| catching a virus in a molecular net. | a metal-organic molecular net composed of tannic acid (ta) and iron(iii) was constructed around the brome mosaic virus (bmv) particle to determine whether the added net could act as a transport barrier for water, and if the net could stabilize the virus in physically or chemically challenging environments. this new virus engineering strategy is expected to provide benefits both in the study and technological applications of viruses. for instance, a virus wrapped in a thin molecular layer could b ... | 2016 | 27469039 |
| phosphorylation of the brome mosaic virus capsid regulates the timing of viral infection. | the four brome mosaic virus (bmv) rnas (rna1 to rna4) are encapsidated in three distinct virions that have different disassembly rates in infection. the mechanism for the differential release of bmv rnas from virions is unknown, since 180 copies of the same coat protein (cp) encapsidate each of the bmv genomic rnas. using mass spectrometry, we found that the bmv cp contains a complex pattern of posttranslational modifications. treatment with phosphatase was found to not significantly affect the ... | 2016 | 27334588 |
| a foxtail mosaic virus vector for virus-induced gene silencing in maize. | plant viruses have been widely used as vectors for foreign gene expression and virus-induced gene silencing (vigs). a limited number of viruses have been developed into viral vectors for the purposes of gene expression or vigs in monocotyledonous plants, and among these, the tripartite viruses brome mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus have been shown to induce vigs in maize (zea mays). we describe here a new dna-based vigs system derived from foxtail mosaic virus (fomv), a monopartite virus t ... | 2016 | 27208311 |
| examining the heterogeneous genome content of multipartite viruses bmv and ccmv by native mass spectrometry. | since the concept was first introduced by brian chait and co-workers in 1991, mass spectrometry of proteins and protein complexes under non-denaturing conditions (native ms) has strongly developed, through parallel advances in instrumentation, sample preparation, and data analysis tools. however, the success rate of native ms analysis, particularly in heterogeneous mega-dalton (mda) protein complexes, still strongly depends on careful instrument modification. here, we further explore these bound ... | 2016 | 26926442 |
| single-molecule fret reveals three conformations for the tls domain of brome mosaic virus genome. | metabolite-dependent conformational switching in rna riboswitches is now widely accepted as a critical regulatory mechanism for gene expression in bacterial systems. more recently, similar gene regulation mechanisms have been found to be important for viral systems as well. one of the most abundant and best-studied systems is the trna-like structure (tls) domain, which has been found to occur in many plant viruses spread across numerous genera. in this work, folding dynamics for the tls domain o ... | 2015 | 26682819 |
| comparative study of non-enveloped icosahedral viruses size. | now, as before, transmission electron microscopy (tem) is a widely used technique for the determination of virions size. in some studies, dynamic light scattering (dls) has also been applied for this purpose. data obtained by different authors and using different methods could vary significantly. the process of tem sample preparation involves drying on the substrate, which can cause virions to undergo morphology changes. therefore, other techniques should be used for measurements of virions size ... | 2015 | 26545232 |
| virus-resembling nano-structures for near infrared fluorescence imaging of ovarian cancer her2 receptors. | ovarian cancer remains the dominant cause of death due to malignancies of the female reproductive system. the capability to identify and remove all tumors during intraoperative procedures may ultimately reduce cancer recurrence, and lead to increased patient survival. the objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of an optical nano-structured system for targeted near infrared (nir) imaging of ovarian cancer cells that over-express the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (h ... | 2015 | 26443474 |
| segmented gfp-like aptamer probes for functional imaging of viral genome trafficking. | recently developed gfp-like rna aptamers harbor a few unique potential benefits for in vivo rna imaging applications, including co-packaging of viral genomes. here we examine them in the context of co-packaging of rna strands during virion assembly and trafficking. the approach is applicable both in vitro and in vivo, thus bridging an existing methodological gap. we have found that splitting the aptamer sequence in the loop region into two separate parts allows for subsequent self-assembly into ... | 2015 | 26325297 |
