis of cloth patches treated showed that over 50% of the chemical remained after 6 cycles of washing. this amount of a.i. (0.06-0.07 mg/cm2) was effective in providing protection against aedes aegypti and ixodes ricinus. mosquitoes and ticks w ... | 1997 | 9409928 |
| [does the infectious disease, human ehrlichiosis, exist in sweden? ticks get a hold of new zoonoses]. | human ehrlichiosis diseases, decently recognised as emerging human infections in the usa, are caused by vector-borne, strictly intracellular bacteria of the family rickettsiaceae. human monocytic ehrlichiosis is caused by ehrlichia schaffeensis, whereas the agent causing human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) has yet to be identified [1]. the putative increase in the occurrence of these primary zoonoses is dependent on the complex relationship between the infectious agents, the vectors, and the h ... | 1997 | 9411085 |
| [the characteristics of the circadian rhythm in the activities of ixodes ricinus ticks on the kurskaia kosa (kaliningrad province)]. | | 1997 | 9411189 |
| spatial distribution and seasonality of ticks (acarina: ixodidae) in a protected area in the northern apennines. | infestation of small rodents by ixodid ticks and frequency of host-seeking ticks collected by dragging were studied at orecchiella natural park (northern apennines) in 1994 and 1995. levels of infestation of apodemus spp. by immature dermacentor marginatus were higher in beech wood (5.1 larvae and 1.3 nymphs per mouse) than in oak-chestnut wood and in coniferous wood. larval d. marginatus peaked in mid summer, whereas nymphs peaked in late summer. host-seeking haemaphysalis punctata were mostly ... | 1997 | 9419846 |
| ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) infestation on roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in trentino, italian alps. | the most important tick-deer system potentially supporting the epidemiology of lyme disease in the italian alps is that regarding ixodes ricinus (l.) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus l.). in this study, the pattern of tick infestation on 562 male roe deer harvested in september 1994 in 56 game districts of trentino, northern italy, was assessed. the prevalence and density of infestation by i. ricinus were analyzed by a model based on classification and regression trees (cart), using both discre ... | 1997 | 9419849 |
| infestation of mammals by ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) in south-central sweden. | infestation by ixodes ricinus ticks on rodents, hares and cervids was examined at bogesund, 10 km north of stockholm, in south-central sweden during 1991-1994 and on varying hares (lepus timidus) at stora karlsö and gotska sandön in the baltic sea during 1992-1993. at bogesund, there were great differences between two consecutive years in the number of i. ricinus larvae infesting bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus). the seasonal pattern of infestation by i. ricinus larvae and nymphs on bank vol ... | 1997 | 9423270 |
| species-specific plasmid sequences for pcr identification of the three species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato involved in lyme disease. | species-specific sequences were shown to be carried by plasmids of the three main species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato involved in lyme disease. libraries of the 16-, 33-, and 25-kb plasmids of b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia garinii, and borrelia afzelii, respectively, were then built and used to isolate species-specific sequences. after sequencing of the cloned inserts, three sets of primers were designed. they were shown to determine species-specific pcr amplification products. t ... | 1998 | 9431963 |
| transmission cycles of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato involving ixodes ricinus and/or i. hexagonus ticks and the european hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus, in suburban and urban areas in switzerland. | the european hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus linnaeus, 1758, is a common host of ixodes ricinus l. and i. hexagonus leach, vectors of the lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. to investigate whether hedgehogs are reservoirs for b. burgdorferi, hedgehogs were captured in a suburban area suitable for both tick species and in an urban area where i. ricinus is absent. the infection status of the hedgehogs was determined by xenodiagnosis using i. ricinus and i. hexagonus larvae. i. ... | 1997 | 9437846 |
| mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae), in contrast to ticks (acari: ixodidae), do not carry francisella tularensis in a natural focus of tularemia in the czech republic. | in total, 9,167 mosquitoes (aedes spp.) and 1,987 ixodid ticks--1,423 dermacentor reticulatus (f.), 504 ixodes ricinus (l.), and 60 haemaphysalis concinna koch--were examined in an active enzootic focus (floodplain forest-meadow ecosystem) of tularemia in south moravia. czech republic. although no f. tularensis was detected in mosquitoes or h. concinna, 30 isolates were recovered from d. reticulatus (infection rate, 2.1%) and 1 isolate from i. ricinus (infection rate, 0.2%). ixodid ticks, especi ... | 1997 | 9439120 |