| brome mosaic virus infection of rice results in decreased accumulation of rna1. | brome mosaic virus (bmv) (the russian strain) infects monocot plants and has been studied extensively in barley and wheat. here, we report bmv can systemically infect rice (oryza sativa var. japonica), including cultivars in which the genomes have been determined. the bmv capsid protein can be found throughout the inoculated plants. however, infection in rice exhibits delayed symptom expression or no symptoms when compared with wheat (triticum aestivum). the sequences of bmv rnas isolated from r ... | 2015 | 26024443 |
| coat protein-dependent behavior of poly(ethylene glycol) tails in iron oxide core virus-like nanoparticles. | here we explore the formation of virus-like nanoparticles (vnps) utilizing 22-24 nm iron oxide nanoparticles (nps) as cores and proteins derived from viral capsids of brome mosaic virus (bmv) or hepatitis b virus (hbv) as shells. to accomplish that, hydrophobic feo/fe3o4 nps prepared by thermal decomposition of iron oleate were coated with poly(maleic acid-alt-octadecene) modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (peg) tails of different lengths and grafting densities. mri studies show high r2/r1 rela ... | 2015 | 25989427 |
| host escrt proteins are required for bromovirus rna replication compartment assembly and function. | positive-strand rna viruses genome replication invariably is associated with vesicles or other rearranged cellular membranes. brome mosaic virus (bmv) rna replication occurs on perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum (er) membranes in ~70 nm vesicular invaginations (spherules). bmv rna replication vesicles show multiple parallels with membrane-enveloped, budding retrovirus virions, whose envelopment and release depend on the host escrt (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) membrane-remo ... | 2015 | 25748299 |
| the brome mosaic virus 3' untranslated sequence regulates rna replication, recombination, and virion assembly. | the 3' untranslated region in each of the three genomic rnas of brome mosaic virus (bmv) is highly homologous and contains a sequence that folds into a trna-like structure (tls). experiments performed over the past four decades revealed that the bmv 3' tls regulates many important steps in bmv infection. this review summarizes in vitro and in vivo studies of the roles of the bmv 3' tls functioning as a minus-strand promoter, in rna recombination, and to nucleate virion assembly. | 2015 | 25687214 |
| role of charge regulation and size polydispersity in nanoparticle encapsulation by viral coat proteins. | nanoparticles can be encapsulated by virus coat proteins if their surfaces are functionalized to acquire a sufficiently large negative charge. a minimal surface charge is required to overcome (i) repulsive interactions between the positively charged rna-binding domains on the proteins and (ii) the loss of mixing and translational entropy of rna and capsid coat proteins. here, we present a model describing the encapsulation of spherical particles bearing weakly acidic surface groups and investiga ... | 2015 | 25562399 |
| optimal design of non-equilibrium experiments for genetic network interrogation. | many experimental systems in biology, especially synthetic gene networks, are amenable to perturbations that are controlled by the experimenter. we developed an optimal design algorithm that calculates optimal observation times in conjunction with optimal experimental perturbations in order to maximize the amount of information gained from longitudinal data derived from such experiments. we applied the algorithm to a validated model of a synthetic brome mosaic virus (bmv) gene network and found ... | 2015 | 25558126 |
| bromovirus-induced remodeling of host membranes during viral rna replication. | with its high yield, small genome, and ability to replicate in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, brome mosaic virus (bmv) has served as a productive model to study the general features of positive-strand rna virus infection. bmv rna is replicated in spherules, vesicle-like invaginations of the outer perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum membrane that remain connected to the cytoplasm via a neck-like opening. each spherule contains the viral replicase proteins as well as genomic rnas. recent advanc ... | 2014 | 25462441 |
| in singulo probing of viral rna dynamics by multichromophore fluorescence dequenching. | current understanding of virus life-cycle states and transitions between them is mainly built on knowledge of the protein shell structure encapsulating the genome. little is known about the genome fate during viral transitions. here, changes in the fluorescence rate from multilabeled transcript viral rnas encapsulated in brome mosaic virus capsids were examined as a function of the rna state. a simple kinetic model relating chain compactness to single-molecule fluorescence emission suggests that ... | 2014 | 25390362 |
| an atomic model of brome mosaic virus using direct electron detection and real-space optimization. | advances in electron cryo-microscopy have enabled structure determination of macromolecules at near-atomic resolution. however, structure determination, even using de novo methods, remains susceptible to model bias and overfitting. here we describe a complete workflow for data acquisition, image processing, all-atom modelling and validation of brome mosaic virus, an rna virus. data were collected with a direct electron detector in integrating mode and an exposure beyond the traditional radiation ... | 2014 | 25185801 |
| live cell imaging of interactions between replicase and capsid protein of brome mosaic virus using bimolecular fluorescence complementation: implications for replication and genome packaging. | in brome mosaic virus, it was hypothesized that a physical interaction between viral replicase and capsid protein (cp) is obligatory to confer genome packaging specificity. here we tested this hypothesis by employing bimolecular fluorescent complementation (bifc) as a tool for evaluating protein-protein interactions in living cells. the efficacy of bifc was validated by a known interaction between replicase protein 1a (p1a) and protein 2a (p2a) at the endoplasmic reticulum (er) site of viral rep ... | 2014 | 25046269 |
| overexpression and self-assembly of virus-like particles in nicotiana benthamiana by a single-vector dna replicon system. | based on recent developments, virus-like particles (vlps) are considered to be perfect candidates as nanoplatforms for applications in materials science and medicine. to succeed, mass production of vlps and self-assembly into a correct form in plant systems are key factors. here, we report expression of synthesized coat proteins of the three viruses, brome mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and maize rayado fino virus, in nicotiana benthamiana and production of self-assembled vlps by transient ... | 2014 | 24965559 |
| maize elongin c interacts with the viral genome-linked protein, vpg, of sugarcane mosaic virus and facilitates virus infection. | the viral genome-linked protein, vpg, of potyviruses is involved in viral genome replication and translation. to determine host proteins that interact with sugarcane mosaic virus (scmv) vpg, a yeast two-hybrid screen was used and a maize (zea mays) elongin c (zmelc) protein was identified. zmelc transcript was observed in all maize organs, but most highly in leaves and pistil extracts, and zmelc was present in the cytoplasm and nucleus of maize cells in the presence or absence of scmv. zmelc exp ... | 2014 | 24954157 |
| base-paired structure in the 5' untranslated region is required for the efficient amplification of negative-strand rna3 in the bromovirus melandrium yellow fleck virus. | melandrium yellow fleck virus belongs to the genus bromovirus, which is a group of tripartite plant rna viruses. this virus has an approximately 200-nucleotide direct repeat sequence in the 5' untranslated region (utr) of rna3 that encodes the 3a movement protein. in the present study, protoplast assays suggested that the duplicated region contains amplification-enhancing elements. deletion analyses of the 5' utr of rna3 showed that mutations in the short base-paired region, which is located doz ... | 2014 | 24769254 |
| a novel set of polyvalent primers that detect members of the genera bromovirus and cucumovirus. | rapid detection and diagnosis of plant virus infection is one of the most important steps in preventing damages caused by viral diseases. bromoviruses and cucumoviruses belong to the family bromoviridae, which is one of the most important families of plant viruses, and infect a broad range of host plants including various economically important crops. in this study, an rt-pcr assay was developed for the universal detection of bromoviruses and cucumoviruses using a set of primers designed to targ ... | 2014 | 24717165 |