| chemotaxis in borrelia burgdorferi. | borrelia burgdorferi is a motile spirochete which has been identified as the causative microorganism in lyme disease. the physiological functions which govern the motility of this organism have not been elucidated. in this study, we found that motility of b. burgdorferi required an environment similar to interstitial fluid (e.g., ph 7.6 and 0.15 m nacl). several methods were used to detect and measure chemotaxis of b. burgdorferi. a number of chemical compounds and mixtures were surveyed for the ... | 1998 | 9440510 |
| [the isolation and results of the study of the protein structure of spirochetes isolated from i. ricinus ticks in byelarus]. | four hundred and eighty ixodes ricinus (278 female and 202 male) samples collected in the natural biotopes of 13 administrative districts in southwest byelarus were studied via dsk-h medium (sigma) inoculation. twenty-four spirochetes isolates (3, 2, 1, and 18 in the brest, gomel, mogilev, and grodno regions, respectively) were obtained on the territory of byelarus. after adapted to the medium, most isolates (as many as 7 x 10(6)-5 x 10(7) microbial cells per ml) in the stationary phase. all the ... | 1997 | 9445994 |
| anaphylactic shock caused by ticks (ixodes ricinus) | | 1998 | 9449522 |
| [serologic studies on the occurrence of bovine ehrlichiosis in the cantons zürich, schaffhausen, thurgau, st. gallen and obwalden]. | the purpose of this study was to investigate the geographical distribution of bovine ehrlichiosis in the cantons zürich, schaffhausen, thurgau, st. gallen and obwalden. to this end, an indirect immunofluorescence assay was established. the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was estimated to be close to 100% based on the results obtained with several reference sera from the us national veterinary services laboratories and the seroconversion panels of 20 heifers and cows. blood samples from 25 ... | 1997 | 9451917 |
| coiling phagocytosis discriminates between different spirochetes and is enhanced by phorbol myristate acetate and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. | the mechanisms involved in coiling phagocytosis are not yet known, and it is not even clear whether this phenomenon is either an incidental event or a specific response. therefore, the phagocytic uptake of borrelia burgdorferi and other spirochetes by human monocytes in vitro was used to investigate the involvement of both sides--microbes and phagocytes--in coiling phagocytosis. as seen with electron microscopy, morphologically similar borrelia, leptospira and treponema strains induced markedly ... | 1998 | 9453619 |
| possible role of rainfall in the epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis. | the assumption that the amount of rainfall in the summer months influences the frequency of tbe is based on the fact that the determining factor for the existence, development and activity of ixodes ricinus is relative air humidity (rh) and the finding that low rh negatively influences dynamics of infection and infection rate of i. ricinus with tbe virus. a higher incidence of tbe then develops due to the coincidence of increased activity of ticks and recreational activity of humans after an int ... | 1997 | 9457410 |
| impact of strain heterogeneity on lyme disease serology in europe: comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using different species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. | for the standardization of serological tests for lyme borreliosis (lb) in europe, the influence of the heterogeneity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato must be assessed in detail. for this study four immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) with octyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside extracts of strains pko (borrelia afzelii), pbi (borrelia garinii), and pka2 and b31 (both b. burgdorferi sensu stricto) were compared. strains pko, pbi, and pka2 at the passages used for ant ... | 1998 | 9466753 |
| molecular characterisation of lyme disease borreliae using rapd analysis and 16s rdna sequencing. | here we report the use of random amplified polymorphic dnas (rapds) and sequence analysis of the genes encoding for the small subunit ribosomal rna (16s rdna) for the characterisation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains recovered from ixodes ricinus and from lyme disease patients. all strains examined were assigned to the species borrelia garinii. however, both rapds and 16s rdnas revealed a level of genetic variation among the strains which appears higher than expected for a bacterial sp ... | 1997 | 9470245 |
| distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genomic groups in europe, a review. | the survey is based on a total of 1263 records (738 isolations and 525 molecular dna detections) of five borrelia burgdorferi s.l. genomic groups available from 26 european countries: b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. afzelii, b. garinii, b. valaisiana (= vs116) and b. lusitaniae (= potib2). it shows the geographic distribution, the source (ixodid ticks 802 records, fleas 2 records, mosquitoes 2 records, wild mammals 66 records, human patients 391 records) and the association of the genomic group ... | 1997 | 9476827 |
| analysis of the organization of multicopy linear- and circular-plasmid-carried open reading frames in borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates. | plasmid cp8.3 of borrelia afzelii ip21 carries several open reading frames (orfs) and a 184-bp inverted repeat (ir) element. it has been speculated that this plasmid may encode factors involved in virulence or infectivity. in this report, we have characterized the distribution, molecular variability, and organization of orfs 1, 2, and 4 and the ir elements among isolates of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. orfs 1 and 2 are contained within a segment of cp8.3 that is bordered by the i ... | 1998 | 9488408 |
| serum complement sensitivity as a key factor in lyme disease ecology. | the sensitivity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato to animal sera was analyzed. complement-mediated borreliacidal effects were observed with particular combinations of host serum and borrelia genospecies. the species-specific pattern of viability and/or lysis is highly consistent with the pattern of reservoir competence of hosts for b. burgdorferi sensu lato, suggesting a key role of complement in the global ecology of lyme borreliosis. | 1998 | 9488421 |
| natural lyme disease cycles maintained via sheep by co-feeding ticks. | we present observational and experimental evidence that cycles of the lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi s.l., can be maintained by sheep in the virtual absence of alternative hosts. a 2-year field study in upland moorland habitats of northwest uk established that sheep feed up to 80% of larval, > 99% of nymphal and all of the adult female tick (ixodes ricinus) population. infection prevalence of b. burgdorferi in questing ticks reaches over 20%, but amplification of infection occurs ... | 1997 | 9488870 |
| 18s rrna gene sequences and phylogenetic relationships of european hard-tick species (acari: ixodidae). | the complete 18s rrna gene sequences of the following six european hard-tick species were obtained by direct pcr cycle sequencing and silver-staining methods: rhipicephalus pusillus, boophilus annulatus, dermacentor marginatus, hyalomma lusitanicum, haemaphysalis punctata, and ixodes ricinus. differences observed in the sequence alignment of these six species together with the 18s rrna gene sequences of 13 other hard-tick species demonstrate that this gene is a good marker for supraspecific diff ... | 1998 | 9491423 |
| molecular typing of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by randomly amplified polymorphic dna fingerprinting analysis. | to study whether pathogenic clusters of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains occur, we typed 136 isolates, cultured from specimens from patients (n = 49) with various clinical entities and from ticks (n = 83) or dogs (n = 4) from different geographic regions, by randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) fingerprinting with four arbitrary primers. the rapd patterns were reproducible up to the 95% similarity level as shown in duplicate experiments. in these experiments the purified dnas prepare ... | 1998 | 9508310 |
| lyme disease in taiwan: first human patient with characteristic erythema chronicum migrans skin lesion. | we report herein the first laboratory-diagnosed case of lyme disease in a human in taiwan. a 45-year-old taiwanese man living in taipei, in northern taiwan, had an expanding skin lesion (measuring 23 by 15 cm) on his abdomen for 2 to 3 weeks and recurrent attacks of pain and swelling of the knee joint. serologic tests indicated a significantly elevated titer of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi. after appropriate antibiotic treatment for 3 weeks, the skin lesion was cured and the joint swelling w ... | 1998 | 9508317 |
| [prediction of sites with an increased risk of infestation with ixodes ricinus and tick-borne encephalitis infection in the central bohemia region based satellite data]. | based on elaboration of a prediction map of sites of increased incidence of ixodes ricinus associated with an increased risk of attack on humans and activation of the virus of tick-borne encephalitis it was assumed that different types of vegetation can serve this purpose as suitable indicators. for assessment of these sites and their location on the territory of the central bohemian region (on an area of 11,508 sq.km) data from spectral analysis of reflected light recorded by a scanner, themati ... | 1998 | 9511279 |