| the tripartite virions of the brome mosaic virus have distinct physical properties that affect the timing of the infection process. | the three subsets of virions that comprise the brome mosaic virus (bmv) were previously thought to be indistinguishable. this work tested the hypothesis that distinct capsid-rna interactions in the bmv virions allow different rates of viral rna release. several results support distinct interactions between the capsid and the bmv genomic rnas. first, the deletion of the first eight residues of the bmv coat protein (cp) resulted in the rna1-containing particles having altered morphologies, while t ... | 2014 | 24672042 |
| how yeast can be used as a genetic platform to explore virus-host interactions: from 'omics' to functional studies. | the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae is an advanced model organism that has emerged as an effective host to gain insights into the intricate interactions of viruses with host cells. rna viruses have limited coding potential and need to coopt numerous host cellular factors to facilitate their replication. to identify the host factors subverted by viruses, high-throughput genomics and global proteomics approaches have been performed with plant viruses such as brome mosaic virus (bmv) and tomato bush ... | 2014 | 24647076 |
| electrophoretic mobilities of a viral capsid, its capsid protein, and their relation to viral assembly. | the self-assembly of many viral capsids is dominated by protein-protein electrostatic interactions. to have a better understanding of this process, it is important to know how the protein and the capsid surface charges vary as a function of the ph and ionic strength. in this work, using phase analysis light scattering, we measured the electrophoretic mobility (em) of the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), its capsid protein (cp), and a cleaved cp that lacks its basic terminus, as a function o ... | 2014 | 24467401 |
| tobacco - a producer of recombinant interferons. | the approved therapeutic interferons, which are chiefly indicated for a treatment of hepatitis c or hairy cell leukaemia (ifn-α), relapsingl remitting sclerosis multiplex (ifn-β) and chronic granulomatous disease (ifn-γ), are commercially produced by recombinant dna technology, mainly in bacteria escherichia coli (ifn-α, ifn-β1b, ifn-γ), rarely in a mammalian cell line cho (ifn-βla). a serum half-life time of some non-glycosylated ifn-α products was extended by a chemical attachment of a branche ... | 2014 | 25799861 |
| the plant host can affect the encapsidation of brome mosaic virus (bmv) rna: bmv virions are surprisingly heterogeneous. | brome mosaic virus (bmv) packages its genomic and subgenomic rnas into three separate viral particles. bmv purified from barley, wheat, and tobacco have distinct relative abundances of the encapsidated rnas. we seek to identify the basis for the host-dependent differences in viral rna encapsidation. sequencing of the viral rnas revealed recombination events in the 3' untranslated region of rna1 of bmv purified from barley and wheat, but not from tobacco. however, the relative amounts of the bmv ... | 2014 | 24036424 |
| the role of the 5'-cap structure in viral ribonucleoproteins assembly from potato virus x coat protein and rnas. | the potato virus x (pvx) virion can be reconstituted in vitro from the virus coat protein (cp) and rna; heterologous rnas may be used as well. in our recent study, structure and properties of cognate and heterologous viral ribonucleoproteins (vrnps) were demonstrated to be similar to those of native virions. the assembly was found to be initiated at the 5' terminus of an rna and was not dependent on rna sequence. the aim of the present study was to search for a signal or an essential structural ... | 2013 | 24036171 |
| budding pathway in the templated assembly of viruslike particles. | a new pathway for the assembly of viral capsid protein around inorganic nanoparticle cores was observed by time-course light scattering and cryo-electron tomography. gold nanoparticles with an average diameter of 11.3 nm have been used as a template for the assembly of brome mosaic virus (bmv) capsid protein at different concentrations. at least at low protein concentrations the kinetic features of the scattering and extinction measurements are consistent with the initial rapid formation of larg ... | 2013 | 23947533 |
| virus-mimicking optical nanomaterials: near infrared absorption and fluorescence characteristics and physical stability in biological environments. | the use of viruses as platforms for the development of optical imaging materials has received increasing attention in recent years. we have engineered a hybrid nanomaterial composed of the capsid proteins of genome-depleted plant-infecting brome mosaic virus that encapsulates the near-infrared (nir) dye indocyanine green. herein, we investigate the nir absorption and fluorescence characteristics of these nanomaterials in biological environments consisting of cell culture media with and without s ... | 2013 | 23875529 |
| analysis of the solvent accessibility of cysteine residues on maize rayado fino virus virus-like particles produced in nicotiana benthamiana plants and cross-linking of peptides to vlps. | mimicking and exploiting virus properties and physicochemical and physical characteristics holds promise to provide solutions to some of the world's most pressing challenges. the sheer range and types of viruses coupled with their intriguing properties potentially give endless opportunities for applications in virus-based technologies. viruses have the ability to self- assemble into particles with discrete shape and size, specificity of symmetry, polyvalence, and stable properties under a wide r ... | 2013 | 23439009 |
| utilizing virus-induced gene silencing for the functional characterization of maize genes during infection with the fungal pathogen ustilago maydis. | while in dicotyledonous plants virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is well established to study plant-pathogen interaction, in monocots only few examples of efficient vigs have been reported so far. one of the available systems is based on the brome mosaic virus (bmv) which allows gene silencing in different cereals including barley (hordeum vulgare), wheat (triticum aestivum), and maize (zea mays).infection of maize plants by the corn smut fungus ustilago maydis leads to the formation of large ... | 2013 | 23386294 |
| viral nanoparticles for in vivo tumor imaging. | the use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being investigated for applications in imaging and therapy. viral nanoparticles (vnps) derived from plants can be regarded as self-assembled bionanomaterials with defined sizes and shapes. plant viruses under investigation in the steinmetz lab include icosahedral particles formed by cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and brome mosaic virus (bmv), both of which ar ... | 2012 | 23183850 |
| low recombination activity of r region located at both ends of the hiv-1 genome. | although two strand transfer events are indispensable for the synthesis of double-stranded dna and establishing hiv-1 infection, the molecular basis of these phenomena is still unclear. the first obligatory template switching event occurs just at the beginning of the virus replication cycle and involves two copies of the 97-nucleotide long r region, located one each at the both ends of the hiv-1 genome (hiv-1 r). thus, one can expect that the molecular mechanism of this process is similar to the ... | 2012 | 23130355 |
| functions of rice nac transcriptional factors, onac122 and onac131, in defense responses against magnaporthe grisea. | nac (nam/ataf/cuc) transcription factors have important functions in regulating plant growth, development, and abiotic and biotic stress responses. here, we characterized two rice pathogen-responsive nac transcription factors, onac122 and onac131. we determined that these proteins localized to the nucleus when expressed ectopically and had transcriptional activation activities. onac122 and onac131 expression was induced after infection by magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast diseas ... | 2013 | 23103994 |
| mutations in the coat protein-binding cis-acting rna motifs debilitate rna recombination of brome mosaic virus. | we have previously described the efficient homologous recombination system between 5' subgenomic rna3a (sgrna3a) and genomic rna3 of brome mosaic virus (bmv) in barley protoplasts (sztuba-solińska et al., 2011a). here, we demonstrated that sequence alterations in the coat protein (cp)-binding cis-acting rna motifs, the bbox region (in the intercistronic rna3 sequence) and the rna3 packaging element (pe, in the movement protein orf), reduced crossover frequencies in protoplasts. additionally, the ... | 2012 | 23079110 |
| guanylylation-competent replication proteins of tomato mosaic virus are disulfide-linked. | the 130-kda and 180-kda replication proteins of tomato mosaic virus (tomv) covalently bind guanylate and transfer it to the 5' end of rna to form a cap. we found that guanylylation-competent tomv replication proteins are in membrane-bound, disulfide-linked complexes. guanylylation-competent replication proteins of brome mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus behaved similarly. to investigate the roles of disulfide bonding in the functioning of tomv replication proteins, each of the 19 cysteine r ... | 2012 | 23062762 |