| distribution of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. spirochaete dna in british ticks (argasidae and ixodidae) since the 19th century, assessed by pcr. | the distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the lyme borreliosis agent, was surveyed in british ticks in the collection of the natural history museum, london. alcohol-preserved specimens of eight species of ticks known to attack humans were studied: ixodes ricinus, i. hexagonus, i. uriae, i. trianguliceps, dermacentor reticulatus, haemaphysalis punctata, rhipicephalus sanguineus and argas vespertilionis. the sample comprised all life stages and originated from a wide range of host speci ... | 1998 | 9513944 |
| investigation of haematophagous arthropods for borreliae--summarized data, 1988-1996. | blood-sucking arthropods, collected in south moravia, czech republic, were examined by darkfield microscopy for borreliae from 1988 to 1996. among host-seeking ixodid ticks (8481 ixodes ricinus (l.), 372 dermacentor reticulatus (fabr.), 167 haemaphysalis concinna koch), borreliae were only observed in adult (23.2%), nymphal (17.2%) and larval (6.3%) i. ricinus. the prevalence of borreliae in i. ricinus did not vary considerably among habitats except for lower values in agroecosystems, xerothermi ... | 1998 | 9516997 |
| borrelia garinii in ixodes ricinus ticks from southern poland. | | 1998 | 9516998 |
| prevalence rates of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in host-seeking ixodes ricinus ticks in europe. | borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes have been found in all examined ixodes ricinus (l.) populations in europe. the overall mean proportions of unfed i. ricinus infected with b. burgdorferi s.l. were 1.9% (range 0-11%), 10.8% (2-43%) and 17.4% (3-58%) for larvae (n = 5699), nymphs (n = 48,804) and adults (n = 41,666), respectively. however, the results varied according to the method used. cultivation in bsk medium is the least sensitive technique (an average of 11% adult ticks found infec ... | 1998 | 9521004 |
| elastase is the only human neutrophil granule protein that alone is responsible for in vitro killing of borrelia burgdorferi. | phagocytosis of borrelia burgdorferi by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes triggers oxygen-dependent and -independent mechanisms of potentially cidal outcome. nevertheless, no factor or process has yet been singled out as being borreliacidal. we have studied the b. burgdorferi-killing ability of the myeloperoxidase-h2o2-chloride system and that of primary and secondary granule components in an in vitro assay. we found that neither secondary granule acid extracts nor the chlorinating system could ... | 1998 | 9529060 |
| granulocytic ehrlichiosis in tick-immune guinea pigs. | we investigated whether ixodes scapularis-mediated host immunity interrupts transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (aohge) to guinea pigs. ticks infected with aohge readily transmitted aohge to tick-immune guinea pigs, despite incomplete tick engorgement and host attachment. although tick immunity can prevent lyme borreliosis, protection is not afforded against granulocytic ehrlichiosis. | 1998 | 9529119 |
| risk of infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato for a host in relation to the duration of nymphal ixodes ricinus feeding and the method of tick removal. | the objectives of the present study were to investigate the risk of b. burgdorferi s.1. (bb)-transmission by i. ricinus-nymphs to a host (i) after different periods of feeding, and (ii) with regard to the particular method of tick removal. on each of 72 mongolian gerbils 3 tick nymphs taken from a highly infected batch were allowed to feed in a small capsule. feeding ticks were removed 16.7, 28.9, 47.0, and 65.2 hrs post-attachment. in each of these 4 groups 3 sub-groups with 6 gerbils each were ... | 1998 | 9532263 |
| a surface-exposed region of a novel outer membrane protein (p66) of borrelia spp. is variable in size and sequence. | a model of the 66-kda outer membrane protein (p66) of lyme disease borrelia spp. predicts a surface-exposed loop near the c terminus. this region contains an antigen commonly recognized by sera from lyme disease patients. in the present study, this region of p66 and homologous proteins of other borrelia spp. were further investigated by using monoclonal antibodies, epitope mapping of p66 of borrelia burgdorferi, and dna sequencing. a monoclonal antibody specific for b. burgdorferi bound to the p ... | 1998 | 9537355 |
| tick-borne borrelioses pathogen identification in ixodes ticks (acarina, ixodidae) collected in st. petersburg and kaliningrad baltic regions of russia. | two isolated baltic seashore populations of ixodes ticks were studied as vectors of different borrelia genospecies in russia by using darkfield microscopy and modified polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in the kalinigrad region (kurish spit, forests near the settlements of lesnoye and rybachy), 788 ixodes ricinus (l.) adults and nymphs were collected by flagging and studied by darkfield microscopy during 1995-1996. there were 88 darkfield microscopy positive specimens (11.2%) of which 69 were also ... | 1998 | 9538573 |