| in vitro quantification of the relative packaging efficiencies of single-stranded rna molecules by viral capsid protein. | while most t=3 single-stranded rna (ssrna) viruses package in vivo about 3,000 nucleotides (nt), in vitro experiments have demonstrated that a broad range of rna lengths can be packaged. under the right solution conditions, for example, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) capsid protein (cp) has been shown to package rna molecules whose lengths range from 100 to 10,000 nt. furthermore, in each case it can package the rna completely, as long as the mass ratio of cp to nucleic acid in the assembl ... | 2012 | 22951822 |
| chemical reactivity of brome mosaic virus capsid protein. | viral particles are biological machines that have evolved to package, protect, and deliver the viral genome into the host via regulated conformational changes of virions. we have developed a procedure to modify lysine residues with s-methylthioacetimidate across the ph range from 5.5 to 8.5. lysine residues that are not completely modified are involved in tertiary or quaternary structural interactions, and their extent of modification can be quantified as a function of ph. this procedure was app ... | 2012 | 22750573 |
| engineering of brome mosaic virus for biomedical applications. | viral nanoparticles (vnps) are becoming versatile tools in platform technology development. their well-defined structures as well as their programmability through chemical and genetic modification allow vnps to be engineered for potential imaging and therapeutic applications. in this article, we report the application of a variety of bioconjugation chemistries to the plant vnp brome mosaic virus (bmv). functional bmv nanoparticles displaying multiple copies of fluorescent dyes, peg molecules, ch ... | 2012 | 28018580 |
| an examination of the electrostatic interactions between the n-terminal tail of the brome mosaic virus coat protein and encapsidated rnas. | the coat protein of positive-stranded rna viruses often contains a positively charged tail that extends toward the center of the capsid and interacts with the viral genome. electrostatic interaction between the tail and the rna has been postulated as a major force in virus assembly and stabilization. the goal of this work is to examine the correlation between electrostatic interaction and amount of rna packaged in the tripartite brome mosaic virus (bmv). nanoindentation experiment using atomic f ... | 2012 | 22472420 |
| the subgenomic promoter of brome mosaic virus folds into a stem-loop structure capped by a pseudo-triloop that is structurally similar to the triloop of the genomic promoter. | in brome mosaic virus, both the replication of the genomic (+)-rna strands and the transcription of the subgenomic rna are carried out by the viral replicase. the production of (-)-rna strands is dependent on the formation of an aua triloop in the stem-loop c (slc) hairpin in the 3'-untranslated region of the (+)-rna strands. two alternate hypotheses have been put forward for the mechanism of subgenomic rna transcription. one posits that transcription commences by recognition of at least four ke ... | 2012 | 22393035 |
| emergence of distinct brome mosaic virus recombinants is determined by the polarity of the inoculum rna. | despite overwhelming interest in the impact exerted by recombination during evolution of rna viruses, the relative contribution of the polarity of inoculum templates remains poorly understood. here, by agroinfiltrating nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we show that brome mosaic virus (bmv) replicase is competent to initiate positive-strand [(+)-strand] synthesis on an ectopically expressed rna3 negative strand [(-) strand] and faithfully complete the replication cycle. consequently, we sought to exa ... | 2012 | 22357282 |
| rna synthesis by the brome mosaic virus rna-dependent rna polymerase in human cells reveals requirements for de novo initiation and protein-protein interaction. | brome mosaic virus (bmv) is a model positive-strand rna virus whose replication has been studied in a number of surrogate hosts. in transiently transfected human cells, the bmv polymerase 2a activated signaling by the innate immune receptor rig-i, which recognizes de novo-initiated non-self-rnas. active-site mutations in 2a abolished rig-i activation, and coexpression of the bmv 1a protein stimulated 2a activity. mutations previously shown to abolish 1a and 2a interaction prevented the 1a-depend ... | 2012 | 22318148 |
| chloroplast import characteristics of chimeric proteins. | we have examined the import of a series of chimeric precursor proteins into chloroplasts. these fusion proteins contained the transit peptide, and various amounts of the amino-terminal region of the mature peptide, from the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, linked to the coat protein of brome mosaic virus. chimeric genes were cloned into sp6 plasmids and in vitro transcription/translation was used to produce fusion proteins, which were examined in a quantitative in vitro im ... | 1989 | 24272713 |