| ehrlichial dna amplified from ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in france. | granulocytic ehrlichia 16s rdna was amplified for the 1st time from an ixodes ricinus (linne) tick collected in europe. sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction products from the 16s rrna gene demonstrated the organism from which it originated to be closely related to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, an emerging disease that was recently described in the united states; ehrlichia phagocytophila, the agent of tick-borne fever of ruminants in europe; and ehrlichia equi. the agent ... | 1998 | 9538582 |
| [ultrastructural features of histopathologic changes at the site of attachment of the larva of the ixodid tick haemaphysalis longicornis to the body of the host]. | this article continues the series of electronic microscopical investigations of tick attachment and host's inflammatory reaction in the attachment site. in all this works we used larvae of different ixodid ticks but the same species of the host (white mouse), ixodid species having different type of attachment. dermacentor marginatus (amosova, 1989a) is characterized by the superficial penetration of mouth parts, the abundance of cement around them and on the surface of the host's skin, the mouth ... | 1997 | 9541934 |
| competence of pheasants as reservoirs for lyme disease spirochetes. | pheasants, phasianus colchicus l., constitute a major part of the ground-feeding avifauna of england and wales and are important hosts to immature stages of ixodes ricinus l., the principal tick vector of lyme borreliosis spirochetes in europe. therefore, their competence as hosts for borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, steigerwalt & brenner sensu lato was investigated. one group of pheasants was inoculated by needle with 1 x 10(6) cultured b. burgdorferi s.s. organisms, and a 2nd group of bir ... | 1998 | 9542349 |
| taxonomic relationships among spotted fever group rickettsiae as revealed by antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies. | the spotted fever group (sfg) is made up of more than 20 different rickettsial species and strains. study of the taxonomic relationships among the group has been attempted by phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic analyses. in this study, we determined taxonomic relationships among the sfg rickettsiae by comparative analysis of immunogenic epitopes reactive against a panel of monoclonal antibodies. a total of 98 monoclonal antibodies, which were directed against epitopes on the major immunodomi ... | 1998 | 9542904 |
| immunoglobulin m capture assay for serologic confirmation of early lyme disease: analysis of immune complexes with biotinylated borrelia burgdorferi sonicate enhanced with flagellin peptide epitope. | we previously reported on the efficacy of the enzyme-linked immunoglobulin m capture immune complex (ic) biotinylated antigen assay (emiba) for the seroconfirmation of early lyme disease and active infection with borrelia burgdorferi. in earlier work we identified non-cross-reacting epitopes of a number of b. burgdorferi proteins, including flagellin. we now report on an improvement in the performance of emiba with the addition of a biotinylated form of a synthetic non-cross-reacting immunodomin ... | 1998 | 9542940 |
| differential transmission of the genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by game birds and small rodents in england. | the genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was assessed in a focus of lyme borreliosis in southern britain dominated by game birds. ticks, rodents, and pheasants were analyzed for spirochete infections by pcr-targeting the 23s-5s rrna genes, followed by genotyping by the reverse line blot method. in questing ixodes ricinus ticks, three genospecies of b. burgdorferi sensu lato were detected, with the highest prevalences found for borrelia garinii and borrelia valaisiana. b. burgdorf ... | 1998 | 9546150 |
| isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the ixodes ricinus complex (acari: ixodidae). | | 1998 | 9561794 |
| [prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi infection in ixodes ricinus ticks at urban and suburban forest habitats]. | the aim of this preliminary study was to estimate the risk of infection of ixodes ricinus ticks by the agent of lyme disease--borrelia burgdorferi s.l. (acari: ixodidae). ticks were collected from the vegetation during may--august 1996 at two different forest habitats: dziekanów leśny near warsaw and lasek bielański in warsaw. prevalence of b. burgdorferi infection of the nymphs and adults ticks was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). tick occurrence duri ... | 1997 | 9562791 |