| identification and characterization of maize pathogenesis-related proteins. four maize pr proteins are chitinases. | eight pathogenesis-related proteins extractable at ph 2.8 were found to accumulate in maize leaves after mercuric chloride treatment or brome mosaic virus infection. these proteins were called prm (pathogenesis-related maize) proteins. seven prm proteins were purified to homogeneity by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their amino acid compositions determined. estimated molecular weights in sds-containing gels were: prm 1 14.2 kda; prm 2 16.5 kda; prm 3 and prm 4 25 kda; prm 6b ... | 1988 | 24272409 |
| interaction of spermidine with viral rna and its influence on protein synthesis. | addition of spermidine to a cell-free protein synthesizing system from wheat germ programmed with total brome mosaic virus (bmv) rna resulted in a several-fold stimulation of amino acid incorporation. increasing the spermidine concentration in the system led to inhibition of the overall protein synthesis, but the production of longer polypeptides was inhibited much more than that of the coat protein (shorter product). analysis of the products synthesized under direction of bmv rna 3 (longer prod ... | 1985 | 24310653 |
| localization of the replicase recognition site within brome mosaic virus rna by hybrid-arrested rna synthesis. | 3' terminal fragments of bmv rna as short as 153 bases in length serve as efficient templates in vitro for bmv-specific rna polymerase. template activity of such fragments or of native bmv rna is abolished when cdna fragments as short as 39 bases are hybridized to their 3' termini. hybridization of cdna fragments to regions of bmv rna 200 or more bases distal to the 3' end has no discernible effect on initiation and little effect on elongation. we conclude that bmv rna polymerase initiates bindi ... | 1984 | 24310258 |
| contact mechanics of a small icosahedral virus. | a virus binding to a surface causes stress of the virus cage near the contact area. here, we investigate the potential role of substrate-induced structural perturbation in the mechanical response of virus particles to adsorption. this is particularly relevant to the broad category of viruses stabilized by weak noncovalent interactions. we utilize atomic force microscopy to measure height distributions of the brome mosaic virus upon adsorption from solution on atomically flat substrates and prese ... | 2017 | 28777631 |
| identification of differentially regulated maize proteins conditioning sugarcane mosaic virus systemic infection. | sugarcane mosaic virus (scmv) is the most important cause of maize dwarf mosaic disease. to identify maize genes responsive to scmv infection and that may be involved in pathogenesis, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed using the first and second systemically infected leaves (termed 1 sl and 2 sl, respectively). seventy-one differentially expressed proteins were identified in 1 sl and 2 sl upon scmv infection. among them, eight proteins showed the same changing patterns in both 1 sl a ... | 2017 | 28627019 |
| roles of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide during replication of two unrelated plant rna viruses in nicotiana benthamiana. | reactive oxygen species (ros), including superoxide anion (o2(-)), hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), and hydroxyl radical, act as signaling molecules to transduce biotic and abiotic stimuli into stress adaptations in plants. a respiratory burst oxidase homolog b of nicotiana benthamiana (nbrbohb) is responsible for o2(-) production to inhibit pathogen infection during plant innate immunity. rboh-derived o2(-) can be immediately converted into h2o2 by the action of superoxide dismutase. interestingly, we ... | 2017 | 28594275 |
| optical characteristics and tumor imaging capabilities of near infrared dyes in free and nano-encapsulated formulations comprised of viral capsids. | near infrared (nir) fluorescent molecules and nanosized structures can serve as potential optical probes for image-guided removal of small tumor nodules (≲ 1 mm diameter). although indocyanine green (icg) remains as the only fda-approved nir dye, other organic dyes are under extensive development for enhanced imaging capabilities. one such dye is brcy106-nhs where bromine is substituted for aromatic structures in cyanine dyes. herein, we investigate the absorption and fluorescence characteristic ... | 2017 | 28524652 |